diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/microsoft_teams/write_channel/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/microsoft_teams/write_channel/route.ts
index b6c0bbd0a..52aba7473 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/microsoft_teams/write_channel/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/microsoft_teams/write_channel/route.ts
@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@ import { checkInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
 import { secureFetchWithValidation } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { RawFileInputArraySchema } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-schemas'
-import { processFilesToUserFiles } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils'
-import { downloadFileFromStorage } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server'
-import type {
-  GraphApiErrorResponse,
-  GraphChatMessage,
-  GraphDriveItem,
-} from '@/tools/microsoft_teams/types'
-import { resolveMentionsForChannel, type TeamsMention } from '@/tools/microsoft_teams/utils'
+import type { GraphApiErrorResponse, GraphChatMessage } from '@/tools/microsoft_teams/types'
+import {
+  resolveMentionsForChannel,
+  type TeamsMention,
+  uploadFilesForTeamsMessage,
+} from '@/tools/microsoft_teams/utils'
 
 export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'
 
@@ -60,130 +58,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       fileCount: validatedData.files?.length || 0,
     })
 
-    const attachments: any[] = []
-    const filesOutput: Array<{
-      name: string
-      mimeType: string
-      data: string
-      size: number
-    }> = []
-    if (validatedData.files && validatedData.files.length > 0) {
-      const rawFiles = validatedData.files
-      logger.info(`[${requestId}] Processing ${rawFiles.length} file(s) for upload to OneDrive`)
-
-      const userFiles = processFilesToUserFiles(rawFiles, requestId, logger)
-
-      for (const file of userFiles) {
-        try {
-          // Microsoft Graph API limits direct uploads to 4MB
-          const maxSize = 4 * 1024 * 1024
-          if (file.size > maxSize) {
-            const sizeMB = (file.size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2)
-            logger.error(
-              `[${requestId}] File ${file.name} is ${sizeMB}MB, exceeds 4MB limit for direct upload`
-            )
-            throw new Error(
-              `File "${file.name}" (${sizeMB}MB) exceeds the 4MB limit for Teams attachments. Use smaller files or upload to SharePoint/OneDrive first.`
-            )
-          }
-
-          logger.info(`[${requestId}] Uploading file to Teams: ${file.name} (${file.size} bytes)`)
-
-          const buffer = await downloadFileFromStorage(file, requestId, logger)
-          filesOutput.push({
-            name: file.name,
-            mimeType: file.type || 'application/octet-stream',
-            data: buffer.toString('base64'),
-            size: buffer.length,
-          })
-
-          const uploadUrl =
-            'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/me/drive/root:/TeamsAttachments/' +
-            encodeURIComponent(file.name) +
-            ':/content'
-
-          logger.info(`[${requestId}] Uploading to Teams: ${uploadUrl}`)
-
-          const uploadResponse = await secureFetchWithValidation(
-            uploadUrl,
-            {
-              method: 'PUT',
-              headers: {
-                Authorization: `Bearer ${validatedData.accessToken}`,
-                'Content-Type': file.type || 'application/octet-stream',
-              },
-              body: buffer,
-            },
-            'uploadUrl'
-          )
-
-          if (!uploadResponse.ok) {
-            const errorData = (await uploadResponse
-              .json()
-              .catch(() => ({}))) as GraphApiErrorResponse
-            logger.error(`[${requestId}] Teams upload failed:`, errorData)
-            throw new Error(
-              `Failed to upload file to Teams: ${errorData.error?.message || 'Unknown error'}`
-            )
-          }
-
-          const uploadedFile = (await uploadResponse.json()) as GraphDriveItem
-          logger.info(`[${requestId}] File uploaded to Teams successfully`, {
-            id: uploadedFile.id,
-            webUrl: uploadedFile.webUrl,
-          })
-
-          const fileDetailsUrl = `https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/me/drive/items/${uploadedFile.id}?$select=id,name,webDavUrl,eTag,size`
-
-          const fileDetailsResponse = await secureFetchWithValidation(
-            fileDetailsUrl,
-            {
-              method: 'GET',
-              headers: {
-                Authorization: `Bearer ${validatedData.accessToken}`,
-              },
-            },
-            'fileDetailsUrl'
-          )
-
-          if (!fileDetailsResponse.ok) {
-            const errorData = (await fileDetailsResponse
-              .json()
-              .catch(() => ({}))) as GraphApiErrorResponse
-            logger.error(`[${requestId}] Failed to get file details:`, errorData)
-            throw new Error(
-              `Failed to get file details: ${errorData.error?.message || 'Unknown error'}`
-            )
-          }
-
-          const fileDetails = (await fileDetailsResponse.json()) as GraphDriveItem
-          logger.info(`[${requestId}] Got file details`, {
-            webDavUrl: fileDetails.webDavUrl,
-            eTag: fileDetails.eTag,
-          })
-
-          const attachmentId = fileDetails.eTag?.match(/\{([a-f0-9-]+)\}/i)?.[1] || fileDetails.id
-
-          attachments.push({
-            id: attachmentId,
-            contentType: 'reference',
-            contentUrl: fileDetails.webDavUrl,
-            name: file.name,
-          })
-
-          logger.info(`[${requestId}] Created attachment reference for ${file.name}`)
-        } catch (error) {
-          logger.error(`[${requestId}] Failed to process file ${file.name}:`, error)
-          throw new Error(
-            `Failed to process file "${file.name}": ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`
-          )
-        }
-      }
-
-      logger.info(
-        `[${requestId}] All ${attachments.length} file(s) uploaded and attachment references created`
-      )
-    }
+    const { attachments, filesOutput } = await uploadFilesForTeamsMessage({
+      rawFiles: validatedData.files || [],
+      accessToken: validatedData.accessToken,
+      requestId,
+      logger,
+    })
 
