Eliminate per-validator heap allocations in epoch processing

Replace ReadOnlyValidator interface boxing with direct CompactValidator field access throughout epoch processing, removing ~23% of all heap allocations (12.95 GB cumulative per profiling session). Key changes: - Add ForEachValidator and ApplyToEveryCompactValidator for zero-alloc validator iteration (read-only and read-write paths respectively) - Add EffectiveBalanceAtIndex for direct effective balance reads without interface boxing - Rewrite ProcessEffectiveBalanceUpdates (pre-Electra and Electra+) to use ApplyToEveryCompactValidator with two-pass collect-then-mutate - Rewrite BaseRewardWithTotalBalance to use EffectiveBalanceAtIndex - Convert InitializePrecomputeValidators, ProcessSlashingsPrecompute, ProcessRegistryUpdates and related helpers to use ForEachValidator Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Fix James' comment.
2026-04-19 03:01:06 -04:00 · 2026-04-08 14:14:23 +02:00 · 2026-04-08 00:21:58 +02:00 · 2026-04-08 00:07:36 +02:00 · 2026-04-06 20:52:42 +02:00 · 2026-04-06 20:52:42 +02:00
827 changed files with 34394 additions and 9626 deletions
--- a/.ethspecify.yml
+++ b/.ethspecify.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-version: v1.7.0-alpha.2
+version: v1.7.0-alpha.4
 style: full

 specrefs:
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ exceptions:
    - PTC_SIZE#gloas

  constants:
+    # heze
+    - DOMAIN_INCLUSION_LIST_COMMITTEE#heze
    # phase0
    - BASIS_POINTS#phase0
    - ENDIANNESS#phase0
@@ -61,7 +63,6 @@ exceptions:
    - ATTESTATION_TIMELINESS_INDEX#gloas
    - BUILDER_INDEX_FLAG#gloas
    - BUILDER_INDEX_SELF_BUILD#gloas
-    - DOMAIN_PROPOSER_PREFERENCES#gloas
    - NUM_BLOCK_TIMELINESS_DEADLINES#gloas
    - PTC_TIMELINESS_INDEX#gloas

@@ -72,13 +73,31 @@ exceptions:
    - CONTRIBUTION_DUE_BPS_GLOAS#gloas
    - GLOAS_FORK_EPOCH#gloas
    - GLOAS_FORK_VERSION#gloas
-    - MIN_BUILDER_WITHDRAWABILITY_DELAY#gloas
-    - PAYLOAD_ATTESTATION_DUE_BPS#gloas
    - SYNC_MESSAGE_DUE_BPS_GLOAS#gloas
+    # heze
+    - HEZE_FORK_EPOCH#heze
+    - HEZE_FORK_VERSION#heze
+    - INCLUSION_LIST_SUBMISSION_DUE_BPS#heze
+    - MAX_BYTES_PER_INCLUSION_LIST#heze
+    - MAX_REQUEST_INCLUSION_LIST#heze
+    - PROPOSER_INCLUSION_LIST_CUTOFF_BPS#heze
+    - VIEW_FREEZE_CUTOFF_BPS#heze

  ssz_objects:
    # phase0
    - Eth1Block#phase0
+    # fulu
+    - PartialDataColumnHeader#fulu
+    - PartialDataColumnPartsMetadata#fulu
+    - PartialDataColumnSidecar#fulu
+    # gloas
+    - PartialDataColumnHeader#gloas
+    # heze
+    - BeaconState#heze
+    - ExecutionPayloadBid#heze
+    - InclusionList#heze
+    - SignedExecutionPayloadBid#heze
+    - SignedInclusionList#heze
    # capella
    - LightClientBootstrap#capella
    - LightClientFinalityUpdate#capella
@@ -108,6 +127,7 @@ exceptions:
  dataclasses:
    # phase0
    - LatestMessage#phase0
+    - Seen#phase0
    - Store#phase0
    # altair
    - LightClientStore#altair
@@ -124,6 +144,11 @@ exceptions:
    - ExpectedWithdrawals#gloas
    - LatestMessage#gloas
    - Store#gloas
+    # heze
+    - GetInclusionListResponse#heze
+    - InclusionListStore#heze
+    - PayloadAttributes#heze
+    - Store#heze

  functions:
    # Functions implemented by KZG library for EIP-4844
@@ -180,11 +205,22 @@ exceptions:
    - verify_cell_kzg_proof_batch_impl#fulu

    # phase0
+    - compute_attestation_subnet_prefix_bits#phase0
+    - compute_min_epochs_for_block_requests#phase0
+    - compute_time_at_slot_ms#phase0
+    - is_not_from_future_slot#phase0
+    - is_within_slot_range#phase0
    - update_proposer_boost_root#phase0
    - is_proposer_equivocation#phase0
    - record_block_timeliness#phase0
    - compute_proposer_score#phase0
    - get_attestation_score#phase0
+    - validate_attester_slashing_gossip#phase0
+    - validate_beacon_aggregate_and_proof_gossip#phase0
+    - validate_beacon_attestation_gossip#phase0
+    - validate_beacon_block_gossip#phase0
+    - validate_proposer_slashing_gossip#phase0
+    - validate_voluntary_exit_gossip#phase0
    - calculate_committee_fraction#phase0
    - compute_fork_version#phase0
    - compute_pulled_up_tip#phase0
@@ -275,6 +311,7 @@ exceptions:
    - upgrade_lc_store_to_capella#capella
    - upgrade_lc_update_to_capella#capella
    # deneb
+    - compute_max_request_blob_sidecars#deneb
    - get_lc_execution_root#deneb
    - is_valid_light_client_header#deneb
    - prepare_execution_payload#deneb
@@ -285,6 +322,7 @@ exceptions:
    - upgrade_lc_store_to_deneb#deneb
    - upgrade_lc_update_to_deneb#deneb
    # electra
+    - compute_max_request_blob_sidecars#electra
    - compute_weak_subjectivity_period#electra
    - current_sync_committee_gindex_at_slot#electra
    - finalized_root_gindex_at_slot#electra
@@ -306,12 +344,20 @@ exceptions:
    - upgrade_lc_store_to_electra#electra
    - upgrade_lc_update_to_electra#electra
    # fulu
+    - compute_max_request_data_column_sidecars#fulu
    - compute_matrix#fulu
+    - verify_partial_data_column_header_inclusion_proof#fulu
+    - verify_partial_data_column_sidecar_kzg_proofs#fulu
    - get_blob_parameters#fulu
    - get_data_column_sidecars_from_block#fulu
    - get_data_column_sidecars_from_column_sidecar#fulu
    - recover_matrix#fulu
    # gloas
+    - compute_ptc#gloas
+    - initialize_ptc_window#gloas
+    - is_payload_data_available#gloas
+    - is_pending_validator#gloas
+    - process_ptc_window#gloas
    - compute_balance_weighted_acceptance#gloas
    - compute_balance_weighted_selection#gloas
    - compute_fork_version#gloas
@@ -389,10 +435,8 @@ exceptions:
    - get_builder_withdrawals#gloas
    - get_builders_sweep_withdrawals#gloas
    - get_index_for_new_builder#gloas
-    - get_pending_balance_to_withdraw_for_builder#gloas
    - get_proposer_preferences_signature#gloas
    - get_upcoming_proposal_slots#gloas
-    - initiate_builder_exit#gloas
    - is_active_builder#gloas
    - is_builder_index#gloas
    - is_data_available#gloas
@@ -403,7 +447,6 @@ exceptions:
    - is_valid_proposal_slot#gloas
    - onboard_builders_from_pending_deposits#gloas
    - process_deposit_request#gloas
-    - process_voluntary_exit#gloas
    - record_block_timeliness#gloas
    - record_block_timeliness#phase0
    - verify_data_column_sidecar_kzg_proofs#gloas
@@ -412,6 +455,28 @@ exceptions:
    - update_next_withdrawal_builder_index#gloas
    - update_payload_expected_withdrawals#gloas
    - update_proposer_boost_root#gloas
+    # heze
+    - compute_fork_version#heze
+    - get_forkchoice_store#heze
+    - get_inclusion_list_bits#heze
+    - get_inclusion_list_committee_assignment#heze
+    - get_inclusion_list_committee#heze
+    - get_inclusion_list_signature#heze
+    - get_inclusion_list_store#heze
+    - get_inclusion_list_submission_due_ms#heze
+    - get_inclusion_list_transactions#heze
+    - get_proposer_inclusion_list_cutoff_ms#heze
+    - get_view_freeze_cutoff_ms#heze
+    - is_inclusion_list_bits_inclusive#heze
+    - is_payload_inclusion_list_satisfied#heze
+    - is_valid_inclusion_list_signature#heze
+    - on_execution_payload#heze
+    - on_inclusion_list#heze
+    - prepare_execution_payload#heze
+    - process_inclusion_list#heze
+    - record_payload_inclusion_list_satisfaction#heze
+    - should_extend_payload#heze
+    - upgrade_to_heze#heze

