plugged in new mcp event based system and create sse route to publish notifs

- Guard concurrent connect() calls in connection manager with connectingServers Set
- Suppress post-disconnect notification handler firing in MCP client
- Clean up Redis event listeners in pub/sub dispose()
- Add tests for all three hardening fixes (11 new tests)

apps/sim/app/api/mcp/events/route.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for MCP SSE events endpoint
+ *
+ * @vitest-environment node
+ */
+import { createMockRequest, mockAuth, mockConsoleLogger } from '@sim/testing'
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+mockConsoleLogger()
+const auth = mockAuth()
+
+const mockGetUserEntityPermissions = vi.fn()
+vi.doMock('@/lib/workspaces/permissions/utils', () => ({
+  getUserEntityPermissions: mockGetUserEntityPermissions,
+}))
+
+vi.doMock('@/lib/mcp/connection-manager', () => ({
+  mcpConnectionManager: null,
+}))
+
+vi.doMock('@/lib/mcp/pubsub', () => ({
+  mcpPubSub: null,
+}))
+
+const { GET } = await import('./route')
+
+describe('MCP Events SSE Endpoint', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('returns 401 when session is missing', async () => {
+    auth.setUnauthenticated()
+
+    const request = createMockRequest(
+      'GET',
+      undefined,
+      {},
+      'http://localhost:3000/api/mcp/events?workspaceId=ws-123'
+    )
+
+    const response = await GET(request as any)
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(401)
+    const text = await response.text()
+    expect(text).toBe('Unauthorized')
+  })
+
+  it('returns 400 when workspaceId is missing', async () => {
+    auth.setAuthenticated()
+
+    const request = createMockRequest('GET', undefined, {}, 'http://localhost:3000/api/mcp/events')
+
+    const response = await GET(request as any)
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(400)
+    const text = await response.text()
+    expect(text).toBe('Missing workspaceId query parameter')
+  })
+
+  it('returns 403 when user lacks workspace access', async () => {
+    auth.setAuthenticated()
+    mockGetUserEntityPermissions.mockResolvedValue(null)
+
+    const request = createMockRequest(
+      'GET',
+      undefined,
+      {},
+      'http://localhost:3000/api/mcp/events?workspaceId=ws-123'
+    )
+
+    const response = await GET(request as any)
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(403)
+    const text = await response.text()
+    expect(text).toBe('Access denied to workspace')
+    expect(mockGetUserEntityPermissions).toHaveBeenCalledWith('user-123', 'workspace', 'ws-123')
+  })
+
+  it('returns SSE stream when authorized', async () => {
+    auth.setAuthenticated()
+    mockGetUserEntityPermissions.mockResolvedValue({ read: true })
+
+    const request = createMockRequest(
+      'GET',
+      undefined,
+      {},
+      'http://localhost:3000/api/mcp/events?workspaceId=ws-123'
+    )
+
+    const response = await GET(request as any)
+
+    expect(response.status).toBe(200)
+    expect(response.headers.get('Content-Type')).toBe('text/event-stream')
+    expect(response.headers.get('Cache-Control')).toBe('no-cache')
+    expect(response.headers.get('Connection')).toBe('keep-alive')
+  })
+})

apps/sim/app/api/mcp/events/route.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/**
+ * SSE endpoint for MCP tool-change events.
+ *
+ * Pushes `tools_changed` events to the browser when:
+ *  - An external MCP server sends `notifications/tools/list_changed` (via connection manager)
+ *  - A workflow CRUD route modifies workflow MCP server tools (via pub/sub)
+ *
+ * Auth is handled via session cookies (EventSource sends cookies automatically).
+ */
+
+import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'
+import { getSession } from '@/lib/auth'
+import { SSE_HEADERS } from '@/lib/core/utils/sse'
+import { mcpConnectionManager } from '@/lib/mcp/connection-manager'
+import { mcpPubSub } from '@/lib/mcp/pubsub'
+import { getUserEntityPermissions } from '@/lib/workspaces/permissions/utils'
+
+const logger = createLogger('McpEventsSSE')
+
+export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'
+
+const HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_MS = 30_000
+
+export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
+  const session = await getSession()
+  if (!session?.user?.id) {
+    return new Response('Unauthorized', { status: 401 })
+  }
+
+  const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url)
+  const workspaceId = searchParams.get('workspaceId')
+  if (!workspaceId) {
+    return new Response('Missing workspaceId query parameter', { status: 400 })
+  }
+
+  const permissions = await getUserEntityPermissions(session.user.id, 'workspace', workspaceId)
+  if (!permissions) {
+    return new Response('Access denied to workspace', { status: 403 })
+  }
+
+  const encoder = new TextEncoder()
+  const unsubscribers: Array<() => void> = []
+
+  const stream = new ReadableStream({
+    start(controller) {
+      const send = (eventName: string, data: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+        try {
+          controller.enqueue(
+            encoder.encode(`event: ${eventName}\ndata: ${JSON.stringify(data)}\n\n`)
+          )
+        } catch {
+          // Stream already closed
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Subscribe to external MCP server tool changes
+      if (mcpConnectionManager) {
+        const unsub = mcpConnectionManager.subscribe((event) => {
+          if (event.workspaceId !== workspaceId) return
+          send('tools_changed', {
+            source: 'external',
+            serverId: event.serverId,
+            timestamp: event.timestamp,
+          })
+        })
+        unsubscribers.push(unsub)
+      }
+
+      // Subscribe to workflow CRUD tool changes
+      if (mcpPubSub) {
+        const unsub = mcpPubSub.onWorkflowToolsChanged((event) => {
+          if (event.workspaceId !== workspaceId) return
+          send('tools_changed', {
+            source: 'workflow',
+            serverId: event.serverId,
+            timestamp: Date.now(),
+          })
+        })
+        unsubscribers.push(unsub)
+      }
+
+      // Heartbeat to keep the connection alive
+      const heartbeat = setInterval(() => {
+        try {
+          controller.enqueue(encoder.encode(': heartbeat\n\n'))
+        } catch {
+          clearInterval(heartbeat)
+        }
+      }, HEARTBEAT_INTERVAL_MS)
+      unsubscribers.push(() => clearInterval(heartbeat))
+
+      // Cleanup when client disconnects
+      request.signal.addEventListener('abort', () => {
+        for (const unsub of unsubscribers) {
+          unsub()
+        }
+        try {
+          controller.close()
+        } catch {
+          // Already closed
+        }
+        logger.info(`SSE connection closed for workspace ${workspaceId}`)
+      })
+
+      logger.info(`SSE connection opened for workspace ${workspaceId}`)
+    },
+  })
+
+  return new Response(stream, { headers: SSE_HEADERS })
+}

apps/sim/app/api/mcp/workflow-servers/[id]/route.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { and, eq } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'
 import { getParsedBody, withMcpAuth } from '@/lib/mcp/middleware'
+import { mcpPubSub } from '@/lib/mcp/pubsub'
 import { createMcpErrorResponse, createMcpSuccessResponse } from '@/lib/mcp/utils'
 
 const logger = createLogger('WorkflowMcpServerAPI')
@@ -146,6 +147,8 @@ export const DELETE = withMcpAuth<RouteParams>('admin')(
 
       logger.info(`[${requestId}] Successfully deleted workflow MCP server: ${serverId}`)
 
+      mcpPubSub?.publishWorkflowToolsChanged({ serverId, workspaceId })
+
       return createMcpSuccessResponse({ message: `Server ${serverId} deleted successfully` })
     } catch (error) {
       logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error deleting workflow MCP server:`, error)

apps/sim/app/api/mcp/workflow-servers/[id]/tools/[toolId]/route.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { and, eq } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'
 import { getParsedBody, withMcpAuth } from '@/lib/mcp/middleware'
+import { mcpPubSub } from '@/lib/mcp/pubsub'
 import { createMcpErrorResponse, createMcpSuccessResponse } from '@/lib/mcp/utils'
 import { sanitizeToolName } from '@/lib/mcp/workflow-tool-schema'
 
@@ -115,6 +116,8 @@ export const PATCH = withMcpAuth<RouteParams>('write')(
 
       logger.info(`[${requestId}] Successfully updated tool ${toolId}`)
 
