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Farooq","github":"ufarooqstatus","key":"farooq","page":null}],"frontMatter":{"title":"Scaling libp2p GossipSub for Large Messages: An Evaluation of Performance Improvement Proposals","date":"2025-08-12T12:00:00.000Z","authors":"farooq","published":true,"slug":"gsub-perf-imp-comparison","categories":"research","discuss":"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/vac-research-blog-performance-evaluation-of-gossipsub-improvement-proposals/556","toc_min_heading_level":2,"toc_max_heading_level":5},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"Decentralized Message Layer Security (De-MLS) with Waku","permalink":"/rlog/de-mls-with-waku"},"nextItem":{"title":"Zerokit optimizations: A performance journey","permalink":"/rlog/2025-zerokit-perf"}}')},87303:(s,e,a)=>{a.r(e),a.d(e,{assets:()=>m,contentTitle:()=>r,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>t,metadata:()=>n,toc:()=>c});var n=a(71455),i=a(74848),l=a(28453);const t={title:"Scaling libp2p GossipSub for Large Messages: An Evaluation of Performance Improvement Proposals",date:new Date("2025-08-12T12:00:00.000Z"),authors:"farooq",published:!0,slug:"gsub-perf-imp-comparison",categories:"research",discuss:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/vac-research-blog-performance-evaluation-of-gossipsub-improvement-proposals/556",toc_min_heading_level:2,toc_max_heading_level:5},r=void 0,m={authorsImageUrls:[void 0]},c=[{value:"Overview",id:"overview",level:2},{value:"Message Transfer Time and Duplicates",id:"message-transfer-time-and-duplicates",level:2},{value:"Protocols Considered",id:"protocols-considered",level:2},{value:"Push-Pull Phase Transition (PPPT)",id:"push-pull-phase-transition-pppt",level:3},{value:"Key Considerations and PoC Implementation",id:"key-considerations-and-poc-implementation",level:4},{value:"GossipSub v1.4 Proposal",id:"gossipsub-v14-proposal",level:3},{value:"Key Considerations and PoC Implementation",id:"key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-1",level:4},{value:"GossipSub v2.0 Proposal",id:"gossipsub-v20-proposal",level:3},{value:"Key Considerations and PoC Implementation",id:"key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-2",level:4},{value:"Experiments",id:"experiments",level:2},{value:"Results",id:"results",level:3},{value:"Scenario1: Increasing Network Size",id:"scenario1-increasing-network-size",level:4},{value:"Scenario2: Increasing Message Size",id:"scenario2-increasing-message-size",level:4},{value:"Scenario3: Increasing Number of Publishers",id:"scenario3-increasing-number-of-publishers",level:4},{value:"Findings",id:"findings",level:2},{value:"References",id:"references",level:2}];function h(s){const e={a:"a",annotation:"annotation",br:"br",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",img:"img",li:"li",math:"math",mfrac:"mfrac",mi:"mi",mn:"mn",mo:"mo",mover:"mover",mrow:"mrow",msub:"msub",msubsup:"msubsup",ol:"ol",p:"p",semantics:"semantics",span:"span",strong:"strong",table:"table",tbody:"tbody",td:"td",th:"th",thead:"thead",tr:"tr",ul:"ul",...(0,l.R)(),...s.components};return(0,i.jsxs)(i.Fragment,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The original GossipSub design emphasizes robustness, with less focus on message sizes.\r\nHowever, emerging use cases\u2014such as Ethereum's EIP-4844 and\r\ndata availability sampling (DAS) require rapid propagation of high data volumes,\r\noften in the form of large messages.\r\nMany ongoing research efforts attempt to find solutions\r\nfor efficiently forwarding large messages through the GossipSub network.\r\nThis post provides a concise overview and performance evaluation of some research initiatives\r\naimed at improving GossipSub to meet the performance needs of modern P2P networks."}),"\n","\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"overview",children:"Overview"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["For each subscribed topic, GossipSub nodes maintain a full-message mesh of peers with a target degree ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})})]}),",\r\nbounded by lower and upper thresholds ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"l"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"o"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"w"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D_{low}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"h"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"i"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"g"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"h"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D_{high}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.9694em",verticalAlign:"-0.2861em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"K"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"K"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07153em"},children:"K"})]})})]})," peers for metadata exchange.\r\nAll messages flow through the full-message mesh, and metadata flows through the gossip mesh."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The metadata contains IHAVE messages, announcing IDs of seen messages.\r\nUpon receiving an IHAVE announcement about an unseen message ID,\r\na receiver responds with an IWANT request to retrieve the announced message.\r\nIHAVE announcements serve multiple purposes:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:"Offer additional resilience in situations involving non-conforming peers or network partitions."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:"Speed up message propagation by allowing far-off peers to fetch overdue messages."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Since GossipSub v1.1 [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.1.md",children:"1"}),"],\r\nreplying to IWANT requests is optional, to safeguard honest peers from adversaries.\r\nThis change encourages peers to make redundant IWANT requests for the same message.\r\nWhile this arrangement works well for small messages, it can be inefficient for bigger ones.\r\nThis inefficiency arises from an increase in duplicates\r\nand a higher number of IWANT requests due to longer transmission times for large messages.\r\nAs a result, we observe a significant rise in bandwidth utilization and message dissemination times across the network."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["IDONTWANT messages in GossipSub v1.2 [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.2.md",children:"2"}),"] help reduce some duplicates.\r\nHowever, further efforts are necessary to mitigate this problem\r\n[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/number-duplicate-messages-in-ethereums-gossipsub-network/19921",children:"3"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/impact-of-idontwant-in-the-number-of-duplicates/22652",children:"4"}),"].\r\nThat is why many recent works focus on improving GossipSub's performance when handling large messages\r\n[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2505.17337",children:"5"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10365",children:"6"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://hackmd.io/X1DoBHtYTtuGqYg0qK4zJw",children:"7"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/fulldas-towards-massive-scalability-with-32mb-blocks-and-beyond/19529",children:"8"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/681",children:"9"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/pppt-fighting-the-gossipsub-overhead-with-push-pull-phase-transition/22118/1",children:"10"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/654",children:"11"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/653",children:"12"}),"]."