  presets:
    # gloas
@@ -420,3 +485,5 @@ exceptions:
    - MAX_BUILDERS_PER_WITHDRAWALS_SWEEP#gloas
    - MAX_PAYLOAD_ATTESTATIONS#gloas
    - PTC_SIZE#gloas
+    # heze
+    - INCLUSION_LIST_COMMITTEE_SIZE#heze
--- a/.github/workflows/sbom-export.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sbom-export.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+name: SBOM Export & Centralize
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ "develop" ]
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '50 21 * * 2'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  generate-and-upload:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout Source Code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
+      - name: Check for recent changes
+        id: check
+        run: |
+          if [ -z "$(git log --since='7 days ago' --oneline | head -1)" ]; then
+            echo "No commits in the last 7 days, skipping SBOM generation."
+            echo "skip=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          fi
+
+      - name: Generate CycloneDX SBOM via cdxgen
+        if: steps.check.outputs.skip != 'true'
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          docker run --rm \
+            --user "$(id -u):$(id -g)" \
+            -v /tmp:/tmp \
+            -v "${{ github.workspace }}:/app:rw" \
+            -e FETCH_LICENSE=true \
+            -e GITHUB_TOKEN \
+            ghcr.io/cdxgen/cdxgen:v12.1.1 \
+            -r /app \
+            -o /app/sbom.cdx.json \
+            --no-install-deps \
+            --spec-version 1.6
+
+          if [ ! -s sbom.cdx.json ]; then
+            echo "::error::cdxgen SBOM generation failed or returned empty."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          echo "SBOM generated successfully:"
+          ls -lh sbom.cdx.json
+
+      - name: Upload SBOM to Dependency Track
+        if: steps.check.outputs.skip != 'true'
+        env:
+          DT_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.DEPENDENCY_TRACK_API_KEY }}
+          DT_URL: ${{ secrets.DEPENDENCY_TRACK_URL }}
+        run: |
+          REPO_NAME=${GITHUB_REPOSITORY##*/}
+
+          curl -sf -X POST "${DT_URL}/api/v1/bom" \
+            -H "X-Api-Key: ${DT_API_KEY}" \
+            -F "autoCreate=true" \
+            -F "projectName=${REPO_NAME}" \
+            -F "projectVersion=${{ github.ref_name }}" \
+            -F "bom=@sbom.cdx.json"
+
+          echo "SBOM uploaded to Dependency Track for ${REPO_NAME}@${{ github.ref_name }}"
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,6 +4,116 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.

 The format is based on Keep a Changelog, and this project adheres to Semantic Versioning.

+## [v7.1.3](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/compare/v7.1.2...v7.1.3) - 2026-03-18
+
+This release brings extensive Gloas (next fork) groundwork, a major logging infrastructure overhaul, and numerous performance optimizations across the beacon chain. A security update to go-ethereum v1.16.8 is also included.
+
+Release highlights:
+
+- **Gloas fork preparation**: Builder registry, bid processing, payload attestation, proposer slashing, slot processing, block API endpoints, and duty timing intervals are all wired up.
+- **Logging revamp**: New ephemeral debug logfile (24h retention, enabled by default), per-package loggers with CI enforcement, per-hook verbosity control (`--log.vmodule`), and a version banner at startup.
+- **Performance**: Forkchoice updates moved to background, post-Electra attestation data cached per slot, parallel data column cache warmup, reduced heap allocations in SSZ marshaling and `MixInLength`, and proposer preprocessing behind a feature flag.
+- **Validator client**: gRPC fallback now matches the REST API implementation — both connect only to fully synced nodes. The gRPC health endpoint returns an error on syncing/optimistic status.
+- **Security**: go-ethereum updated to v1.16.8; fixed an authentication bypass on `/v2/validator/*` endpoints.
+- **State storage**: Initial support for the `hdiff` state-diff feature — migration-to-cold and DB initialization are now available behind feature flags.
+
+There are no known security issues in this release. Operators can update at their convenience.
+
+### Added
+
+- Use the head state to validate attestations for the previous epoch if head is compatible with the target checkpoint. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16109)
+- Added separate logrus hooks for handling the formatting and output of terminal logs vs log-file logs, instead of the. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16102)
+- Batch publish data columns for faster data propogation. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16183)
+- `--disable-get-blobs-v2` flag. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16155)
+- Update spectests to v1.7.0-alpha.0. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16219)
+- Added basic Gloas builder support (`Builder` message and `BeaconStateGloas` `builders`/`next_withdrawal_builder_index` fields). [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16164)
+- Added an ephemeral debug logfile that for beacon and validator nodes that captures debug-level logs for 24 hours. It. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16108)
+- Add a feature flag to pass spectests with low validator count. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16231)
+- Add feature flag `--enable-proposer-preprocessing` to process the block and verify signatures before proposing. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/15920)
+- Add `ProofByFieldIndex` to generalize merkle proof generation for `BeaconState`. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/15443)
+- Update spectests to v1.7.0-alpha-1. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16246)
+- Add feature flag to use hashtree instead of gohashtre. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16216)
+- Migrate to cold with the hdiff feature. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16049)
+- Adding basic fulu fork transition support for mainnet and minimal e2e tests (multi scenario is not included). [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/15640)
+- `commitment_count_in_gossip_processed_blocks` gauge metric to track the number of blob KZG commitments in processed beacon blocks. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16254)
+- Add Gloas latest execution bid processing. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/15638)
+- Added shell completion support for `beacon-chain` and `validator` CLI tools. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16245)
+- add pending payments processing and quorum threshold, plus spectests and state hooks (rotate/append). [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/15655)
+- Add slot processing with execution payload availability updates. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/15730)
+- Implement modified proposer slashing for gloas. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16212)
+- Added missing beacon config in fulu so that the presets don't go missing in /eth/v1/config/spec beacon api. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16170)
+- Close opened file in data_column.go. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16274)
+- Flag `--log.vmodule` to set per-package verbosity levels for logging. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16272)
+- Added a version log at startup to display the version of the build. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16283)
+- gloas block return support for /eth/v2/beacon/blocks/{block_id} and /eth/v1/beacon/blocks/{block_id}/root endpoints. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16278)
+- Add Gloas process payload attestation. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/15650)
+- Initialize db with state-diff feature flag. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16203)
+- Gloas-specific timing intervals for validator attestation, aggregation, and sync duties. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16291)
+- Added new proofCollector type to ssz-query. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16177)
+- Added README for maintaining specrefs. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16302)
+- The ability to download the nightly reference tests from a specific day. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16298)
+- Set beacon node options after reading the config file. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16320)
+- Implement finalization-based eviction for `CheckpointStateCache`. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16458)
+
+### Changed
+
+- Performance improvement in ProcessConsolidationRequests: Use more performance HasPendingBalanceToWithdraw instead of PendingBalanceToWithdraw as no need to calculate full total pending balance. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16189)
+- Extend `httperror` analyzer to more functions. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16186)
+- Do not check block signature on state transition. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/14820)
+- Notify the engine about forkchoice updates in the background. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16149)
+- Use a separate context when updating the slot cache. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16209)
+- Data column sidecars cache warmup: Process in parallel all sidecars for a given epoch. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16207)
+- Use lookahead to validate data column sidecar proposer index. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16202)
+- Summarize DEBUG log corresponding to incoming via gossip data column sidecar. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16210)
+- Added a log.go file for every important package with a logger variable containing a `package` field set to the package. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16059)
+- Added a CI check to ensure every important package has a log.go file with the correct `package` field. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16059)
+- Changed the log formatter to use this `package` field instead of the previous `prefix` field. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16059)
+- Replaced `time.Sleep` with `require.Eventually` polling in tests to fix flaky behavior caused by race conditions between goroutines and assertions. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16217)
+- changed IsHealthy check to IsReady for validator client's interpretation from /eth/v1/node/health, 206 will now return false as the node is syncing. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16167)
+- Performance improvement in state (MarshalSSZTo): use copy() instead of byte-by-byte loop which isn't required. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16222)
+- Moved verbosity settings to be configurable per hook, rather than just globally. This allows us to control the. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16106)
+- updated go ethereum to 1.16.7. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/15640)
+- Use dependent root and target root to verify data column proposer index. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16250)
+- post electra we now call attestation data once per slot and use a cache for subsequent requests. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16236)
+- Avoid unnessary heap allocation while calling MixInLength. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16251)
+- Log commitments instead of indices in missingCommitError. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16258)
+- Added some defensive checks to prevent overflows in block batch requests. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16227)
+- gRPC health endpoint will now return an error on syncing or optimistic status showing that it's unavailable. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16294)
+- Sample PTC per committee to reduce allocations. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16293)
+- gRPC fallback now matches rest api implementation and will also check and connect to only synced nodes. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16215)
+- Improved node fallback logs. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16316)
+- Improved integrations with ethspecify so specrefs can be used throughout the codebase. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16304)
+- Fixed the logging issue described in #16314. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16322)
+
+### Removed
+
+- removed github.com/MariusVanDerWijden/FuzzyVM and github.com/MariusVanDerWijden/tx-fuzz due to lack of support post 1.16.7, only used in e2e for transaction fuzzing. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/15640)
+- Remove unused `delay` parameter from `fetchOriginDataColumnSidecars` function. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16262)
+- Batching of KZG verification for incoming via gossip data column sidecars. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16240)
+- `--disable-get-blobs-v2` flag from help. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16265)
+- gRPC resolver for load balancing, the new implementation matches rest api's so we should remove the resolver so it's handled the same way for consistency. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16215)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- avoid panic when fork schedule is empty [#16175](https://github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/pull/16175). [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16175)
+- Fix validation logic for `--backfill-oldest-slot`, which was rejecting slots newer than 1056767. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16173)
+- Don't call trace.WithMaxExportBatchSize(trace.DefaultMaxExportBatchSize) twice. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16211)
+- When adding the `--[semi-]supernode` flag, update the ealiest available slot accordingly. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16230)
+- fixed broken and old links to actual. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/15856)
+- stop SlotIntervalTicker goroutine leaks [#16241](https://github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/pull/16241). [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16241)
+- Fix `prysmctl testnet generate-genesis` to use the timestamp from `--geth-genesis-json-in` when `--genesis-time` is not explicitly provided. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16239)
+- Prevent authentication bypass on direct `/v2/validator/*` endpoints by enforcing auth checks for non-public routes. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16226)
+- Fixed a typo: AggregrateDueBPS -> AggregateDueBPS. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16194)
+- Fixed a bug in `hack/check-logs.sh` where untracked files were ignored. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16287)
+- Fix hashtree release builds. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16288)
+- Fix Bazel build failure on macOS x86_64 (darwin_amd64) (adds missing assembly stub to hashtree patch). [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16281)
+- a potential race condition when switching hosts quickly and reconnecting to same host on an old connection. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16316)
+- Fixed a bug where `cmd/beacon-chain/execution` was being ignored by `hack/gen-logs.sh` due to a `.gitignore` rule. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16328)
+
+### Security
+
+- Update go-ethereum to v1.16.8. [[PR]](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/pull/16252)
+
 ## [v7.1.2](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/compare/v7.1.1...v7.1.2) - 2026-01-07

