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<title data-rh="true">Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs | Vac Research</title><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://vac.dev/rlog/feasibility-semaphore-rate-limiting-zksnarks"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:locale" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_locale" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_tag" content="default"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="default"><meta data-rh="true" name="image" content="https://vac.dev/_og/8fd4c9f856349ecb65ab78ec974a776127d6f653.png"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs | Vac Research"><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="A research log. Zero knowledge signaling as a rate limiting mechanism to prevent spam in p2p networks."><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="A research log. Zero knowledge signaling as a rate limiting mechanism to prevent spam in p2p networks."><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://vac.dev/_og/8fd4c9f856349ecb65ab78ec974a776127d6f653.png"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://vac.dev/_og/8fd4c9f856349ecb65ab78ec974a776127d6f653.png"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"><meta data-rh="true" property="article:published_time" content="2019-11-08T12:00:00.000Z"><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="/theme/image/favicon.ico"><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://vac.dev/rlog/feasibility-semaphore-rate-limiting-zksnarks"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://vac.dev/rlog/feasibility-semaphore-rate-limiting-zksnarks" hreflang="en"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://vac.dev/rlog/feasibility-semaphore-rate-limiting-zksnarks" hreflang="x-default"><script data-rh="true" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https://vac.dev/rlog/feasibility-semaphore-rate-limiting-zksnarks","mainEntityOfPage":"https://vac.dev/rlog/feasibility-semaphore-rate-limiting-zksnarks","url":"https://vac.dev/rlog/feasibility-semaphore-rate-limiting-zksnarks","headline":"Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs","name":"Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs","description":"A research log. Zero knowledge signaling as a rate limiting mechanism to prevent spam in p2p networks.","datePublished":"2019-11-08T12:00:00.000Z","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Oskar"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://vac.dev/img/peacock-signaling.jpg","url":"https://vac.dev/img/peacock-signaling.jpg","contentUrl":"https://vac.dev/img/peacock-signaling.jpg","caption":"title image for the blog post: Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs"},"keywords":[],"isPartOf":{"@type":"Blog","@id":"https://vac.dev/rlog","name":"Research Blog"}}</script><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="/theme/image/favicon.png">
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class="col col--9 col--offset-1" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"><article class=""><header><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_RLvU" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><a class="breadcrumbs__item" href="/blog"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body3">All posts</span></a><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body3 breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li></ul></nav><h1 class="title_f1Hy">Feasibility Study: Semaphore rate limiting through zkSNARKs</h1><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2019-11-08T12:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">November 8, 2019</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Oskar</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>8 min read</div></div><hr class="blog-divider"></header><div id="__blog-post-container" class="markdown"><p>A research log. Zero knowledge signaling as a rate limiting mechanism to prevent spam in p2p networks.</p>
<p><strong>tldr: Moon math promising for solving spam in Whisper, but to get there we need to invest more in performance work and technical upskilling.</strong></p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="motivating-problem">Motivating problem<a href="#motivating-problem" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Motivating problem" title="Direct link to Motivating problem">​</a></h2>
<p>In open p2p networks for messaging, one big problem is spam-resistance. Existing solutions, such as Whisper&#x27;s proof of work, are insufficient, especially for heterogeneous nodes. Other reputation-based approaches might not be desirable, due to issues around arbitrary exclusion and privacy.</p>
<p>One possible solution is to use a right-to-access staking-based method, where a node is only able to send a message, signal, at a certain rate, and otherwise they can be slashed. One problem with this is in terms of privacy-preservation, where we specifically don&#x27;t want a user to be tied to a specific payment or unique fingerprint.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="related-problems">Related problems<a href="#related-problems" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Related problems" title="Direct link to Related problems">​</a></h3>
<p>In addition to above, there are a lot of related problems that share similarities in terms of their structure and proposed solution.</p>
<ul>
<li>Private transactions (<a href="https://z.cash/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Zcash</a>, <a href="https://www.aztecprotocol.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">AZTEC</a>)</li>
<li>Private voting (<a href="https://github.com/kobigurk/semaphore" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Semaphore</a>)</li>
<li>Private group membership (Semaphore)</li>
<li>Layer 2 scaling, poss layer 1 (<a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/on-chain-scaling-to-potentially-500-tx-sec-through-mass-tx-validation/3477" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ZK Rollup</a>; StarkWare/Eth2-3)</li>
</ul>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="overview">Overview<a href="#overview" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Overview" title="Direct link to Overview">​</a></h2>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="basic-terminology">Basic terminology<a href="#basic-terminology" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Basic terminology" title="Direct link to Basic terminology">​</a></h2>
<p>A <em>zero-knowledge proof</em> allows a <em>prover</em> to show a <em>verifier</em> that they know something, without revealing what that something is. This means you can do trust-minimized computation that is also privacy preserving. As a basic example, instead of showing your ID when going to a bar you simply give them a proof that you are over 18, without showing the doorman your id.</p>
<p><em>zkSNARKs</em> is a form of zero-knowledge proofs. There are many types of zero-knowledge proofs, and the field is evolving rapidly. They come with various trade-offs in terms of things such as: trusted setup, cryptographic assumptions, proof/verification key size, proof/verification time, proof size, etc. See section below for more.</p>
