research.logos.co/assets/js/4575a515.b2f65e67.js

"use strict";(self.webpackChunkresearch_logos_co=self.webpackChunkresearch_logos_co||[]).push([[9502],{28453:(s,e,a)=>{a.d(e,{R:()=>t,x:()=>r});var n=a(96540);const i={},l=n.createContext(i);function t(s){const e=n.useContext(l);return n.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof s?s(e):{...e,...s}}),[e,s])}function r(s){let e;return e=s.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof s.components?s.components(i):s.components||i:t(s.components),n.createElement(l.Provider,{value:e},s.children)}},64480:(s,e,a)=>{a.r(e),a.d(e,{assets:()=>m,contentTitle:()=>r,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>t,metadata:()=>n,toc:()=>h});var n=a(94566),i=a(74848),l=a(28453);const t={title:"Large Message Handling in GossipSub: Potential Improvements",date:new Date("2024-10-31T12:00:00.000Z"),authors:"farooq",published:!0,slug:"gsub-largemsg-improvements",categories:"research",discuss:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/large-message-handling-in-gossipsub-potential-improvements/375",toc_min_heading_level:2,toc_max_heading_level:5},r=void 0,m={authorsImageUrls:[void 0]},h=[{value:"Motivation",id:"motivation",level:2},{value:"Problem description",id:"problem-description",level:2},{value:"Possible improvements",id:"possible-improvements",level:2},{value:"1. Minimizing transfer time for large messages",id:"1-minimizing-transfer-time-for-large-messages",level:3},{value:"a. Message fragmentation",id:"a-message-fragmentation",level:4},{value:"b. Message staggering",id:"b-message-staggering",level:4},{value:"c. Message prioritization for slow senders",id:"c-message-prioritization-for-slow-senders",level:4},{value:"2. Mitigating transport issues",id:"2-mitigating-transport-issues",level:3},{value:"3. Eliminating redundant transmissions",id:"3-eliminating-redundant-transmissions",level:3},{value:"a. Staggering with IDONTWANT messages",id:"a-staggering-with-idontwant-messages",level:4},{value:"b. IMReceiving message",id:"b-imreceiving-message",level:4},{value:"c. IDONTWANT message with reduced forwarding",id:"c-idontwant-message-with-reduced-forwarding",level:4},{value:"4. Message prioritization",id:"4-message-prioritization",level:3},{value:"5. Maximizing benefits from IWANT messages",id:"5-maximizing-benefits-from-iwant-messages",level:3},{value:"Summary",id:"summary",level:2},{value:"References",id:"references",level:2}];function c(s){const e={a:"a",annotation:"annotation",br:"br",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",li:"li",math:"math",mfrac:"mfrac",mi:"mi",mn:"mn",mo:"mo",mrow:"mrow",msub:"msub",msubsup:"msubsup",msup:"msup",mtext:"mtext",ol:"ol",p:"p",semantics:"semantics",span:"span",...(0,l.R)(),...s.components};return(0,i.jsxs)(i.Fragment,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Large Message Handling in GossipSub: Potential Improvements"}),"\n","\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"motivation",children:"Motivation"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["The challenge of large message transmissions in GossipSub leads to longer than expected network-wide message dissemination times (and relatively higher fluctuations).\r\nIt is particularly relevant for applications that require on-time, network-wide dissemination of large messages,\r\nsuch as Ethereum and Waku [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4844",children:"1"}),",",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/message-propagation/",children:"2"}),"]."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["This matter has been extensively discussed in the libp2p community [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/rust-libp2p/pull/3666",children:"3"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/pull/4383",children:"4"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://hackmd.io/X1DoBHtYTtuGqYg0qK4zJw",children:"5"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/status-im/nim-libp2p/issues/850",children:"6"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/pull/911",children:"7"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/issues/859",children:"8"}),"],\r\nand numerous improvements have been considered (or even incorporated) for the GossipSub protocol to enable efficient large-message propagation\r\n[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/rust-libp2p/pull/3666",children:"3"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/pull/911",children:"7"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://hackmd.io/@gRwfloEASH6NWWS_KJxFGQ/B18wdnNDh",children:"9"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.2.md?plain=1#L52",children:"10"}),"]."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"problem-description",children:"Problem description"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Sending a message to N peers involves approximately 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established (cold) connection takes longer.\r\nThe message transfer time lowers as the ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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transmissions are carried out,\r\ni.e., ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"="}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.msubsup,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2211"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"i"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"="}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"i"})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\tau_D = \\sum_{i=1}^{D} 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message queue) will enqueue (or simultaneously transfer) newly scheduled outgoing messages.\r\nAs a result, already scheduled messages are prioritized over those published by the peer itself,\r\nintroducing a significant initial delay to the locally published messages.\r\nEnqueuing IWANT replies to the outgoing message queue can further exaggerate the problem.\r\nThe lack of adaptiveness and standardization in outgoing message prioritization are key factors that can lead to noticeable inconsistency\r\nin message dissemination latency at each hop, even in similar network conditions."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Message size directly contributes to peers' workloads in terms of processing and transmission time.\r\nIt also raises the probability of simultaneous redundant transmissions to the same peer,\r\nresulting in bandwidth wastage, congestion, and slow message propagation to the network.