# eth-wire

The `eth-wire` crate provides abstractions over the [`RLPx`](https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/rlpx.md) and
[Eth wire](https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/eth.md) protocols.

This crate can be thought of as having 2 components:

1. Data structures that serialize and deserialize the Ethereum protocol messages into Rust-compatible types.
2. Abstractions over Tokio Streams that operate on these types.

(Note that ECIES is implemented in a separate `reth-ecies` crate.)
Additionally, this crate focuses on stream implementations (P2P and Eth), handshakes, and multiplexing. The protocol
message types and RLP encoding/decoding live in the separate `eth-wire-types` crate and are re-exported by `eth-wire`
for convenience.
## Types
The most basic Eth-wire type is a `ProtocolMessage`. It describes all messages that reth can send/receive.

[File: crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/message.rs](../../crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/message.rs)
```rust, ignore
/// An `eth` protocol message, containing a message ID and payload.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct ProtocolMessage<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
    pub message_type: EthMessageID,
    pub message: EthMessage<N>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum EthMessage<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
    Status(StatusMessage),
    NewBlockHashes(NewBlockHashes),
    NewBlock(Box<N::NewBlockPayload>),
    Transactions(Transactions<N::BroadcastedTransaction>),
    NewPooledTransactionHashes66(NewPooledTransactionHashes66),
    NewPooledTransactionHashes68(NewPooledTransactionHashes68),
    GetBlockHeaders(RequestPair<GetBlockHeaders>),
    BlockHeaders(RequestPair<BlockHeaders<N::BlockHeader>>),
    GetBlockBodies(RequestPair<GetBlockBodies>),
    BlockBodies(RequestPair<BlockBodies<N::BlockBody>>),
    GetPooledTransactions(RequestPair<GetPooledTransactions>),
    PooledTransactions(RequestPair<PooledTransactions<N::PooledTransaction>>),
    GetNodeData(RequestPair<GetNodeData>),
    NodeData(RequestPair<NodeData>),
    GetReceipts(RequestPair<GetReceipts>),
    GetReceipts70(RequestPair<GetReceipts70>),
    Receipts(RequestPair<Receipts<N::Receipt>>),
    Receipts69(RequestPair<Receipts69<N::Receipt>>),
    Receipts70(RequestPair<Receipts70<N::Receipt>>),
    BlockRangeUpdate(BlockRangeUpdate),
    Other(RawCapabilityMessage),
}

/// Represents message IDs for eth protocol messages.
#[repr(u8)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum EthMessageID {
    Status = 0x00,
    NewBlockHashes = 0x01,
    Transactions = 0x02,
    GetBlockHeaders = 0x03,
    BlockHeaders = 0x04,
    GetBlockBodies = 0x05,
    BlockBodies = 0x06,
    NewBlock = 0x07,
    NewPooledTransactionHashes = 0x08,
    GetPooledTransactions = 0x09,
    PooledTransactions = 0x0a,
    GetNodeData = 0x0d,
    NodeData = 0x0e,
    GetReceipts = 0x0f,
    Receipts = 0x10,
    BlockRangeUpdate = 0x11,
    Other(u8),
}

```
Messages can either be broadcast to the network, or can be a request/response message to a single peer. This 2nd type of message is
described using a `RequestPair` struct, which is simply a concatenation of the underlying message with a request id.

[File: crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/message.rs](../../crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/message.rs)
```rust, ignore
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct RequestPair<T> {
    pub request_id: u64,
    pub message: T,
}

```
Every `EthMessage` has a corresponding Rust struct that implements `alloy_rlp::Encodable` and `alloy_rlp::Decodable`
(often via derive macros like `RlpEncodable`/`RlpDecodable`). These traits are defined in `alloy_rlp`:
```rust, ignore
pub trait Decodable: Sized {
    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8]) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self>;
}
pub trait Encodable {
    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn BufMut);
    fn length(&self) -> usize;
}
```
These traits describe how the `EthMessage` should be serialized/deserialized into raw bytes using the RLP format.
In reth all [RLP](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/data-structures-and-encoding/rlp/) encode/decode operations are handled by `alloy_rlp` and the derive macros used in `eth-wire-types`.