<p><em>Semaphore</em> is a framework/library/construct on top of zkSNARks. It allows for zero-knowledge signaling, specifically on top of Ethereum. This means an approved user can broadcast some arbitrary string without revealing their identity, given some specific constraints. An approved user is someone who has been added to a certain merkle tree. See <a href="https://github.com/kobigurk/semaphore" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">current Github home</a> for more.</p>
<p><em>Circom</em> is a DSL for writing arithmetic circuits that can be used in zkSNARKs, similar to how you might write a NAND gate. See <a href="https://github.com/iden3/circom" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Github</a> for more.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="basic-flow">Basic flow<a href="#basic-flow" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Basic flow" title="Direct link to Basic flow">​</a></h2>
<p>We start with a private voting example, and then extend it to the slashable rate limiting example.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>A user registers an identity (arbitrary keypair), along with a small fee, to a smart contract. This adds them to a merkle tree and allows them to prove that they are member of that group, without revealing who they are.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When a user wants to send a message, they compute a zero-knowledge proof. This ensures certain invariants, have some <em>public outputs</em>, and can be verified by anyone (including a smart contract).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Any node can verify the proof, including smart contracts on chain (as of Byzantinum HF). Additionally, a node can have rules for the public output. In the case of voting, one such rule is that a specific output hash has to be equal to some predefined value, such as &quot;2020-01-01 vote on Foo Bar for president&quot;.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Because of how the proof is constructed, and the rules around output values, this ensures that: a user is part of the approved set of voters and that a user can only vote once.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>As a consequence of above, we have a system where registered users can only vote once, no one can see who voted for what, and this can all be proven and verified.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="rate-limiting-example">Rate limiting example<a href="#rate-limiting-example" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Rate limiting example" title="Direct link to Rate limiting example">​</a></h3>
<p>In the case of rate limiting, we do want nodes to send multiple messages. This changes step 3-5 above somewhat.</p>
<p><em>NOTE: It is a bit more involved than this, and if we precompute proofs the flow might look a bit different. But the general idea is the same</em>.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Instead of having a rule that you can only vote once, we have a rule that you can only send a message per epoch. Epoch here can be every second, as defined by UTC date time +-20s.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Additionally, if a users sends more than one message per epoch, one of the public outputs is a random share of a private key. Using Shamir&#x27;s Secret Sharing (similar to a multisig) and 2/3 key share as an example threshold: in the normal case only 1/3 private keys is revealed, which is insufficient to have access. In the case where two messages are sent in an epoch, probabilistically 2/3 shares is sufficient to have access to the key (unless you get the same random share of the key).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This means any untrusted user who detects a spamming user, can use it to access their private key corresponding to funds in the contract, and thus slash them.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>As a consequence of above, we have a system where registered users can only messages X times per epoch, and no one can see who is sending what messages. Additionally, if a user is violating the above rate limit, they can be punished and any user can profit from it.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="briefly-on-scope-of-approved-users">Briefly on scope of &#x27;approved users&#x27;<a href="#briefly-on-scope-of-approved-users" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Briefly on scope of &#x27;approved users&#x27;" title="Direct link to Briefly on scope of &#x27;approved users&#x27;">​</a></h3>
<p>In the case of an application like Status, this construct can either be a global StatusNetwork group, or one per chat, or network, etc. It can be applied both at the network and user level. There are no specific limitations on where or who deploys this, and it is thus more of a UX consideration.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="technical-details">Technical details<a href="#technical-details" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Technical details" title="Direct link to Technical details">​</a></h2>
<p>For a fairly self-contained set of examples above, see exploration in <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/blob/master/zksnarks/semaphore/src/hello.js" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vac research repo</a>. Note that the Shamir secret sharing is not inside the SNARK, but out-of-band for now.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://github.com/kobigurk/semaphore" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">current version</a> of Semaphore is using NodeJS and <a href="https://github.com/iden3/circom" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Circom</a> from Iden3 for Snarks.</p>
<p>For more on rate limiting idea, see <a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/semaphore-rln-rate-limiting-nullifier-for-spam-prevention-in-anonymous-p2p-setting/5009/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ethresearch post</a>.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="feasibility">Feasibility<a href="#feasibility" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Feasibility" title="Direct link to Feasibility">​</a></h2>
<p>The above repo was used to exercise the basic paths and to gain intution of feasibility. Based on it and related reading we outline a few blockers and things that require further study.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="technical-feasibility">Technical feasibility<a href="#technical-feasibility" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Technical feasibility" title="Direct link to Technical feasibility">​</a></h3>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="proof-time">Proof time<a href="#proof-time" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Proof time" title="Direct link to Proof time">​</a></h4>
<p>Prove time for Semaphore (<a href="https://github.com/kobigurk/semaphore" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/kobigurk/semaphore</a>) zKSNARKs using circom, groth and snarkjs is currently way too long. It takes on the order of ~10m to generate a proof. With Websnark, it is likely to take 30s, which might still be too long. We should experiment with native code on mobile here.</p>
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/7" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">details</a>.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="proving-key-size">Proving key size<a href="#proving-key-size" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Proving key size" title="Direct link to Proving key size">​</a></h4>
