diff --git a/test/test_rangeify.py b/test/test_rangeify.py
index 45f121a874..d0a4eea1c1 100644
--- a/test/test_rangeify.py
+++ b/test/test_rangeify.py
@@ -28,29 +28,67 @@ class TestRangeifyEdgeCase(unittest.TestCase):
     res = Tensor.cat(a, c, dim=0)
     self.assertEqual(res.numpy()[-1, :16].tolist(), [512] * 16)
 
+if getenv("BIG") > 2:
+  # llama 8B (8192)
+  BS, HEADS, SEQLEN, EMB = 4, 32, 8192, 128
+elif getenv("BIG") > 1:
+  # llama 8B
+  BS, HEADS, SEQLEN, EMB = 4, 32, 2048, 128
+elif getenv("BIG") > 0:
+  # bigger
+  BS, HEADS, SEQLEN, EMB = 4, 32, 1024, 64
+else:
+  BS, HEADS, SEQLEN, EMB = 4, 2, 16, 8
+
 @unittest.skipIf(CPU_LVP, "broken in LVP")
 class TestPcontig(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_flash_attention(self):
-    if getenv("BIG") > 1:
-      # llama 8B
-      BS, HEADS, SEQLEN, EMB = 4, 32, 2048, 128
-    elif getenv("BIG") > 0:
-      # bigger
-      BS, HEADS, SEQLEN, EMB = 4, 32, 1024, 64
-    else:
-      BS, HEADS, SEQLEN, EMB = 4, 2, 16, 8
+  def test_flash_attention_bw(self):
+    def fa_bw():
+      Tensor.manual_seed(1337)
+      with Context(DEBUG=0):
+        q,k,v = [Tensor.rand(BS, HEADS, SEQLEN, EMB).contiguous().realize().requires_grad_() for _ in range(3)]
+        attn_output = nn.Linear(HEADS*EMB, HEADS*EMB, bias=False)
+        attn_output.weight.requires_grad_().realize()
+        target = Tensor.rand(BS, SEQLEN, HEADS*EMB).contiguous().realize()
 
+      GlobalCounters.reset()
+      attn = q.scaled_dot_product_attention(k, v).contiguous().contiguous_backward()
+      attn = attn.transpose(1, 2).reshape(BS, SEQLEN, -1)
+      out = attn_output(attn)
+      loss = (out - target).square().mean()
+      loss.backward()
+      #ret = [out, Tensor.stack(q.grad, k.grad, v.grad)]
+      ret = [out, q.grad, k.grad, v.grad]
+      Tensor.realize(*ret)
+      return ret
+
+    with Context(PCONTIG=2, REAL_SUBSTITUTE=1, DEBUG=2):
+      grads = fa_bw()
+      print(f"{GlobalCounters.global_ops/1e9:.2f} GFLOPS")
+
+    with Context(DEBUG=2):
+      cmp_grads = fa_bw()
+      print(f"{GlobalCounters.global_ops/1e9:.2f} GFLOPS")
+
+    with Context(DEBUG=0):
+      mses = [((x-y)**2).sum().item() for x,y in zip(grads, cmp_grads)]
+    mse = sum(mses)
+    print(f"mse: {mse}")
+    self.assertLessEqual(mse, 1e-6)
+
+  def test_flash_attention(self):
     def fa():
       Tensor.manual_seed(1337)
       with Context(DEBUG=0): q,k,v = [Tensor.rand(BS, HEADS, SEQLEN, EMB).contiguous().realize() for _ in range(3)]
+      GlobalCounters.reset()
       return q.scaled_dot_product_attention(k, v).realize()
 
     with Context(PCONTIG=2, DEBUG=2):
-      GlobalCounters.reset()
       ret = fa()
+      print(f"{GlobalCounters.global_ops/1e9:.2f} GFLOPS")
     with Context(DEBUG=2):
-      GlobalCounters.reset()
       cmp = fa()
+      print(f"{GlobalCounters.global_ops/1e9:.2f} GFLOPS")
     with Context(DEBUG=0):
       mse = ((cmp-ret)**2).sum().item()
     print(f"mse: {mse}")
diff --git a/test/test_schedule.py b/test/test_schedule.py
index d661ce5341..cc007b18da 100644
--- a/test/test_schedule.py
+++ b/test/test_schedule.py
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ class TestSchedule(unittest.TestCase):
     r1 = (x - r0).sum(axis=0).div(2)
     out0 = r0 + y
     out1 = r1 + y
-    schedule = check_schedule([out0, out1], 4)
+    schedule = check_schedule([out0, out1], 3)
     reduceops = [x for si in schedule for x in si.ast.toposort() if x.op in {Ops.REDUCE_AXIS, Ops.REDUCE}]
     self.assertEqual(len(reduceops), 2) # why is RANGEIFY different?
 