     let messageContent = validatedData.content
     let contentType: 'text' | 'html' = 'text'
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/microsoft_teams/write_chat/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/microsoft_teams/write_chat/route.ts
index ec8d43d8a..4d12a4e9c 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/microsoft_teams/write_chat/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/microsoft_teams/write_chat/route.ts
@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@ import { checkInternalAuth } from '@/lib/auth/hybrid'
 import { secureFetchWithValidation } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { RawFileInputArraySchema } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-schemas'
-import { processFilesToUserFiles } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils'
-import { downloadFileFromStorage } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server'
-import type {
-  GraphApiErrorResponse,
-  GraphChatMessage,
-  GraphDriveItem,
-} from '@/tools/microsoft_teams/types'
-import { resolveMentionsForChat, type TeamsMention } from '@/tools/microsoft_teams/utils'
+import type { GraphApiErrorResponse, GraphChatMessage } from '@/tools/microsoft_teams/types'
+import {
+  resolveMentionsForChat,
+  type TeamsMention,
+  uploadFilesForTeamsMessage,
+} from '@/tools/microsoft_teams/utils'
 
 export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'
 
@@ -58,130 +56,12 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       fileCount: validatedData.files?.length || 0,
     })
 
-    const attachments: any[] = []
-    const filesOutput: Array<{
-      name: string
-      mimeType: string
-      data: string
-      size: number
-    }> = []
-    if (validatedData.files && validatedData.files.length > 0) {
-      const rawFiles = validatedData.files
-      logger.info(`[${requestId}] Processing ${rawFiles.length} file(s) for upload to Teams`)
-
-      const userFiles = processFilesToUserFiles(rawFiles, requestId, logger)
-
-      for (const file of userFiles) {
-        try {
-          // Microsoft Graph API limits direct uploads to 4MB
-          const maxSize = 4 * 1024 * 1024
-          if (file.size > maxSize) {
-            const sizeMB = (file.size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2)
-            logger.error(
-              `[${requestId}] File ${file.name} is ${sizeMB}MB, exceeds 4MB limit for direct upload`
-            )
-            throw new Error(
-              `File "${file.name}" (${sizeMB}MB) exceeds the 4MB limit for Teams attachments. Use smaller files or upload to SharePoint/OneDrive first.`
-            )
-          }
-
-          logger.info(`[${requestId}] Uploading file to Teams: ${file.name} (${file.size} bytes)`)
-
-          const buffer = await downloadFileFromStorage(file, requestId, logger)
-          filesOutput.push({
-            name: file.name,
-            mimeType: file.type || 'application/octet-stream',
-            data: buffer.toString('base64'),
-            size: buffer.length,
-          })
-
-          const uploadUrl =
-            'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/me/drive/root:/TeamsAttachments/' +
-            encodeURIComponent(file.name) +
-            ':/content'
-
-          logger.info(`[${requestId}] Uploading to Teams: ${uploadUrl}`)
-
-          const uploadResponse = await secureFetchWithValidation(
-            uploadUrl,
-            {
-              method: 'PUT',
-              headers: {
-                Authorization: `Bearer ${validatedData.accessToken}`,
-                'Content-Type': file.type || 'application/octet-stream',
-              },
-              body: buffer,
-            },
-            'uploadUrl'
-          )
-
-          if (!uploadResponse.ok) {
-            const errorData = (await uploadResponse
-              .json()