\r\nMoreover, the benefits of sequential message relaying can be compromised by prioritizing slow (or busy) peers."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Most use cases necessitate validating received messages before forwarding them to the next-hop peers.\r\nFor a higher message transfer time ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:"("}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:")"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"(\\tau 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Minimizing transfer time for large messages"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["The impact of message size and achievable data rate on message transmit time ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"\u03c4"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\tau"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.4306em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.1132em"},children:"\u03c4"})]})})]})," is crucial\r\nas this time accumulates due to the store-and-forward delay introduced at intermediate hops."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Some possible improvements to minimize overall message dissemination latency include:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h4,{id:"a-message-fragmentation",children:"a. 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"k"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"k"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6944em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.03148em"},children:"k"})]})})]}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"It is worth noting that a realistic network imposes certain constraints on staggering for peers.\r\nFor instance, in a network with dissimilar peer capabilities,\r\nplacing a slow peer (also in cases where many senders simultaneously select the same peer) at the head of the transmission queue\r\nmay result in head-of-line blocking for the message queue."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"At the same time, early receivers get many IWANT requests, increasing their workload."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h4,{id:"c-message-prioritization-for-slow-senders",children:"c. Message prioritization for slow senders"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"A slow peer often struggles with a backlog of messages in the outgoing message queue(s) for mesh members.\r\nAny new message transmission at this stage (especially the locally published messages) gets delayed.\r\nAdaptive message-forwarding can help such peers prioritize traffic to minimize latency for essential message transfers."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["For instance, any GossipSub peer will likely receive every message from multiple senders,\r\nleading to redundant transmissions [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/number-duplicate-messages-in-ethereums-gossipsub-network/19921",children:"11"}),"].\r\nImplementing efficient strategies (only for slow senders) like lazy sending\r\nand prioritizing locally published messages/IWANT replies over already queued messages\r\ncan help minimize outgoing message queue sizes and optimize bandwidth for essential message transfers."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"A peer can identify itself as a slow peer by using any bandwidth estimation approach\r\nor simply setting an outgoing message queue threshold for all mesh members."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Eliminating/deprioritizing some messages can lower a peer's score,\r\nbut it also earns the peer an overall better score by achieving some early message transfers.",(0,i.jsx)(e.br,{}),"\n","For instance, sending many near-first messages can only save a peer from a deficit penalty.\r\nOn the other hand, sending only one message (assuming MeshMessageDeliveriesThreshold defaults to 1)\r\nas the first delivered message can add to the accumulative peer score."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:"2-mitigating-transport-issues",children:"2. Mitigating transport issues"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Congestion avoidance algorithms used in various TCP versions directly influence achievable throughput and message transfer time\r\nas maximum unacknowledged in-flight bytes are based on the congestion window ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:"("}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:")"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"(C_{wnd})"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"1em",verticalAlign:"-0.25em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mopen",children:"("}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3361em"},children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{style:{top:"-2.55em",marginLeft:"-0.0715em",marginRight:"0.05em"},children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord mtight",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02691em"},children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"d"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mclose",children:")"})]})})]})," size."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Rapid adaptation of ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3361em"},children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{style:{top:"-2.55em",marginLeft:"-0.0715em",marginRight:"0.05em"},children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord mtight",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02691em"},children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"d"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]})]})})]})," to the available network conditions can help lower message dissemination latency."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Therefore, selecting a more suitable TCP variant like BBR,\r\nwhich is known for its ability to dynamically adjust the congestion window based on network conditions,\r\ncan significantly enhance GossipSub's performance."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["At the same time, parameters like receive window scaling and initial ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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choices."