 Happy new year! This patch release is very small. The main improvement is better management of pending attestation aggregation via [PR 16153](https://github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/pull/16153).
@@ -4046,4 +4156,4 @@ There are no security updates in this release.

 # Older than v2.0.0

-For changelog history for releases older than v2.0.0, please refer to https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/releases
+For changelog history for releases older than v2.0.0, please refer to https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/releases
--- a/10
+++ b/10
@@ -273,16 +273,16 @@ filegroup(
    url = "https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/archive/5480440fe51742ed23342b68cf106cefd427e39d.tar.gz",
 )

-consensus_spec_version = "v1.7.0-alpha.2"
+consensus_spec_version = "v1.7.0-alpha.4"

 load("@prysm//tools:download_spectests.bzl", "consensus_spec_tests")

 consensus_spec_tests(
    name = "consensus_spec_tests",
    flavors = {
-        "general": "sha256-iGQsGZ1cHah+2CSod9jC3kN8Ku4n6KO0hIwfINrn/po=",
-        "minimal": "sha256-TgcYt8N8sXSttdHTGvOa+exUZ1zn1UzlAMz0V7i37xc=",
-        "mainnet": "sha256-LnXyiLoJtrvEvbqLDSAAqpLMdN/lXv92SAgYG8fNjCs=",
+        "general": "sha256-kNJxuhCtW4RbuS9nb4U6JXHlPgTSg6G3hWeHFVB9gZ4=",
+        "minimal": "sha256-U1tCkXxtdI6mkEdk80i8z9LU2hAyf7Ztz5SBYo5oMzo=",
+        "mainnet": "sha256-Ga8VDOcNhTTdXDj8tSyBVYrwya9f1HO94ehJ5vv91r4=",
    },
    version = consensus_spec_version,
 )
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ filegroup(
    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
 )
    """,
-    integrity = "sha256-Y/67Dg393PksZj5rTFNLntiJ6hNdB7Rxbu5gZE2gebY=",
+    integrity = "sha256-XHu5K/65mue+5po63L9yGTFjGfU1RGj4S56dmcHc2Rs=",
    strip_prefix = "consensus-specs-" + consensus_spec_version[1:],
    url = "https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/archive/refs/tags/%s.tar.gz" % consensus_spec_version,
 )
--- a/api/fallback/fallback.go
+++ b/api/fallback/fallback.go
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func EnsureReady(ctx context.Context, provider HostProvider, checker ReadyChecke
 					"previous": startingHost,
 					"current":  provider.CurrentHost(),
 					"tried":    attemptedHosts,
-				}).Info("Switched to responsive beacon node")
+				}).Warn("Switched to responsive beacon node")
 			}
 			return true
 		}
--- a/api/server/structs/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/api/server/structs/BUILD.bazel
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ go_library(
        "conversions_blob.go",
        "conversions_block.go",
        "conversions_block_execution.go",
+        "conversions_gloas.go",
        "conversions_lightclient.go",
        "conversions_state.go",
        "endpoints_beacon.go",
@@ -57,10 +58,12 @@ go_test(
    ],
    embed = [":go_default_library"],
    deps = [
+        "//consensus-types/blocks:go_default_library",
        "//proto/engine/v1:go_default_library",
        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
        "//testing/assert:go_default_library",
        "//testing/require:go_default_library",
+        "//testing/util:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_ethereum_go_ethereum//common:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_ethereum_go_ethereum//common/hexutil:go_default_library",
    ],
--- a/api/server/structs/block.go
+++ b/api/server/structs/block.go
@@ -540,6 +540,12 @@ type PayloadAttestation struct {
 	Signature       string                  `json:"signature"`
 }

+type PayloadAttestationMessage struct {
+	ValidatorIndex string                  `json:"validator_index"`
+	Data           *PayloadAttestationData `json:"data"`
+	Signature      string                  `json:"signature"`
+}
+
 type BeaconBlockBodyGloas struct {
 	RandaoReveal              string                        `json:"randao_reveal"`
 	Eth1Data                  *Eth1Data                     `json:"eth1_data"`
--- a/api/server/structs/conversions_block.go
+++ b/api/server/structs/conversions_block.go
@@ -2966,6 +2966,14 @@ func PayloadAttestationFromConsensus(pa *eth.PayloadAttestation) *PayloadAttesta
 	}
 }