+      mcpPubSub?.publishWorkflowToolsChanged({ serverId, workspaceId })
+
       return createMcpSuccessResponse({ tool: updatedTool })
     } catch (error) {
       logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error updating tool:`, error)
@@ -160,6 +163,8 @@ export const DELETE = withMcpAuth<RouteParams>('write')(
 
       logger.info(`[${requestId}] Successfully deleted tool ${toolId}`)
 
+      mcpPubSub?.publishWorkflowToolsChanged({ serverId, workspaceId })
+
       return createMcpSuccessResponse({ message: `Tool ${toolId} deleted successfully` })
     } catch (error) {
       logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error deleting tool:`, error)

apps/sim/app/api/mcp/workflow-servers/[id]/tools/route.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { and, eq } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'
 import { getParsedBody, withMcpAuth } from '@/lib/mcp/middleware'
+import { mcpPubSub } from '@/lib/mcp/pubsub'
 import { createMcpErrorResponse, createMcpSuccessResponse } from '@/lib/mcp/utils'
 import { sanitizeToolName } from '@/lib/mcp/workflow-tool-schema'
 import { hasValidStartBlock } from '@/lib/workflows/triggers/trigger-utils.server'
@@ -188,6 +189,8 @@ export const POST = withMcpAuth<RouteParams>('write')(
         `[${requestId}] Successfully added tool ${toolName} (workflow: ${body.workflowId}) to server ${serverId}`
       )
 
+      mcpPubSub?.publishWorkflowToolsChanged({ serverId, workspaceId })
+
       return createMcpSuccessResponse({ tool }, 201)
     } catch (error) {
       logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error adding tool:`, error)

apps/sim/app/api/mcp/workflow-servers/route.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { eq, inArray, sql } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server'
 import { getParsedBody, withMcpAuth } from '@/lib/mcp/middleware'
+import { mcpPubSub } from '@/lib/mcp/pubsub'
 import { createMcpErrorResponse, createMcpSuccessResponse } from '@/lib/mcp/utils'
 import { sanitizeToolName } from '@/lib/mcp/workflow-tool-schema'
 import { hasValidStartBlock } from '@/lib/workflows/triggers/trigger-utils.server'
@@ -174,6 +175,10 @@ export const POST = withMcpAuth('write')(
           `[${requestId}] Added ${addedTools.length} tools to server ${serverId}:`,
           addedTools.map((t) => t.toolName)
         )
+
+        if (addedTools.length > 0) {
+          mcpPubSub?.publishWorkflowToolsChanged({ serverId, workspaceId })
+        }
       }
 
       logger.info(

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/deploy/components/deploy-modal/components/api/api.tsx

@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ interface ApiDeployProps {
   deploymentInfo: WorkflowDeploymentInfo | null
   isLoading: boolean
   needsRedeployment: boolean
-  apiDeployError: string | null
   getInputFormatExample: (includeStreaming?: boolean) => string
   selectedStreamingOutputs: string[]
   onSelectedStreamingOutputsChange: (outputs: string[]) => void
@@ -63,7 +62,6 @@ export function ApiDeploy({
   deploymentInfo,
   isLoading,
   needsRedeployment,
-  apiDeployError,
   getInputFormatExample,
   selectedStreamingOutputs,
   onSelectedStreamingOutputsChange,
@@ -419,12 +417,6 @@ console.log(limits);`
   if (isLoading || !info) {
     return (
       <div className='space-y-[16px]'>
-        {apiDeployError && (
-          <div className='rounded-[4px] border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-destructive text-sm'>
-            <div className='font-semibold'>API Deployment Error</div>
-            <div>{apiDeployError}</div>
-          </div>
-        )}
         <div>
           <Skeleton className='mb-[6.5px] h-[16px] w-[62px]' />
           <Skeleton className='h-[28px] w-[260px] rounded-[4px]' />
@@ -443,13 +435,6 @@ console.log(limits);`
 
   return (
     <div className='space-y-[16px]'>
-      {apiDeployError && (
-        <div className='rounded-[4px] border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-destructive text-sm'>
-          <div className='font-semibold'>API Deployment Error</div>
-          <div>{apiDeployError}</div>
-        </div>
-      )}
-
       <div>
         <div className='mb-[6.5px] flex items-center justify-between'>
           <Label className='block pl-[2px] font-medium text-[13px] text-[var(--text-primary)]'>

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/deploy/components/deploy-modal/deploy-modal.tsx

@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ export function DeployModal({
   const workflowWorkspaceId = workflowMetadata?.workspaceId ?? null
   const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState<TabView>('general')
   const [chatSubmitting, setChatSubmitting] = useState(false)
-  const [apiDeployError, setApiDeployError] = useState<string | null>(null)
+  const [deployError, setDeployError] = useState<string | null>(null)
-  const [apiDeployWarnings, setApiDeployWarnings] = useState<string[]>([])
+  const [deployWarnings, setDeployWarnings] = useState<string[]>([])
   const [isChatFormValid, setIsChatFormValid] = useState(false)
   const [selectedStreamingOutputs, setSelectedStreamingOutputs] = useState<string[]>([])
 
@@ -225,8 +225,8 @@ export function DeployModal({
   useEffect(() => {
     if (open && workflowId) {
       setActiveTab('general')
-      setApiDeployError(null)
+      setDeployError(null)
-      setApiDeployWarnings([])
+      setDeployWarnings([])
     }
   }, [open, workflowId])
 
@@ -281,19 +281,19 @@ export function DeployModal({
   const onDeploy = useCallback(async () => {
     if (!workflowId) return
 
-    setApiDeployError(null)
+    setDeployError(null)
-    setApiDeployWarnings([])
+    setDeployWarnings([])
 
     try {
       const result = await deployMutation.mutateAsync({ workflowId, deployChatEnabled: false })
       if (result.warnings && result.warnings.length > 0) {
-        setApiDeployWarnings(result.warnings)
+        setDeployWarnings(result.warnings)
       }
       await refetchDeployedState()
     } catch (error: unknown) {
       logger.error('Error deploying workflow:', { error })
       const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to deploy workflow'
-      setApiDeployError(errorMessage)
+      setDeployError(errorMessage)
     }
   }, [workflowId, deployMutation, refetchDeployedState])
 
@@ -301,12 +301,12 @@ export function DeployModal({
     async (version: number) => {
       if (!workflowId) return
 
-      setApiDeployWarnings([])
+      setDeployWarnings([])
 
       try {
         const result = await activateVersionMutation.mutateAsync({ workflowId, version })
         if (result.warnings && result.warnings.length > 0) {
-          setApiDeployWarnings(result.warnings)
+          setDeployWarnings(result.warnings)
         }
         await refetchDeployedState()
       } catch (error) {
@@ -332,26 +332,26 @@ export function DeployModal({
   const handleRedeploy = useCallback(async () => {
     if (!workflowId) return
 
-    setApiDeployError(null)
+    setDeployError(null)
-    setApiDeployWarnings([])
+    setDeployWarnings([])
 
     try {
       const result = await deployMutation.mutateAsync({ workflowId, deployChatEnabled: false })
       if (result.warnings && result.warnings.length > 0) {
-        setApiDeployWarnings(result.warnings)
+        setDeployWarnings(result.warnings)
       }
       await refetchDeployedState()
     } catch (error: unknown) {
       logger.error('Error redeploying workflow:', { error })
       const errorMessage = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Failed to redeploy workflow'
-      setApiDeployError(errorMessage)
+      setDeployError(errorMessage)
     }
   }, [workflowId, deployMutation, refetchDeployedState])
 
   const handleCloseModal = useCallback(() => {
     setChatSubmitting(false)
-    setApiDeployError(null)
+    setDeployError(null)
-    setApiDeployWarnings([])
+    setDeployWarnings([])
     onOpenChange(false)
   }, [onOpenChange])
 
@@ -483,17 +483,23 @@ export function DeployModal({
             </ModalTabsList>
 