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["One possible solution is to raise ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3361em"},children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{style:{top:"-2.55em",marginLeft:"-0.0715em",marginRight:"0.05em"},children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord mtight",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02691em"},children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"d"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]})]})})]})," by exchanging data over the newly established connection.\r\nThis data may involve useful details like peer exchange information and gossip to build initial trust,\r\nor GossipSub can use some dummy data to raise ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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reset ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2581#section-4.1",children:"12"}),"].\r\nThis can lead to a decline in TCP's performance for applications\r\nthat generate traffic after intervals long enough to trigger the resetting of the congestion window."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Implementing straightforward measures like transport-level ping-pong messages can effectively mitigate this problem [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/558",children:"13"}),"]."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["The limitations faced with ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3361em"},children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{style:{top:"-2.55em",marginLeft:"-0.0715em",marginRight:"0.05em"},children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord mtight",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02691em"},children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"d"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]})]})})]})," scaling also impact some performance optimizations in GossipSub.\r\nFor instance, floodpublishing is an optimization relying on additional transmissions by the publisher to minimize message dissemination latency."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["However, a small ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3361em"},children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{style:{top:"-2.55em",marginLeft:"-0.0715em",marginRight:"0.05em"},children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord mtight",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02691em"},children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"d"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]})]})})]})," value in (new/cold) TCP connections established with floodpublish peers significantly increases message transmission time\r\n[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/pull/4383",children:"4"}),"].\r\nUsually, these peers also receive the same message from other sources during this time, wasting the publisher's bandwidth."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The same is the case with IWANT replies."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Maintaining a bigger mesh (with warm TCP connections) and relaying to ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})})]})," peers can be a better alternative to this problem."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:"3-eliminating-redundant-transmissions",children:"3. Eliminating redundant transmissions"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["For every received packet, a peer makes roughly ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})})]})," transmissions to contribute its fair share to the spread of messages.\r\nHowever, the fact that many recipients had already received the message (from some other peer)\r\nmakes this message propagation inefficient."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Although the ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})})]}),"-spread is attributed to quicker dissemination and resilience against non-conforming peers,\r\nmany potential solutions can still minimize redundant transmissions\r\nwhile preserving the resilience of GossipSub."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"These solutions, ranging from probabilistic to more knowledgeful elimination of messages from the outgoing message queue,\r\nnot only address the issue of redundancy but also provide an opportunity for bandwidth optimization,\r\nespecially for resource-constrained peers."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["For instance, an IDONTWANT message, a key component of GossipSub (v1.2) [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.2.md?plain=1#L52",children:"10"}),"],\r\ncan significantly reduce redundant transmissions."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"It allows any node to notify its mesh members that it has already received a message,\r\nthereby preventing them from resending the same message.\r\nThis functionality is useful when a node receives a message larger than a specified threshold."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"In such cases, the node promptly informs its mesh peers about the successful reception of the message by sending IDONTWANT messages."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"It's important to note that an IDONTWANT message is essentially an IHAVE message, but with a crucial difference,\r\ni.e., IHAVEs are only transmitted during the heartbeat intervals, whereas IDONTWANTs are sent immediately after receiving a large message."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"This prompt notification helps curtail redundant large message transmissions without compromising the GossipSub resilience."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"However, the use of IDONTWANT messages alone has an inherent limitation.\r\nFor instance, a peer can only send an IDONTWANT after receiving the complete message."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["A large message transmission consumes significant time.\r\nFor example, transmitting a 1MB message at 100 Mbps bandwidth may consume 80 to several hundred milliseconds (depending upon ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3361em"},children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{style:{top:"-2.55em",marginLeft:"-0.0715em",marginRight:"0.05em"},children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord mtight",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02691em"},children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"d"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]})]})})]})," and latency)."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"As a result, other mesh members may also start transmitting the same message during this interval.