+func PayloadAttestationMessageFromConsensus(m *eth.PayloadAttestationMessage) *PayloadAttestationMessage {
+	return &PayloadAttestationMessage{
+		ValidatorIndex: fmt.Sprintf("%d", m.ValidatorIndex),
+		Data:           PayloadAttestationDataFromConsensus(m.Data),
+		Signature:      hexutil.Encode(m.Signature),
+	}
+}
+
 func PayloadAttestationDataFromConsensus(d *eth.PayloadAttestationData) *PayloadAttestationData {
 	return &PayloadAttestationData{
 		BeaconBlockRoot:   hexutil.Encode(d.BeaconBlockRoot),
--- a/api/server/structs/conversions_gloas.go
+++ b/api/server/structs/conversions_gloas.go
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+package structs
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/interfaces"
+	ethpb "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
+)
+
+func ROExecutionPayloadBidFromConsensus(b interfaces.ROExecutionPayloadBid) *ExecutionPayloadBid {
+	if b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	pbh := b.ParentBlockHash()
+	pbr := b.ParentBlockRoot()
+	bh := b.BlockHash()
+	pr := b.PrevRandao()
+	fr := b.FeeRecipient()
+	commitments := b.BlobKzgCommitments()
+	blobKzgCommitments := make([]string, 0, len(commitments))
+	for _, commitment := range commitments {
+		blobKzgCommitments = append(blobKzgCommitments, hexutil.Encode(commitment))
+	}
+	return &ExecutionPayloadBid{
+		ParentBlockHash:    hexutil.Encode(pbh[:]),
+		ParentBlockRoot:    hexutil.Encode(pbr[:]),
+		BlockHash:          hexutil.Encode(bh[:]),
+		PrevRandao:         hexutil.Encode(pr[:]),
+		FeeRecipient:       hexutil.Encode(fr[:]),
+		GasLimit:           fmt.Sprintf("%d", b.GasLimit()),
+		BuilderIndex:       fmt.Sprintf("%d", b.BuilderIndex()),
+		Slot:               fmt.Sprintf("%d", b.Slot()),
+		Value:              fmt.Sprintf("%d", b.Value()),
+		ExecutionPayment:   fmt.Sprintf("%d", b.ExecutionPayment()),
+		BlobKzgCommitments: blobKzgCommitments,
+	}
+}
+
+func BuildersFromConsensus(builders []*ethpb.Builder) []*Builder {
+	newBuilders := make([]*Builder, len(builders))
+	for i, b := range builders {
+		newBuilders[i] = BuilderFromConsensus(b)
+	}
+	return newBuilders
+}
+
+func BuilderFromConsensus(b *ethpb.Builder) *Builder {
+	return &Builder{
+		Pubkey:            hexutil.Encode(b.Pubkey),
+		Version:           hexutil.Encode(b.Version),
+		ExecutionAddress:  hexutil.Encode(b.ExecutionAddress),
+		Balance:           fmt.Sprintf("%d", b.Balance),
+		DepositEpoch:      fmt.Sprintf("%d", b.DepositEpoch),
+		WithdrawableEpoch: fmt.Sprintf("%d", b.WithdrawableEpoch),
+	}
+}
+
+func BuilderPendingPaymentsFromConsensus(payments []*ethpb.BuilderPendingPayment) []*BuilderPendingPayment {
+	newPayments := make([]*BuilderPendingPayment, len(payments))
+	for i, p := range payments {
+		newPayments[i] = BuilderPendingPaymentFromConsensus(p)
+	}
+	return newPayments
+}
+
+func BuilderPendingPaymentFromConsensus(p *ethpb.BuilderPendingPayment) *BuilderPendingPayment {
+	return &BuilderPendingPayment{
+		Weight:     fmt.Sprintf("%d", p.Weight),
+		Withdrawal: BuilderPendingWithdrawalFromConsensus(p.Withdrawal),
+	}
+}
+
+func BuilderPendingWithdrawalsFromConsensus(withdrawals []*ethpb.BuilderPendingWithdrawal) []*BuilderPendingWithdrawal {
+	newWithdrawals := make([]*BuilderPendingWithdrawal, len(withdrawals))
+	for i, w := range withdrawals {
+		newWithdrawals[i] = BuilderPendingWithdrawalFromConsensus(w)
+	}
+	return newWithdrawals
+}
+
+func BuilderPendingWithdrawalFromConsensus(w *ethpb.BuilderPendingWithdrawal) *BuilderPendingWithdrawal {
+	return &BuilderPendingWithdrawal{
+		FeeRecipient: hexutil.Encode(w.FeeRecipient),
+		Amount:       fmt.Sprintf("%d", w.Amount),
+		BuilderIndex: fmt.Sprintf("%d", w.BuilderIndex),
+	}
+}
--- a/api/server/structs/conversions_state.go
+++ b/api/server/structs/conversions_state.go
@@ -972,3 +972,223 @@ func BeaconStateFuluFromConsensus(st beaconState.BeaconState) (*BeaconStateFulu,
 		ProposerLookahead:             lookahead,
 	}, nil
 }
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Gloas
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+func BeaconStateGloasFromConsensus(st beaconState.BeaconState) (*BeaconStateGloas, error) {
+	srcBr := st.BlockRoots()
+	br := make([]string, len(srcBr))
+	for i, r := range srcBr {
+		br[i] = hexutil.Encode(r)
+	}
+	srcSr := st.StateRoots()
+	sr := make([]string, len(srcSr))
+	for i, r := range srcSr {
+		sr[i] = hexutil.Encode(r)
+	}
+	srcHr := st.HistoricalRoots()
+	hr := make([]string, len(srcHr))
+	for i, r := range srcHr {
+		hr[i] = hexutil.Encode(r)
+	}
+	srcVotes := st.Eth1DataVotes()
+	votes := make([]*Eth1Data, len(srcVotes))
+	for i, e := range srcVotes {
+		votes[i] = Eth1DataFromConsensus(e)
+	}
+	srcVals := st.Validators()
+	vals := make([]*Validator, len(srcVals))
+	for i, v := range srcVals {
+		vals[i] = ValidatorFromConsensus(v)
+	}
+	srcBals := st.Balances()
+	bals := make([]string, len(srcBals))
+	for i, b := range srcBals {
+		bals[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", b)
+	}
+	srcRm := st.RandaoMixes()
+	rm := make([]string, len(srcRm))
+	for i, m := range srcRm {
+		rm[i] = hexutil.Encode(m)
+	}
+	srcSlashings := st.Slashings()
+	slashings := make([]string, len(srcSlashings))
+	for i, s := range srcSlashings {
+		slashings[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", s)
+	}
+	srcPrevPart, err := st.PreviousEpochParticipation()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	prevPart := make([]string, len(srcPrevPart))
+	for i, p := range srcPrevPart {
+		prevPart[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", p)
+	}
+	srcCurrPart, err := st.CurrentEpochParticipation()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	currPart := make([]string, len(srcCurrPart))
+	for i, p := range srcCurrPart {
+		currPart[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", p)
+	}
+	srcIs, err := st.InactivityScores()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	is := make([]string, len(srcIs))
+	for i, s := range srcIs {
+		is[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", s)
+	}
+	currSc, err := st.CurrentSyncCommittee()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	nextSc, err := st.NextSyncCommittee()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	srcHs, err := st.HistoricalSummaries()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	hs := make([]*HistoricalSummary, len(srcHs))
+	for i, s := range srcHs {
+		hs[i] = HistoricalSummaryFromConsensus(s)
+	}
+	nwi, err := st.NextWithdrawalIndex()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	nwvi, err := st.NextWithdrawalValidatorIndex()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	drsi, err := st.DepositRequestsStartIndex()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	dbtc, err := st.DepositBalanceToConsume()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	ebtc, err := st.ExitBalanceToConsume()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	eee, err := st.EarliestExitEpoch()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	cbtc, err := st.ConsolidationBalanceToConsume()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	ece, err := st.EarliestConsolidationEpoch()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	pbd, err := st.PendingDeposits()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	ppw, err := st.PendingPartialWithdrawals()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	pc, err := st.PendingConsolidations()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	srcLookahead, err := st.ProposerLookahead()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	lookahead := make([]string, len(srcLookahead))
+	for i, v := range srcLookahead {
+		lookahead[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", uint64(v))
+	}
+	// Gloas-specific fields
+	lepb, err := st.LatestExecutionPayloadBid()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	builders, err := st.Builders()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	nwbi, err := st.NextWithdrawalBuilderIndex()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	epa, err := st.ExecutionPayloadAvailabilityVector()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	bpp, err := st.BuilderPendingPayments()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	bpw, err := st.BuilderPendingWithdrawals()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	lbh, err := st.LatestBlockHash()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	pew, err := st.PayloadExpectedWithdrawals()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &BeaconStateGloas{
+		GenesisTime:                   fmt.Sprintf("%d", st.GenesisTime().Unix()),
+		GenesisValidatorsRoot:         hexutil.Encode(st.GenesisValidatorsRoot()),
+		Slot:                          fmt.Sprintf("%d", st.Slot()),
+		Fork:                          ForkFromConsensus(st.Fork()),
+		LatestBlockHeader:             BeaconBlockHeaderFromConsensus(st.LatestBlockHeader()),
+		BlockRoots:                    br,
+		StateRoots:                    sr,
+		HistoricalRoots:               hr,
+		Eth1Data:                      Eth1DataFromConsensus(st.Eth1Data()),
+		Eth1DataVotes:                 votes,
+		Eth1DepositIndex:              fmt.Sprintf("%d", st.Eth1DepositIndex()),
+		Validators:                    vals,
+		Balances:                      bals,
+		RandaoMixes:                   rm,
+		Slashings:                     slashings,
+		PreviousEpochParticipation:    prevPart,
+		CurrentEpochParticipation:     currPart,
+		JustificationBits:             hexutil.Encode(st.JustificationBits()),
+		PreviousJustifiedCheckpoint:   CheckpointFromConsensus(st.PreviousJustifiedCheckpoint()),
+		CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint:    CheckpointFromConsensus(st.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint()),
+		FinalizedCheckpoint:           CheckpointFromConsensus(st.FinalizedCheckpoint()),
+		InactivityScores:              is,
+		CurrentSyncCommittee:          SyncCommitteeFromConsensus(currSc),
+		NextSyncCommittee:             SyncCommitteeFromConsensus(nextSc),
+		NextWithdrawalIndex:           fmt.Sprintf("%d", nwi),
+		NextWithdrawalValidatorIndex:  fmt.Sprintf("%d", nwvi),
+		HistoricalSummaries:           hs,
+		DepositRequestsStartIndex:     fmt.Sprintf("%d", drsi),
+		DepositBalanceToConsume:       fmt.Sprintf("%d", dbtc),
+		ExitBalanceToConsume:          fmt.Sprintf("%d", ebtc),
+		EarliestExitEpoch:             fmt.Sprintf("%d", eee),
+		ConsolidationBalanceToConsume: fmt.Sprintf("%d", cbtc),
+		EarliestConsolidationEpoch:    fmt.Sprintf("%d", ece),
+		PendingDeposits:               PendingDepositsFromConsensus(pbd),
+		PendingPartialWithdrawals:     PendingPartialWithdrawalsFromConsensus(ppw),
+		PendingConsolidations:         PendingConsolidationsFromConsensus(pc),
+		ProposerLookahead:             lookahead,
+		LatestExecutionPayloadBid:     ROExecutionPayloadBidFromConsensus(lepb),
+		Builders:                      BuildersFromConsensus(builders),
+		NextWithdrawalBuilderIndex:    fmt.Sprintf("%d", nwbi),
+		ExecutionPayloadAvailability:  hexutil.Encode(epa),
+		BuilderPendingPayments:        BuilderPendingPaymentsFromConsensus(bpp),
+		BuilderPendingWithdrawals:     BuilderPendingWithdrawalsFromConsensus(bpw),
+		LatestBlockHash:               hexutil.Encode(lbh[:]),
+		PayloadExpectedWithdrawals:    WithdrawalsFromConsensus(pew),
+	}, nil
+}
--- a/api/server/structs/conversions_test.go
+++ b/api/server/structs/conversions_test.go
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 package structs