-              .catch(() => ({}))) as GraphApiErrorResponse
-            logger.error(`[${requestId}] Teams upload failed:`, errorData)
-            throw new Error(
-              `Failed to upload file to Teams: ${errorData.error?.message || 'Unknown error'}`
-            )
-          }
-
-          const uploadedFile = (await uploadResponse.json()) as GraphDriveItem
-          logger.info(`[${requestId}] File uploaded to Teams successfully`, {
-            id: uploadedFile.id,
-            webUrl: uploadedFile.webUrl,
-          })
-
-          const fileDetailsUrl = `https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/me/drive/items/${uploadedFile.id}?$select=id,name,webDavUrl,eTag,size`
-
-          const fileDetailsResponse = await secureFetchWithValidation(
-            fileDetailsUrl,
-            {
-              method: 'GET',
-              headers: {
-                Authorization: `Bearer ${validatedData.accessToken}`,
-              },
-            },
-            'fileDetailsUrl'
-          )
-
-          if (!fileDetailsResponse.ok) {
-            const errorData = (await fileDetailsResponse
-              .json()
-              .catch(() => ({}))) as GraphApiErrorResponse
-            logger.error(`[${requestId}] Failed to get file details:`, errorData)
-            throw new Error(
-              `Failed to get file details: ${errorData.error?.message || 'Unknown error'}`
-            )
-          }
-
-          const fileDetails = (await fileDetailsResponse.json()) as GraphDriveItem
-          logger.info(`[${requestId}] Got file details`, {
-            webDavUrl: fileDetails.webDavUrl,
-            eTag: fileDetails.eTag,
-          })
-
-          const attachmentId = fileDetails.eTag?.match(/\{([a-f0-9-]+)\}/i)?.[1] || fileDetails.id
-
-          attachments.push({
-            id: attachmentId,
-            contentType: 'reference',
-            contentUrl: fileDetails.webDavUrl,
-            name: file.name,
-          })
-
-          logger.info(`[${requestId}] Created attachment reference for ${file.name}`)
-        } catch (error) {
-          logger.error(`[${requestId}] Failed to process file ${file.name}:`, error)
-          throw new Error(
-            `Failed to process file "${file.name}": ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'}`
-          )
-        }
-      }
-
-      logger.info(
-        `[${requestId}] All ${attachments.length} file(s) uploaded and attachment references created`
-      )
-    }
+    const { attachments, filesOutput } = await uploadFilesForTeamsMessage({
+      rawFiles: validatedData.files || [],
+      accessToken: validatedData.accessToken,
+      requestId,
+      logger,
+    })
 
     let messageContent = validatedData.content
     let contentType: 'text' | 'html' = 'text'
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/pulse/parse/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/pulse/parse/route.ts
index 906f869d2..39dc9259a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/pulse/parse/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/pulse/parse/route.ts
@@ -7,15 +7,9 @@ import {
   validateUrlWithDNS,
 } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
-import { type StorageContext, StorageService } from '@/lib/uploads'
 import { RawFileInputSchema } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-schemas'
-import {
-  inferContextFromKey,
-  isInternalFileUrl,
-  processSingleFileToUserFile,
-} from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils'
-import { resolveInternalFileUrl } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server'
-import { verifyFileAccess } from '@/app/api/files/authorization'
+import { isInternalFileUrl } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils'
+import { resolveFileInputToUrl } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server'
 
 export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'
 
