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class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--h3 blogTitle_KnCm">Research Blog</h3><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 blogDescription_dds8">Blog</span></div><div class="container margin-vert--lg"><div class="row"><main class="col col--9 col--offset-1" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="title_f1Hy"><a href="/rlog/de-mls-with-waku">Decentralized Message Layer Security (De-MLS) with Waku</a></h2><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md blogContainer_wIfk"><time datetime="2025-09-02T14:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">September 2, 2025</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Ekaterina</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>14 min read</div></div></header><div class="markdown"><p>This post introduces de-MLS, a decentralized variant of Message Layer Security (MLS)
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that reimagines group messaging by replacing centralized delivery services with peer-to-peer protocols
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while retaining strong guarantees such as forward secrecy (FS) and post-compromise security (PCS).</p></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg"><div></div><div class="read-more-link"><a aria-label="Read more about Decentralized Message Layer Security (De-MLS) with Waku" class="readMoreLink_cNfS" href="/rlog/de-mls-with-waku"><button class="lsd-button lsd-button--medium lsd-button--filled"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1 lsd-button__text"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1">Read More</span></span></button></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="title_f1Hy"><a href="/rlog/gsub-perf-imp-comparison">Scaling libp2p GossipSub for Large Messages: An Evaluation of Performance Improvement Proposals</a></h2><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md blogContainer_wIfk"><time datetime="2025-08-12T12:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">August 12, 2025</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Umar Farooq</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>16 min read</div></div></header><div class="markdown"><p>The original GossipSub design emphasizes robustness, with less focus on message sizes.
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However, emerging use cases—such as Ethereum's EIP-4844 and
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data availability sampling (DAS) require rapid propagation of high data volumes,
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often in the form of large messages.
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Many ongoing research efforts attempt to find solutions
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for efficiently forwarding large messages through the GossipSub network.
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This post provides a concise overview and performance evaluation of some research initiatives
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aimed at improving GossipSub to meet the performance needs of modern P2P networks.</p></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg"><div></div><div class="read-more-link"><a aria-label="Read more about Scaling libp2p GossipSub for Large Messages: An Evaluation of Performance Improvement Proposals" class="readMoreLink_cNfS" href="/rlog/gsub-perf-imp-comparison"><button class="lsd-button lsd-button--medium lsd-button--filled"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1 lsd-button__text"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1">Read More</span></span></button></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="title_f1Hy"><a href="/rlog/2025-zerokit-perf">Zerokit optimizations: A performance journey</a></h2><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md blogContainer_wIfk"><time datetime="2025-07-25T18:30:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">July 25, 2025</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">BenPH</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>10 min read</div></div></header><div class="markdown"><p><a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/zerokit/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><u>Zerokit</u></a> is a toolkit
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providing powerful zero-knowledge utilities, including a
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means to answer the question "How do you prevent spam when
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every message is anonymous?". Its use of the Merkle hash
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tree, combined Poseidon hasher are keys to the answer we
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seek here, and with other questions that ask the improbable.
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These technologies, however, can take a heavy toll on
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resources if not used correctly. What follows is a window
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into the efforts made to squeeze out optimizations, and
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culling of redundant resource use. A story of cripplingly
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slow performance meets engineering talent, we arrive at a
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place where Zerokit comes through, fast and efficient, ready
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to face the world.</p></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg"><div></div><div class="read-more-link"><a aria-label="Read more about Zerokit optimizations: A performance journey" class="readMoreLink_cNfS" href="/rlog/2025-zerokit-perf"><button class="lsd-button lsd-button--medium lsd-button--filled"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1 lsd-button__text"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1">Read More</span></span></button></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="title_f1Hy"><a href="/rlog/nim-in-logos-01">Nim in Logos - 1st Edition</a></h2><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md blogContainer_wIfk"><time datetime="2025-07-04T23:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">July 4, 2025</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Ivan</span></div></div></div></div><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Gabriel</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>7 min read</div></div></header><div class="markdown"><p>Welcome to the first edition of <strong>Nim in Logos</strong> — a newsletter covering major Nim features from Logos' perspective.</p>
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<p>If you have comments or suggestions, feel free to reach out to the authors directly or start a thread in the <a href="https://discord.gg/logosnetwork" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Logos Discord server</a>.</p></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg"><div></div><div class="read-more-link"><a aria-label="Read more about Nim in Logos - 1st Edition" class="readMoreLink_cNfS" href="/rlog/nim-in-logos-01"><button class="lsd-button lsd-button--medium lsd-button--filled"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1 lsd-button__text"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1">Read More</span></span></button></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="title_f1Hy"><a href="/rlog/mdsecheck-method">The MDSECheck method: choosing secure square MDS matrices for P-SP-networks</a></h2><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md blogContainer_wIfk"><time datetime="2025-02-28T23:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">February 28, 2025</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Aleksei Vambol</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>18 min read</div></div></header><div class="markdown"><p>This article introduces MDSECheck method — a novel approach