Note: `ProtocolMessage` implements `Encodable`, while decoding is performed via
`ProtocolMessage::decode_message(version, &mut bytes)` because decoding must respect the negotiated `EthVersion`.

### Example: The Transactions message
Let's understand how an `EthMessage` is implemented by taking a look at the `Transactions` Message. The eth specification describes a Transaction message as a list of RLP-encoded transactions:

[File: ethereum/devp2p/caps/eth.md](https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/eth.md#transactions-0x02)
```
Transactions (0x02)
[tx₁, tx₂, ...]

Specify transactions that the peer should make sure are included in its transaction queue.
The items in the list are transactions in the format described in the main Ethereum specification.
...

```

In reth, this is represented as:

[File: crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/broadcast.rs](../../crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/broadcast.rs)
```rust,ignore
pub struct Transactions<T = TransactionSigned>(
    /// New transactions for the peer to include in its mempool.
    pub Vec<T>,
);
```

And the corresponding transaction type is defined here:

[File: crates/ethereum/primitives/src/transaction.rs](../../crates/ethereum/primitives/src/transaction.rs)
```rust, ignore
#[reth_codec]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, AsRef, Deref, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct TransactionSigned {
    pub hash: TxHash,
    pub signature: Signature,
    #[deref]
    #[as_ref]
    pub transaction: Transaction,
}

impl Encodable for TransactionSigned {
    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn bytes::BufMut) {
        self.encode_inner(out, true);
    }

    fn length(&self) -> usize {
        let len = self.payload_len();
        len + length_of_length(len)
    }
}

impl Decodable for TransactionSigned {
    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8]) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self> {
        // Implementation omitted for brevity
        //...
    }
}
```
Now that we know how the types work, let's take a look at how these are utilized in the network.

## P2PStream
The lowest level stream to communicate with other peers is the P2P stream. It takes an underlying Tokio stream and does the following:

- Tracks and Manages Ping and Pong messages and sends them when needed.
- Keeps track of the SharedCapabilities between the reth node and its peers.
- Receives bytes from peers, decompresses and forwards them to its parent stream.
- Receives bytes from its parent stream, compresses them and sends it to peers.

Decompression/Compression of bytes is done with snappy algorithm ([EIP 706](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-706))
using the external `snap` crate.

[File: crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs](../../crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs)
```rust,ignore
#[pin_project]
pub struct P2PStream<S> {
    #[pin]
    inner: S,
    encoder: snap::raw::Encoder,
    decoder: snap::raw::Decoder,
    pinger: Pinger,
    /// Negotiated shared capabilities
    shared_capabilities: SharedCapabilities,
    /// Outgoing messages buffered for sending to the underlying stream.
    outgoing_messages: VecDeque<Bytes>,
    /// Maximum number of messages that can be buffered before yielding backpressure.
    outgoing_message_buffer_capacity: usize,
    /// Whether this stream is currently in the process of gracefully disconnecting.
    disconnecting: bool,
}
```
### Pinger
To manage pinging, an instance of the `Pinger` struct is used. This is a state machine that keeps track of pings
we have sent/received and the timeout associated with them.

[File: crates/net/eth-wire/src/pinger.rs](../../crates/net/eth-wire/src/pinger.rs)
```rust,ignore
#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) struct Pinger {
    /// The timer used for the next ping.
    ping_interval: Interval,
    /// The timer used to detect a ping timeout.
    timeout_timer: Pin<Box<Sleep>>,
    /// The timeout duration for each ping.
    timeout: Duration,
    state: PingState,
}

/// This represents the possible states of the pinger.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub(crate) enum PingState {
    /// There are no pings in flight, or all pings have been responded to.
    Ready,
    /// We have sent a ping and are waiting for a pong, but the peer has missed n pongs.
    WaitingForPong,
    /// The peer has failed to respond to a ping.
    TimedOut,
}
```

State transitions are then implemented like a future, with the `poll_ping` function advancing the state of the pinger.

