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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rate-Limiting Nullifier</h1>
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<h1 id="what-is-rate-limiting-nullifier"><a class="header" href="#what-is-rate-limiting-nullifier">What is Rate-Limiting Nullifier?</a></h1>
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<p><em>This topic is a part of complete <a href="https://medium.com/privacy-scaling-explorations/rate-limiting-nullifier-a-spam-protection-mechanism-for-anonymous-environments-bbe4006a57d">overview</a> by Blagoj</em>.</p>
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<hr />
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<p><strong>RLN</strong> is a construct based on zero-knowledge proofs that enables spam prevention mechanism for decentralized, anonymous environments. In anonymous environments, the identity of the entities is unknown.</p>
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<p>The anonymity property opens up the possibility for spam attack and sybil attack vectors for certain applications, which could seriously degrade the user experience and the overall functioning of the application. For example, imagine a chat application, where users are anonymous. Now, everyone can write unlimited number of spam messages, while we don't have ability to kick this member, because the spammer is anonymous. </p>
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<p><strong>RLN</strong> helps us identify and "kick" the spammer.</p>
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<p>Moreover RLN can be useful not only to prevent a spam attacks, but in general, to limit users (in anonymous environments) in the number of actions (f.e. to vote or to make a bid).</p>
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<h1 id="circom-circuit-for-rln"><a class="header" href="#circom-circuit-for-rln">Circom Circuit for RLN</a></h1>
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<pre class="mermaid">flowchart TB
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subgraph Generate Secret Key
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random0(Random 32 bytes) --> a_0(Secret Key)
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random1(Random 32 bytes) --> a_0
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end
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subgraph RLN
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subgraph Identity Commitment
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a_0 --> h0(Poseidon Hash)
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h0 --> q(Identity Commitment)
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end
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subgraph Calculate Internal Nullifier
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a_0 --> h1(Poseidon Hash)
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epoch(Epoch) --> h1
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h1 --> a_1
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rln_identifier(RLN Identifier) --> h2(Poseidon Hash)
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a_1 --> h2
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h2 --> nullifier(RLN Internal Nullifier)
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end
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subgraph Merkle Tree
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q --> merkle_tree_inclusion_proof(Merkle Tree Inclusion Proof)
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merkle_tree_inclusion_proof --> root(ZKP of Merkle Tree Root)
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end
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subgraph Shamirs Secret Scheme
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a_0 --> plus(+)
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a_1 --> multiply(*)
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x(Hashed Messaage) --> multiply
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multiply --> plus
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plus --> share_y
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end
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nullifier --> proof(ZKP)
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root --> proof
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share_y --> proof
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end
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