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["In this post, we evaluate the push-pull phase transition (PPPT) mechanism\r\n[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/pppt-fighting-the-gossipsub-overhead-with-push-pull-phase-transition/22118/1",children:"10"}),"],\r\nthe GossipSub v1.4 proposal [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/654",children:"11"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2505.17337",children:"5"}),"],\r\nand the GossipSub v2.0 proposal [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/653",children:"12"}),"]\r\nfor performance against Gossipsub v1.2.\r\nFor this purpose, we implement minimal proof-of-concept (PoC) versions of these protocols in nim-libp2p\r\n[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p",children:"13"}),"]\r\nand use the shadow simulator to provide performance evaluation results."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"We begin by discussing the issues of message dissemination times and duplicate messages in GossipSub.\r\nNext, we provide a brief overview of the proposals under review,\r\nfollowed by the experiments and findings from our performance evaluations."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"message-transfer-time-and-duplicates",children:"Message Transfer Time and Duplicates"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Assuming uniform link characteristics, message dissemination to full-message mesh concludes 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"h"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"h"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6944em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",children:"h"})]})})]})," \u2014 potentially slowing propagation overall."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Peers are unaware of ongoing message receptions and may generate redundant IWANT requests\r\nfor the messages they are already receiving.\r\nMost of these requests are entertained by early message receivers,\r\nwhich increases message dissemination time by increasing the workload at peers situated along the optimal path."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Talking about duplicates, a network comprising ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"N"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"N"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.10903em"},children:"N"})]})})]})," peers,\r\neach with a degree ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})})]}),", has a total of ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.mfrac,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\xd7"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"2"})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\frac {N \\times D}{2}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"1.2173em",verticalAlign:"-0.345em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mopen nulldelimiter"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mfrac",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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mtight",children:"\xd7"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.345em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mclose nulldelimiter"})]})]})})]})," edges (links),\r\nas every link connects two peers.\r\nAssuming that a message traverses every link exactly once,\r\nwe get at least ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.mfrac,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\xd7"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"2"})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\frac {N \\times D}{2}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"1.2173em",verticalAlign:"-0.345em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mopen nulldelimiter"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mfrac",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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mtight",children:"\xd7"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.345em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mclose nulldelimiter"})]})]})})]})," transmissions."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Only ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"N-1"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7667em",verticalAlign:"-0.0833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.10903em"},children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6444em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"1"})]})]})]})," transmissions are necessary for delivering a message to all peers.\r\nAs a result, we get ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mfrac,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\xd7"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"2"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:"("}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:")"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\frac {N \\times D}{2} 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received by a single peer to ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mover,{accent:"true",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u02c9"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"m"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"i"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2248"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mfrac,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"2"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\bar{d}_{min} \\approx 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mover,{accent:"true",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u02c9"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"m"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"i"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\bar{d}_{min}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.9812em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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to each other."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"However, a large message can noticeably increase the contention interval,\r\nwhich increases the likelihood that many peers will simultaneously transmit the same message to each other."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Authors in [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://streamr-public.s3.amazonaws.com/streamr-network-scalability-whitepaper-2020-08-20.pdf",children:"14"}),"]\r\nexplore the upper bound (",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mover,{accent:"true",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u02c9"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"m"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"a"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"x"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\bar{d}_{max}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.9812em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D-1"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7667em",verticalAlign:"-0.0833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6444em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"1"})]})]})]})," peers\r\nwhile the original publisher sends it to ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})})]})," peers.