From 630baf5d703173e86f780b8a2f137a7131f416c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: joshieDo <93316087+joshieDo@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Oct 2022 04:08:07 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] feat(db): fuzzing & benchmark (#86)

* fuzz with test-fuzz

* move fuzzing to db/codecs

* add criterion & iai

* print encoded size sum on criterion benchmark

* fix BlockNumHash encode

* add gh action for benchmarks

* don't sum results

* test ci values

* Revert "test ci values"

This reverts commit cc47fd80538b2c0073592f824c2693c927021f8f.

* specify criterion version

* add docs

* remove benchmark job
---
 Cargo.lock                          | 249 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 crates/.gitignore                   |   1 +
 crates/codecs/derive/src/lib.rs     |   2 +-
 crates/db/Cargo.toml                |  16 +-
 crates/db/benches/README.md         |  15 ++
 crates/db/benches/encoding_crit.rs  |  32 ++++
 crates/db/benches/encoding_iai.rs   |  20 +++
 crates/db/src/kv/codecs/fuzz.rs     |  39 +++++
 crates/db/src/kv/codecs/mod.rs      |   4 +
 crates/db/src/kv/codecs/postcard.rs |  34 ++--
 crates/db/src/kv/mod.rs             |   3 +-
 crates/db/src/kv/models/blocks.rs   |   2 +-
 crates/db/src/static.rs             |   0
 crates/primitives/src/account.rs    |   2 +-
 14 files changed, 396 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/.gitignore
 create mode 100644 crates/db/benches/README.md
 create mode 100644 crates/db/benches/encoding_crit.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/db/benches/encoding_iai.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/db/src/kv/codecs/fuzz.rs
 delete mode 100644 crates/db/src/static.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 98b83077d3..a3d1cea9d2 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -170,6 +170,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bincode"
+version = "1.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b1f45e9417d87227c7a56d22e471c6206462cba514c7590c09aff4cf6d1ddcad"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bindgen"
 version = "0.60.1"
@@ -309,6 +318,37 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "camino"
+version = "1.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "88ad0e1e3e88dd237a156ab9f571021b8a158caa0ae44b1968a241efb5144c1e"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cargo-platform"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cbdb825da8a5df079a43676dbe042702f1707b1109f713a01420fbb4cc71fa27"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cargo_metadata"
+version = "0.15.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3abb7553d5b9b8421c6de7cb02606ff15e0c6eea7d8eadd75ef013fd636bec36"
+dependencies = [
+ "camino",
+ "cargo-platform",
+ "semver 1.0.14",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cast"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -655,6 +695,41 @@ dependencies = [
  "cipher",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "darling"
+version = "0.14.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4529658bdda7fd6769b8614be250cdcfc3aeb0ee72fe66f9e41e5e5eb73eac02"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core",
+ "darling_macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_core"
+version = "0.14.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "649c91bc01e8b1eac09fb91e8dbc7d517684ca6be8ebc75bb9cafc894f9fdb6f"
+dependencies = [
+ "fnv",
+ "ident_case",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "strsim",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "darling_macro"
+version = "0.14.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ddfc69c5bfcbd2fc09a0f38451d2daf0e372e367986a83906d1b0dbc88134fb5"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling_core",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "der"
 version = "0.6.0"
@@ -1243,6 +1318,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest 0.10.5",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "home"
+version = "0.5.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "747309b4b440c06d57b0b25f2aee03ee9b5e5397d288c60e21fc709bb98a7408"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "http"
 version = "0.2.8"
@@ -1317,6 +1401,24 @@ dependencies = [
  "webpki-roots",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "iai"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "71a816c97c42258aa5834d07590b718b4c9a598944cd39a52dc25b351185d678"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ident_case"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "if_chain"
+version = "1.0.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cb56e1aa765b4b4f3aadfab769793b7087bb03a4ea4920644a6d238e2df5b9ed"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "impl-codec"
 version = "0.6.0"
@@ -1980,6 +2082,16 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "19b17cddbe7ec3f8bc800887bab5e717348c95ea2ca0b1bf0837fb964dc67099"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pest"
+version = "2.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dbc7bc69c062e492337d74d59b120c274fd3d261b6bf6d3207d499b4b379c41a"
+dependencies = [
+ "thiserror",
+ "ucd-trie",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pin-project"
 version = "1.0.12"
@@ -2302,7 +2414,8 @@ name = "reth-db"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
- "heapless",
+ "criterion",
+ "iai",
  "libmdbx",
  "page_size",
  "parity-scale-codec",
@@ -2310,6 +2423,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "reth-primitives",
  "serde",
  "tempfile",
+ "test-fuzz",
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