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"testing"

+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/blocks"
+	enginev1 "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/engine/v1"
 	eth "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/testing/assert"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/testing/require"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/testing/util"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 )

@@ -355,3 +359,214 @@ func TestIndexedAttestation_ToConsensus(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err := a.ToConsensus()
 	require.ErrorContains(t, errNilValue.Error(), err)
 }
+
+func TestROExecutionPayloadBidFromConsensus(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("empty blobkzg commitments", func(t *testing.T) {
+		bid := &eth.ExecutionPayloadBid{
+			ParentBlockHash:    bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x01}, 32),
+			ParentBlockRoot:    bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x02}, 32),
+			BlockHash:          bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x03}, 32),
+			PrevRandao:         bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x04}, 32),
+			FeeRecipient:       bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x05}, 20),
+			GasLimit:           100,
+			BuilderIndex:       7,
+			Slot:               9,
+			Value:              11,
+			ExecutionPayment:   22,
+			BlobKzgCommitments: [][]byte{},
+		}
+		roBid, err := blocks.WrappedROExecutionPayloadBid(bid)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		got := ROExecutionPayloadBidFromConsensus(roBid)
+		want := &ExecutionPayloadBid{
+			ParentBlockHash:    hexutil.Encode(bid.ParentBlockHash),
+			ParentBlockRoot:    hexutil.Encode(bid.ParentBlockRoot),
+			BlockHash:          hexutil.Encode(bid.BlockHash),
+			PrevRandao:         hexutil.Encode(bid.PrevRandao),
+			FeeRecipient:       hexutil.Encode(bid.FeeRecipient),
+			GasLimit:           "100",
+			BuilderIndex:       "7",
+			Slot:               "9",
+			Value:              "11",
+			ExecutionPayment:   "22",
+			BlobKzgCommitments: []string{},
+		}
+		assert.DeepEqual(t, want, got)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		bid := &eth.ExecutionPayloadBid{
+			ParentBlockHash:    bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x01}, 32),
+			ParentBlockRoot:    bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x02}, 32),
+			BlockHash:          bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x03}, 32),
+			PrevRandao:         bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x04}, 32),
+			FeeRecipient:       bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x05}, 20),
+			GasLimit:           100,
+			BuilderIndex:       7,
+			Slot:               9,
+			Value:              11,
+			ExecutionPayment:   22,
+			BlobKzgCommitments: [][]byte{bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x06}, 48)},
+		}
+		roBid, err := blocks.WrappedROExecutionPayloadBid(bid)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		var bkcs []string
+		for _, commitment := range roBid.BlobKzgCommitments() {
+			bkcs = append(bkcs, hexutil.Encode(commitment))
+		}
+
+		got := ROExecutionPayloadBidFromConsensus(roBid)
+		want := &ExecutionPayloadBid{
+			ParentBlockHash:    hexutil.Encode(bid.ParentBlockHash),
+			ParentBlockRoot:    hexutil.Encode(bid.ParentBlockRoot),
+			BlockHash:          hexutil.Encode(bid.BlockHash),
+			PrevRandao:         hexutil.Encode(bid.PrevRandao),
+			FeeRecipient:       hexutil.Encode(bid.FeeRecipient),
+			GasLimit:           "100",
+			BuilderIndex:       "7",
+			Slot:               "9",
+			Value:              "11",
+			ExecutionPayment:   "22",
+			BlobKzgCommitments: bkcs,
+		}
+		assert.DeepEqual(t, want, got)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestBuilderConversionsFromConsensus(t *testing.T) {
+	builder := &eth.Builder{
+		Pubkey:            bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xAA}, 48),
+		Version:           bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x01}, 4),
+		ExecutionAddress:  bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xBB}, 20),
+		Balance:           42,
+		DepositEpoch:      3,
+		WithdrawableEpoch: 4,
+	}
+	wantBuilder := &Builder{
+		Pubkey:            hexutil.Encode(builder.Pubkey),
+		Version:           hexutil.Encode(builder.Version),
+		ExecutionAddress:  hexutil.Encode(builder.ExecutionAddress),
+		Balance:           "42",
+		DepositEpoch:      "3",
+		WithdrawableEpoch: "4",
+	}
+
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, wantBuilder, BuilderFromConsensus(builder))
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, []*Builder{wantBuilder}, BuildersFromConsensus([]*eth.Builder{builder}))
+}
+
+func TestBuilderPendingPaymentConversionsFromConsensus(t *testing.T) {
+	withdrawal := &eth.BuilderPendingWithdrawal{
+		FeeRecipient: bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x10}, 20),
+		Amount:       15,
+		BuilderIndex: 2,
+	}
+	payment := &eth.BuilderPendingPayment{
+		Weight:     5,
+		Withdrawal: withdrawal,
+	}
+	wantWithdrawal := &BuilderPendingWithdrawal{
+		FeeRecipient: hexutil.Encode(withdrawal.FeeRecipient),
+		Amount:       "15",
+		BuilderIndex: "2",
+	}
+	wantPayment := &BuilderPendingPayment{
+		Weight:     "5",
+		Withdrawal: wantWithdrawal,
+	}
+
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, wantPayment, BuilderPendingPaymentFromConsensus(payment))
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, []*BuilderPendingPayment{wantPayment}, BuilderPendingPaymentsFromConsensus([]*eth.BuilderPendingPayment{payment}))
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, wantWithdrawal, BuilderPendingWithdrawalFromConsensus(withdrawal))
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, []*BuilderPendingWithdrawal{wantWithdrawal}, BuilderPendingWithdrawalsFromConsensus([]*eth.BuilderPendingWithdrawal{withdrawal}))
+}
+
+func TestBeaconStateGloasFromConsensus(t *testing.T) {
+	st, err := util.NewBeaconStateGloas(func(state *eth.BeaconStateGloas) error {
+		state.GenesisTime = 123
+		state.GenesisValidatorsRoot = bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x10}, 32)
+		state.Slot = 5
+		state.ProposerLookahead = []uint64{1, 2}
+		state.LatestExecutionPayloadBid = &eth.ExecutionPayloadBid{
+			ParentBlockHash:    bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x11}, 32),
+			ParentBlockRoot:    bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x12}, 32),
+			BlockHash:          bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x13}, 32),
+			PrevRandao:         bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x14}, 32),
+			FeeRecipient:       bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x15}, 20),
+			GasLimit:           64,
+			BuilderIndex:       3,
+			Slot:               5,
+			Value:              99,
+			ExecutionPayment:   7,
+			BlobKzgCommitments: [][]byte{bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x16}, 48)},
+		}
+		state.Builders = []*eth.Builder{
+			{
+				Pubkey:            bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x20}, 48),
+				Version:           bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x21}, 4),
+				ExecutionAddress:  bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x22}, 20),
+				Balance:           88,
+				DepositEpoch:      1,
+				WithdrawableEpoch: 2,
+			},
+		}
+		state.NextWithdrawalBuilderIndex = 9
+		state.ExecutionPayloadAvailability = []byte{0x01, 0x02}
+		state.BuilderPendingPayments = []*eth.BuilderPendingPayment{
+			{
+				Weight: 3,
+				Withdrawal: &eth.BuilderPendingWithdrawal{
+					FeeRecipient: bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x23}, 20),
+					Amount:       4,
+					BuilderIndex: 5,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		state.BuilderPendingWithdrawals = []*eth.BuilderPendingWithdrawal{
+			{
+				FeeRecipient: bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x24}, 20),
+				Amount:       6,
+				BuilderIndex: 7,
+			},
+		}
+		state.LatestBlockHash = bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x25}, 32)
+		state.PayloadExpectedWithdrawals = []*enginev1.Withdrawal{
+			{Index: 1, ValidatorIndex: 2, Address: bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x26}, 20), Amount: 10},
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	got, err := BeaconStateGloasFromConsensus(st)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "123", got.GenesisTime)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Encode(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x10}, 32)), got.GenesisValidatorsRoot)
+	require.Equal(t, "5", got.Slot)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, []string{"1", "2"}, got.ProposerLookahead)
