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class="col col--9 col--offset-1" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"><article class=""><header><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_RLvU" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><a class="breadcrumbs__item" href="/blog"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body3">All posts</span></a><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body3 breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Introducing nwaku</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li></ul></nav><h1 class="title_f1Hy">Introducing nwaku</h1><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2022-04-12T10:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">April 12, 2022</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Hanno Cornelius</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>11 min read</div></div><hr class="blog-divider"></header><div id="__blog-post-container" class="markdown"><p>Introducing nwaku, a Nim-based Waku v2 client, including a summary of recent developments and preview of current and future focus areas.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="background">Background<a href="#background" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Background" title="Direct link to Background">​</a></h2>
<p>If you&#x27;ve been following our <a href="https://research.logos.co/research-log/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">research log</a>,
you&#x27;ll know that many things have happened in the world of Waku v2 since <a href="/waku-v2-ethereum-coscup">our last general update</a>.
In line with our <a href="https://research.logos.co/#about" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">long term goals</a>,
we&#x27;ve introduced new protocols,
tweaked our existing protocols
and expanded our team.
We&#x27;ve also shown <a href="/waku-v1-v2-bandwidth-comparison">in a series of practical experiments</a> that Waku v2 does indeed deliver on some of the <a href="/waku-v2-plan">theoretical advantages</a> it was designed to have over its predecessor, Waku v1.
A <a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/vac-sustainability-and-business-workshop/116" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">sustainability and business workshop</a> led to the formulation of a clearer vision for Vac as a team.</p>
<p>From the beginning, our protocol development has been complemented by various client implementations of these protocols,
first in <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nim</a>,
but later also in <a href="https://github.com/status-im/js-waku" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JavaScript</a>
and <a href="https://github.com/status-im/go-waku" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Go</a>.
A follow-up post will clarify the purposes, similarities and differences between these three clients.
The <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku/tree/d2fccb5220144893f994a67f2cc26661247f101f/waku/v2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Nim client</a>, is our reference implementation,
developed by the research team in parallel with the specs
and building on a home-grown implementation of <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-libp2p" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><code>libp2p</code></a>.
The Nim client is suitable to run as <a href="/waku-update">a standalone adaptive node</a>,
managed by individual operators
or as an encapsulated service node in other applications.
This post looks at some recent developments within the Nim client.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="1-nim-waku-is-now-known-as-nwaku">1. <em><strong>nim-waku</strong></em> is now known as <em><strong>nwaku</strong></em><a href="#1-nim-waku-is-now-known-as-nwaku" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 1-nim-waku-is-now-known-as-nwaku" title="Direct link to 1-nim-waku-is-now-known-as-nwaku">​</a></h2>
<p>Pronounced NWHA-koo.
You may already have seen us refer to &quot;<code>nwaku</code>&quot; on Vac communication channels,
but it is now official:
The <code>nim-waku</code> Waku v2 client has been named <code>nwaku</code>.
Why? Well, we needed a recognizable name for our client that could easily be referred to in everyday conversations
and <code>nim-waku</code> just didn&#x27;t roll off the tongue.
We&#x27;ve followed the example of the closely related <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nimbus-eth2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><code>nimbus</code> project</a> to find a punchier name
that explicitly links the client to both the Waku set of protocols and the Nim language.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="2-improvements-in-stability-and-performance">2. Improvements in stability and performance<a href="#2-improvements-in-stability-and-performance" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 2. Improvements in stability and performance" title="Direct link to 2. Improvements in stability and performance">​</a></h2>
<p>The initial implementation of Waku v2 demonstrated how the suite of protocols can be applied
to form a generalized, peer-to-peer messaging network,
while addressing a wide range of adaptive requirements.
This allowed us to lift several protocol <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">specifications</a> from <code>raw</code> to <code>draft</code> status,
indicating that a reference implementation exists for each.