@@ -56,120 +50,31 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     const body = await request.json()
     const validatedData = PulseParseSchema.parse(body)
 
-    const fileInput = validatedData.file
-    let fileUrl = ''
-    if (fileInput) {
-      logger.info(`[${requestId}] Pulse parse request`, {
-        fileName: fileInput.name,
-        userId,
-      })
+    logger.info(`[${requestId}] Pulse parse request`, {
+      fileName: validatedData.file?.name,
+      filePath: validatedData.filePath,
+      isWorkspaceFile: validatedData.filePath ? isInternalFileUrl(validatedData.filePath) : false,
+      userId,
+    })
 
-      let userFile
-      try {
-        userFile = processSingleFileToUserFile(fileInput, requestId, logger)
-      } catch (error) {
-        return NextResponse.json(
-          {
-            success: false,
-            error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to process file',
-          },
-          { status: 400 }
-        )
-      }
+    const resolution = await resolveFileInputToUrl({
+      file: validatedData.file,
+      filePath: validatedData.filePath,
+      userId,
+      requestId,
+      logger,
+    })
 
-      fileUrl = userFile.url || ''
-      if (fileUrl && isInternalFileUrl(fileUrl)) {
-        const resolution = await resolveInternalFileUrl(fileUrl, userId, requestId, logger)
-        if (resolution.error) {
-          return NextResponse.json(
-            {
-              success: false,
-              error: resolution.error.message,
-            },
-            { status: resolution.error.status }
-          )
-        }
-        fileUrl = resolution.fileUrl || ''
-      }
-      if (!fileUrl && userFile.key) {
-        const context = (userFile.context as StorageContext) || inferContextFromKey(userFile.key)
-        const hasAccess = await verifyFileAccess(userFile.key, userId, undefined, context, false)
-        if (!hasAccess) {
-          logger.warn(`[${requestId}] Unauthorized presigned URL generation attempt`, {
-            userId,
-            key: userFile.key,
-            context,
-          })
-          return NextResponse.json(
-            {
-              success: false,
-              error: 'File not found',
-            },
-            { status: 404 }
-          )
-        }
-        fileUrl = await StorageService.generatePresignedDownloadUrl(userFile.key, context, 5 * 60)
-      }
-    } else if (validatedData.filePath) {
-      logger.info(`[${requestId}] Pulse parse request`, {
-        filePath: validatedData.filePath,
-        isWorkspaceFile: isInternalFileUrl(validatedData.filePath),
-        userId,
-      })
-
-      fileUrl = validatedData.filePath
-      const isInternalFilePath = isInternalFileUrl(validatedData.filePath)
-      if (isInternalFilePath) {
-        const resolution = await resolveInternalFileUrl(
-          validatedData.filePath,
-          userId,
-          requestId,
-          logger
-        )
-        if (resolution.error) {
-          return NextResponse.json(
-            {
-              success: false,
-              error: resolution.error.message,
-            },
-            { status: resolution.error.status }
-          )
-        }
-        fileUrl = resolution.fileUrl || fileUrl
-      } else if (validatedData.filePath.startsWith('/')) {
-        logger.warn(`[${requestId}] Invalid internal path`, {
-          userId,
-          path: validatedData.filePath.substring(0, 50),
-        })
-        return NextResponse.json(
-          {
-            success: false,
-            error: 'Invalid file path. Only uploaded files are supported for internal paths.',
-          },
-          { status: 400 }
-        )
-      } else {
-        const urlValidation = await validateUrlWithDNS(fileUrl, 'filePath')
-        if (!urlValidation.isValid) {
-          return NextResponse.json(
-            {
-              success: false,
-              error: urlValidation.error,
-            },
-            { status: 400 }
-          )
-        }
-      }
+    if (resolution.error) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { success: false, error: resolution.error.message },
+        { status: resolution.error.status }
+      )
     }
 