\r\nAs a result, we get ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:"("}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:")"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"+"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"N(D-1)+1"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"1em",verticalAlign:"-0.25em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.10903em"},children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mopen",children:"("}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"1em",verticalAlign:"-0.25em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"1"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mclose",children:")"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"+"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6444em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"1"})]})]})]})," transmissions in the network.\r\nOnly ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"N-1"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7667em",verticalAlign:"-0.0833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:"("}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:")"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"+"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:"("}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{stretchy:"false",children:")"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"N(D-1)+1-(N-1)"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"1em",verticalAlign:"-0.25em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.10903em"},children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mopen",children:"("}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"1em",verticalAlign:"-0.25em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"1"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mclose",children:")"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"+"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7278em",verticalAlign:"-0.0833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"1"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"1em",verticalAlign:"-0.25em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mopen",children:"("}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.10903em"},children:"N"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"1em",verticalAlign:"-0.25em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"1"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mclose",children:")"})]})]})]})," transmissions are duplicates,\r\nwhich simplifies the upper bound on average duplicates received by each peer to ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mover,{accent:"true",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u02c9"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"m"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"a"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"x"})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2248"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"2"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\bar{d}_{max} \\approx 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mtight",children:"x"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mrel",children:"\u2248"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7667em",verticalAlign:"-0.0833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6444em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"2"})]})]})]}),".\r\nThis rise indicates that larger messages can lead to more duplicates due to longer contention intervals.\r\nIt is essential to highlight that the impact of IWANT/IDONTWANT messages is not considered in ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.mover,{accent:"true",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"d"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u02c9"})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\bar{d}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8312em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord accent",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8312em"},children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{style:{top:"-3em"},children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"3em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",children:"d"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{style:{top:"-3.2634em"},children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"3em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"accent-body",style:{left:"-0.0833em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"\u02c9"})})]})]})})})})]})})]})," computations above."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"protocols-considered",children:"Protocols Considered"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:"push-pull-phase-transition-pppt",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/pppt-fighting-the-gossipsub-overhead-with-push-pull-phase-transition/22118/1",children:"Push-Pull Phase Transition (PPPT)"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"In PPPT, authors argue that most redundant transmissions occur during the later stages of message propagation.\r\nAs a message traverses through the network,\r\nthe peers forwarding the message should gradually reduce the number of mesh members that directly receive\r\nthe message (push) and send immediate IHAVE announcements to the remaining peers in the mesh.\r\nThe remaining mesh members can fetch any missing messages using IWANT requests (Pull).\r\nThe authors also suggest two strategies to estimate the message propagation stage:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Include a hop count in the message header to identify the number of hops traversed by that message.\r\nWhen a peer forwards a received message,\r\nit performs a pull operation for a subset of mesh members that equals the specified hop count\r\nand a push operation for the remaining mesh members."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Infer the message propagation stage by looking into\r\nthe number of received IHAVE announcements and duplicates for that message.\r\nUse this information to choose a balance between pull-based and push-based message forwarding."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The authors suggest that instead of simultaneously pushing a message to the selected peers,\r\nsequentially initiating transmission to each peer after a short delay\r\nenhances the likelihood of timely receiving a higher number of IDONTWANT requests."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.h4,{id:"key-considerations-and-poc-implementation",children:["Key Considerations and ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_pppt",children:"PoC Implementation"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The use of hop count is a more effective and straightforward method for identifying the message propagation stage\r\nthan relying on the duplicate count.