diff --git a/src/memory/embeddings-voyage.test.ts b/src/memory/embeddings-voyage.test.ts
index a94d2ca9a7..e97c01de9f 100644
--- a/src/memory/embeddings-voyage.test.ts
+++ b/src/memory/embeddings-voyage.test.ts
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ describe("voyage embedding provider", () => {
   });
 
   it("configures client with correct defaults and headers", async () => {
-    const fetchMock = createFetchMock();
-    vi.stubGlobal("fetch", fetchMock);
+    const fetchMock = createFetchMock() as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+    vi.stubGlobal("fetch", fetchMock as unknown as typeof fetch);
 
     vi.mocked(authModule.resolveApiKeyForProvider).mockResolvedValue({
       apiKey: "voyage-key-123",
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ describe("voyage embedding provider", () => {
   });
 
   it("respects remote overrides for baseUrl and apiKey", async () => {
-    const fetchMock = createFetchMock();
-    vi.stubGlobal("fetch", fetchMock);
+    const fetchMock = createFetchMock() as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+    vi.stubGlobal("fetch", fetchMock as unknown as typeof fetch);
 
     const result = await createVoyageEmbeddingProvider({
       config: {} as never,
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ describe("voyage embedding provider", () => {
       json: async () => ({
         data: [{ embedding: [0.1, 0.2] }, { embedding: [0.3, 0.4] }],
       }),
-    })) as unknown as typeof fetch;
-    vi.stubGlobal("fetch", fetchMock);
+    })) as ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+    vi.stubGlobal("fetch", fetchMock as unknown as typeof fetch);
 
     vi.mocked(authModule.resolveApiKeyForProvider).mockResolvedValue({
       apiKey: "voyage-key-123",
diff --git a/src/memory/manager.async-search.test.ts b/src/memory/manager.async-search.test.ts
index 660ba15ac9..4846f6d7ec 100644
--- a/src/memory/manager.async-search.test.ts
+++ b/src/memory/manager.async-search.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { getMemorySearchManager, type MemoryIndexManager } from "./index.js";
 import { createOpenAIEmbeddingProviderMock } from "./test-embeddings-mock.js";
 
@@ -53,21 +54,25 @@ describe("memory search async sync", () => {
         },
         list: [{ id: "main", default: true }],
       },
-    };
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
 
     const result = await getMemorySearchManager({ cfg, agentId: "main" });
     expect(result.manager).not.toBeNull();
     if (!result.manager) {
       throw new Error("manager missing");
     }
-    manager = result.manager;
+    manager = result.manager as unknown as MemoryIndexManager;
 
     const pending = new Promise<void>(() => {});
     (manager as unknown as { sync: () => Promise<void> }).sync = vi.fn(async () => pending);
 
     const resolved = await new Promise<boolean>((resolve, reject) => {
       const timeout = setTimeout(() => resolve(false), 1000);
-      void manager
+      const activeManager = manager;
+      if (!activeManager) {
+        throw new Error("manager missing");
+      }
+      void activeManager
         .search("hello")
         .then(() => {
           clearTimeout(timeout);
diff --git a/src/memory/manager.atomic-reindex.test.ts b/src/memory/manager.atomic-reindex.test.ts
index 36f4f2e298..d7d610312f 100644
--- a/src/memory/manager.atomic-reindex.test.ts
+++ b/src/memory/manager.atomic-reindex.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { getEmbedBatchMock, resetEmbeddingMocks } from "./embedding.test-mocks.js";
 import type { MemoryIndexManager } from "./index.js";
 import { getRequiredMemoryIndexManager } from "./test-manager-helpers.js";
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ describe("memory manager atomic reindex", () => {
         },
         list: [{ id: "main", default: true }],
       },
-    };
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
 
     manager = await getRequiredMemoryIndexManager({ cfg, agentId: "main" });
 
diff --git a/src/memory/manager.batch.test.ts b/src/memory/manager.batch.test.ts
index c5cdff0067..3f00114375 100644
--- a/src/memory/manager.batch.test.ts
+++ b/src/memory/manager.batch.test.ts
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { afterAll, afterEach, beforeAll, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { getMemorySearchManager, type MemoryIndexManager } from "./index.js";
 import { createOpenAIEmbeddingProviderMock } from "./test-embeddings-mock.js";
 import "./test-runtime-mocks.js";
 
-const embedBatch = vi.fn(async () => []);
+const embedBatch = vi.fn(async (_texts: string[]) => [] as number[][]);
 const embedQuery = vi.fn(async () => [0.5, 0.5, 0.5]);
 
 vi.mock("./embeddings.js", () => ({
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ describe("memory indexing with OpenAI batches", () => {
     return { fetchMock, state };
   }
 