+    const fileUrl = resolution.fileUrl
     if (!fileUrl) {
-      return NextResponse.json(
-        {
-          success: false,
-          error: 'File input is required',
-        },
-        { status: 400 }
-      )
+      return NextResponse.json({ success: false, error: 'File input is required' }, { status: 400 })
     }
 
     const formData = new FormData()
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/reducto/parse/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/reducto/parse/route.ts
index 089733043..c526c8f2a 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/reducto/parse/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/reducto/parse/route.ts
@@ -7,15 +7,9 @@ import {
   validateUrlWithDNS,
 } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
-import { type StorageContext, StorageService } from '@/lib/uploads'
 import { RawFileInputSchema } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-schemas'
-import {
-  inferContextFromKey,
-  isInternalFileUrl,
-  processSingleFileToUserFile,
-} from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils'
-import { resolveInternalFileUrl } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server'
-import { verifyFileAccess } from '@/app/api/files/authorization'
+import { isInternalFileUrl } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils'
+import { resolveFileInputToUrl } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server'
 
 export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'
 
@@ -52,122 +46,31 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     const body = await request.json()
     const validatedData = ReductoParseSchema.parse(body)
 
-    const fileInput = validatedData.file
-    let fileUrl = ''
-    if (fileInput) {
-      logger.info(`[${requestId}] Reducto parse request`, {
-        fileName: fileInput.name,
-        userId,
-      })
+    logger.info(`[${requestId}] Reducto parse request`, {
+      fileName: validatedData.file?.name,
+      filePath: validatedData.filePath,
+      isWorkspaceFile: validatedData.filePath ? isInternalFileUrl(validatedData.filePath) : false,
+      userId,
+    })
 
-      let userFile
-      try {
-        userFile = processSingleFileToUserFile(fileInput, requestId, logger)
-      } catch (error) {
-        return NextResponse.json(
-          {
-            success: false,
-            error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to process file',
-          },
-          { status: 400 }
-        )
-      }
+    const resolution = await resolveFileInputToUrl({
+      file: validatedData.file,
+      filePath: validatedData.filePath,
+      userId,
+      requestId,
+      logger,
+    })
 
-      fileUrl = userFile.url || ''
-      if (fileUrl && isInternalFileUrl(fileUrl)) {
-        const resolution = await resolveInternalFileUrl(fileUrl, userId, requestId, logger)
-        if (resolution.error) {
-          return NextResponse.json(
-            {
-              success: false,
-              error: resolution.error.message,
-            },
-            { status: resolution.error.status }
-          )
-        }
-        fileUrl = resolution.fileUrl || ''
-      }
-      if (!fileUrl && userFile.key) {
-        const context = (userFile.context as StorageContext) || inferContextFromKey(userFile.key)
-        const hasAccess = await verifyFileAccess(userFile.key, userId, undefined, context, false)
-
-        if (!hasAccess) {
-          logger.warn(`[${requestId}] Unauthorized presigned URL generation attempt`, {
-            userId,
-            key: userFile.key,
-            context,
-          })
-          return NextResponse.json(
-            {
-              success: false,
-              error: 'File not found',
-            },
-            { status: 404 }
-          )
-        }
-
-        fileUrl = await StorageService.generatePresignedDownloadUrl(userFile.key, context, 5 * 60)
-      }
-    } else if (validatedData.filePath) {
-      logger.info(`[${requestId}] Reducto parse request`, {
-        filePath: validatedData.filePath,
-        isWorkspaceFile: isInternalFileUrl(validatedData.filePath),
-        userId,
-      })
-
-      fileUrl = validatedData.filePath
-      const isInternalFilePath = isInternalFileUrl(validatedData.filePath)
-      if (isInternalFilePath) {
-        const resolution = await resolveInternalFileUrl(
-          validatedData.filePath,
-          userId,
-          requestId,
-          logger
-        )
-        if (resolution.error) {
-          return NextResponse.json(
-            {
-              success: false,
-              error: resolution.error.message,
-            },
-            { status: resolution.error.status }
-          )
-        }
-        fileUrl = resolution.fileUrl || fileUrl
-      } else if (validatedData.filePath.startsWith('/')) {
-        logger.warn(`[${requestId}] Invalid internal path`, {
-          userId,
-          path: validatedData.filePath.substring(0, 50),
-        })
-        return NextResponse.json(
-          {
-            success: false,
-            error: 'Invalid file path. Only uploaded files are supported for internal paths.',
-          },
-          { status: 400 }
-        )
-      } else {
-        const urlValidation = await validateUrlWithDNS(fileUrl, 'filePath')
-        if (!urlValidation.isValid) {
-          return NextResponse.json(
-            {
-              success: false,
-              error: urlValidation.error,
-            },
-            { status: 400 }
-          )
-        }
-      }
+    if (resolution.error) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        { success: false, error: resolution.error.message },
+        { status: resolution.error.status }
+      )
     }
 