\r\nA few potential solutions include:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h4,{id:"a-staggering-with-idontwant-messages",children:"a. Staggering with IDONTWANT messages"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["As previously discussed, ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"#b-message-staggering",children:"staggering"})," can significantly reduce network-wide message dissemination latency.\r\nThis is primarily due to the relatively smaller store-and-forward delays that are inherent in this approach."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Using both staggering and IDONTWANT messages can further enhance efficiency by reducing redundant transmissions.\r\nThis is because a node only saturates its bandwidth for a small subset of mesh peers,\r\nleading to early transmissions and prompt IDONTWANT message notifications to the mesh members."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"It is worth highlighting that staggering can be implemented in various ways."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"For example, it can be applied to peers (peer staggering)\r\nwhere a node sequentially relays the same message to all peers one by one."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Alternatively, a node can send a different message to every peer (message staggering or rotational sending),\r\nallowing IDONTWANTs for other messages to arrive during this time.\r\nThe message staggering approach is beneficial when several messages are introduced to the network within a short interval of time."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"As the peers in staggered sending are sequentially covered\r\n(with a faster speed due to bandwidth concentration), this leads to another problem."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["The early covered peers send IHAVE (during their heartbeat intervals) for the messages they have received.\r\nIHAVE announcements for newly received large messages trigger IWANTs from nodes\r\n(including those already receiving the same message),\r\nleading to an additional workload for early receivers [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/issues/1101",children:"14"}),"]."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Potential solutions to mitigate these problems include:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:"Defering IHAVE announcements for large messages."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Deferring IHAVE announcements can indirectly prioritize message transmission to the mesh peers over IWANT replies.\r\nHowever, deciding on a suitable deferred interval is crucial for optimal performance.\r\nOne possible solution is to generate IHAVEs only after the message is relayed to all the mesh peers."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{start:"2",children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:"Defering IWANT requests for messages that are currently being received."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["This requires ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"#b-imreceiving-message",children:"prior knowledge of msgIDs"})," for the messages under reception.\r\nKnowing the message length is also essential in deciding a suitable defer interval\r\nto handle situations where a sender starts sending a message and never completes the transmission."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{start:"3",children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["Not issuing IWANT for a message if at least ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"K"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"K"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"K"})]})})]})," peers have transmitted IDONTWANT for the same message\r\n(as this indicates that these peers will eventually relay this message)."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"However, this approach can inadvertently empower a group of non-conforming mesh peers to send IDONTWANT for a message and never complete message transmission.\r\nA delayed IWANT, along with negative peer scoring, can remedy this problem."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h4,{id:"b-imreceiving-message",children:"b. IMReceiving message"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"A peer can issue an IDONTWANT only after it has received the entire message.\r\nHowever, a large message transmission may take several hundred milliseconds to complete.\r\nDuring this time, many other mesh members may start relaying the same message."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Therefore, the probability of simultaneously receiving the same message from multiple senders increases with the message size,\r\nsignificantly compromising the effectiveness of IDONTWANT messages."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Sending a short preamble (containing msgID and length) before the message transmission can provide valuable information about the message.\r\nIf a receiver is already receiving the same message from another sender,\r\nthe receiver can request to defer this transmission by sending a brief IMReceiving message."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"An IDONTWANT from the receiver will indicate successful message reception. Otherwise, the waiting sender can initiate transmission after a specific wait interval."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"However, waiting for IMReceiving after sending the preamble can delay the message transmission.\r\nOn the other hand, proceeding with message transfer (after sending the preamble) leads to another problem:\r\nit is difficult to cancel ongoing message transmission after receiving IMReceiving for the same message."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["To streamline this process, a peer can immediately send an IMReceiving message (for every received preamble),\r\nurging other mesh peers to defer sending the same message [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/large-message-handling-idontwant-imreceiving/281",children:"15"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/idontwant-message-impact/283",children:"16"}),"]."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The other peers can send this message if IDONTWANT is not received from the receiver during the wait interval.\r\nThis approach can boost IDONTWANT benefits by considering ongoing transmissions for large messages."