---
id: eth2
title: ETH2 Resources
sidebar_label: ETH2 resources
---

This page serves material necessary to catch up with the current state of ETH2 development and provide readers with the knowledge required to begin making meaningful contributions to the Prysm client. Whether you are an expert on all things Ethereum or are new to the blockchain world entirely, there are appropriate resources here that will help you get up to speed.

## **Ethereum fundamentals**

* [What is Ethereum?](http://ethdocs.org/en/latest/introduction/what-is-ethereum.html)
* [How Does Ethereum Work Anyway?](https://medium.com/@preethikasireddy/how-does-ethereum-work-anyway-22d1df506369)
* [Ethereum Introduction](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethereum-introduction)
* [Ethereum Frequently Asked Questions](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/FAQs)
* [What is Hashing?](https://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-hashing/)
* [Hashing Algorithms and Security](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4b8ktEV4Bg)
* [Understanding Merkle Trees](https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/1176140/Understanding-Merkle-Trees-Why-use-them-who-uses-t)
* [Ethereum White Paper](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper)
* [Ethereum Block Architecture](https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/268/ethereum-block-architecture/6413#6413)
* [Ethereum Beige Paper](https://github.com/chronaeon/beigepaper/blob/master/beigepaper.pdf)
* [What is an Ethereum Token?](https://blockgeeks.com/guides/ethereum-token/)
* [What is Ethereum Gas?](https://blockgeeks.com/guides/ethereum-gas-step-by-step-guide/)

### Sharding in Ethereum

* [Blockchain Scalability: Why?](https://blockgeeks.com/guides/blockchain-scalability/)
* [What Are Ethereum Nodes and Sharding](https://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-are-ethereum-nodes-and-sharding/)
* [How to Scale Ethereum: Sharding Explained](https://medium.com/prysmatic-labs/how-to-scale-ethereum-sharding-explained-ba2e283b7fce)
* [Sharding FAQ](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Sharding-FAQ)
* [Sharding Introduction: R&D Compendium](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Sharding-introduction-R&D-compendium)

## Peer-to-peer networking

* [Ethereum Peer to Peer Networking](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Peer-to-Peer)
* [How Does the P2P on Ethereum Work?](https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/3918u0/how_does_the_p2p_network_on_ethereum_work/)
* [How Does Kademlia Work?](http://gleamly.com/article/introduction-kademlia-dht-how-it-works)
* [Kademlia Protocol](http://www.divms.uiowa.edu/~ghosh/kademlia.pdf)

## Serenity concepts

* [Sharding Concepts Mental Map](https://www.mindomo.com/zh/mindmap/sharding-d7cf8b6dee714d01a77388cb5d9d2a01)
* [Taiwan Sharding Workshop Notes](https://hackmd.io/s/HJ_BbgCFz#%E2%9F%A0-General-Introduction)
* [Sharding Research Compendium](http://notes.ethereum.org/s/BJc_eGVFM)
* [Torus Shaped Sharding Network](https://ethresear.ch/t/torus-shaped-sharding-network/1720/8)
* [General Theory of Sharding](https://ethresear.ch/t/a-general-theory-of-what-quadratically-sharded-validation-is/1730/10)
* [Sharding Design Compendium](https://ethresear.ch/t/sharding-designs-compendium/1888/25)
* [Phase 0 for Humans](https://notes.ethereum.org/jDcuUp3-T8CeFTv0YpAsHw?view)