@@ -2849,7 +2963,16 @@ version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1d7eb9ef2c18661902cc47e535f9bc51b78acd254da71d375c2f6720d9a40403"
 dependencies = [
- "semver-parser",
+ "semver-parser 0.7.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "semver"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f301af10236f6df4160f7c3f04eec6dbc70ace82d23326abad5edee88801c6b6"
+dependencies = [
+ "semver-parser 0.10.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2857,6 +2980,9 @@ name = "semver"
 version = "1.0.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e25dfac463d778e353db5be2449d1cce89bd6fd23c9f1ea21310ce6e5a1b29c4"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "semver-parser"
@@ -2864,6 +2990,15 @@ version = "0.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "388a1df253eca08550bef6c72392cfe7c30914bf41df5269b68cbd6ff8f570a3"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "semver-parser"
+version = "0.10.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "00b0bef5b7f9e0df16536d3961cfb6e84331c065b4066afb39768d0e319411f7"
+dependencies = [
+ "pest",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "send_wrapper"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -2914,6 +3049,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "opaque-debug",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sha-1"
+version = "0.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "028f48d513f9678cda28f6e4064755b3fbb2af6acd672f2c209b62323f7aea0f"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest 0.10.5",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sha2"
 version = "0.10.6"
@@ -2997,7 +3143,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "httparse",
  "log",
  "rand",
- "sha-1",
+ "sha-1 0.9.8",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3065,6 +3211,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "subprocess"
+version = "0.2.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0c2e86926081dda636c546d8c5e641661049d7562a68f5488be4a1f7f66f6086"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "substrate-bn"
 version = "0.6.0"
@@ -3124,6 +3280,63 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi-util",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "test-fuzz"
+version = "3.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "125df852011c4f8f31df5620f4aea38ecddb5dfb4d9bc569b30485b15ffc3d4e"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "test-fuzz-internal",
+ "test-fuzz-macro",
+ "test-fuzz-runtime",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "test-fuzz-internal"
+version = "3.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "58071dc2471840e9f374eeb0f6e405a31bccb3cc5d59bb4598f02cafc274b5c4"
+dependencies = [
+ "cargo_metadata",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "serde",
+ "strum_macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "test-fuzz-macro"
+version = "3.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "856bbca0314c328004691b9c0639fb198ca764d1ce0e20d4dd8b78f2697c2a6f"
+dependencies = [
+ "darling",
+ "if_chain",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "subprocess",
+ "syn",
+ "test-fuzz-internal",
+ "toolchain_find",
+ "unzip-n",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "test-fuzz-runtime"
+version = "3.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "303774eb17994c2ddb59c460369f4c3a55496f013380278d78eeebd2deb896ac"
+dependencies = [
+ "bincode",
+ "hex",
+ "num-traits",
+ "serde",
+ "sha-1 0.10.0",
+ "test-fuzz-internal",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "textwrap"
 version = "0.15.1"
@@ -3246,6 +3459,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "toolchain_find"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5e85654a10e7a07a47c6f19d93818f3f343e22927f2fa280c84f7c8042743413"
+dependencies = [
+ "home",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "regex",
+ "semver 0.11.0",
+ "walkdir",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tower-service"
 version = "0.3.2"
@@ -3306,6 +3532,12 @@ version = "1.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dcf81ac59edc17cc8697ff311e8f5ef2d99fcbd9817b34cec66f90b6c3dfd987"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ucd-trie"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9e79c4d996edb816c91e4308506774452e55e95c3c9de07b6729e17e15a5ef81"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "uint"
 version = "0.9.4"
@@ -3345,6 +3577,17 @@ version = "0.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a156c684c91ea7d62626509bce3cb4e1d9ed5c4d978f7b4352658f96a4c26b4a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unzip-n"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c2e7e85a0596447f0f2ac090e16bc4c516c6fe91771fb0c0ccf7fa3dae896b9c"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "vcell"
 version = "0.1.3"
diff --git a/crates/.gitignore b/crates/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f7896d1d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+target/
diff --git a/crates/codecs/derive/src/lib.rs b/crates/codecs/derive/src/lib.rs
index 5dd662a391..dd9b126025 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn use_scale(_args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     }
 
     quote! {
-        #[derive(parity_scale_codec::Encode, parity_scale_codec::Decode)]
+        #[derive(parity_scale_codec::Encode, parity_scale_codec::Decode, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
         #ast
     }
     .into()
diff --git a/crates/db/Cargo.toml b/crates/db/Cargo.toml
index 7232b36d3a..b902f9ef90 100644
--- a/crates/db/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/db/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ reth-primitives = { path = "../primitives" }
 
