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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../../index.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Vac</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/1/coss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 1/COSS</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/2/mvds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 2/MVDS</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/3/remote-log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 3/Remote Log</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/4/mvds-meta.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> 4/MVDS Meta</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/25/libp2p-dns-discovery.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 25/Libp2p DNS Discovery</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/32/rln-v1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 32/RLN-V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Raw</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/consensus-hashgraphlike.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.1.</strong> Consensus Hashgraphlike</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/decentralized-messaging-ethereum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.2.</strong> Decentralized Messaging Ethereum</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/eth-mls-offchain.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.3.</strong> ETH MLS Offchain</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/eth-mls-onchain.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.4.</strong> ETH MLS Onchain</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/deleted/eth-secpm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.5.</strong> ETH SecPM</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/gossipsub-tor-push.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.6.</strong> Gossipsub Tor Push</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/logos-capability-discovery.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.7.</strong> Logos Capability Discovery</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/mix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.8.</strong> Mix</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/noise-x3dh-double-ratchet.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.9.</strong> Noise X3DH Double Ratchet</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/rln-interep-spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.10.</strong> RLN Interep Spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/rln-stealth-commitments.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.11.</strong> RLN Stealth Commitments</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/rln-v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.12.</strong> RLN-V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/raw/sds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.13.</strong> SDS</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../vac/template.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> Template</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Waku</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Standards - Core</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/10/waku2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.1.</strong> 10/Waku2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/11/relay.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.2.</strong> 11/Relay</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/12/filter.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.3.</strong> 12/Filter</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/13/store.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.4.</strong> 13/Store</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/14/message.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.5.</strong> 14/Message</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/15/bridge.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.6.</strong> 15/Bridge</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/17/rln-relay.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.7.</strong> 17/RLN Relay</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/19/lightpush.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.8.</strong> 19/Lightpush</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/31/enr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.9.</strong> 31/ENR</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/33/discv5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.10.</strong> 33/Discv5</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/34/peer-exchange.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.11.</strong> 34/Peer Exchange</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/36/bindings-api.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.12.</strong> 36/Bindings API</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/64/network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.13.</strong> 64/Network</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/core/66/metadata.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.14.</strong> 66/Metadata</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/application/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Standards - Application</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/application/20/toy-eth-pm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> 20/Toy ETH PM</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/application/26/payload.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> 26/Payload</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/application/53/x3dh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> 53/X3DH</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/application/54/x3dh-sessions.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.4.</strong> 54/X3DH Sessions</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/legacy/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Standards - Legacy</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/legacy/6/waku1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.1.</strong> 6/Waku1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/legacy/7/data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.2.</strong> 7/Data</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/legacy/8/mail.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.3.</strong> 8/Mail</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/standards/legacy/9/rpc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.4.</strong> 9/RPC</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/informational/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Informational</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/informational/22/toy-chat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.1.</strong> 22/Toy Chat</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/informational/23/topics.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.2.