\r\nHowever, this approach may compromise the publisher's anonymity and reveal information about the publisher and its mesh members.\r\nAdditional due diligence may be needed to address these issues."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["In the PoC implementation [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_pppt",children:"15"}),"],\r\nwe use hop count to determine the message propagation stage.\r\nWhen forwarding a message, every peer selects a subset of mesh members\r\nequal to the advertised hop count for pull operation and\r\nforwards the message to the remaining mesh members.\r\nIf the advertised hop count exceeds the number of mesh members chosen for message forwarding,\r\nthe sender relays the message to all selected peers."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:"gossipsub-v14-proposal",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/654",children:"GossipSub v1.4 Proposal"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["GossipSub v1.4 proposal considers longer large-message transfer times (",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\tau_D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.5806em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.1132em"},children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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requests for messages they are already receiving."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Peers can send IDONTWANT announcements only after receiving the entire message.\r\nHowever, a large contention interval increases the likelihood that\r\nmany redundant transmissions will start before IDONTWANT messages are issued."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"GossipSub v1.4 proposal eliminates contention interval with help from two new control messages:\r\nPREAMBLE and IMRECEIVING.\r\nA PREAMBLE precedes every large message transmission.\r\nUpon receiving a preamble, a peer learns about the messages it is receiving and performs two actions:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Notify mesh members about ongoing message reception using an IMRECEIVING announcement.\r\nOn receiving an IMRECEIVING announcement from a peer,\r\nmesh members defer sending the announced message to that peer."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Defer IWANT requests for messages that are currently being received.\r\nPeers also limit the outstanding IWANT requests for any message to one."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.h4,{id:"key-considerations-and-poc-implementation-1",children:["Key Considerations and ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v1_4",children:"PoC Implementation"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["The use of PREAMBLE/IMRECEIVING addresses the limitation of IDONTWANT messages.\r\nFor instance, consider a peer ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"X"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"X"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07847em"},children:"X"})]})})]})," begins receiving a message ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"m"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"m"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.4306em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",children:"m"})]})})]})," at time ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"t"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"t_1"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7651em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",children:"t"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"m"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"m"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.4306em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",children:"m"})]})})]}),", i.e., at time ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"t"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"+"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"t_1+\\tau_D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7651em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",children:"t"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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mtight",children:"1"})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mbin",children:"+"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2222em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.5806em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.1132em"},children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"m"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"m"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.4306em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",children:"m"})]})})]})," that start before ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"t"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"+"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"+"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"p"})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"t1 + \\tau_D + \\tau_p"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7278em",verticalAlign:"-0.0833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{mathvariant:"normal",children:"\u0394"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\Delta"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"\u0394"})]})})]})," denotes PREAMBLE processing time and satisfies ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{mathvariant:"normal",children:"\u0394"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u226a"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"\\Delta \\ll \\tau_D"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7224em",verticalAlign:"-0.0391em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:"\u0394"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mrel",children:"\u226a"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.5806em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.1132em"},children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"X"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"X"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.07847em"},children:"X"})]})})]})," can eliminate all duplicate receptions of ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"m"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"m"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.4306em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",children:"m"})]})})]})," that start after ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"t"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"+"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{mathvariant:"normal",children:"\u0394"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"+"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"p"})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"t_1 + \\Delta +\\tau_p"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7651em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.1132em"},children:"\u03c4"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"msupsub",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.1514em"},children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{style:{top:"-2.55em",marginLeft:"-0.1132em",marginRight:"0.05em"},children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"p"})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.2861em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]})]})]})]}),",\r\nwhich noticeably reduces duplicates."