However, as internal dogfooding increased and more external applications started using <code>nwaku</code>,
we stepped up our focus on the client&#x27;s stability and performance.
This is especially true where we want <code>nwaku</code> to run unsupervised in a production environment
without any degradation in the services it provides.</p>
<p>Some of the more significant productionization efforts over the last couple of months included:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Reworking the <code>store</code> implementation to maintain stable memory usage
while storing historical messages
and serving multiple clients querying history simultaneously.
Previously, a <code>store</code> node would see gradual service degradation
due to inefficient memory usage when responding to history queries.
Queries that often took longer than 8 mins now complete in under 100 ms.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Improved peer management.
For example, <code>filter</code> nodes will now remove unreachable clients after a number of connection failures,
whereas they would previously keep accumulating dead peers.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Improved disk usage.
<code>nwaku</code> nodes that persist historical messages on disk now manage their own storage size based on the <code>--store-capacity</code>.
This can significantly improve node start-up times.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>More stability issues may be addressed in future as <code>nwaku</code> matures,
but we&#x27;ve noticed a marked improvement in the reliability of running <code>nwaku</code> nodes.
These include environments where <code>nwaku</code> nodes are expected to run with a long uptime.
Vac currently operates two long-running fleets of <code>nwaku</code> nodes, <code>wakuv2.prod</code> and <code>wakuv2.test</code>,
for internal dogfooding and
to serve as experimental bootstrapping nodes.
Status has also recently deployed similar fleets for production and testing based on <code>nwaku</code>.
Our goal is to have <code>nwaku</code> be stable, performant and flexible enough
to be an attractive option for operators to run and maintain their own Waku v2 nodes.
See also the <a href="#future-work">future work</a> section below for more on our general goal of <em><code>nwaku</code> for operators</em>.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="3-improvements-in-interoperability">3. Improvements in interoperability<a href="#3-improvements-in-interoperability" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3. Improvements in interoperability" title="Direct link to 3. Improvements in interoperability">​</a></h2>
<p>We&#x27;ve implemented several features that improve <code>nwaku</code>&#x27;s usability in different environments
and its interoperability with other Waku v2 clients.
One major step forward here was adding support for both secure and unsecured WebSocket connections as <code>libp2p</code> transports.
This allows direct connectivity with <code>js-waku</code>
and paves the way for native browser usage.
We&#x27;ve also added support for parsing and resolving DNS-type <code>multiaddrs</code>,
i.e. multiaddress protocol schemes <a href="https://github.com/multiformats/multiaddr/blob/b746a7d014e825221cc3aea6e57a92d78419990f/protocols.csv#L8-L11" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><code>dns</code>, <code>dns4</code>, <code>dns6</code> and <code>dnsaddr</code></a>.
A <code>nwaku</code> node can now also be <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku/tree/d2fccb5220144893f994a67f2cc26661247f101f/waku/v2#configuring-a-domain-name" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">configured with its own IPv4 DNS domain name</a>
allowing dynamic IP address allocation without impacting a node&#x27;s reachability by its peers.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="4-peer-discovery">4. Peer discovery<a href="#4-peer-discovery" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 4. Peer discovery" title="Direct link to 4. Peer discovery">​</a></h2>
<p><em>Peer discovery</em> is the method by which nodes become aware of each other’s existence.
The question of peer discovery in a Waku v2 network has been a focus area since the protocol was first conceptualized.
Since then several different approaches to discovery have been proposed and investigated.
We&#x27;ve implemented three discovery mechanisms in <code>nwaku</code> so far:</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="dns-based-discovery">DNS-based discovery<a href="#dns-based-discovery" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to DNS-based discovery" title="Direct link to DNS-based discovery">​</a></h3>
<p><code>nwaku</code> nodes can retrieve an authenticated, updateable list of peers via DNS to bootstrap connection to a Waku v2 network.
