diff --git a/lib/devise/failure.rb b/lib/devise/failure.rb
index cc023f8d..e3e7e001 100644
--- a/lib/devise/failure.rb
+++ b/lib/devise/failure.rb
@@ -1,16 +1,21 @@
 module Devise
   module Failure
+    mattr_accessor :default_url
 
     # Failure application that will be called every time :warden is thrown from
     # any strategy or hook. Responsible for redirect the user to the sign in
-    # page based on current scope and mapping.
+    # page based on current scope and mapping. If no scope is given, redirect
+    # to the default_url.
     def self.call(env)
       options = env['warden.options']
-      params = options[:params] || {}
-      scope = options[:scope]
-      mapping = Devise.mappings[scope]
+      params  = options[:params] || {}
+      scope   = options[:scope]
 
-      redirect_path = "/#{mapping.as}/#{mapping.path_names[:sign_in]}"
+      redirect_path = if mapping = Devise.mappings[scope]
+        "/#{mapping.as}/#{mapping.path_names[:sign_in]}"
+      else
+        "/#{default_url}"
+      end
 
       headers = {}
       headers["Location"] = redirect_path
@@ -18,7 +23,6 @@ module Devise
       headers["Content-Type"] = 'text/plain'
 
       message = options[:message] || "You are being redirected to #{redirect_path}"
-
       [302, headers, message]
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/devise/hooks/confirmable.rb b/lib/devise/hooks/confirmable.rb
index 5a663e0d..ef29fce7 100644
--- a/lib/devise/hooks/confirmable.rb
+++ b/lib/devise/hooks/confirmable.rb
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 # confirming it's account. If the user has not confirmed it's account during
 # this time frame, he/she will not able to sign in anymore.
 Warden::Manager.after_set_user do |record, auth, options|
-  if record.present? && record.respond_to?(:active?) && !record.active?
+  if record && record.respond_to?(:active?) && !record.active?
     scope = options[:scope]
     auth.logout(scope)
-    throw :warden, :scope => scope, :params => {:unconfirmed => true}
+    throw :warden, :scope => scope, :params => { :unconfirmed => true }
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/devise/models/confirmable.rb b/lib/devise/models/confirmable.rb
index 89ccd585..49b4ce9c 100644
--- a/lib/devise/models/confirmable.rb
+++ b/lib/devise/models/confirmable.rb
@@ -43,8 +43,9 @@ module Devise
       # is already confirmed, add en error to email field
       def confirm!
         unless_confirmed do
-          clear_confirmation_token
-          update_attribute(:confirmed_at, Time.now)
+          self.confirmation_token = nil
+          self.confirmed_at = Time.now
+          save(false)
         end
       end
 
@@ -83,15 +84,21 @@ module Devise
         # We do this by calculating if the difference between today and the
         # confirmation sent date does not exceed the confirm in time configured.
         # Confirm_in is a model configuration, must always be an integer value.
+        #
         # Example:
+        #
         #   # confirm_in = 1.day and confirmation_sent_at = today
         #   confirmation_period_valid?   # returns true
+        #
         #   # confirm_in = 5.days and confirmation_sent_at = 4.days.ago
         #   confirmation_period_valid?   # returns true
+        #
         #   # confirm_in = 5.days and confirmation_sent_at = 5.days.ago
         #   confirmation_period_valid?   # returns false
+        #
         #   # confirm_in = 0.days
         #   confirmation_period_valid?   # will always return false
+        #
         def confirmation_period_valid?
           confirmation_sent_at? &&
             (Date.today - confirmation_sent_at.to_date).days < confirm_in
@@ -128,11 +135,6 @@ module Devise
           generate_confirmation_token && save(false)
         end
 
-        # Removes confirmation token
-        def clear_confirmation_token
-          self.confirmation_token = nil
-        end
-
       module ClassMethods
 
         # Attempt to find a user by it's email. If a record is found, send new
diff --git a/lib/devise/strategies/authenticable.rb b/lib/devise/strategies/authenticable.rb
index 191066bf..515b58c5 100644
--- a/lib/devise/strategies/authenticable.rb
+++ b/lib/devise/strategies/authenticable.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module Devise
           success!(resource)
         else
           store_location
-          throw :warden, :scope => scope, :params => {:unauthenticated => true}
+          throw :warden, :scope => scope, :params => { :unauthenticated => true }
         end
       end