+	require.Equal(t, "9", got.NextWithdrawalBuilderIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Encode([]byte{0x01, 0x02}), got.ExecutionPayloadAvailability)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Encode(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x25}, 32)), got.LatestBlockHash)
+
+	require.NotNil(t, got.LatestExecutionPayloadBid)
+	require.Equal(t, "64", got.LatestExecutionPayloadBid.GasLimit)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Encode(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x11}, 32)), got.LatestExecutionPayloadBid.ParentBlockHash)
+
+	require.NotNil(t, got.Builders)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Encode(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x20}, 48)), got.Builders[0].Pubkey)
+	require.Equal(t, "88", got.Builders[0].Balance)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "3", got.BuilderPendingPayments[0].Weight)
+	require.Equal(t, "4", got.BuilderPendingPayments[0].Withdrawal.Amount)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Encode(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x23}, 20)), got.BuilderPendingPayments[0].Withdrawal.FeeRecipient)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "6", got.BuilderPendingWithdrawals[0].Amount)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Encode(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x24}, 20)), got.BuilderPendingWithdrawals[0].FeeRecipient)
+
+	require.Equal(t, "1", got.PayloadExpectedWithdrawals[0].WithdrawalIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, "2", got.PayloadExpectedWithdrawals[0].ValidatorIndex)
+	require.Equal(t, hexutil.Encode(bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x26}, 20)), got.PayloadExpectedWithdrawals[0].ExecutionAddress)
+	require.Equal(t, "10", got.PayloadExpectedWithdrawals[0].Amount)
+}
--- a/api/server/structs/other.go
+++ b/api/server/structs/other.go
@@ -262,3 +262,23 @@ type PendingConsolidation struct {
 	SourceIndex string `json:"source_index"`
 	TargetIndex string `json:"target_index"`
 }
+
+type Builder struct {
+	Pubkey            string `json:"pubkey"`
+	Version           string `json:"version"`
+	ExecutionAddress  string `json:"execution_address"`
+	Balance           string `json:"balance"`
+	DepositEpoch      string `json:"deposit_epoch"`
+	WithdrawableEpoch string `json:"withdrawable_epoch"`
+}
+
+type BuilderPendingPayment struct {
+	Weight     string                    `json:"weight"`
+	Withdrawal *BuilderPendingWithdrawal `json:"withdrawal"`
+}
+
+type BuilderPendingWithdrawal struct {
+	FeeRecipient string `json:"fee_recipient"`
+	Amount       string `json:"amount"`
+	BuilderIndex string `json:"builder_index"`
+}
--- a/api/server/structs/state.go
+++ b/api/server/structs/state.go
@@ -221,3 +221,51 @@ type BeaconStateFulu struct {
 	PendingConsolidations         []*PendingConsolidation      `json:"pending_consolidations"`
 	ProposerLookahead             []string                     `json:"proposer_lookahead"`
 }
+
+type BeaconStateGloas struct {
+	GenesisTime                   string                      `json:"genesis_time"`
+	GenesisValidatorsRoot         string                      `json:"genesis_validators_root"`
+	Slot                          string                      `json:"slot"`
+	Fork                          *Fork                       `json:"fork"`
+	LatestBlockHeader             *BeaconBlockHeader          `json:"latest_block_header"`
+	BlockRoots                    []string                    `json:"block_roots"`
+	StateRoots                    []string                    `json:"state_roots"`
+	HistoricalRoots               []string                    `json:"historical_roots"`
+	Eth1Data                      *Eth1Data                   `json:"eth1_data"`
+	Eth1DataVotes                 []*Eth1Data                 `json:"eth1_data_votes"`
+	Eth1DepositIndex              string                      `json:"eth1_deposit_index"`
+	Validators                    []*Validator                `json:"validators"`
+	Balances                      []string                    `json:"balances"`
+	RandaoMixes                   []string                    `json:"randao_mixes"`
+	Slashings                     []string                    `json:"slashings"`
+	PreviousEpochParticipation    []string                    `json:"previous_epoch_participation"`
+	CurrentEpochParticipation     []string                    `json:"current_epoch_participation"`
+	JustificationBits             string                      `json:"justification_bits"`
+	PreviousJustifiedCheckpoint   *Checkpoint                 `json:"previous_justified_checkpoint"`
+	CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint    *Checkpoint                 `json:"current_justified_checkpoint"`
+	FinalizedCheckpoint           *Checkpoint                 `json:"finalized_checkpoint"`
+	InactivityScores              []string                    `json:"inactivity_scores"`
+	CurrentSyncCommittee          *SyncCommittee              `json:"current_sync_committee"`
+	NextSyncCommittee             *SyncCommittee              `json:"next_sync_committee"`
+	NextWithdrawalIndex           string                      `json:"next_withdrawal_index"`
+	NextWithdrawalValidatorIndex  string                      `json:"next_withdrawal_validator_index"`
+	HistoricalSummaries           []*HistoricalSummary        `json:"historical_summaries"`
+	DepositRequestsStartIndex     string                      `json:"deposit_requests_start_index"`
+	DepositBalanceToConsume       string                      `json:"deposit_balance_to_consume"`
+	ExitBalanceToConsume          string                      `json:"exit_balance_to_consume"`
+	EarliestExitEpoch             string                      `json:"earliest_exit_epoch"`
+	ConsolidationBalanceToConsume string                      `json:"consolidation_balance_to_consume"`
+	EarliestConsolidationEpoch    string                      `json:"earliest_consolidation_epoch"`
+	PendingDeposits               []*PendingDeposit           `json:"pending_deposits"`
+	PendingPartialWithdrawals     []*PendingPartialWithdrawal `json:"pending_partial_withdrawals"`
+	PendingConsolidations         []*PendingConsolidation     `json:"pending_consolidations"`
+	ProposerLookahead             []string                    `json:"proposer_lookahead"`
+	LatestExecutionPayloadBid     *ExecutionPayloadBid        `json:"latest_execution_payload_bid"`
+	Builders                      []*Builder                  `json:"builders"`
+	NextWithdrawalBuilderIndex    string                      `json:"next_withdrawal_builder_index"`
+	ExecutionPayloadAvailability  string                      `json:"execution_payload_availability"`
+	BuilderPendingPayments        []*BuilderPendingPayment    `json:"builder_pending_payments"`
+	BuilderPendingWithdrawals     []*BuilderPendingWithdrawal `json:"builder_pending_withdrawals"`
+	LatestBlockHash               string                      `json:"latest_block_hash"`
+	PayloadExpectedWithdrawals    []*Withdrawal               `json:"payload_expected_withdrawals"`
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/BUILD.bazel
@@ -154,7 +154,6 @@ go_test(
        "//beacon-chain/core/altair:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/core/blocks:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/core/feed/state:go_default_library",
-        "//beacon-chain/core/gloas:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/core/helpers:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/core/peerdas:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/core/signing:go_default_library",
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info.go
@@ -40,11 +40,15 @@ type ChainInfoFetcher interface {
 // of locking forkchoice
 type ForkchoiceFetcher interface {
 	Ancestor(context.Context, []byte, primitives.Slot) ([]byte, error)
+	BlockHash(root [32]byte) ([32]byte, error)
 	CachedHeadRoot() [32]byte
 	GetProposerHead() [32]byte
 	SetForkChoiceGenesisTime(time.Time)
 	UpdateHead(context.Context, primitives.Slot)
 	HighestReceivedBlockSlot() primitives.Slot
+	HighestReceivedBlockRoot() [32]byte
+	HasFullNode([32]byte) bool
+	PayloadContentLookup([32]byte) ([32]byte, bool)
 	ReceivedBlocksLastEpoch() (uint64, error)
 	InsertNode(context.Context, state.BeaconState, consensus_blocks.ROBlock) error
 	InsertPayload(interfaces.ROExecutionPayloadEnvelope) error
@@ -55,6 +59,7 @@ type ForkchoiceFetcher interface {
 	IsCanonical(ctx context.Context, blockRoot [32]byte) (bool, error)
 	DependentRoot(primitives.Epoch) ([32]byte, error)
 	CanonicalNodeAtSlot(primitives.Slot) ([32]byte, bool)
+	ShouldIgnoreData(parentRoot [32]byte, dataSlot primitives.Slot) bool
 }