+    const fileUrl = resolution.fileUrl
     if (!fileUrl) {
-      return NextResponse.json(
-        {
-          success: false,
-          error: 'File input is required',
-        },
-        { status: 400 }
-      )
+      return NextResponse.json({ success: false, error: 'File input is required' }, { status: 400 })
     }
 
     const reductoBody: Record<string, unknown> = {
diff --git a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/stt/route.ts b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/stt/route.ts
index 9330d4da4..cab959741 100644
--- a/apps/sim/app/api/tools/stt/route.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/app/api/tools/stt/route.ts
@@ -575,8 +575,8 @@ async function transcribeWithAssemblyAI(
     audio_url: upload_url,
   }
 
-  // AssemblyAI only supports 'best', 'slam-1', or 'universal' for speech_model
-  if (model === 'best') {
+  // AssemblyAI supports 'best', 'slam-1', or 'universal' for speech_model
+  if (model === 'best' || model === 'slam-1' || model === 'universal') {
     transcriptRequest.speech_model = model
   }
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server.ts b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server.ts
index 440b2d92c..b759918d0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server.ts
@@ -12,10 +12,124 @@ import {
   extractStorageKey,
   inferContextFromKey,
   isInternalFileUrl,
+  processSingleFileToUserFile,
+  type RawFileInput,
 } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils'
 import { verifyFileAccess } from '@/app/api/files/authorization'
 import type { UserFile } from '@/executor/types'
 