[File: crates/net/eth-wire/src/pinger.rs](https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/blob/1563506aea09049a85e5cc72c2894f3f7a371581/crates/net/eth-wire/src/pinger.rs)
```rust, ignore
pub(crate) fn poll_ping(
    &mut self,
    cx: &mut Context<'_>,
) -> Poll<Result<PingerEvent, PingerError>> {
    match self.state() {
        PingState::Ready => {
            if self.ping_interval.poll_tick(cx).is_ready() {
                self.timeout_timer.as_mut().reset(Instant::now() + self.timeout);
                self.state = PingState::WaitingForPong;
                return Poll::Ready(Ok(PingerEvent::Ping))
            }
        }
        PingState::WaitingForPong => {
            if self.timeout_timer.as_mut().poll(cx).is_ready() {
                self.state = PingState::TimedOut;
                return Poll::Ready(Ok(PingerEvent::Timeout))
            }
        }
        PingState::TimedOut => {
            return Poll::Pending
        }
    };
    Poll::Pending
```

### Sending and receiving data
To send and receive data, the P2PStream itself is a future that implements the `Stream` and `Sink` traits from the `futures` crate.

For the `Stream` trait, the `inner` stream is polled, decompressed and returned. Most of the code is just
error handling and is omitted here for clarity.

[File: crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs](../../crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs)
```rust,ignore

impl<S> Stream for P2PStream<S> {
    type Item = Result<BytesMut, P2PStreamError>;

    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
        while let Poll::Ready(res) = this.inner.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
            let bytes = match res {
                Some(Ok(bytes)) => bytes,
                Some(Err(err)) => return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(err.into()))),
                None => return Poll::Ready(None),
            };
            let decompressed_len = snap::raw::decompress_len(&bytes[1..])?;
            let mut decompress_buf = BytesMut::zeroed(decompressed_len + 1);
            this.decoder.decompress(&bytes[1..], &mut decompress_buf[1..])?;
            // ... Omitted Error handling
            // Normalize IDs: reserved p2p range is 0x00..=0x0f; subprotocols start at 0x10
            decompress_buf[0] = bytes[0] - MAX_RESERVED_MESSAGE_ID - 1;
            return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(decompress_buf)))
        }
    }
}
```

Similarly, for the `Sink` trait, we do the reverse, compressing and sending data out to the `inner` stream.
The important functions in this trait are shown below.

[File: crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs](../../crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs)
```rust, ignore
impl<S> Sink<Bytes> for P2PStream<S> {
    fn start_send(self: Pin<&mut Self>, item: Bytes) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
        let this = self.project();
        let mut compressed = BytesMut::zeroed(1 + snap::raw::max_compress_len(item.len() - 1));
        let compressed_size = this.encoder.compress(&item[1..], &mut compressed[1..])?;
        compressed.truncate(compressed_size + 1);
        // Mask subprotocol IDs into global space above reserved p2p IDs
        compressed[0] = item[0] + MAX_RESERVED_MESSAGE_ID + 1;
        this.outgoing_messages.push_back(compressed.freeze());
        Ok(())
    }

    fn poll_flush(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
        let mut this = self.project();
        loop {
            match ready!(this.inner.as_mut().poll_flush(cx)) {
                Err(err) => return Poll::Ready(Err(err.into())),
                Ok(()) => {
                    if let Some(message) = this.outgoing_messages.pop_front() {
                        if let Err(err) = this.inner.as_mut().start_send(message) {
                            return Poll::Ready(Err(err.into()))
                        }
                    } else {
                        return Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
```


## EthStream
The EthStream wraps a stream and handles eth message (RLP) encoding/decoding with respect to the negotiated `EthVersion`.

[File: crates/net/eth-wire/src/ethstream.rs](../../crates/net/eth-wire/src/ethstream.rs)
```rust,ignore
#[pin_project]
pub struct EthStream<S, N = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
    /// Eth-specific logic
    eth: EthStreamInner<N>,
    #[pin]
    inner: S,
}
```
EthStream performs RLP decoding/encoding using `ProtocolMessage::decode_message(version, &mut bytes)`
and `ProtocolMessage::encode()`, and enforces protocol rules (e.g., prohibiting `Status` after handshake).