### Serenity research posts

* [Sharding v2.1 Spec](https://notes.ethereum.org/SCIg8AH5SA-O4C1G1LYZHQ)
* [Casper/Sharding/Beacon Chain FAQs](https://notes.ethereum.org/9MMuzWeFTTSg-3Tz_YeiBA?view)
* [RETIRED! Sharding Phase 1 Spec](https://ethresear.ch/t/sharding-phase-1-spec-retired/1407/92)
* [Exploring the Proposer/Collator Spec and Why it Was Retired](https://ethresear.ch/t/exploring-the-proposer-collator-split/1632/24)
* [The Stateless Client Concept](https://ethresear.ch/t/the-stateless-client-concept/172/4)
* [Shard Chain Blocks vs. Collators](https://ethresear.ch/t/shard-chain-blocks-vs-collators/429)
* [Ethereum Concurrency Actors and Per Contract Sharding](https://ethresear.ch/t/ethereum-concurrency-actors-and-per-contract-sharding/375)
* [Future Compatibility for Sharding](https://ethresear.ch/t/future-compatibility-for-sharding/386)
* [Fork Choice Rule for Collation Proposal Mechanisms](https://ethresear.ch/t/fork-choice-rule-for-collation-proposal-mechanisms/922/8)
* [State Execution](https://ethresear.ch/t/state-execution-scalability-and-cost-under-dos-attacks/1048)
* [Fast Shard Chains With Notarization](https://ethresear.ch/t/as-fast-as-possible-shard-chains-with-notarization/1806/2)
* [RANDAO Notary Committees](https://ethresear.ch/t/fork-free-randao/1835/3)
* [Safe Notary Pool Size](https://ethresear.ch/t/safe-notary-pool-size/1728/3)
* [Cross Links Between Main and Shard Chains](https://ethresear.ch/t/cross-links-between-main-chain-and-shards/1860/2)

### Serenity-related conference talks

* [Sharding Presentation by Vitalik from IC3-ETH Bootcamp](https://vod.video.cornell.edu/media/Sharding+-+Vitalik+Buterin/1_1xezsfb4/97851101)
* [Latest Research and Sharding by Justin Drake from Tech Crunch](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6xO7DH20Js)
* [Beacon Casper Chain by Vitalik and Justin Drake](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAywmwGToUI)
* [Proofs of Custody by Vitalik and Justin Drake](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRcS9D_gw_o)
* [So You Want To Be a Casper Validator by Vitalik](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rl63S6kCKbA)
* [Ethereum Sharding from EDCon by Justin Drake](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4rylD6w2S4)
* [Casper CBC and Sharding by Vlad Zamfir](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDa4xjQq1RE&t=1951s)
* [Casper FFG in Depth by Carl](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQ3IqLDf-oo)
* [Ethereum & Scalability Technology from Asia Pacific ETH meet up by Hsiao Wei](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhuWWShfqBI)


## Ethereum Virtual Machine

* [What is the Ethereum Virtual Machine?](https://themerkle.com/what-is-the-ethereum-virtual-machine/)
* [Ethereum VM](https://medium.com/@jeff.ethereum/go-ethereums-jit-evm-27ef88277520)
* [Ethereum Protocol Subtleties](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Subtleties)
* [Awesome Ethereum Virtual Machine](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethereum-Virtual-Machine-%28EVM%29-Awesome-List)

## Ethereum-flavoured WebAssembly

* [eWASM background, motivation, goals, and design](https://github.com/ewasm/design)
* [The current eWASM spec](https://github.com/ewasm/design/blob/master/eth_interface.md)
* [Latest eWASM community call including live demo of the testnet](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apIHpBSdBio)
* [Why eWASM? by Alex Beregszaszi](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VF7f_s2P3U0)
* [Panel: entire eWASM team discussion and Q&A](https://youtu.be/ThvForkdPyc?t=119)
* [Ewasm community meetup at ETHBuenosAires](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDzrbj7dtyU)


## Ethereum client implementations

* [Geth](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum) \(known also as go-ethereum\) is the Golang implementation of [ETH1](/docs/terminology#eth1)
* [Parity](https://github.com/paritytech/parity) the fastest and most performant implementation - written in Rust
* [Trinity](https://github.com/ethereum/py-evm/tree/master/trinity) new project implements Ethereum in Python
* [Cpp-Ethereum](https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum) a C++ implementation of Ethereum