+/**
+ * Result type for file input resolution
+ */
+export interface FileResolutionResult {
+  fileUrl?: string
+  error?: {
+    status: number
+    message: string
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Options for resolving file input to a URL
+ */
+export interface ResolveFileInputOptions {
+  file?: RawFileInput
+  filePath?: string
+  userId: string
+  requestId: string
+  logger: Logger
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolves file input (either a file object or filePath string) to a publicly accessible URL.
+ * Handles:
+ * - Processing raw file input via processSingleFileToUserFile
+ * - Resolving internal URLs via resolveInternalFileUrl
+ * - Generating presigned URLs for storage keys
+ * - Validating external URLs via validateUrlWithDNS
+ */
+export async function resolveFileInputToUrl(
+  options: ResolveFileInputOptions
+): Promise<FileResolutionResult> {
+  const { file, filePath, userId, requestId, logger } = options
+
+  if (file) {
+    let userFile: UserFile
+    try {
+      userFile = processSingleFileToUserFile(file, requestId, logger)
+    } catch (error) {
+      return {
+        error: {
+          status: 400,
+          message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to process file',
+        },
+      }
+    }
+
+    let fileUrl = userFile.url || ''
+
+    // Handle internal URLs
+    if (fileUrl && isInternalFileUrl(fileUrl)) {
+      const resolution = await resolveInternalFileUrl(fileUrl, userId, requestId, logger)
+      if (resolution.error) {
+        return { error: resolution.error }
+      }
+      fileUrl = resolution.fileUrl || ''
+    }
+
+    // Generate presigned URL if we have a key but no URL
+    if (!fileUrl && userFile.key) {
+      const context = (userFile.context as StorageContext) || inferContextFromKey(userFile.key)
+      const hasAccess = await verifyFileAccess(userFile.key, userId, undefined, context, false)
+
+      if (!hasAccess) {
+        logger.warn(`[${requestId}] Unauthorized presigned URL generation attempt`, {
+          userId,
+          key: userFile.key,
+          context,
+        })
+        return { error: { status: 404, message: 'File not found' } }
+      }
+
+      fileUrl = await StorageService.generatePresignedDownloadUrl(userFile.key, context, 5 * 60)
+    }
+
+    return { fileUrl }
+  }
+
+  if (filePath) {
+    let fileUrl = filePath
+
+    if (isInternalFileUrl(filePath)) {
+      const resolution = await resolveInternalFileUrl(filePath, userId, requestId, logger)
+      if (resolution.error) {
+        return { error: resolution.error }
+      }
+      fileUrl = resolution.fileUrl || fileUrl
+    } else if (filePath.startsWith('/')) {
+      logger.warn(`[${requestId}] Invalid internal path`, {
+        userId,
+        path: filePath.substring(0, 50),
+      })
+      return {
+        error: {
+          status: 400,
+          message: 'Invalid file path. Only uploaded files are supported for internal paths.',
+        },
+      }
+    } else {
+      const urlValidation = await validateUrlWithDNS(fileUrl, 'filePath')
+      if (!urlValidation.isValid) {
+        return { error: { status: 400, message: urlValidation.error || 'Invalid URL' } }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return { fileUrl }
+  }
+
+  return { error: { status: 400, message: 'File input is required' } }
+}
+
 /**
  * Download a file from a URL (internal or external)
  * For internal URLs, uses direct storage access (server-side only)
diff --git a/apps/sim/tools/microsoft_teams/utils.ts b/apps/sim/tools/microsoft_teams/utils.ts
index 501457471..5e14a0834 100644
--- a/apps/sim/tools/microsoft_teams/utils.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/tools/microsoft_teams/utils.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,172 @@
+import type { Logger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
-import type { MicrosoftTeamsAttachment } from '@/tools/microsoft_teams/types'
+import { secureFetchWithValidation } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
+import { processFilesToUserFiles } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils'
+import { downloadFileFromStorage } from '@/lib/uploads/utils/file-utils.server'
+import type { UserFile } from '@/executor/types'
+import type {
+  GraphApiErrorResponse,
+  GraphDriveItem,
+  MicrosoftTeamsAttachment,
+} from '@/tools/microsoft_teams/types'
 import type { ToolFileData } from '@/tools/types'
 
 const logger = createLogger('MicrosoftTeamsUtils')
 