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"While IMReceiving messages can bring about substantial improvements in terms of latency and bandwidth utilization,\r\nit's crucial to be aware of the potential risks."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"A malicious user can exploit this approach to disrupt message transmission\r\neither by never completing a message or by intentionally sending a message at an extremely slow rate to numerous peers."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"This could ultimately result in network-wide slow message propagation."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"However, carefully calibrating the deferring interval (based on message size) and negative peer scoring can help mitigate these risks."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h4,{id:"c-idontwant-message-with-reduced-forwarding",children:"c. IDONTWANT message with reduced forwarding"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"It is common for slow peers to pile up outgoing message queues,\r\nespecially for large message transfers.\r\nThis results in a significant queuing delay for outgoing messages.\r\nReduced message forwarding can help decrease the workload of slower peers."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["On receiving a message longer than the specified threshold,\r\na slow peer can relay it to only ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"K"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2208"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"K \\in D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7224em",verticalAlign:"-0.0391em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"K"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mrel",children:"\u2208"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})]})]})," peers and send an IDONTWANT message to all the peers in ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})})]}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"In this arrangement, the IDONTWANT message serves an additional purpose:\r\nto promptly announce data availability, reinforcing redundancy in the presence of adversaries."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"When a peer receives an IDONTWANT for an unseen message,\r\nit learns about the new message and can request it by sending an IWANT request without waiting for the heartbeat (gossip) interval.\r\nAs a result, a significantly smaller number of transmissions is sufficient for propagating the message to the entire network."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"This approach conserves peer bandwidth by minimizing redundant transmissions\r\nwhile ensuring GossipSub resilience at the cost of one RTT (for missing peers)."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Interestingly, curtailing queuing delays can also help lower network-wide message dissemination latency (for huge messages)."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["However, finding an appropriate value for ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"K"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"K"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"K"})]})})]})," is crucial for optimal performance.\r\nA smaller ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"K"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"K"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"K"})]})})]})," saves peer bandwidth, while a larger ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"K"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"K"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"K"})]})})]})," achieves quicker spread until outgoing message queues pile up.\r\nSetting ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"K"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"="}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"l"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"o"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"})]})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"K = D_{low}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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mtight",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord mtight",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.01968em"},children:"l"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"o"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02691em"},children:"w"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]})]})]})]})," can be one option."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["It is worth mentioning that such behavior may negatively impact peer scoring (by missing message delivery rewards from ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"K"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D-K"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7667em",verticalAlign:"-0.0833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"K"})]})]})]})," peers).\r\nHowever, a minimized workload enables early message dissemination to the remaining peers.\r\nThese early transmissions and randomized ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"K"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"K"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"K"})]})})]})," set selection can help achieve an overall better peer score."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:"4-message-prioritization",children:"4. Message prioritization"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Despite the standardized specifications of the GossipSub protocol,\r\nthe message forwarding mechanisms can significantly impact network-wide message dissemination latency and bandwidth utilization."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"It is worth mentioning that every node is responsible for transmitting different types of packets,\r\nincluding control messages, locally published messages, messages received from mesh members, IWANT replies, etc."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"As long as traffic volume is lower than the available data rate,\r\nthe message forwarding mechanisms yield similar results due to negligible queuing delays."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"However, when the traffic volume increases and exceeds the available peer bandwidth (even for short traffic bursts),\r\nthe outgoing message queue(s) sizes rise, potentially impacting the network's performance."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"In this scenario, FIFO-based traffic forwarding can lead to locally published messages being placed at the end of the outgoing message queue,\r\nintroducing a queuing delay proportional to the queue size.