             <ModalBody className='min-h-0 flex-1'>
-              {apiDeployError && (
+              {(deployError || deployWarnings.length > 0) && (
-                <div className='mb-3 rounded-[4px] border border-destructive/30 bg-destructive/10 p-3 text-destructive text-sm'>
+                <div className='mb-3 flex flex-col gap-2'>
-                  <div className='font-semibold'>Deployment Error</div>
+                  {deployError && (
-                  <div>{apiDeployError}</div>
+                    <Badge variant='red' size='lg' dot className='max-w-full truncate'>
-                </div>
+                      {deployError}
-              )}
+                    </Badge>
-              {apiDeployWarnings.length > 0 && (
+                  )}
-                <div className='mb-3 rounded-[4px] border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/10 p-3 text-amber-700 text-sm dark:text-amber-400'>
+                  {deployWarnings.map((warning, index) => (
-                  <div className='font-semibold'>Deployment Warning</div>
+                    <Badge
-                  {apiDeployWarnings.map((warning, index) => (
+                      key={index}
-                    <div key={index}>{warning}</div>
+                      variant='amber'
+                      size='lg'
+                      dot
+                      className='max-w-full truncate'
+                    >
+                      {warning}
+                    </Badge>
                   ))}
                 </div>
               )}
@@ -515,7 +521,6 @@ export function DeployModal({
                   deploymentInfo={deploymentInfo}
                   isLoading={isLoadingDeploymentInfo}
                   needsRedeployment={needsRedeployment}
-                  apiDeployError={apiDeployError}
                   getInputFormatExample={getInputFormatExample}
                   selectedStreamingOutputs={selectedStreamingOutputs}
                   onSelectedStreamingOutputsChange={setSelectedStreamingOutputs}

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/editor/components/sub-block/components/tool-input/tool-input.tsx

@@ -62,7 +62,12 @@ import {
   type CustomTool as CustomToolDefinition,
   useCustomTools,
 } from '@/hooks/queries/custom-tools'
-import { useForceRefreshMcpTools, useMcpServers, useStoredMcpTools } from '@/hooks/queries/mcp'
+import {
+  useForceRefreshMcpTools,
+  useMcpServers,
+  useMcpToolsEvents,
+  useStoredMcpTools,
+} from '@/hooks/queries/mcp'
 import {
   useChildDeploymentStatus,
   useDeployChildWorkflow,
@@ -1035,6 +1040,7 @@ export const ToolInput = memo(function ToolInput({
   const { data: mcpServers = [], isLoading: mcpServersLoading } = useMcpServers(workspaceId)
   const { data: storedMcpTools = [] } = useStoredMcpTools(workspaceId)
   const forceRefreshMcpTools = useForceRefreshMcpTools()
+  useMcpToolsEvents(workspaceId)
   const openSettingsModal = useSettingsModalStore((state) => state.openModal)
   const mcpDataLoading = mcpLoading || mcpServersLoading
 

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/terminal/terminal.tsx

@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ export const Terminal = memo(function Terminal() {
       <aside
         ref={terminalRef}
         className={clsx(
-          'terminal-container fixed right-[var(--panel-width)] bottom-0 left-[var(--sidebar-width)] z-10 overflow-hidden bg-[var(--surface-1)]',
+          'terminal-container fixed right-[var(--panel-width)] bottom-0 left-[var(--sidebar-width)] z-10 overflow-hidden border-[var(--border)] border-t bg-[var(--surface-1)]',
           isToggling && 'transition-[height] duration-100 ease-out'
         )}
         onTransitionEnd={handleTransitionEnd}
@@ -1160,7 +1160,7 @@ export const Terminal = memo(function Terminal() {
         tabIndex={-1}
         aria-label='Terminal'
       >
-        <div className='relative flex h-full border-[var(--border)] border-t'>
+        <div className='relative flex h-full'>
           {/* Left Section - Logs */}
           <div
             className={clsx('flex flex-col', !selectedEntry && 'flex-1')}

apps/sim/hooks/queries/mcp.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { useEffect } from 'react'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { keepPreviousData, useMutation, useQuery, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'
 import { sanitizeForHttp, sanitizeHeaders } from '@/lib/mcp/shared'
@@ -359,3 +360,65 @@ export function useStoredMcpTools(workspaceId: string) {
     staleTime: 60 * 1000,
   })
 }
+
+/**
+ * Shared EventSource connections keyed by workspaceId.
+ * Reference-counted so the connection is closed when the last consumer unmounts.
+ * Attached to `globalThis` so connections survive HMR in development.
+ */
+const SSE_KEY = '__mcp_sse_connections' as const
+
+type SseEntry = { source: EventSource; refs: number }
+
+const sseConnections: Map<string, SseEntry> =
+  ((globalThis as Record<string, unknown>)[SSE_KEY] as Map<string, SseEntry>) ??
+  ((globalThis as Record<string, unknown>)[SSE_KEY] = new Map<string, SseEntry>())
+
+/**
+ * Subscribe to MCP tool-change SSE events for a workspace.
+ * On each `tools_changed` event, invalidates the relevant React Query caches
+ * so the UI refreshes automatically.
+ */
+export function useMcpToolsEvents(workspaceId: string) {
+  const queryClient = useQueryClient()
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!workspaceId) return
+
+    const invalidate = () => {
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: mcpKeys.tools(workspaceId) })
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: mcpKeys.servers(workspaceId) })
+      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: mcpKeys.storedTools(workspaceId) })
+    }
+
+    let entry = sseConnections.get(workspaceId)
+
+    if (!entry) {
+      const source = new EventSource(`/api/mcp/events?workspaceId=${workspaceId}`)
+
+      source.addEventListener('tools_changed', () => {
+        invalidate()
+      })
+
+      source.onerror = () => {
+        logger.warn(`SSE connection error for workspace ${workspaceId}`)
+      }
+
+      entry = { source, refs: 0 }
+      sseConnections.set(workspaceId, entry)
+    }
+
+    entry.refs++
+
+    return () => {
+      const current = sseConnections.get(workspaceId)
+      if (!current) return
+
+      current.refs--
+      if (current.refs <= 0) {
+        current.source.close()
+        sseConnections.delete(workspaceId)
+      }
+    }
+  }, [workspaceId, queryClient])
+}

apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/**
+ * @vitest-environment node
+ */
+import { loggerMock } from '@sim/testing'
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+vi.mock('@sim/logger', () => loggerMock)
+
+/**
+ * Capture the notification handler registered via `client.setNotificationHandler()`.
+ * This lets us simulate the MCP SDK delivering a `tools/list_changed` notification.
+ */
+let capturedNotificationHandler: (() => Promise<void>) | null = null
+
+vi.mock('@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/index.js', () => ({
+  Client: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => ({
+    connect: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+    close: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+    getServerVersion: vi.fn().mockReturnValue('2025-06-18'),
+    getServerCapabilities: vi.fn().mockReturnValue({ tools: { listChanged: true } }),
+    setNotificationHandler: vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockImplementation((_schema: unknown, handler: () => Promise<void>) => {
+        capturedNotificationHandler = handler
+      }),
+    listTools: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ tools: [] }),
+  })),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/streamableHttp.js', () => ({
+  StreamableHTTPClientTransport: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => ({
+    onclose: null,
+    sessionId: 'test-session',
+  })),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/types.js', () => ({
+  ToolListChangedNotificationSchema: { method: 'notifications/tools/list_changed' },
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/core/execution-limits', () => ({
+  getMaxExecutionTimeout: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(30000),
+}))
+
+import { McpClient } from './client'
+import type { McpServerConfig } from './types'
+
+function createConfig(): McpServerConfig {
+  return {
+    id: 'server-1',
+    name: 'Test Server',
+    transport: 'streamable-http',
+    url: 'https://test.example.com/mcp',
+  }
+}
+
+describe('McpClient notification handler', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    capturedNotificationHandler = null
+  })
+
+  it('fires onToolsChanged when a notification arrives while connected', async () => {
+    const onToolsChanged = vi.fn()
+
+    const client = new McpClient({
+      config: createConfig(),
+      securityPolicy: { requireConsent: false, auditLevel: 'basic' },
+      onToolsChanged,
+    })
+
+    await client.connect()
+
+    expect(capturedNotificationHandler).not.toBeNull()
+
+    await capturedNotificationHandler!()
+
+    expect(onToolsChanged).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(onToolsChanged).toHaveBeenCalledWith('server-1')
+  })
+
+  it('suppresses notifications after disconnect', async () => {
+    const onToolsChanged = vi.fn()
+
+    const client = new McpClient({
+      config: createConfig(),
+      securityPolicy: { requireConsent: false, auditLevel: 'basic' },
+      onToolsChanged,
+    })
+
+    await client.connect()
+    expect(capturedNotificationHandler).not.toBeNull()
+
+    await client.disconnect()
+    await capturedNotificationHandler!()
+
+    expect(onToolsChanged).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('does not register a notification handler when onToolsChanged is not provided', async () => {
+    const client = new McpClient({
+      config: createConfig(),
+      securityPolicy: { requireConsent: false, auditLevel: 'basic' },
+    })
+
+    await client.connect()
+
+    expect(capturedNotificationHandler).toBeNull()
+  })
+})

apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts

@@ -10,10 +10,15 @@
 
 import { Client } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/index.js'
 import { StreamableHTTPClientTransport } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/streamableHttp.js'
-import type { ListToolsResult, Tool } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/types.js'
+import {
+  type ListToolsResult,
+  type Tool,
+  ToolListChangedNotificationSchema,
+} from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/types.js'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getMaxExecutionTimeout } from '@/lib/core/execution-limits'
 import {
+  type McpClientOptions,
   McpConnectionError,
   type McpConnectionStatus,
   type McpConsentRequest,
@@ -24,6 +29,7 @@ import {
   type McpTool,
   type McpToolCall,
   type McpToolResult,
+  type McpToolsChangedCallback,
   type McpVersionInfo,
 } from '@/lib/mcp/types'
 
@@ -35,6 +41,7 @@ export class McpClient {
   private config: McpServerConfig
   private connectionStatus: McpConnectionStatus
   private securityPolicy: McpSecurityPolicy
+  private onToolsChanged?: McpToolsChangedCallback
   private isConnected = false
 
   private static readonly SUPPORTED_VERSIONS = [
@@ -44,23 +51,36 @@ export class McpClient {
   ]
 
   /**
-   * Creates a new MCP client
+   * Creates a new MCP client.
    *
-   * No session ID parameter (we disconnect after each operation).
+   * Accepts either the legacy (config, securityPolicy?) signature
-   * The SDK handles session management automatically via Mcp-Session-Id header.
+   * or a single McpClientOptions object with an optional onToolsChanged callback.
-   *
-   * @param config - Server configuration
-   * @param securityPolicy - Optional security policy
    */
-  constructor(config: McpServerConfig, securityPolicy?: McpSecurityPolicy) {
+  constructor(config: McpServerConfig, securityPolicy?: McpSecurityPolicy)
-    this.config = config
+  constructor(options: McpClientOptions)
-    this.connectionStatus = { connected: false }
+  constructor(
-    this.securityPolicy = securityPolicy ?? {
+    configOrOptions: McpServerConfig | McpClientOptions,
-      requireConsent: true,
+    securityPolicy?: McpSecurityPolicy
-      auditLevel: 'basic',
+  ) {
-      maxToolExecutionsPerHour: 1000,
+    if ('config' in configOrOptions) {
+      this.config = configOrOptions.config
+      this.securityPolicy = configOrOptions.securityPolicy ?? {
+        requireConsent: true,
+        auditLevel: 'basic',
+        maxToolExecutionsPerHour: 1000,
+      }
+      this.onToolsChanged = configOrOptions.onToolsChanged
+    } else {
+      this.config = configOrOptions
+      this.securityPolicy = securityPolicy ?? {
+        requireConsent: true,
+        auditLevel: 'basic',
+        maxToolExecutionsPerHour: 1000,
+      }
     }
 
+    this.connectionStatus = { connected: false }
+
     if (!this.config.url) {
       throw new McpError('URL required for Streamable HTTP transport')
     }
@@ -79,16 +99,15 @@ export class McpClient {
       {
         capabilities: {
           tools: {},
-          // Resources and prompts can be added later
-          // resources: {},
-          // prompts: {},
         },
       }
     )
   }
 
   /**
-   * Initialize connection to MCP server
+   * Initialize connection to MCP server.
+   * If an `onToolsChanged` callback was provided, registers a notification handler
+   * for `notifications/tools/list_changed` after connecting.
    */
   async connect(): Promise<void> {
     logger.info(`Connecting to MCP server: ${this.config.name} (${this.config.transport})`)
@@ -100,6 +119,15 @@ export class McpClient {
       this.connectionStatus.connected = true
       this.connectionStatus.lastConnected = new Date()
 
+      if (this.onToolsChanged) {
+        this.client.setNotificationHandler(ToolListChangedNotificationSchema, async () => {
+          if (!this.isConnected) return
+          logger.info(`[${this.config.name}] Received tools/list_changed notification`)
+          this.onToolsChanged?.(this.config.id)
+        })
+        logger.info(`[${this.config.name}] Registered tools/list_changed notification handler`)
+      }
+
       const serverVersion = this.client.getServerVersion()
       logger.info(`Successfully connected to MCP server: ${this.config.name}`, {
         protocolVersion: serverVersion,
@@ -241,6 +269,23 @@ export class McpClient {
     return !!serverCapabilities?.[capability]
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Check if the server declared `capabilities.tools.listChanged: true` during initialization.
+   */
+  hasListChangedCapability(): boolean {
+    const caps = this.client.getServerCapabilities()
+    const toolsCap = caps?.tools as Record<string, unknown> | undefined
+    return !!toolsCap?.listChanged
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register a callback to be invoked when the underlying transport closes.
+   * Used by the connection manager for reconnection logic.
+   */
+  onClose(callback: () => void): void {
+    this.transport.onclose = callback
+  }
+
   /**
    * Get server configuration
    */

apps/sim/lib/mcp/connection-manager.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+/**
+ * @vitest-environment node
+ */
+import { loggerMock } from '@sim/testing'
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+interface MockMcpClient {
+  connect: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+  disconnect: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+  hasListChangedCapability: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+  onClose: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>
+}
+
+/** Deferred promise to control when `client.connect()` resolves. */
+function createDeferred<T = void>() {
+  let resolve!: (value: T) => void
+  const promise = new Promise<T>((res) => {
+    resolve = res
+  })
+  return { promise, resolve }
+}
+
+function serverConfig(id: string, name = `Server ${id}`) {
+  return {
+    id,
+    name,
+    transport: 'streamable-http' as const,
+    url: `https://${id}.example.com/mcp`,
+  }
+}
+
+/** Shared setup: resets modules and applies base mocks. */
+function setupBaseMocks() {
+  vi.resetModules()
+  vi.doMock('@sim/logger', () => loggerMock)
+  vi.doMock('@/lib/core/config/feature-flags', () => ({ isTest: false }))
+  vi.doMock('@/lib/mcp/pubsub', () => ({
+    mcpPubSub: { onToolsChanged: vi.fn(() => vi.fn()), publishToolsChanged: vi.fn() },
+  }))
+}
+
+describe('McpConnectionManager', () => {
+  let manager: {
+    connect: (...args: unknown[]) => Promise<{ supportsListChanged: boolean }>
+    dispose: () => void
+  } | null = null
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    manager?.dispose()
+    manager = null
+  })
+
+  describe('concurrent connect() guard', () => {
+    it('creates only one client when two connect() calls race for the same serverId', async () => {
+      setupBaseMocks()
+
+      const deferred = createDeferred()
+      const instances: MockMcpClient[] = []
+
+      vi.doMock('./client', () => ({
+        McpClient: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
+          const instance: MockMcpClient = {
+            connect: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => deferred.promise),
+            disconnect: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+            hasListChangedCapability: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(true),
+            onClose: vi.fn(),
+          }
+          instances.push(instance)
+          return instance
+        }),
+      }))
+
+      const { mcpConnectionManager: mgr } = await import('./connection-manager')
+      manager = mgr
+
+      const config = serverConfig('server-1')
+
+      const p1 = mgr.connect(config, 'user-1', 'ws-1')
+      const p2 = mgr.connect(config, 'user-1', 'ws-1')
+
+      deferred.resolve()
+      const [r1, r2] = await Promise.all([p1, p2])
+
+      expect(instances).toHaveLength(1)
+      expect(r1.supportsListChanged).toBe(true)
+      expect(r2.supportsListChanged).toBe(false)
+    })
+
+    it('allows a new connect() after a previous one completes', async () => {
+      setupBaseMocks()
+
+      const instances: MockMcpClient[] = []
+
+      vi.doMock('./client', () => ({
+        McpClient: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
+          const instance: MockMcpClient = {
+            connect: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+            disconnect: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+            hasListChangedCapability: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
+            onClose: vi.fn(),
+          }
+          instances.push(instance)
+          return instance
+        }),
+      }))
+
+      const { mcpConnectionManager: mgr } = await import('./connection-manager')
+      manager = mgr
+
+      const config = serverConfig('server-2')
+
+      const r1 = await mgr.connect(config, 'user-1', 'ws-1')
+      expect(r1.supportsListChanged).toBe(false)
+
+      const r2 = await mgr.connect(config, 'user-1', 'ws-1')
+      expect(r2.supportsListChanged).toBe(false)
+
+      expect(instances).toHaveLength(2)
+    })
+
+    it('cleans up connectingServers when connect() throws', async () => {
+      setupBaseMocks()
+
+      let callCount = 0
+      const instances: MockMcpClient[] = []
+
+      vi.doMock('./client', () => ({
+        McpClient: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
+          callCount++
+          const instance: MockMcpClient = {
+            connect:
+              callCount === 1
+                ? vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('Connection refused'))
+                : vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+            disconnect: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+            hasListChangedCapability: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(true),
+            onClose: vi.fn(),
+          }
+          instances.push(instance)
+          return instance
+        }),
+      }))
+
+      const { mcpConnectionManager: mgr } = await import('./connection-manager')
+      manager = mgr
+
+      const config = serverConfig('server-3')
+
+      const r1 = await mgr.connect(config, 'user-1', 'ws-1')
+      expect(r1.supportsListChanged).toBe(false)
+
+      const r2 = await mgr.connect(config, 'user-1', 'ws-1')
+      expect(r2.supportsListChanged).toBe(true)
+      expect(instances).toHaveLength(2)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('dispose', () => {
+    it('rejects new connections after dispose', async () => {
+      setupBaseMocks()
+
+      vi.doMock('./client', () => ({
+        McpClient: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => ({
+          connect: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+          disconnect: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+          hasListChangedCapability: vi.fn().mockReturnValue(true),
+          onClose: vi.fn(),
+        })),
+      }))
+
+      const { mcpConnectionManager: mgr } = await import('./connection-manager')
+      manager = mgr
+
+      mgr.dispose()
+
+      const result = await mgr.connect(serverConfig('server-4'), 'user-1', 'ws-1')
+      expect(result.supportsListChanged).toBe(false)
+    })
+  })
+})