-  function createBatchCfg() {
+  function createBatchCfg(): OpenClawConfig {
     return {
       agents: {
         defaults: {
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ describe("memory indexing with OpenAI batches", () => {
         },
         list: [{ id: "main", default: true }],
       },
-    };
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
   }
 
   beforeAll(async () => {
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ describe("memory indexing with OpenAI batches", () => {
     if (!result.manager) {
       throw new Error("manager missing");
     }
-    manager = result.manager;
+    manager = result.manager as unknown as MemoryIndexManager;
   });
 
   afterAll(async () => {
diff --git a/src/memory/manager.embedding-batches.test.ts b/src/memory/manager.embedding-batches.test.ts
index 1fc1dbad2c..445d432923 100644
--- a/src/memory/manager.embedding-batches.test.ts
+++ b/src/memory/manager.embedding-batches.test.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ describe("memory embedding batches", () => {
     });
 
     const status = managerLarge.status();
-    const totalTexts = embedBatch.mock.calls.reduce((sum, call) => sum + (call[0]?.length ?? 0), 0);
+    const totalTexts = embedBatch.mock.calls.reduce(
+      (sum: number, call: unknown[]) => sum + ((call[0] as string[] | undefined)?.length ?? 0),
+      0,
+    );
     expect(totalTexts).toBe(status.chunks);
     expect(embedBatch.mock.calls.length).toBeGreaterThan(1);
     expect(updates.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ describe("memory embedding batches", () => {
     await fs.writeFile(path.join(memoryDir, "2026-01-07.md"), "\n\n\n");
     await managerSmall.sync({ reason: "test" });
 
-    const inputs = embedBatch.mock.calls.flatMap((call) => call[0] ?? []);
+    const inputs = embedBatch.mock.calls.flatMap((call: unknown[]) => (call[0] as string[]) ?? []);
     expect(inputs).not.toContain("");
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/memory/manager.sync-errors-do-not-crash.test.ts b/src/memory/manager.sync-errors-do-not-crash.test.ts
index 103be8a1ab..8c5b55c498 100644
--- a/src/memory/manager.sync-errors-do-not-crash.test.ts
+++ b/src/memory/manager.sync-errors-do-not-crash.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { getEmbedBatchMock, resetEmbeddingMocks } from "./embedding.test-mocks.js";
 import type { MemoryIndexManager } from "./index.js";
 import { getRequiredMemoryIndexManager } from "./test-manager-helpers.js";
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ describe("memory manager sync failures", () => {
         },
         list: [{ id: "main", default: true }],
       },
-    };
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
 
     manager = await getRequiredMemoryIndexManager({ cfg, agentId: "main" });
     const syncSpy = vi.spyOn(manager, "sync");
diff --git a/src/memory/manager.vector-dedupe.test.ts b/src/memory/manager.vector-dedupe.test.ts
index eb15fb481e..dcaf1dffaf 100644
--- a/src/memory/manager.vector-dedupe.test.ts
+++ b/src/memory/manager.vector-dedupe.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { getMemorySearchManager, type MemoryIndexManager } from "./index.js";
 import { buildFileEntry } from "./internal.js";
 
@@ -54,14 +55,14 @@ describe("memory vector dedupe", () => {
         },
         list: [{ id: "main", default: true }],
       },
-    };
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
 
     const result = await getMemorySearchManager({ cfg, agentId: "main" });
     expect(result.manager).not.toBeNull();
     if (!result.manager) {
       throw new Error("manager missing");
     }
-    manager = result.manager;
+    manager = result.manager as unknown as MemoryIndexManager;
 
     const db = (
       manager as unknown as {
diff --git a/src/memory/manager.watcher-config.test.ts b/src/memory/manager.watcher-config.test.ts
index a51f577685..77221df34b 100644
--- a/src/memory/manager.watcher-config.test.ts
+++ b/src/memory/manager.watcher-config.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import fs from "node:fs/promises";
 import os from "node:os";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../config/config.js";
 import { getMemorySearchManager, type MemoryIndexManager } from "./index.js";
 
 const { watchMock } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
@@ -72,14 +73,14 @@ describe("memory watcher config", () => {
         },
         list: [{ id: "main", default: true }],
       },
-    };
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
 
     const result = await getMemorySearchManager({ cfg, agentId: "main" });
     expect(result.manager).not.toBeNull();
     if (!result.manager) {
       throw new Error("manager missing");
     }
-    manager = result.manager;
+    manager = result.manager as unknown as MemoryIndexManager;
 