\r\nThe same applies to other delay-sensitive messages like IDONTWANT, PRUNE, etc."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"On the other hand, the segregation of traffic into priority and non-priority queues can potentially starve low-priority messages.\r\nOne possible solution is to use weighted queues for a fair spread of messages."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Message prioritization can be a powerful tool to ensure that important messages reach their intended recipients on time\r\nand allow for customizable message handling."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"For example, staggering between peers and messages can be better managed by using priority queues.\r\nHowever, it is important to note that message prioritization also introduces additional complexity to the system,\r\nnecessitating sophisticated algorithms for better message handling."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:"5-maximizing-benefits-from-iwant-messages",children:"5. Maximizing benefits from IWANT messages"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"During heartbeat intervals, GossipSub nodes transmit IHAVE messages (carrying IDs of seen messages) to the peers not included in the full-message mesh.\r\nThese peers can use IWANT messages to request any missing messages.\r\nA budget counter ensures these messages never exceed a specified threshold during each heartbeat interval."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The IHAVE/IWANT messages are a crucial tool in maintaining network connectivity.\r\nThey bridge the information gap between nearby and far-off peers,\r\nensuring that information can be disseminated to peers outside the mesh.\r\nThis function is essential in protecting against network partitions and indirectly aids in safeguarding against Sybil and eclipse attacks."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"However, it is essential to understand that high transmission times for large messages\r\nrequire careful due diligence when using IWANT messages for reasons not limited to:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"A large message reception may take several hundred milliseconds to complete.\r\nDuring this time, an IHAVE message announcing the same message ID will trigger an IWANT request."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"A peer can send IWANT requests for the same message to multiple nodes,\r\nleading to simultaneous transmissions of the same message."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Replying to (potentially many) IWANT requests can delay the transmission of the same message to mesh peers,\r\nresulting in lower peer scores and slower message propagation."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"A few possible solutions to mitigate this problem may include:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Issuing IHAVE announcements only after the message is delivered to many mesh peers."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Allocating a volume-based budget to service IWANT requests during each heartbeat interval."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Deferring IWANT requests for messages that are currently being received."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Deferring IWANT requests if at least ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"K"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"K"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"K"})]})})]})," IDONTWANTs are received for the same message."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["A large message transmission can yield high ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"C"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"C_{wnd}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"C"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3361em"},children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{style:{top:"-2.55em",marginLeft:"-0.0715em",marginRight:"0.05em"},children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord mtight",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02691em"},children:"w"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"d"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]})]})})]}),"; preferring such peers during mesh maintenance can be helpful."]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"summary",children:"Summary"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"This study investigates the pressing issue of considerable fluctuations and rises in network-wide dissemination times for large messages."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"We delve into multiple factors,\r\nsuch as increased message transmit times, store-and-forward delays, congestion avoidance mechanisms, and prioritization between messages,\r\nto establish a comprehensive understanding of the problem."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The study also explores the performance of optimization efforts\r\nlike floodpublishing, IHAVE/IWANT messages, and message forwarding strategies in the wake of large message transmissions."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"A key finding is that most congestion avoidance algorithms lack optimization for peer-to-peer networks.\r\nCoupling this constraint with increased message transmission times\r\nresults in notable store-and-forward delays accumulating at each hop."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Furthermore, the probabilistic message-forwarding nature of GossipSub further exacerbates the situation\r\nby utilizing a considerable share of available bandwidth on redundant transmissions."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Therefore, approaches focused on eliminating redundant transmissions\r\n(IDONTWANT, IMReceiving, lazy sending, etc.) can prove helpful.\r\nAt the same time, strategies aimed at reducing store-and-forward delays\r\n(fragmentation, staggering, prioritization, etc.) can prove beneficial."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["It is worth mentioning that many of the strategies suggested in this post are ideas at different stages.\r\nSome of these have already been explored and discussed to some extent [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://hackmd.io/X1DoBHtYTtuGqYg0qK4zJw",children:"5"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/iwant-messages-may-have-negative-impact-on-message-dissemination-latency-for-large-messages/366",children:"17"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://research.logos.co/rlog/gsub-idontwant-perf-eval/",children:"18"}),"].