Our implementation is based on <a href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1459" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EIP-1459</a>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="gossipsub-peer-exchange">GossipSub peer exchange<a href="#gossipsub-peer-exchange" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to GossipSub peer exchange" title="Direct link to GossipSub peer exchange">​</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/10712c55ab309086a52eec7d25f294df4fa96528/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.1.md#prune-backoff-and-peer-exchange" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub Peer Exchange (PX)</a> is a GossipSub v1.1 mechanism
whereby a pruning peer may provide a pruned peer with a set of alternative peers
where it can connect to reform its mesh.
This is a very suitable mechanism to gradually discover more peers
from an initial connection to a small set of bootstrap peers.
It is enabled in a <code>nwaku</code> node by default.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="waku-node-discovery-protocol-v5">Waku Node Discovery Protocol v5<a href="#waku-node-discovery-protocol-v5" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Waku Node Discovery Protocol v5" title="Direct link to Waku Node Discovery Protocol v5">​</a></h3>
<p>This is a DHT-based discovery mechanism adapted to store and relay <em>node records</em>.
Our implementation is based on <a href="https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/fa6428ada7385c13551873b2ae6ad2457c228eb8/discv5/discv5-theory.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ethereum&#x27;s Discovery v5 protocol</a>
with some <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/waku/standards/core/33/discv5" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">minor modifications</a> to isolate our discovery network from that of Ethereum.
The decision to separate the Waku Discovery v5 network from Ethereum&#x27;s was made on considerations of lookup efficiency.
This comes at a possible tradeoff in network resilience.
We are considering merging with the Ethereum Discovery v5 network in future,
or even implement a hybrid solution.
<a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/waku-v2-discv5-roadmap-discussion/121/8" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">This post</a> explains the decision and future steps.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="5-spam-protection-using-rln">5. Spam protection using RLN<a href="#5-spam-protection-using-rln" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 5. Spam protection using RLN" title="Direct link to 5. Spam protection using RLN">​</a></h2>
<p>An early addition to our suite of protocols was <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/vac/32/rln-v1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">an extension of <code>11/WAKU-RELAY</code></a>
that provided spam protection using <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/vac/32/rln-v1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Rate Limiting Nullifiers (RLN)</a>.
The <code>nwaku</code> client now contains a working demonstration and integration of RLN relay.
Check out <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku/blob/ee96705c7fbe4063b780ac43b7edee2f6c4e351b/docs/tutorial/rln-chat2-live-testnet.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this tutorial</a> to see the protocol in action using a toy chat application built on <code>nwaku</code>.
We&#x27;d love for people to join us in dogfooding RLN spam protection as part of our operator incentive testnet.
Feel free to join our <a href="https://discord.gg/KNj3ctuZvZ" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vac Discord</a> server
and head to the <code>#rln</code> channel for more information.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="future-work">Future work<a href="#future-work" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Future work" title="Direct link to Future work">​</a></h2>
<p>As we continue working towards our goal of a fully decentralized, generalized and censorship-resistant messaging protocol,
these are some of the current and future focus areas for <code>nwaku</code>:</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="reaching-out-to-operators">Reaching out to operators:<a href="#reaching-out-to-operators" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Reaching out to operators:" title="Direct link to Reaching out to operators:">​</a></h3>
<p>We are starting to push for operators to run and maintain their own Waku v2 nodes,
preferably contributing to the default Waku v2 network as described by the default pubsub topic (<code>/waku/2/default-waku/proto</code>).
Amongst other things, a large fleet of stable operator-run Waku v2 nodes will help secure the network,
provide valuable services to a variety of applications
and ensure the future sustainability of both Vac as a research organization and the Waku suite of protocols.</p>
<p>We are targeting <code>nwaku</code> as the main option for operator-run nodes.<br>
Specifically, we aim to provide through <code>nwaku</code>:</p>
<ol>
<li>a lightweight and robust Waku v2 client.