<p>Prover key size is ~110mb for Semaphore. Assuming this is embedded on mobile device, it bloats the APK a lot. Current APK size is ~30mb and even that might be high for people with limited bandwidth.</p>
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/8" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">details</a>.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="trusted-setup">Trusted setup<a href="#trusted-setup" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Trusted setup" title="Direct link to Trusted setup">​</a></h4>
<p>Using zkSNARKs a trusted setup is required to generate prover and verifier keys. As part of this setup, a toxic parameter lambda is generated. If a party gets access to this lambda, they can prove anything. This means people using zKSNARKs usually have an elaborate MPC ceremony to ensure this parameter doesn&#x27;t get discovered.</p>
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/9" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">details</a>.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="shamir-logic-in-snark">Shamir logic in SNARK<a href="#shamir-logic-in-snark" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Shamir logic in SNARK" title="Direct link to Shamir logic in SNARK">​</a></h4>
<p>For <a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/semaphore-rln-rate-limiting-nullifier-for-spam-prevention-in-anonymous-p2p-setting/5009" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Semaphore RLN</a> we need to embed the Shamir logic inside the SNARK in order to do slashing for spam. Currently the <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/blob/master/zksnarks/semaphore/src/hello.js#L450" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">implementation</a> is trusted and very hacky.</p>
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/10" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">details</a>.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="end-to-end-integation">End to end integation<a href="#end-to-end-integation" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to End to end integation" title="Direct link to End to end integation">​</a></h4>
<p><a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/blob/master/zksnarks/semaphore/src/hello.js" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Currently</a> is standalone and doesn&#x27;t touch multiple users, deployed contract with merkle tree and verification, actual transactions, a mocked network, add/remove members, etc. There are bound to be edge cases and unknown unknowns here.</p>
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/11" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">details</a>.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="licensing-issues">Licensing issues<a href="#licensing-issues" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Licensing issues" title="Direct link to Licensing issues">​</a></h4>
<p>Currently Circom <a href="https://github.com/iden3/circom/blob/master/COPYING" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">uses a GPL license</a>, which can get tricky when it comes to the App Store etc.</p>
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/12" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">details</a>.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="alternative-zkps">Alternative ZKPs?<a href="#alternative-zkps" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Alternative ZKPs?" title="Direct link to Alternative ZKPs?">​</a></h4>
<p>Some of the isolated blockers for zKSNARKs (<a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/7" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">#7</a>, <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/8" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">#8</a>, <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/9" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">#9</a>) might be mitigated by the use of other ZKP technology. However, they likely have their own issues.</p>
<p>See <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/research/issues/13" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">details</a>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="social-feasibility">Social feasibility<a href="#social-feasibility" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Social feasibility" title="Direct link to Social feasibility">​</a></h3>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="technical-skill">Technical skill<a href="#technical-skill" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Technical skill" title="Direct link to Technical skill">​</a></h4>
<p>zkSNARKs and related technologies are quite new. To learn how they work and get an intuition for them requires individuals to dedicate a lot of time to studying them. This means we must make getting competence in these technologies if we wish to use them to our advantage.</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="time-and-resources">Time and resources<a href="#time-and-resources" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Time and resources" title="Direct link to Time and resources">​</a></h4>
<p>In order for this and related projects (such as private transaction) to get anywhere, it must be made an explicit area of focus for an extend period of time.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="general-thoughts">General thoughts<a href="#general-thoughts" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to General thoughts" title="Direct link to General thoughts">​</a></h2>
<p>Similar to Whisper, and in line with moving towards protocol and infrastructure, we need to upskill and invest resources into this. This doesn&#x27;t mean developing all of the technologies ourselves, but gaining enough competence to leverage and extend existing solutions by the growing ZKP community.</p>
<p>For example, this might also include leveraging largely ready made solutions such as AZTEC for private transaction; more fundamental research into ZK rollup and similar; using Semaphore for private group membership and private voting; Nim based wrapper aronud Bellman, etc.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="acknowledgement">Acknowledgement<a href="#acknowledgement" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Acknowledgement" title="Direct link to Acknowledgement">​</a></h2>
<p>Thanks to Barry Whitehat for patient explanation and pointers. Thanks to WJ for helping with runtime issues.</p>
<p>_Peacock header image from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_lo.tangelini_-_Tonos_(1).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Tonos</a>._</p></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Blog post page navigation"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/rlog/fixing-whisper-with-waku"><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="M11.667 6.417h-7.1L7.83 3.156 7 2.333 2.334 7 7 11.667l.823-.823-3.255-3.26h7.099z"></path></svg></div><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 pagination-nav__label">Fixing Whisper with Waku</span></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/rlog/remote-log"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 pagination-nav__label">P2P Data Sync with a Remote Log</span><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" 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