\r\nWe are nearing the completion of a comprehensive performance evaluation of these approaches and will soon share the results of our findings."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Please feel free to join the discussion and leave feedback regarding this post in the\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/large-message-handling-in-gossipsub-potential-improvements/375",children:"VAC forum"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"references",children:"References"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[1] EIP-4844: Shard Blob Transactions. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4844",children:"https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4844"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[2] Message Propagation Times With Waku-RLN. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/message-propagation/",children:"https://docs.waku.org/research/research-and-studies/message-propagation/"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[3] Lenient Flood Publishing. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/rust-libp2p/pull/3666",children:"https://github.com/libp2p/rust-libp2p/pull/3666"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[4] Disable Flood Publishing. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/pull/4383",children:"https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/pull/4383"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[5] GossipSub for Big Messages. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://hackmd.io/X1DoBHtYTtuGqYg0qK4zJw",children:"https://hackmd.io/X1DoBHtYTtuGqYg0qK4zJw"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[6] GossipSub: Lazy Sending. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/status-im/nim-libp2p/issues/850",children:"https://github.com/status-im/nim-libp2p/issues/850"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[7] GossipSub: Limit Flood Publishing. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/pull/911",children:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/pull/911"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[8] GossipSub: Lazy Prefix Detection. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/issues/859",children:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/issues/859"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[9] Potential Gossip Improvement List for EIP4844. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://hackmd.io/@gRwfloEASH6NWWS_KJxFGQ/B18wdnNDh",children:"https://hackmd.io/@gRwfloEASH6NWWS_KJxFGQ/B18wdnNDh"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[10] GossipSub Specifications v1.2: IDONTWANT Message. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.2.md?plain=1#L52",children:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.2.md?plain=1#L52"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[11] Number of Duplicate Messages in Ethereum\u2019s GossipSub Network. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/number-duplicate-messages-in-ethereums-gossipsub-network/19921",children:"https://ethresear.ch/t/number-duplicate-messages-in-ethereums-gossipsub-network/19921"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[12] TCP Congestion Control: Re-starting Idle Connections. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2581#section-4.1",children:"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2581#section-4.1"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[13] PING/PONG Control Messages. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/558",children:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/558"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[14] IHAVE/IWANT Message Impact. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/issues/1101",children:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/issues/1101"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[15] Large Message Handling IDONTWANT + IMReceiving Messages. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/large-message-handling-idontwant-imreceiving/281",children:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/large-message-handling-idontwant-imreceiving/281"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[16] IDONTWANT Message Impact. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/idontwant-message-impact/283",children:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/idontwant-message-impact/283"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[17] IWANT Message Impact. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/iwant-messages-may-have-negative-impact-on-message-dissemination-latency-for-large-messages/366",children:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/iwant-messages-may-have-negative-impact-on-message-dissemination-latency-for-large-messages/366"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[18] IDONTWANT Message Performance. Retrieved from ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://research.logos.co/rlog/gsub-idontwant-perf-eval/",children:"https://research.logos.co/rlog/gsub-idontwant-perf-eval/"})]})]})}function d(s={}){const{wrapper:e}={...(0,l.R)(),...s.components};return e?(0,i.jsx)(e,{...s,children:(0,i.jsx)(c,{...s})}):c(s)}},94566:s=>{s.exports=JSON.parse('{"permalink":"/rlog/gsub-largemsg-improvements","source":"@site/rlog/2024-10-31-gsub-largemsg-improvements.mdx","title":"Large Message Handling in GossipSub: Potential Improvements","description":"Large Message Handling in GossipSub: Potential Improvements","date":"2024-10-31T12:00:00.000Z","tags":[],"readingTime":19.395,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Umar Farooq","github":"ufarooqstatus","key":"farooq","page":null}],"frontMatter":{"title":"Large Message Handling in GossipSub: Potential Improvements","date":"2024-10-31T12:00:00.000Z","authors":"farooq","published":true,"slug":"gsub-largemsg-improvements","categories":"research","discuss":"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/large-message-handling-in-gossipsub-potential-improvements/375","toc_min_heading_level":2,"toc_max_heading_level":5},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"Vac 101: Climbing Merkle Trees","permalink":"/rlog/climbing-merkle-trees"},"nextItem":{"title":"Libp2p GossipSub IDONTWANT Message Performance Impact","permalink":"/rlog/gsub-idontwant-perf-eval"}}')}}]);