[File: crates/net/eth-wire/src/ethstream.rs](../../crates/net/eth-wire/src/ethstream.rs)
```rust,ignore
impl<S, E> Stream for EthStream<S> {
    // ...
    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
        let this = self.project();
        let bytes = ready!(this.inner.poll_next(cx)).unwrap();
        // ...
        let msg = match ProtocolMessage::decode_message(self.version(), &mut bytes.as_ref()) {
            Ok(m) => m,
            Err(err) => {
                return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(err.into())))
            }
        };
        Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(msg.message)))
    }
}

impl<S, E> Sink<EthMessage> for EthStream<S> {
    // ...
    fn start_send(self: Pin<&mut Self>, item: EthMessage) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
        if matches!(item, EthMessage::Status(_)) {
            let _ = self.project().inner.disconnect(DisconnectReason::ProtocolBreach);
            return Err(EthStreamError::EthHandshakeError(EthHandshakeError::StatusNotInHandshake))
        }
        let mut bytes = BytesMut::new();
        ProtocolMessage::from(item).encode(&mut bytes);
        let bytes = bytes.freeze();
        self.project().inner.start_send(bytes)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn poll_flush(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
        self.project().inner.poll_flush(cx).map_err(Into::into)
    }
}
```
## Unauthed streams
For a session to be established, peers in the Ethereum network must first exchange a `Hello` message in the `RLPx` layer and then a
`Status` message in the eth-wire layer.

To perform these, reth has special `Unauthed` versions of streams described above.

The `UnauthedP2PStream` does the `Hello` handshake and returns a `P2PStream`.

[File: crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs](../../crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs)
```rust, ignore
#[pin_project]
pub struct UnauthedP2PStream<S> {
    #[pin]
    inner: S,
}

impl<S> UnauthedP2PStream<S> {
    // ...
    pub async fn handshake(mut self, hello: HelloMessageWithProtocols) -> Result<(P2PStream<S>, HelloMessage), P2PStreamError> {
        self.inner.send(alloy_rlp::encode(P2PMessage::Hello(hello.message())).into()).await?;
        let first_message_bytes = tokio::time::timeout(HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT, self.inner.next()).await;

        let their_hello = match P2PMessage::decode(&mut &first_message_bytes[..]) {
            Ok(P2PMessage::Hello(hello)) => Ok(hello),
            // ...
            }
        }?;
        let stream = P2PStream::new(self.inner, shared_capabilities);

        Ok((stream, their_hello))
    }
}

```
Similarly, `UnauthedEthStream` does the `Status` handshake and returns an `EthStream`. It accepts a `UnifiedStatus`
and a `ForkFilter`, and provides a timeout wrapper. The code is [here](../../crates/net/eth-wire/src/ethstream.rs)

### Multiplexing and satellites

`eth-wire` also provides `RlpxProtocolMultiplexer`/`RlpxSatelliteStream` to run the primary `eth` protocol alongside
additional "satellite" protocols (e.g. `snap`) using negotiated `SharedCapabilities`.

## Message variants and versions

- `NewPooledTransactionHashes` differs between ETH66 (`NewPooledTransactionHashes66`) and ETH68 (`NewPooledTransactionHashes68`).
- Starting with ETH67, `GetNodeData` and `NodeData` are removed (decoding them for >=67 yields an error).
- Starting with ETH69:
  - `BlockRangeUpdate (0x11)` announces the historical block range served.
  - Receipts omit bloom: encoded as `Receipts69` instead of `Receipts`.
- Starting with ETH70 (EIP-7975):
  - Status reuses the ETH69 format (no additional block range fields).
  - Receipts continue to omit bloom; `GetReceipts`/`Receipts` add the eth/70 variants to support partial receipt ranges (`firstBlockReceiptIndex` and `lastBlockIncomplete`).