apps/sim/lib/mcp/connection-manager.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+/**
+ * MCP Connection Manager
+ *
+ * Maintains persistent connections to MCP servers that support
+ * `notifications/tools/list_changed`. When a notification arrives,
+ * the manager invalidates the tools cache and emits a ToolsChangedEvent
+ * so the frontend SSE endpoint can push updates to browsers.
+ *
+ * Servers that do not support `listChanged` fall back to the existing
+ * stale-time cache approach — no persistent connection is kept.
+ */
+
+import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import { isTest } from '@/lib/core/config/feature-flags'
+import { McpClient } from '@/lib/mcp/client'
+import { mcpPubSub } from '@/lib/mcp/pubsub'
+import type {
+  ManagedConnectionState,
+  McpServerConfig,
+  McpToolsChangedCallback,
+  ToolsChangedEvent,
+} from '@/lib/mcp/types'
+
+const logger = createLogger('McpConnectionManager')
+
+const MAX_CONNECTIONS = 50
+const MAX_RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS = 10
+const BASE_RECONNECT_DELAY_MS = 1000
+const IDLE_TIMEOUT_MS = 30 * 60 * 1000 // 30 minutes
+const IDLE_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000 // 5 minutes
+
+type ToolsChangedListener = (event: ToolsChangedEvent) => void
+
+class McpConnectionManager {
+  private connections = new Map<string, McpClient>()
+  private states = new Map<string, ManagedConnectionState>()
+  private reconnectTimers = new Map<string, ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>()
+  private listeners = new Set<ToolsChangedListener>()
+  private connectingServers = new Set<string>()
+  private idleCheckTimer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null
+  private disposed = false
+  private unsubscribePubSub?: () => void
+
+  constructor() {
+    if (mcpPubSub) {
+      this.unsubscribePubSub = mcpPubSub.onToolsChanged((event) => {
+        this.notifyLocalListeners(event)
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Subscribe to tools-changed events from any managed connection.
+   * Returns an unsubscribe function.
+   */
+  subscribe(listener: ToolsChangedListener): () => void {
+    this.listeners.add(listener)
+    return () => {
+      this.listeners.delete(listener)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Establish a persistent connection to an MCP server.
+   * If the server supports `listChanged`, the connection is kept alive
+   * and notifications are forwarded to subscribers.
+   *
+   * If the server does NOT support `listChanged`, the client is disconnected
+   * immediately — there's nothing to listen for.
+   */
+  async connect(
+    config: McpServerConfig,
+    userId: string,
+    workspaceId: string
+  ): Promise<{ supportsListChanged: boolean }> {
+    if (this.disposed) {
+      logger.warn('Connection manager is disposed, ignoring connect request')
+      return { supportsListChanged: false }
+    }
+
+    const serverId = config.id
+
+    if (this.connections.has(serverId) || this.connectingServers.has(serverId)) {
+      logger.info(`[${config.name}] Already has a managed connection or is connecting, skipping`)
+      const state = this.states.get(serverId)
+      return { supportsListChanged: state?.supportsListChanged ?? false }
+    }
+
+    if (this.connections.size >= MAX_CONNECTIONS) {
+      logger.warn(`Max connections (${MAX_CONNECTIONS}) reached, cannot connect to ${config.name}`)
+      return { supportsListChanged: false }
+    }
+
+    this.connectingServers.add(serverId)
+
+    try {
+      const onToolsChanged: McpToolsChangedCallback = (sid) => {
+        this.handleToolsChanged(sid)
+      }
+
+      const client = new McpClient({
+        config,
+        securityPolicy: {
+          requireConsent: false,
+          auditLevel: 'basic',
+          maxToolExecutionsPerHour: 1000,
+        },
+        onToolsChanged,
+      })
+
+      try {
+        await client.connect()
+      } catch (error) {
+        logger.error(`[${config.name}] Failed to connect for persistent monitoring:`, error)
+        return { supportsListChanged: false }
+      }
+
+      const supportsListChanged = client.hasListChangedCapability()
+
+      if (!supportsListChanged) {
+        logger.info(
+          `[${config.name}] Server does not support listChanged — disconnecting (fallback to cache)`
+        )
+        await client.disconnect()
+        return { supportsListChanged: false }
+      }
+
+      this.connections.set(serverId, client)
+      this.states.set(serverId, {
+        serverId,
+        serverName: config.name,
+        workspaceId,
+        userId,
+        connected: true,
+        supportsListChanged: true,
+        reconnectAttempts: 0,
+        lastActivity: Date.now(),
+      })
+
+      client.onClose(() => {
+        this.handleDisconnect(config, userId, workspaceId)
+      })
+
+      this.ensureIdleCheck()
+
+      logger.info(`[${config.name}] Persistent connection established (listChanged supported)`)
+      return { supportsListChanged: true }
+    } finally {
+      this.connectingServers.delete(serverId)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Disconnect a managed connection.
+   */
+  async disconnect(serverId: string): Promise<void> {
+    this.clearReconnectTimer(serverId)
+
+    const client = this.connections.get(serverId)
+    if (client) {
+      try {
+        await client.disconnect()
+      } catch (error) {
+        logger.warn(`Error disconnecting managed client ${serverId}:`, error)
+      }
+      this.connections.delete(serverId)
+    }
+
+    this.states.delete(serverId)
+    logger.info(`Managed connection removed: ${serverId}`)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check whether a managed connection exists for the given server.
+   */
+  hasConnection(serverId: string): boolean {
+    return this.connections.has(serverId)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get connection state for a server.
+   */
+  getState(serverId: string): ManagedConnectionState | undefined {
+    return this.states.get(serverId)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get all managed connection states (for diagnostics).
+   */
+  getAllStates(): ManagedConnectionState[] {
+    return [...this.states.values()]
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dispose all connections and timers.
+   */
+  dispose(): void {
+    this.disposed = true
+
+    this.unsubscribePubSub?.()
+
+    for (const timer of this.reconnectTimers.values()) {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+    }
+    this.reconnectTimers.clear()
+
+    if (this.idleCheckTimer) {
+      clearInterval(this.idleCheckTimer)
+      this.idleCheckTimer = null
+    }
+
+    const disconnects = [...this.connections.entries()].map(async ([id, client]) => {
+      try {
+        await client.disconnect()
+      } catch (error) {
+        logger.warn(`Error disconnecting ${id} during dispose:`, error)
+      }
+    })
+
+    Promise.allSettled(disconnects).then(() => {
+      logger.info('Connection manager disposed')
+    })
+
+    this.connections.clear()
+    this.states.clear()
+    this.listeners.clear()
+    this.connectingServers.clear()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Notify only process-local listeners.
+   * Called by the pub/sub subscription (receives events from all processes).
+   */
+  private notifyLocalListeners(event: ToolsChangedEvent): void {
+    for (const listener of this.listeners) {
+      try {
+        listener(event)
+      } catch (error) {
+        logger.error('Error in tools-changed listener:', error)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle a tools/list_changed notification from an external MCP server.
+   * Publishes to pub/sub so all processes are notified.
+   */
+  private handleToolsChanged(serverId: string): void {
+    const state = this.states.get(serverId)
+    if (!state) return
+
+    state.lastActivity = Date.now()
+
+    const event: ToolsChangedEvent = {
+      serverId,
+      serverName: state.serverName,
+      workspaceId: state.workspaceId,
+      timestamp: Date.now(),
+    }
+
+    logger.info(`[${state.serverName}] Tools changed — publishing to pub/sub`)
+
+    mcpPubSub?.publishToolsChanged(event)
+  }
+
+  private handleDisconnect(config: McpServerConfig, userId: string, workspaceId: string): void {
+    const serverId = config.id
+    const state = this.states.get(serverId)
+
+    if (!state || this.disposed) return
+
+    state.connected = false
+    this.connections.delete(serverId)
+
+    logger.warn(`[${config.name}] Persistent connection lost, scheduling reconnect`)
+
+    this.scheduleReconnect(config, userId, workspaceId)
+  }
+
+  private scheduleReconnect(config: McpServerConfig, userId: string, workspaceId: string): void {
+    const serverId = config.id
+    const state = this.states.get(serverId)
+
+    if (!state || this.disposed) return
+
+    if (state.reconnectAttempts >= MAX_RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS) {
+      logger.error(
+        `[${config.name}] Max reconnect attempts (${MAX_RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS}) reached — giving up`
+      )
+      this.states.delete(serverId)
+      return
+    }
+
+    const delay = Math.min(BASE_RECONNECT_DELAY_MS * 2 ** state.reconnectAttempts, 60_000)
+    state.reconnectAttempts++
+
+    logger.info(
+      `[${config.name}] Reconnecting in ${delay}ms (attempt ${state.reconnectAttempts}/${MAX_RECONNECT_ATTEMPTS})`
+    )
+
+    this.clearReconnectTimer(serverId)
+
+    const timer = setTimeout(async () => {
+      this.reconnectTimers.delete(serverId)
+
+      if (this.disposed) return
+
+      try {
+        this.connections.delete(serverId)
+        this.states.delete(serverId)
+
+        const result = await this.connect(config, userId, workspaceId)
+        if (result.supportsListChanged) {
+          const newState = this.states.get(serverId)
+          if (newState) {
+            newState.reconnectAttempts = 0
+          }
+          logger.info(`[${config.name}] Reconnected successfully`)
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        logger.error(`[${config.name}] Reconnect failed:`, error)
+        this.scheduleReconnect(config, userId, workspaceId)
+      }
+    }, delay)
+
+    this.reconnectTimers.set(serverId, timer)
+  }
+
+  private clearReconnectTimer(serverId: string): void {
+    const timer = this.reconnectTimers.get(serverId)
+    if (timer) {
+      clearTimeout(timer)
+      this.reconnectTimers.delete(serverId)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private ensureIdleCheck(): void {
+    if (this.idleCheckTimer) return
+
+    this.idleCheckTimer = setInterval(() => {
+      const now = Date.now()
+      for (const [serverId, state] of this.states) {
+        if (now - state.lastActivity > IDLE_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+          logger.info(
+            `[${state.serverName}] Idle timeout reached, disconnecting managed connection`
+          )
+          this.disconnect(serverId)
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (this.states.size === 0 && this.idleCheckTimer) {
+        clearInterval(this.idleCheckTimer)
+        this.idleCheckTimer = null
+      }
+    }, IDLE_CHECK_INTERVAL_MS)
+  }
+}
+
+export const mcpConnectionManager = isTest
+  ? (null as unknown as McpConnectionManager)
+  : new McpConnectionManager()