 # codecs
 serde = { version = "1.0.*", default-features = false }
-postcard = { version = "1.0.2", features = ["heapless"] }
-heapless = "0.7.16"
+postcard = { version = "1.0.2", features = ["alloc"] }
 parity-scale-codec = { version = "3.2.1", features = ["bytes"] }
 
 # misc
@@ -26,6 +25,19 @@ tempfile = { version = "3.3.0", optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 tempfile = "3.3.0"
+test-fuzz = "3.0.4"
+criterion = "0.4.0"
+iai = "0.1.1"
 
 [features]
 test-utils = ["tempfile"]
+bench-postcard = ["bench"]
+bench = []
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "encoding_crit"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "encoding_iai"
+harness = false
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/db/benches/README.md b/crates/db/benches/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..408211536c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/db/benches/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# DB Benchmarks
+
+## Codecs
+
+Currently only benchmarking the encoding/decoding of `Header`. It can be benchmarked with two different codecs at the moment `main/scale` and `postcard`:
+
+### Main/Scale:
+```bash
+$　cargo bench --features bench
+```
+
+### Postcard:
+```bash
+$　cargo bench --features bench-postcard
+```
diff --git a/crates/db/benches/encoding_crit.rs b/crates/db/benches/encoding_crit.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27bbe36f7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/db/benches/encoding_crit.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+
+/// Benchmarks the encoding and decoding of `Header` using criterion.
+macro_rules! impl_criterion_encoding_benchmark {
+    ($name:tt) => {
+        pub fn criterion_benchmark(c: &mut Criterion) {
+            let mut size = 0;
+            c.bench_function(stringify!($name), |b| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    let encoded_size = reth_db::kv::codecs::fuzz::Header::encode_and_decode(
+                        black_box(reth_primitives::Header::default()),
+                    )
+                    .0;
+
+                    if size == 0 {
+                        size = encoded_size;
+                    }
+                })
+            });
+            println!("Size (bytes): `{size}`");
+        }
+
+        criterion_group!(benches, criterion_benchmark);
+        criterion_main!(benches);
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "bench-postcard"))]
+impl_criterion_encoding_benchmark!(scale);
+
+#[cfg(feature = "bench-postcard")]
+impl_criterion_encoding_benchmark!(postcard);
diff --git a/crates/db/benches/encoding_iai.rs b/crates/db/benches/encoding_iai.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b418f597c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/db/benches/encoding_iai.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use iai::{black_box, main};
+
+/// Benchmarks the encoding and decoding of `Header` using iai.
+macro_rules! impl_iai_encoding_benchmark {
+    ($name:tt) => {
+        fn $name() {
+            reth_db::kv::codecs::fuzz::Header::encode_and_decode(black_box(
+                reth_primitives::Header::default(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        main!($name);
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "bench-postcard"))]
+impl_iai_encoding_benchmark!(scale);
+
+#[cfg(feature = "bench-postcard")]
+impl_iai_encoding_benchmark!(postcard);
diff --git a/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/fuzz.rs b/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/fuzz.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8e50d42f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/fuzz.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+//! Implements fuzzing targets to be used by test-fuzz
+
+/// Fuzzer generates a random instance of the object and proceeds to encode and decode it. It then
+/// makes sure that it matches the original object.
+macro_rules! impl_fuzzer {
+    ($($name:tt),+) => {
+        $(
+            /// Macro generated module to be used by test-fuzz and `bench` if it applies.
+            #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+            #[cfg(any(test, feature = "bench"))]
+            pub mod $name {
+                use reth_primitives::$name;
+                use crate::kv::table;
+
+                /// Encodes and decodes table types returning its encoded size and the decoded object.
+                pub fn encode_and_decode(obj: $name) -> (usize, $name) {
+                    let data = table::Encode::encode(obj);
+                    let size = data.len();
+                    (size, table::Decode::decode(data).expect("failed to decode"))
+                }
+
+                #[cfg(test)]
+                #[allow(dead_code)]
+                #[test_fuzz::test_fuzz]
+                pub fn fuzz(obj: $name) {
+                    assert!(encode_and_decode(obj.clone()).1 == obj );
+                }
+
+                #[test]
+                pub fn test() {
+                    encode_and_decode($name::default());
+                }
+            }
+
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+impl_fuzzer!(Header, Account);
diff --git a/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/mod.rs b/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/mod.rs
index 8869d6ad96..372ebe7412 100644
--- a/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/mod.rs
@@ -1,2 +1,6 @@
+//! Integrates different codecs into table::Encode and table::Decode
+
+pub mod fuzz;
 mod postcard;
+#[cfg(not(feature = "bench-postcard"))]
 mod scale;
diff --git a/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/postcard.rs b/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/postcard.rs
index 171ee5ea06..6e3b141d70 100644
--- a/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/postcard.rs
+++ b/crates/db/src/kv/codecs/postcard.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 #![allow(unused)]
 