+/** Maximum file size for Teams direct upload (4MB) */
+const MAX_TEAMS_FILE_SIZE = 4 * 1024 * 1024
+
+/** Output format for uploaded files */
+export interface TeamsFileOutput {
+  name: string
+  mimeType: string
+  data: string
+  size: number
+}
+
+/** Attachment reference for Teams message */
+export interface TeamsAttachmentRef {
+  id: string
+  contentType: 'reference'
+  contentUrl: string
+  name: string
+}
+
+/** Result from processing and uploading files for Teams */
+export interface TeamsFileUploadResult {
+  attachments: TeamsAttachmentRef[]
+  filesOutput: TeamsFileOutput[]
+}
+
+/**
+ * Process and upload files to OneDrive for Teams message attachments.
+ * Handles size validation, downloading from storage, uploading to OneDrive,
+ * and creating attachment references.
+ */
+export async function uploadFilesForTeamsMessage(params: {
+  rawFiles: unknown[]
+  accessToken: string
+  requestId: string
+  logger: Logger
+}): Promise<TeamsFileUploadResult> {
+  const { rawFiles, accessToken, requestId, logger: log } = params
+  const attachments: TeamsAttachmentRef[] = []
+  const filesOutput: TeamsFileOutput[] = []
+
+  if (!rawFiles || rawFiles.length === 0) {
+    return { attachments, filesOutput }
+  }
+
+  log.info(`[${requestId}] Processing ${rawFiles.length} file(s) for upload to OneDrive`)
+
+  const userFiles = processFilesToUserFiles(rawFiles, requestId, log) as UserFile[]
+
+  for (const file of userFiles) {
+    // Check size limit
+    if (file.size > MAX_TEAMS_FILE_SIZE) {
+      const sizeMB = (file.size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2)
+      log.error(
+        `[${requestId}] File ${file.name} is ${sizeMB}MB, exceeds 4MB limit for direct upload`
+      )
+      throw new Error(
+        `File "${file.name}" (${sizeMB}MB) exceeds the 4MB limit for Teams attachments. Use smaller files or upload to SharePoint/OneDrive first.`
+      )
+    }
+
+    log.info(`[${requestId}] Uploading file to Teams: ${file.name} (${file.size} bytes)`)
+
+    // Download file from storage
+    const buffer = await downloadFileFromStorage(file, requestId, log)
+    filesOutput.push({
+      name: file.name,
+      mimeType: file.type || 'application/octet-stream',
+      data: buffer.toString('base64'),
+      size: buffer.length,
+    })
+
+    // Upload to OneDrive
+    const uploadUrl =
+      'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/me/drive/root:/TeamsAttachments/' +
+      encodeURIComponent(file.name) +
+      ':/content'
+
+    log.info(`[${requestId}] Uploading to OneDrive: ${uploadUrl}`)
+
+    const uploadResponse = await secureFetchWithValidation(
+      uploadUrl,
+      {
+        method: 'PUT',
+        headers: {
+          Authorization: `Bearer ${accessToken}`,
+          'Content-Type': file.type || 'application/octet-stream',
+        },
+        body: buffer,
+      },
+      'uploadUrl'
+    )
+
+    if (!uploadResponse.ok) {
+      const errorData = (await uploadResponse.json().catch(() => ({}))) as GraphApiErrorResponse
+      log.error(`[${requestId}] Teams upload failed:`, errorData)
+      throw new Error(
+        `Failed to upload file to Teams: ${errorData.error?.message || 'Unknown error'}`
+      )
+    }
+
+    const uploadedFile = (await uploadResponse.json()) as GraphDriveItem
+    log.info(`[${requestId}] File uploaded to OneDrive successfully`, {
+      id: uploadedFile.id,
+      webUrl: uploadedFile.webUrl,
+    })
+
+    // Get file details for attachment reference
+    const fileDetailsUrl = `https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/me/drive/items/${uploadedFile.id}?$select=id,name,webDavUrl,eTag,size`
+
+    const fileDetailsResponse = await secureFetchWithValidation(
+      fileDetailsUrl,
+      {
+        method: 'GET',
+        headers: {
+          Authorization: `Bearer ${accessToken}`,
+        },
+      },
+      'fileDetailsUrl'
+    )
+
+    if (!fileDetailsResponse.ok) {
+      const errorData = (await fileDetailsResponse
+        .json()
+        .catch(() => ({}))) as GraphApiErrorResponse
+      log.error(`[${requestId}] Failed to get file details:`, errorData)
+      throw new Error(`Failed to get file details: ${errorData.error?.message || 'Unknown error'}`)
+    }
+
+    const fileDetails = (await fileDetailsResponse.json()) as GraphDriveItem
+    log.info(`[${requestId}] Got file details`, {
+      webDavUrl: fileDetails.webDavUrl,
+      eTag: fileDetails.eTag,
+    })
+
+    // Create attachment reference
+    const attachmentId = fileDetails.eTag?.match(/\{([a-f0-9-]+)\}/i)?.[1] || fileDetails.id
+
+    attachments.push({
+      id: attachmentId,
+      contentType: 'reference',
+      contentUrl: fileDetails.webDavUrl!,
+      name: file.name,
+    })
+
+    log.info(`[${requestId}] Created attachment reference for ${file.name}`)
+  }
+
+  log.info(
+    `[${requestId}] All ${attachments.length} file(s) uploaded and attachment references created`
+  )
+
+  return { attachments, filesOutput }
+}
+
 interface ParsedMention {
   name: string
   fullTag: string