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The use of PREAMBLE also allows deferring IWANT requests for messages we are already receiving,\r\nwhich can also improve message dissemination time by\r\nreducing the workload on peers along the optimal message forwarding path."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"It is worth mentioning that a malicious peer can exploit this approach by sending a PREAMBLE and\r\nnever completing (or deliberately delaying) the promised message transfer.\r\nThe optional safety strategy in GossipSub v1.4 proposal suggests using a peer score threshold\r\nfor PREAMBLE processing and a behavior penalty for broken promises.\r\nA timeout strategy helps recover such messages."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"It is essential to mention that sending and processing of PREAMBLE and IMRECEIVING messages is optional.\r\nThis flexibility allows for the use of custom safety strategies in various implementations.\r\nFor example, the ongoing production-grade implementation of GossipSub v1.4 in nim-libp2p\r\nallows peers to ignore PREAMBLEs unless they come from mesh members with higher data rates\r\n(bandwidth estimation becomes trivial with PREAMBLEs) and good peer scores.\r\nThis implementation also lets peers choose between a push or pull strategy for handling broken promises."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["For the performance evaluations in this post, we utilize the PoC implementation of GossipSub v1.4\r\n[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v1_4",children:"16"}),"].\r\nA complete, production-grade version is currently undergoing testing and validation\r\n[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/pull/1448",children:"17"}),"]."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:"gossipsub-v20-proposal",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/653",children:"GossipSub v2.0 Proposal"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"GossipSub v2.0 introduces a hybrid method for message dissemination\r\nthat combines both push and pull strategies through two new control messages: IANNOUNCE and INEED.\r\nThese messages are analogous to IHAVE and IWANT messages, respectively.\r\nHowever, IANNOUNCE messages are issued to the mesh members\r\nimmediately after validating a received message without waiting for the heartbeat interval.\r\nSimilarly, INEED requests are made exclusively to mesh members,\r\nand a peer generates only one INEED request for a received message."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["The balance between push and pull approaches is determined by the ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"a"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"o"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"u"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"c"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"e"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D_{announce}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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mtight",children:"ce"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]})]})})]})," parameter.\r\nOn receiving a message, a peer forwards it to ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"a"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"o"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"u"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"c"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"e"})]})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D - D_{announce}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.7667em",verticalAlign:"-0.0833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v2_0",children:"PoC Implementation"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["The ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"a"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"o"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"u"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"c"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"e"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D_{announce}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"a"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"o"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"u"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"c"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"e"})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"="}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D_{announce} = 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mtight",children:"o"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"u"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal mtight",children:"ce"})]})})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-s",children:"\u200b"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist-r",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"},children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})})})]})})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mrel",children:"="}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"},children:"D"})]})]})]})," results in a pull-only operation,\r\nwhich can eliminate duplicates at the cost of increased message dissemination time.\r\nIn contrast, setting ",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mrow,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"a"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"o"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"u"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"c"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"e"})]})]})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D_{announce}"})]})})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8333em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"mord",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"mord 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",(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.semantics,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.msub,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.mrow,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"a"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"o"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"u"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"n"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"c"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"e"})]})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"="}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mi,{children:"D"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mo,{children:"\u2212"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.mn,{children:"1"})]}),(0,i.jsx)(e.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:"D_{announce} = 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interval,\r\nthe receiver decreases the sender's peer score\r\nand issues a new INEED request to an alternative mesh member."