</strong> 23/Topics</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/informational/27/peers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.3.</strong> 27/Peers</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/informational/29/config.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.4.</strong> 29/Config</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/informational/30/adaptive-nodes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.5.</strong> 30/Adaptive Nodes</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/deprecated/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Deprecated</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/deprecated/5/waku0.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.1.</strong> 5/Waku0</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/deprecated/16/rpc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.2.</strong> 16/RPC</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/deprecated/18/swap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.3.</strong> 18/Swap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../waku/deprecated/fault-tolerant-store.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.4.</strong> Fault Tolerant Store</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Nomos</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/raw/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Raw</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/raw/nomosda-encoding.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.1.</strong> NomosDA Encoding</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/raw/nomosda-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.2.</strong> NomosDA Network</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/raw/p2p-hardware-requirements.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.3.</strong> P2P Hardware Requirements</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/raw/p2p-nat-solution.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.4.</strong> P2P NAT Solution</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/raw/p2p-network-bootstrapping.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.5.</strong> P2P Network Bootstrapping</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/raw/p2p-network.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.6.</strong> P2P Network</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/raw/sdp.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.7.</strong> SDP</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/deprecated/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Deprecated</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../nomos/deprecated/claro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.1.</strong> Claro</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../codex/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Codex</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../codex/raw/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Raw</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../codex/raw/codex-block-exchange.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.1.</strong> Block Exchange</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../codex/raw/codex-marketplace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.2.</strong> Marketplace</a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Status</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/24/curation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 24/Curation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/28/featuring.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 28/Featuring</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/55/1to1-chat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 55/1-to-1 Chat</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/56/communities.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> 56/Communities</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/61/community-history-service.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> 61/Community History Service</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/62/payloads.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> 62/Payloads</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/63/keycard-usage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> 63/Keycard Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/65/account-address.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> 65/Account Address</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/71/push-notification-server.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> 71/Push Notification Server</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/raw/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> Raw</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/raw/simple-scaling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.1.</strong> Simple Scaling</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/raw/status-app-protocols.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.2.</strong> Status App Protocols</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/raw/status-mvds.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.3.</strong> Status MVDS</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/raw/url-data.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.4.</strong> URL Data</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/raw/url-scheme.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.5.</strong> URL Scheme</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.</strong> Deprecated</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/3rd-party.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.1.</strong> 3rd Party</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/account.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.2.</strong> Account</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/client.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.3.</strong> Client</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/dapp-browser-API-usage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.4.</strong> Dapp Browser API Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/eips.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.5.</strong> EIPs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/ethereum-usage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.6.</strong> Ethereum Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a 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expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/secure-transport.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.13.</strong> Secure Transport</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/waku-mailserver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.14.</strong> Waku Mailserver</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/waku-usage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.15.</strong> Waku Usage</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/whisper-mailserver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.16.</strong> Whisper Mailserver</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../status/deprecated/whisper-usage.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.17.</strong> Whisper Usage</a></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Vac RFC</h1>
