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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="circuits.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Circuits</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rate-Limiting Nullifier</h1>
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<h1 id="circuits"><a class="header" href="#circuits">Circuits</a></h1>
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<p><em><a href="https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/06/15/using_snarks.html">zkSNARK</a> is used in the <strong>RLN</strong> core. Therefore, we must represent the protocol in <a href="https://www.zeroknowledgeblog.com/index.php/the-pinocchio-protocol/r1cs">R1CS</a> (as we use <a href="https://www.zeroknowledgeblog.com/index.php/groth16">Groth16</a>). <a href="https://docs.circom.io/">Circom</a> was chosen for this. This section explains <strong>RLN</strong> circuits for the linear polynomial case (one message per epoch). You can find implementation for the general case <a href="https://github.com/privacy-scaling-explorations/rln/blob/master/circuits/nrln-base.circom">here</a></em></p>
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<hr />
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<p><strong>RLN</strong> circuits implement the logic described in <a href="./protocol_spec.html">previous topic</a>.</p>
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<h2 id="merkle-tree-circuit"><a class="header" href="#merkle-tree-circuit">Merkle Tree circuit</a></h2>
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<p>One of the critical components of <strong>RLN</strong> is the <em>Incremental Merkle Tree</em> for the membership tree. Any Merkle tree can be used, but we have chosen the Incremental Merkle Tree for gas efficiency.
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Let's look at the <a href="https://github.com/privacy-scaling-explorations/rln/blob/master/circuits/incrementalMerkleTree.circom">implementation</a>.</p>
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<p>At the beginning of the file, we denote that we use Circom 2.0 and include two helper <em>zk-gadgets</em>:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-swift">pragma circom 2.0.0;
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include "../node_modules/circomlib/circuits/poseidon.circom";
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include "../node_modules/circomlib/circuits/mux1.circom";
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</code></pre>
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<p><em>Poseidon</em> gadget is just the implementation of the <em>Poseidon</em> hash function; the <em>mux1</em> gadget will be described later.</p>
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<p>Next, we can see two implemented gadgets:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-swift">template PoseidonHashT3() {
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var nInputs = 2;
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signal input inputs[nInputs];
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signal output out;
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component hasher = Poseidon(nInputs);
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for (var i = 0; i < nInputs; i ++) {
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hasher.inputs[i] <== inputs[i];
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}
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out <== hasher.out;
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}
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template HashLeftRight() {
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signal input left;
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signal input right;
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signal output hash;
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component hasher = PoseidonHashT3();
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left ==> hasher.inputs[0];
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right ==> hasher.inputs[1];
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hash <== hasher.out;
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>These are helper gadgets to make the code more clean. <em>Poseidon</em> gadget is implemented with the ability to take a different number of arguments. We use <code>PoseidonHashT3()</code> to initialize it like a function with two arguments. And <code>HashLeftRight</code> use <code>PoseidonHashT3</code> in a more "readable" way: it takes two inputs, <code>left</code> and <code>right,</code> and outputs the result of the calculation.</p>
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<p>Next comes the core of the Merkle Tree gadget:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-swift">template MerkleTreeInclusionProof(n_levels) {
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signal input leaf;
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signal input path_index[n_levels];
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signal input path_elements[n_levels][1];
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signal output root;
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component hashers[n_levels];
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component mux[n_levels];
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signal levelHashes[n_levels + 1];
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levelHashes[0] <== leaf;
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...
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root <== levelHashes[n_levels];
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>Here we have three inputs: <code>leaf,</code> <code>path_index,</code> and <code>path_elements.</code> </p>
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<p><code>path_index</code> is the position of the leaf represented in binary. We need the binary representation of the position in the Merkle tree to understand the hashing path from the leaf to the root (more on that <em><a href="">"3. Recursive Incremental Merkle Tree Algorithm, page 4"</a></em>). </p>
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<p><code>path_elements</code> are sibling leaves that are part of Merkle Proof.</p>
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<p><code>leaf = Poseidon(identity_secret)</code>, so it's just <em>identity commitment</em>.</p>
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<p>There is a Merkle Tree hashing algorithm in the omitted part, no more than that.</p>
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<h2 id="rln-core"><a class="header" href="#rln-core">RLN core</a></h2>
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<p>RLN circuit is the implementation of <strong>RLN</strong> logic itself (which in turn uses the <em>Merkle Tree</em> gadget). You can find the implementation <a href="https://github.com/privacy-scaling-explorations/rln/blob/master/circuits/rln-base.circom">here</a>.</p>
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<p>So, let's start with helper gadgets:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-swift">template CalculateIdentityCommitment() {
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signal input identity_secret;
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signal output out;
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component hasher = Poseidon(1);
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hasher.inputs[0] <== identity_secret;
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out <== hasher.out;
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}
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template CalculateExternalNullifier() {
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signal input epoch;
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signal input rln_identifier;
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signal output out;
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component hasher = Poseidon(2);
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hasher.inputs[0] <== epoch;
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hasher.inputs[1] <== rln_identifier;
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out <== hasher.out;
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}
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template CalculateA1() {
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signal input a_0;
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signal input external_nullifier;
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signal output out;
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component hasher = Poseidon(2);
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hasher.inputs[0] <== a_0;
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hasher.inputs[1] <== external_nullifier;
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out <== hasher.out;
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}
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template CalculateInternalNullifier() {
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signal input a_1;
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signal output out;
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component hasher = Poseidon(1);
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hasher.inputs[0] <== a_1;
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out <== hasher.out;
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>It's easy to understand these samples: <code>CalculateIdentityCommitment()</code>, <code>CalculateA1()</code>, <code>CalculateInternalNullifier()</code>, <code>CalculateExternalNullifier()</code> - they do exactly what their name says; they are implemented as it's described in <a href="./protocol_spec.html">previous topic</a>.</p>
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<p>Now, let's look at the core logic of the <strong>RLN</strong> circuit. </p>
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<pre><code class="language-swift">...