apps/sim/lib/mcp/pubsub.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/**
+ * @vitest-environment node
+ */
+import { createMockRedis, loggerMock, type MockRedis } from '@sim/testing'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+/** Extend the @sim/testing Redis mock with the methods RedisMcpPubSub uses. */
+function createPubSubRedis(): MockRedis & { removeAllListeners: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> } {
+  const mock = createMockRedis()
+  // ioredis subscribe invokes a callback as the last argument
+  mock.subscribe.mockImplementation((...args: unknown[]) => {
+    const cb = args[args.length - 1]
+    if (typeof cb === 'function') (cb as (err: null) => void)(null)
+  })
+  // on() returns `this` for chaining in ioredis
+  mock.on.mockReturnThis()
+  return { ...mock, removeAllListeners: vi.fn().mockReturnThis() }
+}
+
+/** Shared setup: resets modules and applies base mocks. Returns the two Redis instances. */
+async function setupPubSub() {
+  const instances: ReturnType<typeof createPubSubRedis>[] = []
+
+  vi.resetModules()
+  vi.doMock('@sim/logger', () => loggerMock)
+  vi.doMock('@/lib/core/config/env', () => ({ env: { REDIS_URL: 'redis://localhost:6379' } }))
+  vi.doMock('ioredis', () => ({
+    default: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => {
+      const instance = createPubSubRedis()
+      instances.push(instance)
+      return instance
+    }),
+  }))
+
+  const { mcpPubSub } = await import('./pubsub')
+  const [pub, sub] = instances
+
+  return { mcpPubSub, pub, sub, instances }
+}
+
+describe('RedisMcpPubSub', () => {
+  it('creates two Redis clients (pub and sub)', async () => {
+    const { mcpPubSub, instances } = await setupPubSub()
+
+    expect(instances).toHaveLength(2)
+    mcpPubSub.dispose()
+  })
+
+  it('registers error, connect, and message listeners', async () => {
+    const { mcpPubSub, pub, sub } = await setupPubSub()
+
+    const pubEvents = pub.on.mock.calls.map((c: unknown[]) => c[0])
+    const subEvents = sub.on.mock.calls.map((c: unknown[]) => c[0])
+
+    expect(pubEvents).toContain('error')
+    expect(pubEvents).toContain('connect')
+    expect(subEvents).toContain('error')
+    expect(subEvents).toContain('connect')
+    expect(subEvents).toContain('message')
+
+    mcpPubSub.dispose()
+  })
+
+  describe('dispose', () => {
+    it('calls removeAllListeners on both pub and sub before quit', async () => {
+      const { mcpPubSub, pub, sub } = await setupPubSub()
+
+      mcpPubSub.dispose()
+
+      expect(pub.removeAllListeners).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+      expect(sub.removeAllListeners).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+      expect(sub.unsubscribe).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+      expect(pub.quit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+      expect(sub.quit).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    })
+
+    it('drops publish calls after dispose', async () => {
+      const { mcpPubSub, pub } = await setupPubSub()
+
+      mcpPubSub.dispose()
+      pub.publish.mockClear()
+
+      mcpPubSub.publishToolsChanged({
+        serverId: 'srv-1',
+        serverName: 'Test',
+        workspaceId: 'ws-1',
+        timestamp: Date.now(),
+      })
+
+      expect(pub.publish).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+  })
+})