diff --git a/tinygrad/helpers.py b/tinygrad/helpers.py
index aeb1fc5d8a..1e39715692 100644
--- a/tinygrad/helpers.py
+++ b/tinygrad/helpers.py
@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@ SPEC = ContextVar("SPEC", 0)
 # TODO: disable by default due to speed
 IGNORE_OOB = ContextVar("IGNORE_OOB", 1)
 PCONTIG = ContextVar("PCONTIG", 0)  # partial contiguous in rangeify
+REAL_SUBSTITUTE = ContextVar("REAL_SUBSTITUTE", 0)
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class Metadata:
diff --git a/tinygrad/schedule/indexing.py b/tinygrad/schedule/indexing.py
index 45bd471d5b..45bf24e083 100644
--- a/tinygrad/schedule/indexing.py
+++ b/tinygrad/schedule/indexing.py
@@ -151,15 +151,11 @@ def run_rangeify(tsink:UOp, debug:bool=False) -> tuple[UOp, IndexingContext]:
     tsink_reverse_toposort = tsink.reverse_toposort(consumer_map:=tsink.get_consumer_map())
 
   # explicit rangeify
-  ending_ranges: dict[UOp, bool] = {}
+  ending_ranges: dict[UOp, list[UOp]] = {}
   for x in tsink_reverse_toposort:
     if x.op in {Ops.DEVICE, Ops.UNIQUE}: continue
     if x.dtype.scalar() == dtypes.index: continue  # TODO: why do I need this?
-    ending_ranges[x] = any(ending_ranges[u] for u in consumer_map[x])
-
-    # if this element has weight and it's ending a range, we (force) realize it
-    if ending_ranges[x] and x.op in GroupOp.Elementwise.union({Ops.REDUCE_AXIS}) and not (PCONTIG>1):
-      rctx.realize_map[x] = None
+    ending_ranges[x] = sum([ending_ranges.get(u, []) for u in consumer_map[x]], [])
 
     # *** the ranges on the output are
     #  1. new if this op is realized
@@ -169,9 +165,9 @@ def run_rangeify(tsink:UOp, debug:bool=False) -> tuple[UOp, IndexingContext]:
     consumer_rngs = [rctx.range_map[c][0] for c in consumer_map[x] if c in rctx.range_map]
     if x in rctx.realize_map:
       # if this is in the realize_map, we create new ranges (at the output)
-      out_rngs = tuple(rctx.new_range(s) if not isinstance(s, UOp) or s.op is not Ops.RANGE else s for s in x.shape)
+      out_rngs = tuple(rctx.new_range(s) for s in x.shape)
       # all ranges are ended now
-      ending_ranges[x] = False
+      ending_ranges[x] = []
       # mark all ranges as ended
       assert rctx.realize_map[x] is None
       rctx.realize_map[x] = list(range(len(x.shape)))
@@ -195,7 +191,7 @@ def run_rangeify(tsink:UOp, debug:bool=False) -> tuple[UOp, IndexingContext]:
       # TODO: in RANGEIFY > 1 all_all_same isn't required
       all_all_same = all(all_same(local_rngs) for local_rngs,_ in rngs_valids)
       _out_rngs = []
-      _new_rngs = []
+      _realize_axis = []
       for i,(local_rngs,valids) in enumerate(rngs_valids):
         # we compare the ranges without their valids
         if all_all_same or (PCONTIG and all_same(local_rngs)):
@@ -204,11 +200,23 @@ def run_rangeify(tsink:UOp, debug:bool=False) -> tuple[UOp, IndexingContext]:
           _out_rngs.append(graph_rewrite(minimum_valid.where(local_rngs[0], UOp.invalid()), symbolic, name="minimum_valid"))
         else:
           _out_rngs.append(rctx.new_range(x.shape[i]))
-          _new_rngs.append(i)
+          _realize_axis.append(i)
       out_rngs = tuple(_out_rngs)
 
