Example Axolotl configs in train/configs/.
Chat templates in train/chat_templates/.
A Kubernetes job spec in train/training-job.yml that references the Axolotl image.

The instructions below are written to match the paths used by the configs in this repo.

Hardware recommendations

Recommended minimum VRAM: 24GB total across all GPUs.
- Multi-GPU is fine: e.g. 2×12GB, 1×24GB, 2×16GB, etc.
- More VRAM lets you increase sequence_len, batch size, and/or train larger base models.

Fine-tuning approaches (full vs LoRA vs QLoRA)

All three approaches start from a base model (e.g. google/gemma-3-270m-it) and train on this repo’s synthetic dataset.

Full fine-tuning

Full fine-tuning updates all model weights.

Pros: highest quality ceiling.
Cons: highest VRAM/compute; largest checkpoints.
When to use: you have ample VRAM/compute and want maximum adaptation.

LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)

LoRA keeps base weights frozen and trains small adapter matrices.

Pros: much lower VRAM; fast iteration; adapters are small and easy to share.
Cons: slightly lower ceiling than full fine-tuning.
When to use: common default when you’re VRAM-constrained.

QLoRA

QLoRA is LoRA, but the frozen base model is loaded in 4-bit quantized form.

Pros: lowest VRAM footprint; enables training larger models on modest GPUs.
Cons: can be slower (dequant overhead) and sometimes trickier to tune.
When to use: you want LoRA but need the base model to fit in memory.

Training Scripts

We now recommend that you use the Axolotl training script suite to perform training runs.

The Docker images that are recommended are:

axolotlai/axolotl-cloud:main-py3.11-cu128-2.8.0 - CUDA 12.8 with PyTorch 2.8.0
axolotlai/axolotl-cloud:main-py3.11-cu126-2.8.0 - CUDA 12.6 with PyTorch 2.8.0

Both images provide the axolotl CLI used in the examples below. It is recommended to use the "cloud" versions since they have various custom folder mounts already set up that make data management easier.

Dataset Generation

The synthetic dataset is generated by scripts under data/.

Generator: data/generate_data.py
Outputs: JSONL files in data/output/ (for example home_assistant_train.jsonl, home_assistant_test.jsonl, and sample.jsonl).

The example training configs in train/configs/ are written to read a dataset file mounted at /workspace/data/datasets/sample.jsonl. Depending on the variant of the dataset that you are using for training, you may need to edit the config to point to the correct dataset file.

For local Docker training you’ll typically:

Generate a dataset JSONL under data/output/.
Copy it into a host folder that you mount as /workspace/data/datasets/.

Training Configs

This repo currently includes:

train/configs/gemma3-270m.yml
train/configs/functiongemma-270m.yml

Additional configs can be found in the Axolotl repo. They will need to be adapted to use this repo’s dataset paths and potentially have their chat template adjusted.

Model selection

base_model: Hugging Face model id.
model_type: Transformers model class (example: Gemma3ForCausalLM).

Chat formatting and tool calling

chat_template: jinja and chat_template_jinja: | ...:
- Defines how multi-turn chats (and tools) are rendered into training text.
- For tool calling, this formatting matters a lot.

Related files:

train/chat_templates/ contains reusable templates you can adapt.

Dataset configs

datasets: list points at a JSONL file, example:
- path: /workspace/data/datasets/sample.jsonl
- ds_type: json
- type: chat_template
- message_field_training: train_on_turn
- roles_to_train: []

NOTE: roles_to_train controls which message roles are used for loss calculation. Alternatively, you can simply enable training against all "assistant" role messages by setting roles_to_train: [assistant].

Sequence length + packing

sequence_len: max context length.
sample_packing:
- true packs multiple short samples into one sequence (better throughput).
- false keeps samples separate (often easier to debug).

Batch sizing

Effective batch size is calculated as:

\text{effective\_batch} = \text{micro\_batch\_size} \times \text{gradient\_accumulation\_steps} \times \text{num\_gpus}

Having the correct effective batch size is important for training stability. Modify micro_batch_size until you can fit the model and optimizer states in VRAM, and then set gradient_accumulation_steps to keep the effective batch size in the correct range -- 16, 32, or 64 are values shown to work well for this dataset.

Memory/perf helpers

bf16: true: bfloat16 training on modern NVIDIA GPUs (30-series/Ada or newer)
gradient_checkpointing: true: re-compute gradient activations during backward pass instead of storing in VRAM (lower VRAM, more compute.)
flash_attention: true: faster attention when supported (almost always).
optimizer: adamw_bnb_8bit: 8-bit optimizer states to save VRAM

Outputs

output_dir: /workspace/data/training-runs/<run-name> stores checkpoints and TensorBoard logs.

Running training with Docker (local machine)

These commands assume:

You are running on Linux with an NVIDIA GPU (or WSL2)
You have Docker installed
You have the NVIDIA Driver and the NVIDIA Container Toolkit set up and installed

1) Create host folders to mount

mkdir -p ./train-local/datasets
mkdir -p ./train-local/training-runs
mkdir -p ./train-local/huggingface-cache

2) Generate a dataset JSONL

python3 data/generate_data.py --sample --language english
cp data/output/sample.jsonl ./train-local/datasets/sample.jsonl

3) Run preprocess + train

docker pull axolotlai/axolotl-cloud:main-py3.11-cu128-2.8.0

docker run --rm -it \
  --gpus all \
  -e AXOLOTL_DO_NOT_TRACK=1 \
  -e HF_HOME=/workspace/data/huggingface-cache \
  -e HF_TOKEN="$HF_TOKEN" \
  -v "$PWD/train-local/datasets:/workspace/data/datasets" \
  -v "$PWD/train-local/training-runs:/workspace/data/training-runs" \
  -v "$PWD/train-local/huggingface-cache:/workspace/data/huggingface-cache" \
  -v "$PWD/train/configs:/workspace/configs" \
  axolotlai/axolotl-cloud:main-py3.11-cu128-2.8.0 \
  axolotl preprocess /workspace/configs/gemma3-270m.yml --debug

docker run --rm -it \
  --gpus all \
  -e AXOLOTL_DO_NOT_TRACK=1 \
  -e HF_HOME=/workspace/data/huggingface-cache \
  -e HF_TOKEN="$HF_TOKEN" \
  -v "$PWD/train-local/datasets:/workspace/data/datasets" \
  -v "$PWD/train-local/training-runs:/workspace/data/training-runs" \
  -v "$PWD/train-local/huggingface-cache:/workspace/data/huggingface-cache" \
  -v "$PWD/train/configs:/workspace/configs" \
  axolotlai/axolotl-cloud:main-py3.11-cu128-2.8.0 \
  axolotl train /workspace/configs/gemma3-270m.yml

Artifacts will appear under ./train-local/training-runs/.

Running on Kubernetes (e.g. cloud GPU host)

train/training-job.yml mounts:

/workspace/data/datasets (dataset JSONL)
/workspace/data/training-runs (outputs)
/workspace/configs (Axolotl YAML)
/workspace/data/huggingface-cache (HF cache)

It runs axolotl preprocess ... as an init container, then axolotl train ....

The helper script train/train.sh copies train/configs/<MODEL_NAME>.yml to a remote server and starts the Kubernetes Job.

README.md Unescape Escape

Training (Docker + Axolotl)