apps/sim/lib/mcp/pubsub.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+/**
+ * MCP Pub/Sub Adapter
+ *
+ * Broadcasts MCP notification events across processes using Redis Pub/Sub.
+ * Gracefully falls back to process-local EventEmitter when Redis is unavailable.
+ *
+ * Two channels:
+ *  - `mcp:tools_changed` — external MCP server sent a listChanged notification
+ *    (published by connection manager, consumed by events SSE endpoint)
+ *  - `mcp:workflow_tools_changed` — workflow CRUD modified a workflow MCP server's tools
+ *    (published by serve route, consumed by serve route on other processes to push to local SSE clients)
+ */
+
+import { EventEmitter } from 'events'
+import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
+import Redis from 'ioredis'
+import { env } from '@/lib/core/config/env'
+import type { ToolsChangedEvent, WorkflowToolsChangedEvent } from '@/lib/mcp/types'
+
+const logger = createLogger('McpPubSub')
+
+const CHANNEL_TOOLS_CHANGED = 'mcp:tools_changed'
+const CHANNEL_WORKFLOW_TOOLS_CHANGED = 'mcp:workflow_tools_changed'
+
+type ToolsChangedHandler = (event: ToolsChangedEvent) => void
+type WorkflowToolsChangedHandler = (event: WorkflowToolsChangedEvent) => void
+
+interface McpPubSubAdapter {
+  publishToolsChanged(event: ToolsChangedEvent): void
+  publishWorkflowToolsChanged(event: WorkflowToolsChangedEvent): void
+  onToolsChanged(handler: ToolsChangedHandler): () => void
+  onWorkflowToolsChanged(handler: WorkflowToolsChangedHandler): () => void
+  dispose(): void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Redis-backed pub/sub adapter.
+ * Uses dedicated pub and sub clients (ioredis requires separate connections for subscribers).
+ */
+class RedisMcpPubSub implements McpPubSubAdapter {
+  private pub: Redis
+  private sub: Redis
+  private toolsChangedHandlers = new Set<ToolsChangedHandler>()
+  private workflowToolsChangedHandlers = new Set<WorkflowToolsChangedHandler>()
+  private disposed = false
+
+  constructor(redisUrl: string) {
+    const commonOpts = {
+      keepAlive: 1000,
+      connectTimeout: 10000,
+      maxRetriesPerRequest: null as unknown as number,
+      enableOfflineQueue: true,
+      retryStrategy: (times: number) => {
+        if (times > 10) return 30000
+        return Math.min(times * 500, 5000)
+      },
+    }
+
+    this.pub = new Redis(redisUrl, { ...commonOpts, connectionName: 'mcp-pubsub-pub' })
+    this.sub = new Redis(redisUrl, { ...commonOpts, connectionName: 'mcp-pubsub-sub' })
+
+    this.pub.on('error', (err) => logger.error('MCP pub/sub publish client error:', err.message))
+    this.sub.on('error', (err) => logger.error('MCP pub/sub subscribe client error:', err.message))
+    this.pub.on('connect', () => logger.info('MCP pub/sub publish client connected'))
+    this.sub.on('connect', () => logger.info('MCP pub/sub subscribe client connected'))
+
+    this.sub.subscribe(CHANNEL_TOOLS_CHANGED, CHANNEL_WORKFLOW_TOOLS_CHANGED, (err) => {
+      if (err) {
+        logger.error('Failed to subscribe to MCP pub/sub channels:', err)
+      } else {
+        logger.info('Subscribed to MCP pub/sub channels')
+      }
+    })
+
+    this.sub.on('message', (channel: string, message: string) => {
+      try {
+        const parsed = JSON.parse(message)
+        if (channel === CHANNEL_TOOLS_CHANGED) {
+          for (const handler of this.toolsChangedHandlers) {
+            try {
+              handler(parsed as ToolsChangedEvent)
+            } catch (err) {
+              logger.error('Error in tools_changed handler:', err)
+            }
+          }
+        } else if (channel === CHANNEL_WORKFLOW_TOOLS_CHANGED) {
+          for (const handler of this.workflowToolsChangedHandlers) {
+            try {
+              handler(parsed as WorkflowToolsChangedEvent)
+            } catch (err) {
+              logger.error('Error in workflow_tools_changed handler:', err)
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      } catch (err) {
+        logger.error('Failed to parse pub/sub message:', err)
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  publishToolsChanged(event: ToolsChangedEvent): void {
+    if (this.disposed) return
+    this.pub.publish(CHANNEL_TOOLS_CHANGED, JSON.stringify(event)).catch((err) => {
+      logger.error('Failed to publish tools_changed:', err)
+    })
+  }
+
+  publishWorkflowToolsChanged(event: WorkflowToolsChangedEvent): void {
+    if (this.disposed) return
+    this.pub.publish(CHANNEL_WORKFLOW_TOOLS_CHANGED, JSON.stringify(event)).catch((err) => {
+      logger.error('Failed to publish workflow_tools_changed:', err)
+    })
+  }
+
+  onToolsChanged(handler: ToolsChangedHandler): () => void {
+    this.toolsChangedHandlers.add(handler)
+    return () => {
+      this.toolsChangedHandlers.delete(handler)
+    }
+  }
+
+  onWorkflowToolsChanged(handler: WorkflowToolsChangedHandler): () => void {
+    this.workflowToolsChangedHandlers.add(handler)
+    return () => {
+      this.workflowToolsChangedHandlers.delete(handler)
+    }
+  }
+
+  dispose(): void {
+    this.disposed = true
+    this.toolsChangedHandlers.clear()
+    this.workflowToolsChangedHandlers.clear()
+
+    this.pub.removeAllListeners()
+    this.sub.removeAllListeners()
+
+    this.sub.unsubscribe().catch(() => {})
+    this.pub.quit().catch(() => {})
+    this.sub.quit().catch(() => {})
+    logger.info('Redis MCP pub/sub disposed')
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Process-local fallback using EventEmitter.
+ * Used when Redis is not configured — notifications only reach listeners in the same process.
+ */
+class LocalMcpPubSub implements McpPubSubAdapter {
+  private emitter = new EventEmitter()
+
+  constructor() {
+    this.emitter.setMaxListeners(100)
+    logger.info('MCP pub/sub: Using process-local EventEmitter (Redis not configured)')
+  }
+
+  publishToolsChanged(event: ToolsChangedEvent): void {
+    this.emitter.emit(CHANNEL_TOOLS_CHANGED, event)
+  }
+
+  publishWorkflowToolsChanged(event: WorkflowToolsChangedEvent): void {
+    this.emitter.emit(CHANNEL_WORKFLOW_TOOLS_CHANGED, event)
+  }
+
+  onToolsChanged(handler: ToolsChangedHandler): () => void {
+    this.emitter.on(CHANNEL_TOOLS_CHANGED, handler)
+    return () => {
+      this.emitter.off(CHANNEL_TOOLS_CHANGED, handler)
+    }
+  }
+
+  onWorkflowToolsChanged(handler: WorkflowToolsChangedHandler): () => void {
+    this.emitter.on(CHANNEL_WORKFLOW_TOOLS_CHANGED, handler)
+    return () => {
+      this.emitter.off(CHANNEL_WORKFLOW_TOOLS_CHANGED, handler)
+    }
+  }
+
+  dispose(): void {
+    this.emitter.removeAllListeners()
+    logger.info('Local MCP pub/sub disposed')
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create the appropriate pub/sub adapter based on Redis availability.
+ */
+function createMcpPubSub(): McpPubSubAdapter {
+  const redisUrl = env.REDIS_URL
+
+  if (redisUrl) {
+    try {
+      logger.info('MCP pub/sub: Using Redis')
+      return new RedisMcpPubSub(redisUrl)
+    } catch (err) {
+      logger.error('Failed to create Redis pub/sub, falling back to local:', err)
+      return new LocalMcpPubSub()
+    }
+  }
+
+  return new LocalMcpPubSub()
+}
+
+export const mcpPubSub: McpPubSubAdapter =
+  typeof window !== 'undefined' ? (null as unknown as McpPubSubAdapter) : createMcpPubSub()

apps/sim/lib/mcp/service.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { and, eq, isNull } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import { isTest } from '@/lib/core/config/feature-flags'
 import { generateRequestId } from '@/lib/core/utils/request'
 import { McpClient } from '@/lib/mcp/client'
+import { mcpConnectionManager } from '@/lib/mcp/connection-manager'
 import { resolveMcpConfigEnvVars } from '@/lib/mcp/resolve-config'
 import {
   createMcpCacheAdapter,
@@ -31,16 +32,24 @@ const logger = createLogger('McpService')
 class McpService {
   private cacheAdapter: McpCacheStorageAdapter
   private readonly cacheTimeout = MCP_CONSTANTS.CACHE_TIMEOUT
+  private unsubscribeConnectionManager?: () => void
 
   constructor() {
     this.cacheAdapter = createMcpCacheAdapter()
     logger.info(`MCP Service initialized with ${getMcpCacheType()} cache`)
+
+    if (mcpConnectionManager) {
+      this.unsubscribeConnectionManager = mcpConnectionManager.subscribe((event) => {
+        this.clearCache(event.workspaceId)
+      })
+    }
   }
 