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<h1 id="p2p-network-bootstrapping"><a class="header" href="#p2p-network-bootstrapping">P2P-NETWORK-BOOTSTRAPPING</a></h1>
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Field</th><th>Value</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>Name</td><td>Nomos P2P Network Bootstrapping Specification</td></tr>
<tr><td>Status</td><td>raw</td></tr>
<tr><td>Category</td><td>networking</td></tr>
<tr><td>Editor</td><td>Daniel Sanchez-Quiros <a href="mailto:danielsq@status.im">danielsq@status.im</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Contributors</td><td>Álvaro Castro-Castilla <a href="mailto:alvaro@status.im">alvaro@status.im</a>, Petar Radovic <a href="mailto:petar@status.im">petar@status.im</a>, Gusto Bacvinka <a href="mailto:augustinas@status.im">augustinas@status.im</a>, Antonio Antonino <a href="mailto:antonio@status.im">antonio@status.im</a>, Youngjoon Lee <a href="mailto:youngjoon@status.im">youngjoon@status.im</a>, Filip Dimitrijevic <a href="mailto:filip@status.im">filip@status.im</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div><!-- timeline:start -->
<h2 id="timeline"><a class="header" href="#timeline">Timeline</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>2025-12-22</strong> — <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/rfc-index/blob/0f1855edcf68ef982c4ce478b67d660809aa9830/docs/nomos/raw/p2p-network-bootstrapping.md"><code>0f1855e</code></a> — Chore/fix headers (#239)</li>
<li><strong>2025-12-22</strong> — <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/rfc-index/blob/b1a578393edf8487ccc97a5f25b25af9bf41efb3/docs/nomos/raw/p2p-network-bootstrapping.md"><code>b1a5783</code></a> — Chore/mdbook updates (#237)</li>
<li><strong>2025-12-18</strong> — <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/rfc-index/blob/d03e699084774ebecef9c6d4662498907c5e2080/docs/nomos/raw/p2p-network-bootstrapping.md"><code>d03e699</code></a> — ci: add mdBook configuration (#233)</li>
<li><strong>2025-09-25</strong> — <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/rfc-index/blob/aa8a3b0c65470b97f5aeee85a8444c7d22dcafc8/nomos/raw/p2p-network-bootstrapping.md"><code>aa8a3b0</code></a> — Created nomos/raw/p2p-network-bootstrapping.md draft (#175)</li>
</ul>
<!-- timeline:end -->
<h2 id="introduction"><a class="header" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<p>Nomos network bootstrapping is the process by which a new node discovers peers and synchronizes with the existing decentralized network. It ensures that a node can:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Discover Peers</strong> – Find other active nodes in the network.</li>
<li><strong>Establish Connections</strong> – Securely connect to trusted peers.</li>
<li><strong>Negotiate (libp2p) Protocols</strong> - Ensure that other peers operate in the same protocols as the node needs.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="overview"><a class="header" href="#overview">Overview</a></h2>
<p>The Nomos P2P network bootstrapping strategy relies on a designated subset of <strong>bootstrap nodes</strong> to facilitate secure and efficient node onboarding. These nodes serve as the initial entry points for new network participants.</p>
<h3 id="key-design-principles"><a class="header" href="#key-design-principles">Key Design Principles</a></h3>
<h4 id="trusted-bootstrap-nodes"><a class="header" href="#trusted-bootstrap-nodes">Trusted Bootstrap Nodes</a></h4>
<p>A curated set of publicly announced and highly available nodes ensures reliability during initial peer discovery. These nodes are configured with elevated connection limits to handle a high volume of incoming bootstrapping requests from new participants.</p>
<h4 id="node-configuration--onboarding"><a class="header" href="#node-configuration--onboarding">Node Configuration &amp; Onboarding</a></h4>
<p>New node operators must explicitly configure their instances with the addresses of bootstrap nodes. This configuration may be preloaded or dynamically fetched from a trusted source to minimize manual setup.</p>
<h4 id="network-integration"><a class="header" href="#network-integration">Network Integration</a></h4>
<p>Upon initialization, the node establishes connections with the bootstrap nodes and begins participating in Nomos networking protocols. Through these connections, the node discovers additional peers, synchronizes with the network state, and engages in protocol-specific communication (e.g., consensus, block propagation).</p>
<h3 id="security--decentralization-considerations"><a class="header" href="#security--decentralization-considerations">Security &amp; Decentralization Considerations</a></h3>
<p><strong>Trust Minimization</strong>: While bootstrap nodes provide initial connectivity, the network rapidly transitions to decentralized peer discovery to prevent over-reliance on any single entity.</p>
<p><strong>Authenticated Announcements</strong>: The identities and addresses of bootstrap nodes are publicly verifiable to mitigate impersonation attacks. From <a href="https://docs.libp2p.io/concepts/transports/quic/#quic-in-libp2p">libp2p documentation</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>To authenticate each others' peer IDs, peers encode their peer ID into a self-signed certificate, which they sign using their host's private key.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Dynamic Peer Management</strong>: After bootstrapping, nodes continuously refine their peer lists to maintain a resilient and distributed network topology.</p>
<p>This approach ensures <strong>rapid, secure, and scalable</strong> network participation while preserving the decentralized ethos of the Nomos protocol.</p>
<h2 id="protocol"><a class="header" href="#protocol">Protocol</a></h2>
<h3 id="protocol-overview"><a class="header" href="#protocol-overview">Protocol Overview</a></h3>
<p>The bootstrapping protocol follows libp2p conventions for peer discovery and connection establishment. Implementation details are handled by the underlying libp2p stack with Nomos-specific configuration parameters.</p>
<h3 id="bootstrapping-process"><a class="header" href="#bootstrapping-process">Bootstrapping Process</a></h3>
<h4 id="step-by-step-bootstrapping-process"><a class="header" href="#step-by-step-bootstrapping-process">Step-by-Step bootstrapping process</a></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Node Initial Configuration</strong>: New nodes load pre-configured bootstrap node addresses. Addresses may be <code>IP</code> or <code>DNS</code> embedded in a compatible <a href="https://docs.libp2p.io/concepts/fundamentals/peers/#peer-ids-in-multiaddrs">libp2p PeerId multiaddress</a>. Node operators may chose to advertise more than one address. This is out of the scope of this protocol. For example:</p>
<p><code>/ip4/198.51.100.0/udp/4242/p2p/QmYyQSo1c1Ym7orWxLYvCrM2EmxFTANf8wXmmE7DWjhx5N</code> or</p>