     expect(watchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
     const [watchedPaths, options] = watchMock.mock.calls[0] as unknown as [
diff --git a/src/pairing/pairing-store.test.ts b/src/pairing/pairing-store.test.ts
index 163c99e064..d233f11201 100644
--- a/src/pairing/pairing-store.test.ts
+++ b/src/pairing/pairing-store.test.ts
@@ -98,7 +98,11 @@ describe("pairing store", () => {
 
   it("regenerates when a generated code collides", async () => {
     await withTempStateDir(async () => {
-      const spy = vi.spyOn(crypto, "randomInt");
+      const spy = vi.spyOn(crypto, "randomInt") as unknown as {
+        mockReturnValue: (value: number) => void;
+        mockImplementation: (fn: () => number) => void;
+        mockRestore: () => void;
+      };
       try {
         spy.mockReturnValue(0);
         const first = await upsertChannelPairingRequest({
diff --git a/src/plugins/hooks.before-agent-start.test.ts b/src/plugins/hooks.before-agent-start.test.ts
index 19a7612118..060147f078 100644
--- a/src/plugins/hooks.before-agent-start.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/hooks.before-agent-start.test.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { createHookRunner } from "./hooks.js";
 import { createEmptyPluginRegistry, type PluginRegistry } from "./registry.js";
-import type { PluginHookBeforeAgentStartResult, TypedPluginHookRegistration } from "./types.js";
+import type { PluginHookBeforeAgentStartResult, PluginHookRegistration } from "./types.js";
 
 function addBeforeAgentStartHook(
   registry: PluginRegistry,
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ function addBeforeAgentStartHook(
     handler,
     priority,
     source: "test",
-  } as TypedPluginHookRegistration);
+  } as PluginHookRegistration);
 }
 
 const stubCtx = {
diff --git a/src/plugins/hooks.model-override-wiring.test.ts b/src/plugins/hooks.model-override-wiring.test.ts
index 1ebe6bb2be..feb3b0a8af 100644
--- a/src/plugins/hooks.model-override-wiring.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/hooks.model-override-wiring.test.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import type {
   PluginHookBeforeModelResolveResult,
   PluginHookBeforePromptBuildEvent,
   PluginHookBeforePromptBuildResult,
-  TypedPluginHookRegistration,
+  PluginHookRegistration,
 } from "./types.js";
 
 function addBeforeModelResolveHook(
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ function addBeforeModelResolveHook(
     handler,
     priority,
     source: "test",
-  } as TypedPluginHookRegistration);
+  } as PluginHookRegistration);
 }
 
 function addBeforePromptBuildHook(
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ function addBeforePromptBuildHook(
     handler,
     priority,
     source: "test",
-  } as TypedPluginHookRegistration);
+  } as PluginHookRegistration);
 }
 
 function addLegacyBeforeAgentStartHook(
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ function addLegacyBeforeAgentStartHook(
     handler,
     priority,
     source: "test",
-  } as TypedPluginHookRegistration);
+  } as PluginHookRegistration);
 }
 
 const stubCtx: PluginHookAgentContext = {
diff --git a/src/plugins/hooks.phase-hooks.test.ts b/src/plugins/hooks.phase-hooks.test.ts
index a75c5ac334..859285a77f 100644
--- a/src/plugins/hooks.phase-hooks.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/hooks.phase-hooks.test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { createEmptyPluginRegistry, type PluginRegistry } from "./registry.js";
 import type {
   PluginHookBeforeModelResolveResult,
   PluginHookBeforePromptBuildResult,
-  TypedPluginHookRegistration,
+  PluginHookRegistration,
 } from "./types.js";
 
 function addTypedHook(
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ function addTypedHook(
     handler,
     priority,
     source: "test",
-  } as TypedPluginHookRegistration);
+  } as PluginHookRegistration);
 }
 
 describe("phase hooks merger", () => {
diff --git a/src/plugins/install.e2e.test.ts b/src/plugins/install.e2e.test.ts
index d93703b8d7..a7f036788a 100644
--- a/src/plugins/install.e2e.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/install.e2e.test.ts
@@ -423,7 +423,14 @@ describe("installPluginFromDir", () => {
 
     const { runCommandWithTimeout } = await import("../process/exec.js");
     const run = vi.mocked(runCommandWithTimeout);
-    run.mockResolvedValue({ code: 0, stdout: "", stderr: "" });
+    run.mockResolvedValue({
+      code: 0,
+      stdout: "",
+      stderr: "",
+      signal: null,
+      killed: false,
+      termination: "exit",
+    });
 