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["For the performance evaluations in this post,\r\nwe utilize the PoC implementation of GossipSub v2.0\r\n[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v2_0",children:"18"}),"] from nim-libp2p.\r\nWe set 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implementations of the considered protocols\r\n[",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v1_4",children:"16"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_pppt",children:"15"}),",\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p/tree/research_gs_v2_0",children:"18"}),"]",(0,i.jsx)(e.br,{}),"\n","and used the Shadow simulator [",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/dst-gossipsub-test-node/pull/6",children:"19"}),"]\r\nto carry out performance evaluations."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"For GossipSub v1.4 and PPPT, we also report results from delayed forwarding,\r\nwhere peers introduce a short delay before relaying a message to every mesh member.\r\nThis delay helps reduce the number of redundant transmissions\r\nby increasing the likelihood of timely receiving a higher number of IDONTWANT notifications."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"We evaluate performance using network-wide message dissemination time (latency),\r\nnetwork-wide bandwidth utilization (bandwidth),\r\nand the average number of duplicates received by a peer for every transmitted message.\r\nWe also report the average number of IWANT requests transmitted by a peer for a single message."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["For each experiment, we transmit multiple messages in the network.\r\nWe average the network-wide dissemination time for these messages to report latency.\r\nBandwidth refers to the total volume of traffic in the network,\r\nencompassing control messages and data transmissions (including duplicates and IWANT replies).\r\nA peer usually receives multiple copies of any transmitted message.\r\nExcluding the first received message, all copies are duplicates.\r\nWe compute average duplicates received by a peer as 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changing inter-message delays allows for creating varying traffic patterns.\r\nA shorter inter-message delay implies more messages can be in transit simultaneously,\r\nwhich helps evaluate performance against large message counts.\r\nA longer delay ensures every message is fully disseminated before introducing a new message.\r\nSimilarly, increasing message size stresses the network.\r\nAs a result, we evaluate performance across a broader range of use cases."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The simulation details are presented in the tables below.\r\nThe experiments are conducted using the shadow simulator.\r\nWe uniformly set peer bandwidths and link latencies between 40-200 Mbps and\r\n40-130 milliseconds in five variations."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:"Table 1:"})," Simulation 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stages of message propagation can reduce bandwidth consumption,\r\nwithout compromising latency.\r\nHowever, determining the propagation stage is challenging.\r\nMethods like hop counts may compromise anonymity,\r\nwhile using IHAVE announcements can be misleading. For instance, in the case of large messages,\r\npeers may receive IHAVE announcements much earlier than the actual message spreads through the network."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Push-based approaches achieve the fastest message dissemination\r\nbut often produce a higher number of duplicate messages.\r\nEmploying mechanisms like PREAMBLE/IMRECEIVING messages\r\nfor guided elimination of duplicate messages can significantly reduce bandwidth consumption.\r\nThis reduction not only minimizes redundant transmissions\r\nbut also decreases the overall message dissemination time\r\nby lessening the workload on peers located along optimal message forwarding paths."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Please feel free to join the discussion and leave feedback regarding this post in the\r\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://forum.research.logos.co/t/vac-research-blog-performance-evaluation-of-gossipsub-improvement-proposals/556",children:"VAC forum"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"references",children:"References"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[1] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.1.md",children:"GossipSub v1.1 Specifications"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[2] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/blob/master/pubsub/gossipsub/gossipsub-v1.2.md",children:"GossipSub v1.2 Specifications"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[3] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/number-duplicate-messages-in-ethereums-gossipsub-network/19921",children:"Number of Duplicate Messages in Ethereum\u2019s Gossipsub Network"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[4] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/impact-of-idontwant-in-the-number-of-duplicates/22652",children:"Impact of IDONTWANT in the Number of Duplicates"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[5] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2505.17337",children:"PREAMBLE and IMRECEIVING for Improved Large Message Handling"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[6] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10365",children:"Staggering and Fragmentation for Improved Large Message Handling"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[7] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://hackmd.io/X1DoBHtYTtuGqYg0qK4zJw",children:"GossipSub for Big Messages"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[8] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/fulldas-towards-massive-scalability-with-32mb-blocks-and-beyond/19529",children:"FullDAS: Towards Massive Scalability with 32MB Blocks and Beyond"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[9] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/681",children:"Choke Extension for GossipSub"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[10] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://ethresear.ch/t/pppt-fighting-the-gossipsub-overhead-with-push-pull-phase-transition/22118/1",children:"PPPT: Fighting the GossipSub Overhead with Push-Pull Phase Transition"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[11] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/654",children:"GossipSub v1.4 Specifications Proposal"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[12] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/libp2p/specs/pull/653",children:"GossipSub v2.0 Specifications Proposal"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[13] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://github.com/vacp2p/nim-libp2p",children:"Libp2p Implementation in nim"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[14] ",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://streamr-public.s3.amazonaws.com/streamr-network-scalability-whitepaper-2020-08-20.pdf",children:"The Streamr Network: Performance and Scalability"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["[15] 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