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signal input identity_secret;
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signal input path_elements[n_levels][LEAVES_PER_PATH_LEVEL];
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signal input identity_path_index[n_levels];
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signal input x;
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signal input epoch;
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signal input rln_identifier;
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signal output y;
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signal output root;
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signal output nullifier;
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...
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</code></pre>
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<p>So, here we have many inputs. Private inputs are: <code>identity_secret</code> (basically <code>a_0</code> from the polynomial), <code>path_elements[][]</code>, <code>identity_path_index[]</code>. Public inputs are: <code>x</code> (actually just the hash of a signal), <code>epoch,</code> <code>rln_identifier</code>. Outputs are: <code>y</code> (polynomial share/secret share), <code>root</code> of a Merkle Tree, and <code>nullifier</code> (which is basically <code>internal_nullifier</code>).</p>
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<p><strong>RLN</strong> circuit consists of two checks:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Membership in Merkle Tree</li>
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<li>Correctness of secret share</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="membership-in-merkle-tree"><a class="header" href="#membership-in-merkle-tree">Membership in Merkle Tree</a></h3>
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<p>To check membership in a Merkle Tree, we can simply use the previously described Merkle Tree gadget:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-swift">...
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component identity_commitment = CalculateIdentityCommitment();
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identity_commitment.identity_secret <== identity_secret;
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var i;
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var j;
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component inclusionProof = MerkleTreeInclusionProof(n_levels);
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inclusionProof.leaf <== identity_commitment.out;
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for (i = 0; i < n_levels; i++) {
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for (j = 0; j < LEAVES_PER_PATH_LEVEL; j++) {
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inclusionProof.path_elements[i][j] <== path_elements[i][j];
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}
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inclusionProof.path_index[i] <== identity_path_index[i];
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}
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...
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</code></pre>
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<p>Here we are calculating the <code>identity_commitment</code> and passing it along with sibling leaves and binary representation of the position to a Merkle Tree gadget. It gives us the calculated root as an output, and we can put the constraint on that:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-swift">root <== inclusionProof.root;
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</code></pre>
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<h3 id="correctness-of-secret-share"><a class="header" href="#correctness-of-secret-share">Correctness of secret share</a></h3>
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<p>As we use linear polynomial we need to check that <code>y = a_1 * x + a_0</code> (<code>a_0</code> is identity secret). For that, we need to calculate <code>external_nullifier</code> and constraints on <code>a_1</code> and secret share:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-swift">...
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component external_nullifier = CalculateExternalNullifier();
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external_nullifier.epoch <== epoch;
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external_nullifier.rln_identifier <== rln_identifier;
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component a_1 = CalculateA1();
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a_1.a_0 <== identity_secret;
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a_1.external_nullifier <== external_nullifier.out;
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y <== identity_secret + a_1.out * x;
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...
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</code></pre>
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<p>To calculate and reveal the <code>nullifier</code>:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-swift">...
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component calculateNullifier = CalculateInternalNullifier();
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calculateNullifier.a_1 <== a_1.out;
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nullifier <== calculateNullifier.out;
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...
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="main-runner-of-the-circuits"><a class="header" href="#main-runner-of-the-circuits">Main runner of the circuits</a></h2>
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<p>Now the Circuits can be used as gadgets. If we want to use it in our app, we need to initialize it and have a <em>main</em> - starting point function. It can be found <a href="https://github.com/privacy-scaling-explorations/rln/blob/master/circuits/rln.circom">here</a>.</p>
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<p>The implementation is super basic:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-swift">pragma circom 2.0.0;
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include "./rln-base.circom";
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component main { public [x, epoch, rln_identifier] } = RLN(15);
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</code></pre>
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<p>That's the whole <strong>RLN</strong> Circom Circuit :) Here we just need to list all public inputs (<code>x,</code> <code>epoch,</code> <code>rln_identifier</code>; the rest of the inputs are private). Also, we set the depth of the Merkle Tree = 15 (max of 32768 members).</p>
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