 // TimeFetcher retrieves the Ethereum consensus data that's related to time.
@@ -594,3 +599,26 @@ func (s *Service) inRegularSync() bool {
 func (s *Service) validating() bool {
 	return s.cfg.TrackedValidatorsCache.Validating()
 }
+
+// ShouldIgnoreData returns true if the data for the given parent root and slot should be ignored.
+func (s *Service) ShouldIgnoreData(parentRoot [32]byte, dataSlot primitives.Slot) bool {
+	currentEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(s.CurrentSlot())
+	if slots.ToEpoch(dataSlot) < currentEpoch {
+		return false
+	}
+	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RLock()
+	defer s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RUnlock()
+	parentSlot, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Slot(parentRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		// This should not happen. The caller should have already checked the parent is in forkchoice.
+		return false
+	}
+	j := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.JustifiedCheckpoint()
+	if j == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if slots.ToEpoch(parentSlot) >= j.Epoch {
+		return false
+	}
+	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.IsCanonical(parentRoot)
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info_forkchoice.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info_forkchoice.go
@@ -42,6 +42,34 @@ func (s *Service) HighestReceivedBlockSlot() primitives.Slot {
 	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.HighestReceivedBlockSlot()
 }

+// HighestReceivedBlockRoot returns the corresponding value from forkchoice
+func (s *Service) HighestReceivedBlockRoot() [32]byte {
+	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RLock()
+	defer s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RUnlock()
+	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.HighestReceivedBlockRoot()
+}
+
+// BlockHash returns the execution payload block hash for the given beacon block root from forkchoice.
+func (s *Service) BlockHash(root [32]byte) ([32]byte, error) {
+	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RLock()
+	defer s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RUnlock()
+	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.BlockHash(root)
+}
+
+// HasFullNode returns the corresponding value from forkchoice
+func (s *Service) HasFullNode(root [32]byte) bool {
+	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RLock()
+	defer s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RUnlock()
+	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.HasFullNode(root)
+}
+
+// PayloadContentLookup returns the preferred payload-content lookup key from forkchoice.
+func (s *Service) PayloadContentLookup(root [32]byte) ([32]byte, bool) {
+	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RLock()
+	defer s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RUnlock()
+	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.PayloadContentLookup(root)
+}
+
 // ReceivedBlocksLastEpoch returns the corresponding value from forkchoice
 func (s *Service) ReceivedBlocksLastEpoch() (uint64, error) {
 	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.RLock()
@@ -129,6 +157,13 @@ func (s *Service) hashForGenesisBlock(ctx context.Context, root [32]byte) ([]byt
 	if st.Version() < version.Bellatrix {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
+	if st.Version() >= version.Gloas {
+		h, err := st.LatestBlockHash()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get latest block hash")
+		}
+		return bytesutil.SafeCopyBytes(h[:]), nil
+	}
 	header, err := st.LatestExecutionPayloadHeader()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get latest execution payload header")
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info_test.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/testing/assert"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/testing/require"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/testing/util"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/time/slots"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 )

@@ -620,6 +621,188 @@ func TestService_IsFinalized(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, false, c.IsFinalized(ctx, [32]byte{'c'}))
 }