<p><code>/dns/foo.bar.net/udp/4242/p2p/QmYyQSo1c1Ym7orWxLYvCrM2EmxFTANf8wXmmE7DWjhx5N</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Secure Connection</strong>: Nodes establish connections to bootstrap nodes announced addresses. Verifies network identity and protocol compatibility.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Peer Discovery</strong>: Requests and receives validated peer lists from bootstrap nodes. Each entry includes connectivity details as per the peer discovery protocol engaging after the initial connection.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Network Integration</strong>: Iteratively connects to discovered peers. Gradually build peer connections.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Protocol Engagement</strong>: Establishes required protocol channels (gossip/consensus/sync). Begins participating in network operations.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Ongoing Maintenance</strong>: Continuously evaluates and refreshes peer connections. Ideally removes the connection to the bootstrap node itself. Bootstrap nodes may chose to remove the connection on their side to keep high availability for other nodes.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="language-mermaid">sequenceDiagram
participant Nomos Network
participant Node
participant Bootstrap Node
Node-&gt;&gt;Node: Fetches bootstrapping addresses
loop Interacts with bootstrap node
Node-&gt;&gt;+Bootstrap Node: Connects
Bootstrap Node-&gt;&gt;-Node: Sends discovered peers information
end
loop Connects to Network participants
Node-&gt;&gt;Nomos Network: Engages in connections
Node-&gt;&gt;Nomos Network: Negotiates protocols
end
loop Ongoing maintenance
Node--&gt;&gt;Nomos Network: Evaluates peer connections
alt Bootstrap connection no longer needed
Node--&gt;&gt;Bootstrap Node: Disconnects
else Bootstrap enforces disconnection
Bootstrap Node--&gt;&gt;Node: Disconnects
end
end
</code></pre>
<h2 id="implementation-details"><a class="header" href="#implementation-details">Implementation Details</a></h2>
<p>The bootstrapping process for the Nomos p2p network uses the <strong>QUIC</strong> transport as specified in the Nomos network specification.</p>
<p>Bootstrapping is separated from the network's peer discovery protocol. It assumes that there is one protocol that would engage as soon as the connection with the bootstrapping node triggers. Currently Nomos network uses <code>kademlia</code> as the current first approach for the Nomos p2p network, this comes granted.</p>
<h3 id="bootstrap-node-requirements"><a class="header" href="#bootstrap-node-requirements">Bootstrap Node Requirements</a></h3>
<p>Bootstrap nodes MUST fulfill the following requirements:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>High Availability</strong>: Maintain uptime of 99.5% or higher</li>
<li><strong>Connection Capacity</strong>: Support minimum 1000 concurrent connections</li>
<li><strong>Geographic Distribution</strong>: Deploy across multiple regions</li>
<li><strong>Protocol Compatibility</strong>: Support all required Nomos network protocols</li>
<li><strong>Security</strong>: Implement proper authentication and rate limiting</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="network-configuration"><a class="header" href="#network-configuration">Network Configuration</a></h3>
<p>Bootstrap node addresses are distributed through:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Hardcoded addresses</strong> in node software releases</li>
<li><strong>DNS seeds</strong> for dynamic address resolution</li>
<li><strong>Community-maintained lists</strong> with cryptographic verification</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="security-considerations"><a class="header" href="#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></h2>
<h3 id="trust-model"><a class="header" href="#trust-model">Trust Model</a></h3>
<p>Bootstrap nodes operate under a <strong>minimal trust model</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Nodes verify peer identities through cryptographic authentication</li>
<li>Bootstrap connections are temporary and replaced by organic peer discovery</li>
<li>No single bootstrap node can control network participation</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="attack-mitigation"><a class="header" href="#attack-mitigation">Attack Mitigation</a></h3>
<p><strong>Sybil Attack Protection</strong>: Bootstrap nodes implement connection limits and peer verification to prevent malicious flooding.</p>
<p><strong>Eclipse Attack Prevention</strong>: Nodes connect to multiple bootstrap nodes and rapidly diversify their peer connections.</p>
<p><strong>Denial of Service Resistance</strong>: Rate limiting and connection throttling protect bootstrap nodes from resource exhaustion attacks.</p>
<h2 id="performance-characteristics"><a class="header" href="#performance-characteristics">Performance Characteristics</a></h2>
<h3 id="bootstrapping-metrics"><a class="header" href="#bootstrapping-metrics">Bootstrapping Metrics</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Initial Connection Time</strong>: Target &lt; 30 seconds to first bootstrap node</li>
<li><strong>Peer Discovery Duration</strong>: Discover minimum viable peer set within 2 minutes</li>
<li><strong>Network Integration</strong>: Full protocol engagement within 5 minutes</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="resource-requirements"><a class="header" href="#resource-requirements">Resource Requirements</a></h3>
<h4 id="bootstrap-nodes"><a class="header" href="#bootstrap-nodes">Bootstrap Nodes</a></h4>
<ul>
<li>Memory: Minimum 4GB RAM</li>
<li>Bandwidth: 100 Mbps sustained</li>
<li>Storage: 50GB available space</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="regular-nodes"><a class="header" href="#regular-nodes">Regular Nodes</a></h4>
<ul>
<li>Memory: 512MB for bootstrapping process</li>
<li>Bandwidth: 10 Mbps during initial sync</li>
<li>Storage: Minimal requirements</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="references"><a class="header" href="#references">References</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>P2P Network Specification (internal document)</li>
<li><a href="https://docs.libp2p.io/concepts/transports/quic/">libp2p QUIC Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="https://docs.libp2p.io/concepts/fundamentals/peers/">libp2p Peer IDs and Addressing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/bootnodes/">Ethereum bootnodes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developer.bitcoin.org/devguide/p2p_network.html#peer-discovery">Bitcoin peer discovery</a></li>
<li><a href="https://docs.cardano.org/stake-pool-operators/node-connectivity">Cardano nodes connectivity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.coincashew.com/coins/overview-ada/guide-how-to-build-a-haskell-stakepool-node/part-v-tips/implementing-peer-sharing">Cardano peer sharing</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="copyright"><a class="header" href="#copyright">Copyright</a></h2>
<p>Copyright and related rights waived via <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0</a>.</p>
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