     const { installPluginFromDir } = await import("./install.js");
     const res = await installPluginFromDir({
@@ -468,9 +475,16 @@ describe("installPluginFromNpmSpec", () => {
     const packedName = "voice-call-0.0.1.tgz";
     run.mockImplementation(async (argv, opts) => {
       if (argv[0] === "npm" && argv[1] === "pack") {
-        packTmpDir = String(opts?.cwd ?? "");
+        packTmpDir = String(typeof opts === "number" ? "" : (opts.cwd ?? ""));
         await packToArchive({ pkgDir, outDir: packTmpDir, outName: packedName });
-        return { code: 0, stdout: `${packedName}\n`, stderr: "", signal: null, killed: false };
+        return {
+          code: 0,
+          stdout: `${packedName}\n`,
+          stderr: "",
+          signal: null,
+          killed: false,
+          termination: "exit",
+        };
       }
       throw new Error(`unexpected command: ${argv.join(" ")}`);
     });
@@ -493,7 +507,8 @@ describe("installPluginFromNpmSpec", () => {
     }
     const [argv, options] = packCall;
     expect(argv).toEqual(["npm", "pack", "@openclaw/voice-call@0.0.1", "--ignore-scripts"]);
-    expect(options?.env).toMatchObject({ NPM_CONFIG_IGNORE_SCRIPTS: "true" });
+    const commandOptions = typeof options === "number" ? undefined : options;
+    expect(commandOptions?.env).toMatchObject({ NPM_CONFIG_IGNORE_SCRIPTS: "true" });
 
     expect(packTmpDir).not.toBe("");
     expect(fs.existsSync(packTmpDir)).toBe(false);
diff --git a/src/plugins/voice-call.plugin.test.ts b/src/plugins/voice-call.plugin.test.ts
index c29adce14d..8b6d703414 100644
--- a/src/plugins/voice-call.plugin.test.ts
+++ b/src/plugins/voice-call.plugin.test.ts
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ const noopLogger = {
 };
 
 type Registered = {
-  methods: Map<string, (ctx: Record<string, unknown>) => unknown>;
+  methods: Map<string, unknown>;
   tools: unknown[];
 };
 
 function setup(config: Record<string, unknown>): Registered {
-  const methods = new Map<string, (ctx: Record<string, unknown>) => unknown>();
+  const methods = new Map<string, unknown>();
   const tools: unknown[] = [];
   plugin.register({
     id: "voice-call",
@@ -43,14 +43,16 @@ function setup(config: Record<string, unknown>): Registered {
     source: "test",
     config: {},
     pluginConfig: config,
-    runtime: { tts: { textToSpeechTelephony: vi.fn() } },
+    runtime: { tts: { textToSpeechTelephony: vi.fn() } } as unknown as Parameters<
+      typeof plugin.register
+    >[0]["runtime"],
     logger: noopLogger,
-    registerGatewayMethod: (method, handler) => methods.set(method, handler),
-    registerTool: (tool) => tools.push(tool),
+    registerGatewayMethod: (method: string, handler: unknown) => methods.set(method, handler),
+    registerTool: (tool: unknown) => tools.push(tool),
     registerCli: () => {},
     registerService: () => {},
     resolvePath: (p: string) => p,
-  });
+  } as unknown as Parameters<typeof plugin.register>[0]);
   return { methods, tools };
 }
 
@@ -87,7 +89,12 @@ describe("voice-call plugin", () => {
 
   it("initiates a call via voicecall.initiate", async () => {
     const { methods } = setup({ provider: "mock" });
-    const handler = methods.get("voicecall.initiate");
+    const handler = methods.get("voicecall.initiate") as
+      | ((ctx: {
+          params: Record<string, unknown>;
+          respond: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+        }) => Promise<void>)
+      | undefined;
     const respond = vi.fn();
     await handler?.({ params: { message: "Hi" }, respond });
     expect(runtimeStub.manager.initiateCall).toHaveBeenCalled();
@@ -98,7 +105,12 @@ describe("voice-call plugin", () => {
 
   it("returns call status", async () => {
     const { methods } = setup({ provider: "mock" });
-    const handler = methods.get("voicecall.status");
+    const handler = methods.get("voicecall.status") as
+      | ((ctx: {
+          params: Record<string, unknown>;
+          respond: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+        }) => Promise<void>)
+      | undefined;
     const respond = vi.fn();
     await handler?.({ params: { callId: "call-1" }, respond });
     const [ok, payload] = respond.mock.calls[0];