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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../intro/intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introduction</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../intro/prelim.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Prerequisites</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../intro/why.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Why is a compiler needed for FHE?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../intro/compiler.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Sunscreen's compiler</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../getting_started/getting_started.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Getting started</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../getting_started/installation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Installation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../getting_started/example.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> My first FHE program</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/fhe_programs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> What's in an FHE program?</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/types/types.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Types</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/types/signed.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.1.</strong> Signed</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/types/fractional.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.2.</strong> Fractional</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/types/rational.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.3.</strong> Rational</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/writing_an_fhe_program/writing_an_fhe_program.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> How to write an FHE program</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/factoring_fhe_programs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.1.</strong> Factoring FHE programs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/writing_an_fhe_program/limitations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.2.</strong> Limitations</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../troubleshooting.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Troubleshooting</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/runtime/runtime.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Runtime</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/runtime/key_generation.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Key generation</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/runtime/encryption.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Encryption</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/runtime/running_fhe_programs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Running FHE programs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/runtime/decryption.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> Decryption</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/runtime/serialization.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> Serialization</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/apps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Applications</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/example.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> AMMs & private token swaps</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/pir_intro.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Private information retrieval</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/pir_simple.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.1.</strong> Take 1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../fhe_programs/pir_matrix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.2.</strong> Take 2</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> Genomics & private tests</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advanced/faq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> FAQ</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advanced/advanced.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Advanced topics</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advanced/bfv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Why the BFV scheme?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advanced/good_fhe_programs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> Writing even better FHE programs</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advanced/plain_modulus/plain_modulus.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.1.</strong> Plaintext modulus</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advanced/noise_margin.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.2.</strong> Noise</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advanced/pruning_keys.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.3.</strong> Pruning public keys</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advanced/wasm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> WASM support</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../../advanced/carryless_arithmetic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> Funky math: carryless arithmetic</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> Batching</div></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 id="serialization"><a class="header" href="#serialization">Serialization</a></h1>
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<p>While most examples compute everything in one place, in practice, data will be split amongst multiple machines. You can serialize many things in Sunscreen:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Ciphertexts</li>
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<li>Keys</li>
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<li>Scheme parameters</li>
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<li>FHE programs</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Sunscreen uses <a href="https://serde.rs/"><code>serde</code></a> for serialization and can serialize data in a number of formats including JSON and bincode. Since most data in Sunscreen is high entropy byte arrays, we recommend using <a href="https://docs.rs/bincode/1.3.3/bincode/">bincode</a> since it reduces storage and network requirements by efficiently packing byte arrays.</p>
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<p>The process to serialize and deserialize any type is the same, but this example shows how to do it with a ciphertext:</p>
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<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust no_run edition2021"><span class="boring">use sunscreen::{
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</span><span class="boring"> fhe_program,
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</span><span class="boring"> types::{bfv::Signed, Cipher},
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</span><span class="boring"> Compiler, Runtime, PublicKey, Ciphertext
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</span><span class="boring">};
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</span><span class="boring">
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</span><span class="boring">#[fhe_program(scheme = "bfv")]
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</span><span class="boring">fn noop() {
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</span><span class="boring">}
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</span><span class="boring">
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</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
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</span><span class="boring"> let fhe_program = Compiler::with_fhe_program(noop)
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</span><span class="boring"> .compile()
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</span><span class="boring"> .unwrap();
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</span><span class="boring">
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</span><span class="boring"> let runtime = Runtime::new(&fhe_program.metadata.params).unwrap();
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</span><span class="boring"> let (public_key, _) = runtime.generate_keys().unwrap();
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</span> let c = runtime
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.encrypt(Signed::from(20), &public_key)
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.unwrap();
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// ser is now a Vec<u8> that can be written to disk, socket, etc.
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let ser = bincode::serialize(&c).unwrap();
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// Upon receiving a serialized byte array, deserialize it
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// back into a Ciphertext. You may now use it normally.
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let c: Ciphertext = bincode::deserialize(&ser).unwrap();
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<span class="boring">}
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</span></code></pre></pre>
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<p>As with any dependency, you'll need to add <code>bincode</code> as a dependency in your <code>Cargo.toml</code>.</p>
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