 use crate::kv::{Decode, Encode, KVError};
-use heapless::Vec;
-use postcard::{from_bytes, to_vec};
-use reth_primitives::Account;
+use postcard::{from_bytes, to_allocvec};
+use reth_primitives::*;
 
 // Just add `Serialize` and `Deserialize`, and set impl_heapless_postcard!(T, MaxSize(T))
 //
@@ -16,20 +15,27 @@ use reth_primitives::Account;
 //
 // impl_heapless_postcard!(T, MaxSize(T))
 
-macro_rules! impl_heapless_postcard {
-    ($name:tt, $static_size:tt) => {
-        impl Encode for $name {
-            type Encoded = Vec<u8, $static_size>;
+macro_rules! impl_postcard {
+    ($($name:tt),+) => {
+        $(
+            impl Encode for $name {
+                type Encoded = Vec<u8>;
 
-            fn encode(self) -> Self::Encoded {
-                to_vec(&self).expect("Failed to encode")
+                fn encode(self) -> Self::Encoded {
+                    to_allocvec(&self).expect("Failed to encode")
+                }
             }
-        }
 
-        impl Decode for $name {
-            fn decode<B: Into<bytes::Bytes>>(value: B) -> Result<Self, KVError> {
-                from_bytes(&value.into()).map_err(|_| KVError::InvalidValue)
+            impl Decode for $name {
+                fn decode<B: Into<bytes::Bytes>>(value: B) -> Result<Self, KVError> {
+                    from_bytes(&value.into()).map_err(|_| KVError::InvalidValue)
+                }
             }
-        }
+        )+
     };
 }
+
+type VecU8 = Vec<u8>;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "bench-postcard")]
+impl_postcard!(VecU8, Receipt, H256, U256, H160, u8, u16, u64, Header, Account, Log, TxType);
diff --git a/crates/db/src/kv/mod.rs b/crates/db/src/kv/mod.rs
index 67740a7839..1e2fcab555 100644
--- a/crates/db/src/kv/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/db/src/kv/mod.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ use tx::Tx;
 mod error;
 pub use error::KVError;
 
-mod codecs;
+// Made public so `benches` can access it.
+pub mod codecs;
 
 /// Environment used when opening a MDBX environment. RO/RW.
 #[derive(Debug)]
diff --git a/crates/db/src/kv/models/blocks.rs b/crates/db/src/kv/models/blocks.rs
index 4e319373e8..2142340605 100644
--- a/crates/db/src/kv/models/blocks.rs
+++ b/crates/db/src/kv/models/blocks.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl Encode for BlockNumHash {
         let mut rnum = [0; 40];
 
         rnum[..8].copy_from_slice(&number.to_be_bytes());
-        rnum[8..].copy_from_slice(&hash.encode());
+        rnum[8..].copy_from_slice(hash.as_bytes());
         rnum
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/db/src/static.rs b/crates/db/src/static.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
diff --git a/crates/primitives/src/account.rs b/crates/primitives/src/account.rs
index 4aeeedbd60..6e67349560 100644
--- a/crates/primitives/src/account.rs
+++ b/crates/primitives/src/account.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use reth_codecs::main_codec;
 
 /// Account saved in database
 #[main_codec]
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub struct Account {
     /// Nonce.
     pub nonce: u64,