This client must be first in line to support innovative and new Waku v2 protocols,
but configurable enough to serve the adaptive needs of various operators.</li>
<li>an easy-to-follow guide for operators to configure,
set up and maintain their own nodes</li>
<li>a set of operator-focused tools to monitor and maintain a running node</li>
</ol>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="better-conversational-security-layer-guarantees">Better conversational security layer guarantees<a href="#better-conversational-security-layer-guarantees" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Better conversational security layer guarantees" title="Direct link to Better conversational security layer guarantees">​</a></h3>
<p>Conversational security guarantees in Waku v2 are currently designed around the Status application.
Developers building their own applications on top of Waku would therefore
either have to reimplement a set of tools similar to Status
or build their own security solutions on the application layer above Waku.
We are working on <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/97" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">a set of features</a> built into Waku
that will provide the general security properties Waku users may desire
and do so in a modern and simple way.
This is useful for applications outside of Status that want similar security guarantees.
As a first step, we&#x27;ve already made good progress toward <a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/noise-handshakes-as-key-exchange-mechanism-for-waku2/130" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">integrating noise handshakes</a> as a key exchange mechanism in Waku v2.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="protocol-incentivization">Protocol incentivization<a href="#protocol-incentivization" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Protocol incentivization" title="Direct link to Protocol incentivization">​</a></h3>
<p>We want to design incentivization around our protocols to encourage desired behaviors in the Waku network,
rewarding nodes providing costly services
and punishing adversarial actions.
This will increase the overall security of the network
and encourage operators to run their own Waku nodes.
In turn, the sustainability of Vac as an organization will be better guaranteed.
As such, protocol incentivization was a major focus in our recent <a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/vac-sustainability-and-business-workshop/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vac Sustainability and Business Workshop</a>.
Our first step here is to finish integrating RLN relay into Waku
with blockchain interaction to manage members,
punish spammers
and reward spam detectors.
After this, we want to design monetary incentivization for providers of <code>store</code>, <code>lightpush</code> and <code>filter</code> services.
This may also tie into a reputation mechanism for service nodes based on a network-wide consensus on service quality.
A big challenge for protocol incentivization is doing it in a private fashion,
so we can keep similar metadata protection guarantees as the Waku base layer.
This ties into our focus on <a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/vac-3-zk/97" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zero Knowledge tech</a>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="improved-store-capacity">Improved store capacity<a href="#improved-store-capacity" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Improved store capacity" title="Direct link to Improved store capacity">​</a></h3>
<p>The <code>nwaku</code> store currently serves as an efficient in-memory store for historical messages,
dimensioned by the maximum number of messages the store node is willing to keep.
This makes the <code>nwaku</code> store appropriate for keeping history over a short term
without any time-based guarantees,
but with the advantage of providing fast responses to history queries.
Some applications, such as Status, require longer-term historical message storage
with time-based dimensioning
to guarantee that messages will be stored for a specified minimum period.
Because of the relatively high cost of memory compared to disk space,
a higher capacity store, with time guarantees, should operate as a disk-only database of historical messages.
This is an ongoing effort.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="multipurpose-discovery">Multipurpose discovery<a href="#multipurpose-discovery" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Multipurpose discovery" title="Direct link to Multipurpose discovery">​</a></h3>
<p>In addition to <a href="#4-peer-discovery">the three discovery methods</a> already implemented in <code>nwaku</code>,
we are working on improving discovery on at least three fronts:</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="capability-discovery"><em>Capability discovery:</em><a href="#capability-discovery" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to capability-discovery" title="Direct link to capability-discovery">​</a></h4>
<p>Waku v2 nodes may be interested in peers with specific capabilities, for example:</p>
<ol>
<li>peers within a specific pubsub topic mesh,</li>
<li>peers with <strong>store</strong> capability,</li>
<li><strong>store</strong> peers with x days of history for a specific content topic, etc.</li>
</ol>
<p>Capability discovery entails mechanisms by which such capabilities can be advertised and discovered/negotiated.