       # we have to (partially) realize here if there's new ranges
-      if len(_new_rngs): rctx.realize_map[x] = _new_rngs
+      if len(_realize_axis): rctx.realize_map[x] = _realize_axis
+
+    # if this element is a reduce and there's ended ranges, we might have to end some other ranges
+    if len(ending_ranges[x]) and x.op in GroupOp.Elementwise.union({Ops.REDUCE_AXIS}):
+      _realize_axis = rctx.realize_map.get(x, []) or []
+      for i,r in enumerate(out_rngs):
+        if i in _realize_axis: continue
+        if not (PCONTIG > 1) or any(any(rr.arg > e.arg for e in ending_ranges[x]) for rr in r.ranges):
+          _realize_axis.append(i)
+      ending_ranges[x] = []
+      if len(_realize_axis):
+        rctx.realize_map[x] = _realize_axis
+        out_rngs = tuple([(rctx.new_range(x.shape[i]) if i in _realize_axis else r) for i,r in enumerate(out_rngs)])
 
     # TODO: some ops don't have shape, enable this after the `.st` property is removed
     #assert len(out_rngs) == len(x.shape), \
@@ -225,7 +233,8 @@ def run_rangeify(tsink:UOp, debug:bool=False) -> tuple[UOp, IndexingContext]:
     if x.op in GroupOp.Movement: rngs = apply_movement_op(x.op, x.src[0].shape, x.marg, rngs)
     # if the EXPAND is used to inject a range, we don't mark it as ending_ranges. otherwise we do.
     # NOTE: this doesn't actually always end a range, but this is why convs are realized, so for now we need it
-    if x.op is Ops.EXPAND and all(isinstance(y, int) or y.op is not Ops.RANGE for y in x.shape): ending_ranges[x] = True
+    if x.op is Ops.EXPAND and all(isinstance(y, int) or y.op is not Ops.RANGE for y in x.shape):
+      ending_ranges[x] = list(UOp.sink(*[ro for ri, ro in zip(rngs, out_rngs) if ri is not ro]).ranges.keys())
 
     # REDUCE_AXIS creates ranges for the axes it is reducing
     if x.op is Ops.REDUCE_AXIS:
diff --git a/tinygrad/schedule/rangeify.py b/tinygrad/schedule/rangeify.py
index 945cde1160..2ce45af401 100644
--- a/tinygrad/schedule/rangeify.py
+++ b/tinygrad/schedule/rangeify.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, PtrDType, ImageDType, AddrSpace
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import PatternMatcher, UPat, Ops, UOp, resolve, GroupOp, _substitute, ssimplify, KernelInfo
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import track_rewrites, graph_rewrite, identity_element, sint, AxisType
 from tinygrad.uop.symbolic import symbolic_simple
-from tinygrad.helpers import argsort, prod, all_same, pluralize, getenv, flatten, dedup, all_int, DEBUG, SPLIT_REDUCEOP, Metadata
+from tinygrad.helpers import argsort, prod, all_same, pluralize, getenv, flatten, dedup, all_int, DEBUG, SPLIT_REDUCEOP, Metadata, REAL_SUBSTITUTE
 from tinygrad.codegen.simplify import pm_flatten_range, pm_reduce_unparented
 from tinygrad.codegen.opt import Opt
 from tinygrad.schedule.indexing import run_rangeify, BufferizeOpts, ALWAYS_CONTIGUOUS, IndexingContext, apply_movement_op
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ def remove_bufferize(src:UOp, buf:UOp, idx:UOp):
   # if it makes it here, the bufferize is removed
   # this is the ranges replaced
   # NOTE: if buf src is a const, we don't replace it
-  if getenv("REAL_SUBSTITUTE"):
+  if REAL_SUBSTITUTE:
     return src.substitute({k:v for k,v in zip(buf.src[1:], idx.src[1:]) if k.op is not Ops.CONST})
   else:
     replaces = flatten([(k,v) for k,v in zip(buf.src[1:], idx.src[1:]) if k.op is not Ops.CONST])