   /**
    * Dispose of the service and cleanup resources
    */
   dispose(): void {
+    this.unsubscribeConnectionManager?.()
     this.cacheAdapter.dispose()
     logger.info('MCP Service disposed')
   }
@@ -328,7 +337,7 @@ class McpService {
             logger.debug(
               `[${requestId}] Discovered ${tools.length} tools from server ${config.name}`
             )
-            return { serverId: config.id, tools }
+            return { serverId: config.id, tools, resolvedConfig }
           } finally {
             await client.disconnect()
           }
@@ -364,6 +373,21 @@ class McpService {
         logger.error(`[${requestId}] Error updating server statuses:`, err)
       })
 
+      // Fire-and-forget persistent connections for servers that support listChanged
+      if (mcpConnectionManager) {
+        for (const [index, result] of results.entries()) {
+          if (result.status === 'fulfilled') {
+            const { resolvedConfig } = result.value
+            mcpConnectionManager.connect(resolvedConfig, userId, workspaceId).catch((err) => {
+              logger.warn(
+                `[${requestId}] Persistent connection failed for ${servers[index].name}:`,
+                err
+              )
+            })
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
       if (failedCount === 0) {
         try {
           await this.cacheAdapter.set(cacheKey, allTools, this.cacheTimeout)

apps/sim/lib/mcp/types.ts

@@ -147,6 +147,52 @@ export interface McpServerSummary {
   error?: string
 }
 
+/**
+ * Callback invoked when an MCP server sends a `notifications/tools/list_changed` notification.
+ */
+export type McpToolsChangedCallback = (serverId: string) => void
+
+/**
+ * Options for creating an McpClient with notification support.
+ */
+export interface McpClientOptions {
+  config: McpServerConfig
+  securityPolicy?: McpSecurityPolicy
+  onToolsChanged?: McpToolsChangedCallback
+}
+
+/**
+ * Event emitted by the connection manager when a server's tools change.
+ */
+export interface ToolsChangedEvent {
+  serverId: string
+  serverName: string
+  workspaceId: string
+  timestamp: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * State of a managed persistent connection.
+ */
+export interface ManagedConnectionState {
+  serverId: string
+  serverName: string
+  workspaceId: string
+  userId: string
+  connected: boolean
+  supportsListChanged: boolean
+  reconnectAttempts: number
+  lastActivity: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Event emitted when workflow CRUD modifies a workflow MCP server's tools.
+ */
+export interface WorkflowToolsChangedEvent {
+  serverId: string
+  workspaceId: string
+}
+
 export interface McpApiResponse<T = unknown> {
   success: boolean
   data?: T

apps/sim/providers/index.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ import {
   calculateCost,
   generateStructuredOutputInstructions,
   shouldBillModelUsage,
+  supportsReasoningEffort,
   supportsTemperature,
+  supportsThinking,
+  supportsVerbosity,
 } from '@/providers/utils'
 
 const logger = createLogger('Providers')
@@ -21,11 +24,24 @@ export const MAX_TOOL_ITERATIONS = 20
 
 function sanitizeRequest(request: ProviderRequest): ProviderRequest {
   const sanitizedRequest = { ...request }
+  const model = sanitizedRequest.model
 
-  if (sanitizedRequest.model && !supportsTemperature(sanitizedRequest.model)) {
+  if (model && !supportsTemperature(model)) {
     sanitizedRequest.temperature = undefined
   }
 
+  if (model && !supportsReasoningEffort(model)) {
+    sanitizedRequest.reasoningEffort = undefined
+  }
+
+  if (model && !supportsVerbosity(model)) {
+    sanitizedRequest.verbosity = undefined
+  }
+
+  if (model && !supportsThinking(model)) {
+    sanitizedRequest.thinkingLevel = undefined
+  }
+
   return sanitizedRequest
 }
 

apps/sim/providers/utils.test.ts

@@ -33,8 +33,11 @@ import {
   prepareToolExecution,
   prepareToolsWithUsageControl,
   shouldBillModelUsage,
+  supportsReasoningEffort,
   supportsTemperature,
+  supportsThinking,
   supportsToolUsageControl,
+  supportsVerbosity,
   updateOllamaProviderModels,
 } from '@/providers/utils'
 
@@ -333,6 +336,82 @@ describe('Model Capabilities', () => {
     )
   })
 
+  describe('supportsReasoningEffort', () => {
+    it.concurrent('should return true for models with reasoning effort capability', () => {
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('gpt-5')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('gpt-5-mini')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('gpt-5.1')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('gpt-5.2')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('o3')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('o4-mini')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('azure/gpt-5')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('azure/o3')).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it.concurrent('should return false for models without reasoning effort capability', () => {
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('gpt-4o')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('gpt-4.1')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('claude-sonnet-4-5')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('claude-opus-4-6')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('gemini-2.5-flash')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('unknown-model')).toBe(false)
+    })
+
+    it.concurrent('should be case-insensitive', () => {
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('GPT-5')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('O3')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsReasoningEffort('GPT-4O')).toBe(false)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('supportsVerbosity', () => {
+    it.concurrent('should return true for models with verbosity capability', () => {
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('gpt-5')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('gpt-5-mini')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('gpt-5.1')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('gpt-5.2')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('azure/gpt-5')).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it.concurrent('should return false for models without verbosity capability', () => {
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('gpt-4o')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('o3')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('o4-mini')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('claude-sonnet-4-5')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('unknown-model')).toBe(false)
+    })
+
+    it.concurrent('should be case-insensitive', () => {
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('GPT-5')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsVerbosity('GPT-4O')).toBe(false)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('supportsThinking', () => {
+    it.concurrent('should return true for models with thinking capability', () => {
+      expect(supportsThinking('claude-opus-4-6')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsThinking('claude-opus-4-5')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsThinking('claude-sonnet-4-5')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsThinking('claude-sonnet-4-0')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsThinking('claude-haiku-4-5')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsThinking('gemini-3-pro-preview')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsThinking('gemini-3-flash-preview')).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it.concurrent('should return false for models without thinking capability', () => {
+      expect(supportsThinking('gpt-4o')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsThinking('gpt-5')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsThinking('o3')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsThinking('deepseek-v3')).toBe(false)
+      expect(supportsThinking('unknown-model')).toBe(false)
+    })
+
+    it.concurrent('should be case-insensitive', () => {
+      expect(supportsThinking('CLAUDE-OPUS-4-6')).toBe(true)
+      expect(supportsThinking('GPT-4O')).toBe(false)
+    })
+  })
+
   describe('Model Constants', () => {
     it.concurrent('should have correct models in MODELS_TEMP_RANGE_0_2', () => {
       expect(MODELS_TEMP_RANGE_0_2).toContain('gpt-4o')

apps/sim/providers/utils.ts

@@ -959,6 +959,18 @@ export function supportsTemperature(model: string): boolean {
   return supportsTemperatureFromDefinitions(model)
 }
 
+export function supportsReasoningEffort(model: string): boolean {
+  return MODELS_WITH_REASONING_EFFORT.includes(model.toLowerCase())
+}
+
+export function supportsVerbosity(model: string): boolean {
+  return MODELS_WITH_VERBOSITY.includes(model.toLowerCase())
+}
+
+export function supportsThinking(model: string): boolean {
+  return MODELS_WITH_THINKING.includes(model.toLowerCase())
+}
+
 /**
  * Get the maximum temperature value for a model
  * @returns Maximum temperature value (1 or 2) or undefined if temperature not supported