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to checking square MDS matrices for unconditional security
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as the components of affine permutation layers of P-SP-networks.</p></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg"><div></div><div class="read-more-link"><a aria-label="Read more about The MDSECheck method: choosing secure square MDS matrices for P-SP-networks" class="readMoreLink_cNfS" href="/rlog/mdsecheck-method"><button class="lsd-button lsd-button--medium lsd-button--filled"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1 lsd-button__text"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1">Read More</span></span></button></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="title_f1Hy"><a href="/rlog/2024-recap">Vac 2024 Year in Review</a></h2><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md blogContainer_wIfk"><time datetime="2025-01-09T18:30:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">January 9, 2025</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Vac</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>9 min read</div></div></header><div class="markdown"><p>In this post, we recap Vac's achievements in 2024 and look forward to 2025.</p></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg"><div></div><div class="read-more-link"><a aria-label="Read more about Vac 2024 Year in Review" class="readMoreLink_cNfS" href="/rlog/2024-recap"><button class="lsd-button lsd-button--medium lsd-button--filled"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1 lsd-button__text"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1">Read More</span></span></button></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="title_f1Hy"><a href="/rlog/climbing-merkle-trees">Vac 101: Climbing Merkle Trees</a></h2><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md blogContainer_wIfk"><time datetime="2024-12-30T12:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">December 30, 2024</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Marvin</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>10 min read</div></div></header><div class="markdown"><p>In this post, we introduce a crucial data structure used throughout web3.</p></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg"><div></div><div class="read-more-link"><a aria-label="Read more about Vac 101: Climbing Merkle Trees" class="readMoreLink_cNfS" href="/rlog/climbing-merkle-trees"><button class="lsd-button lsd-button--medium lsd-button--filled"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1 lsd-button__text"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1">Read More</span></span></button></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="title_f1Hy"><a href="/rlog/gsub-largemsg-improvements">Large Message Handling in GossipSub: Potential Improvements</a></h2><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md blogContainer_wIfk"><time datetime="2024-10-31T12:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">October 31, 2024</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Umar Farooq</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>20 min read</div></div></header><div class="markdown"><p>Large Message Handling in GossipSub: Potential Improvements</p></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg"><div></div><div class="read-more-link"><a aria-label="Read more about Large Message Handling in GossipSub: Potential Improvements" class="readMoreLink_cNfS" href="/rlog/gsub-largemsg-improvements"><button class="lsd-button lsd-button--medium lsd-button--filled"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1 lsd-button__text"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1">Read More</span></span></button></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="title_f1Hy"><a href="/rlog/gsub-idontwant-perf-eval">Libp2p GossipSub IDONTWANT Message Performance Impact</a></h2><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md blogContainer_wIfk"><time datetime="2024-10-28T12:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">October 28, 2024</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Umar Farooq</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>4 min read</div></div></header><div class="markdown"><p>This post provides quick insights into the IDONTWANT message performance and highlights minor tweaks that can further contribute to performance gains.</p></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg"><div></div><div class="read-more-link"><a aria-label="Read more about Libp2p GossipSub IDONTWANT Message Performance Impact" class="readMoreLink_cNfS" href="/rlog/gsub-idontwant-perf-eval"><button class="lsd-button lsd-button--medium lsd-button--filled"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1 lsd-button__text"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1">Read More</span></span></button></a></div></footer></article><article class="margin-bottom--xl"><header><h2 class="title_f1Hy"><a href="/rlog/vac101-fiat-shamir">Vac 101: Transforming an Interactive Protocol to a Noninteractive Argument</a></h2><div class="container_PkUo margin-vert--md blogContainer_wIfk"><time datetime="2024-10-15T12:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">October 15, 2024</time><div class="authors_dZ4g"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2">by </span><div class="col col--6 authorCol_y4tx"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2" itemprop="name">Marvin</span></div></div></div></div></div><div>11 min read</div></div></header><div class="markdown"><p>In this post, we introduce a common technique used to convert interactive protocols to their noninteractive variant.</p></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg"><div></div><div class="read-more-link"><a aria-label="Read more about Vac 101: Transforming an Interactive Protocol to a Noninteractive Argument" class="readMoreLink_cNfS" href="/rlog/vac101-fiat-shamir"><button class="lsd-button lsd-button--medium lsd-button--filled"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1 lsd-button__text"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--label1">Read More</span></span></button></a></div></footer></article><nav class="pagination-nav" aria-label="Blog list page navigation"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/rlog/page/2"><span class="lsd-typography lsd-typography--body2 pagination-nav__label">Older entries</span><div class="icon_S7Kx m_thRi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill="#fff" d="m7 2.334-.823.822 3.255 3.26H2.333v1.167h7.1l-3.256 3.261.823.823L11.667 7z"></path></svg></div></a></nav></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid firstRow_ar1q"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div 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