One major hurdle to overcome is the increased complexity of finding a node with specific capabilities within the larger network (a needle in a haystack).
See the <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/rfc/issues/429" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">original problem statement</a> for more.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="improvements-in-discovery-v5"><em>Improvements in Discovery v5</em><a href="#improvements-in-discovery-v5" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to improvements-in-discovery-v5" title="Direct link to improvements-in-discovery-v5">​</a></h4>
<p>Of the implemented discovery methods,
Discovery v5 best addresses our need for a decentralized and scalable discovery mechanism.
With the basic implementation done,
there are some improvements planned for Discovery v5,
including methods to increase security such as merging with the Ethereum Discovery v5 network,
introducing explicit NAT traversal
and utilizing <a href="https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/fa6428ada7385c13551873b2ae6ad2457c228eb8/discv5/discv5-theory.md#topic-advertisement" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">topic advertisement</a>.
The <a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/waku-v2-discv5-roadmap-discussion/121" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Waku v2 Discovery v5 Roadmap</a> contains more details.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="generalized-peer-exchange"><em>Generalized peer exchange</em><a href="#generalized-peer-exchange" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to generalized-peer-exchange" title="Direct link to generalized-peer-exchange">​</a></h4>
<p><code>nwaku</code> already implements <a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/10712c55ab309086a52eec7d25f294df4fa96528/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.1.md#prune-backoff-and-peer-exchange" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub peer exchange</a>.
We now need a general request-response mechanism outside of GossipSub
by which a node may learn about other Waku v2 nodes
by requesting and receiving a list of peers from a neighbor.
This could, for example, be a suitable way for resource-restricted devices to request a stronger peer
to perform a random Discovery v5 lookup on their behalf
or simply to be informed of a subset of the peers known to that neighbor.
See <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/rfc/issues/495" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">this issue</a> for more.</p>
<hr>
<p>This concludes a general outline of some of the main recent developments in the <code>nwaku</code> client
and a summary of the current and future focus areas.
Much more is happening behind the scenes, of course,
so for more information, or to join the conversation,
feel free to join our <a href="https://discord.gg/KNj3ctuZvZ" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vac Discord</a> server
or to check out the <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><code>nwaku</code> repo on Github</a>.
You can also view the changelog for past releases <a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku/releases" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="references">References<a href="#references" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to References" title="Direct link to References">​</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/waku/standards/core/17/rln-relay" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">17/WAKU-RLN-RELAY</a></li>
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/vac/32/rln-v1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">32/RLN</a></li>
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/waku/standards/core/33/discv5" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">33/WAKU2-DISCV5</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/rfc/issues/429" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Capabilities advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku/tree/d2fccb5220144893f994a67f2cc26661247f101f/waku/v2#configuring-a-domain-name" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Configuring a domain name</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/97" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Conversational security</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/fa6428ada7385c13551873b2ae6ad2457c228eb8/discv5/discv5-theory.md#topic-advertisement" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Discovery v5 Topic Advertisement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1459" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EIP-1459</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/10712c55ab309086a52eec7d25f294df4fa96528/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.1.md#prune-backoff-and-peer-exchange" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GossipSub Peer Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/status-im/go-waku" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">go-waku</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/status-im/js-waku" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">js-waku</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/multiformats/multiaddr/blob/b746a7d014e825221cc3aea6e57a92d78419990f/protocols.csv#L8-L11" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><code>multiaddr</code> formats</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/status-im/nimbus-eth2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">nimbus-eth2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-libp2p" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">nim-libp2p</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">nim-waku</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku/releases" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">nim-waku releases</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/fa6428ada7385c13551873b2ae6ad2457c228eb8/discv5/discv5-theory.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Node Discovery Protocol v5 - Theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/noise-handshakes-as-key-exchange-mechanism-for-waku2/130" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Noise handshakes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/status-im/nim-waku/blob/ee96705c7fbe4063b780ac43b7edee2f6c4e351b/docs/tutorial/rln-chat2-live-testnet.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">RLN tutorial</a></li>
<li><a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/vac-3-zk/97" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vac <code>&lt;3</code> ZK</a></li>
<li><a href="https://research.logos.co/#about" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vac About page</a></li>
<li><a href="https://research.logos.co/research-log/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vac Research log</a></li>
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vac RFC site</a></li>
<li><a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/vac-sustainability-and-business-workshop/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vac Sustainability and Business Workshop</a></li>
<li><a href="/waku-update">Waku Update</a></li>
<li><a href="/waku-v1-v2-bandwidth-comparison">Waku v1 vs Waku v2: Bandwidth Comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/rfc/issues/495" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Waku v2 Peer Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="https://forum.research.logos.co/t/waku-v2-discv5-roadmap-discussion/121" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Waku v2 Discovery v5 Roadmap</a></li>
<li><a href="/waku-v2-plan">What&#x27;s the Plan for Waku v2?</a></li>
</ul></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Blog post page navigation"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/rlog/wakuv2-apd"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M11.667 6.417h-7.1L7.83 3.156 7 2.333 2.334 7 7 11.667l.823-.823-3.255-3.26h7.099z"></path></svg></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 pagination-nav__label">Waku v2 Ambient Peer Discovery</span></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/rlog/ethics-surveillance-tech"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 pagination-nav__label">Opinion: Pseudo-ethics in the Surveillance Tech Industry</span><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="m7 2.334-.823.822 3.255 3.26H2.333v1.167h7.1l-3.256 3.261.823.823L11.667 7z"></path></svg></div></a></nav></main><div class="col col--2"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#background" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Background</a></li><li><a href="#1-nim-waku-is-now-known-as-nwaku" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">1. <em><strong>nim-waku</strong></em> is now known as <em><strong>nwaku</strong></em></a></li><li><a href="#2-improvements-in-stability-and-performance" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">2. Improvements in stability and performance</a></li><li><a href="#3-improvements-in-interoperability" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">3. Improvements in interoperability</a></li><li><a href="#4-peer-discovery" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">4. Peer discovery</a><ul><li><a href="#dns-based-discovery" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">DNS-based discovery</a></li><li><a href="#gossipsub-peer-exchange" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">GossipSub peer exchange</a></li><li><a href="#waku-node-discovery-protocol-v5" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Waku Node Discovery Protocol v5</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#5-spam-protection-using-rln" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">5. Spam protection using RLN</a></li><li><a href="#future-work" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Future work</a><ul><li><a href="#reaching-out-to-operators" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Reaching out to operators:</a></li><li><a href="#better-conversational-security-layer-guarantees" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Better conversational security layer guarantees</a></li><li><a href="#protocol-incentivization" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Protocol incentivization</a></li><li><a href="#improved-store-capacity" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Improved store capacity</a></li><li><a href="#multipurpose-discovery" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Multipurpose discovery</a><ul><li><a href="#capability-discovery" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><em>Capability discovery:</em></a></li><li><a href="#improvements-in-discovery-v5" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><em>Improvements in Discovery v5</em></a></li><li><a href="#generalized-peer-exchange" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight"><em>Generalized peer exchange</em></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="#references" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">References</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid firstRow_ar1q"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="margin-bottom--sm"><a class="footerLogoLink_BH7S" href="/"><img src="/theme/image/logo.svg" alt="Vac Research" class="themedImage_kfRS themedImage--light_BL8e footer__logo" width="22"><img src="/theme/image/logo.svg" alt="Vac Research" class="themedImage_kfRS themedImage--dark_OvIx footer__logo" width="22"></a></div><div class="footer__copyright">Vac Research © 2026<br>All rights reserved.</div></div><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title"></div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a 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