+func TestParentPayloadReady(t *testing.T) {
+	params.SetupTestConfigCleanup(t)
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig().Copy()
+	cfg.GloasForkEpoch = 0
+	cfg.InitializeForkSchedule()
+	params.OverrideBeaconConfig(cfg)
+
+	service, tr := minimalTestService(t)
+	ctx := t.Context()
+	fcs := tr.fcs
+
+	parentRoot := [32]byte{1}
+	parentBlockHash := [32]byte{10}
+	zeroHash := params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash
+
+	// Insert parent node into forkchoice.
+	st, parentROBlock, err := prepareGloasForkchoiceState(ctx, 1, parentRoot, zeroHash, parentBlockHash, zeroHash, 0, 0)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertNode(ctx, st, parentROBlock))
+
+	t.Run("pre-Gloas always true", func(t *testing.T) {
+		blk := util.HydrateSignedBeaconBlockDeneb(&ethpb.SignedBeaconBlockDeneb{
+			Block: &ethpb.BeaconBlockDeneb{ParentRoot: parentRoot[:]},
+		})
+		wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, true, service.ParentPayloadReady(wsb.Block()))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parent not in forkchoice", func(t *testing.T) {
+		unknownParent := [32]byte{99}
+		bid := util.HydrateSignedExecutionPayloadBid(&ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid{
+			Message: &ethpb.ExecutionPayloadBid{
+				BlockHash:       []byte{20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+				ParentBlockHash: parentBlockHash[:],
+			},
+		})
+		blk := util.HydrateSignedBeaconBlockGloas(&ethpb.SignedBeaconBlockGloas{
+			Block: &ethpb.BeaconBlockGloas{
+				Slot:       2,
+				ParentRoot: unknownParent[:],
+				Body:       &ethpb.BeaconBlockBodyGloas{SignedExecutionPayloadBid: bid},
+			},
+		})
+		wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, false, service.ParentPayloadReady(wsb.Block()))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("builds on empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		differentHash := [32]byte{99}
+		bid := util.HydrateSignedExecutionPayloadBid(&ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid{
+			Message: &ethpb.ExecutionPayloadBid{
+				BlockHash:       []byte{20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+				ParentBlockHash: differentHash[:],
+			},
+		})
+		blk := util.HydrateSignedBeaconBlockGloas(&ethpb.SignedBeaconBlockGloas{
+			Block: &ethpb.BeaconBlockGloas{
+				Slot:       2,
+				ParentRoot: parentRoot[:],
+				Body:       &ethpb.BeaconBlockBodyGloas{SignedExecutionPayloadBid: bid},
+			},
+		})
+		wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, true, service.ParentPayloadReady(wsb.Block()))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("builds on full without payload", func(t *testing.T) {
+		bid := util.HydrateSignedExecutionPayloadBid(&ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid{
+			Message: &ethpb.ExecutionPayloadBid{
+				BlockHash:       []byte{20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+				ParentBlockHash: parentBlockHash[:],
+			},
+		})
+		blk := util.HydrateSignedBeaconBlockGloas(&ethpb.SignedBeaconBlockGloas{
+			Block: &ethpb.BeaconBlockGloas{
+				Slot:       2,
+				ParentRoot: parentRoot[:],
+				Body:       &ethpb.BeaconBlockBodyGloas{SignedExecutionPayloadBid: bid},
+			},
+		})
+		wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, false, service.ParentPayloadReady(wsb.Block()))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("builds on full with payload", func(t *testing.T) {
+		pe, err := blocks.WrappedROExecutionPayloadEnvelope(&ethpb.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
+			BeaconBlockRoot: parentRoot[:],
+			Payload:         &enginev1.ExecutionPayloadDeneb{},
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertPayload(pe))
+
+		bid := util.HydrateSignedExecutionPayloadBid(&ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid{
+			Message: &ethpb.ExecutionPayloadBid{
+				BlockHash:       []byte{20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+				ParentBlockHash: parentBlockHash[:],
+			},
+		})
+		blk := util.HydrateSignedBeaconBlockGloas(&ethpb.SignedBeaconBlockGloas{
+			Block: &ethpb.BeaconBlockGloas{
+				Slot:       2,
+				ParentRoot: parentRoot[:],
+				Body:       &ethpb.BeaconBlockBodyGloas{SignedExecutionPayloadBid: bid},
+			},
+		})
+		wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, true, service.ParentPayloadReady(wsb.Block()))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestService_ShouldIgnoreData(t *testing.T) {
+	service, tr := minimalTestService(t)
+	ctx := t.Context()
+	fcs := tr.fcs
+
+	zeroHash := params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash
+	currentSlot := service.CurrentSlot()
+	currentEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(currentSlot)
+	slotsPerEpoch := params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch
+
+	// Build a chain in forkchoice:
+	// genesis (slot 0) -> nodeA (slot 1, epoch 0) -> nodeB (slot slotsPerEpoch, epoch 1) -> nodeC (slot 2*slotsPerEpoch, epoch 2)
+	nodeARoot := [32]byte{1}
+	nodeBRoot := [32]byte{2}
+	nodeCRoot := [32]byte{3}
+	nodeASlot := primitives.Slot(1)
+	nodeBSlot := primitives.Slot(slotsPerEpoch)     // epoch 1
+	nodeCSlot := primitives.Slot(2 * slotsPerEpoch) // epoch 2
+
+	stA, robA, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, nodeASlot, nodeARoot, zeroHash, [32]byte{10}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: zeroHash[:]}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: zeroHash[:]})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertNode(ctx, stA, robA))
+
+	stB, robB, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, nodeBSlot, nodeBRoot, nodeARoot, [32]byte{11}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: zeroHash[:]}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: zeroHash[:]})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertNode(ctx, stB, robB))
+
+	stC, robC, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, nodeCSlot, nodeCRoot, nodeBRoot, [32]byte{12}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: zeroHash[:]}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: zeroHash[:]})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertNode(ctx, stC, robC))
+
+	// Set justified checkpoint to nodeB (epoch 1).
+	fcs.SetBalancesByRooter(func(_ context.Context, _ [32]byte) ([]uint64, error) { return []uint64{}, nil })
+	require.NoError(t, fcs.UpdateJustifiedCheckpoint(ctx, &forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: nodeBRoot}))
+
+	t.Run("past epoch data is not ignored", func(t *testing.T) {
+		pastSlot := primitives.Slot((currentEpoch - 1) * primitives.Epoch(slotsPerEpoch))
+		require.Equal(t, false, service.ShouldIgnoreData(nodeARoot, pastSlot))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parent not in forkchoice", func(t *testing.T) {
+		unknownRoot := [32]byte{99}
+		require.Equal(t, false, service.ShouldIgnoreData(unknownRoot, currentSlot))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parent epoch at or after justified", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// nodeB is at epoch 1, justified is epoch 1 => parentEpoch >= justified => false
+		require.Equal(t, false, service.ShouldIgnoreData(nodeBRoot, currentSlot))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("canonical parent before justified is ignored", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// nodeA is at epoch 0 < justified epoch 1, and is canonical => true
+		require.Equal(t, true, service.ShouldIgnoreData(nodeARoot, currentSlot))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("non-canonical parent before justified is not ignored", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Insert a fork: nodeD at slot 2 (epoch 0) branching from nodeA, not on the canonical chain.
+		nodeDRoot := [32]byte{4}
+		stD, robD, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 2, nodeDRoot, nodeARoot, [32]byte{13}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: zeroHash[:]}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: zeroHash[:]})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertNode(ctx, stD, robD))
+
+		// nodeD is at epoch 0 < justified epoch 1, but not canonical => false
+		require.Equal(t, false, service.ShouldIgnoreData(nodeDRoot, currentSlot))
+	})
+}
+
 func Test_hashForGenesisRoot(t *testing.T) {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	ctx := t.Context()
@@ -637,3 +820,23 @@ func Test_hashForGenesisRoot(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, [32]byte{}, [32]byte(genRoot))
 }
+
+func Test_hashForGenesisRoot_Gloas(t *testing.T) {
+	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
+	ctx := t.Context()
+	c := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
+
+	expectedHash := [32]byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoGloas(&ethpb.BeaconStateGloas{
+		LatestBlockHash: expectedHash[:],
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	genesis.StoreDuringTest(t, genesis.GenesisData{State: st})
+
+	genesisRoot := [32]byte{0xaa}
+	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveGenesisBlockRoot(ctx, genesisRoot))
+
+	genHash, err := c.hashForGenesisBlock(ctx, genesisRoot)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, expectedHash, [32]byte(genHash))
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/execution_engine.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/execution_engine.go
@@ -57,29 +57,15 @@ func (s *Service) notifyForkchoiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, arg *fcuConfig) (*
 	if !isExecutionBlk {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
-	var headBlockHash []byte
-	var headParentHash []byte
-	if headBlk.Version() >= version.Gloas {
-		h, err := arg.headState.LatestBlockHash()
-		if err != nil {
-			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get latest block hash for head state")
-			return nil, nil
-		}
-		headBlockHash = h[:]
-	} else {
-		headPayload, err := headBlk.Body().Execution()
-		if err != nil {
-			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get execution payload for head block")
-			return nil, nil
-		}
-		headBlockHash = headPayload.BlockHash()
-		headParentHash = headPayload.ParentHash()
+	headPayload, err := headBlk.Body().Execution()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get execution payload for head block")
+		return nil, nil
 	}
-
 	finalizedHash := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.FinalizedPayloadBlockHash()
 	justifiedHash := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.UnrealizedJustifiedPayloadBlockHash()
 	fcs := &enginev1.ForkchoiceState{
-		HeadBlockHash:      headBlockHash,
+		HeadBlockHash:      headPayload.BlockHash(),
 		SafeBlockHash:      justifiedHash[:],
 		FinalizedBlockHash: finalizedHash[:],
 	}
@@ -105,7 +91,7 @@ func (s *Service) notifyForkchoiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, arg *fcuConfig) (*
 			forkchoiceUpdatedOptimisticNodeCount.Inc()
 			log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 				"headSlot":                  headBlk.Slot(),
-				"headPayloadBlockHash":      fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(headBlockHash)),
+				"headPayloadBlockHash":      fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(headPayload.BlockHash())),
 				"finalizedPayloadBlockHash": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(finalizedHash[:])),
 			}).Info("Called fork choice updated with optimistic block")
 			return payloadID, nil
@@ -116,7 +102,7 @@ func (s *Service) notifyForkchoiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, arg *fcuConfig) (*
 				lastValidHash = defaultLatestValidHash
 			}
 			// this call has guaranteed to have the `headRoot` with its payload in forkchoice.
-			invalidRoots, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetOptimisticToInvalid(ctx, headRoot, headBlk.ParentRoot(), bytesutil.ToBytes32(headParentHash), bytesutil.ToBytes32(lastValidHash))
+			invalidRoots, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetOptimisticToInvalid(ctx, headRoot, headBlk.ParentRoot(), bytesutil.ToBytes32(headPayload.ParentHash()), bytesutil.ToBytes32(lastValidHash))
 			if err != nil {
 				log.WithError(err).Error("Could not set head root to invalid")
 				return nil, nil
@@ -196,7 +182,7 @@ func (s *Service) notifyForkchoiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, arg *fcuConfig) (*
 		go s.firePayloadAttributesEvent(s.cfg.StateNotifier.StateFeed(), arg.headBlock, arg.headRoot, nextSlot)
 	} else if hasAttr && payloadID == nil && !features.Get().PrepareAllPayloads {
 		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-			"blockHash": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", headBlockHash),
+			"blockHash": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", headPayload.BlockHash()),
 			"slot":      headBlk.Slot(),
 			"nextSlot":  nextSlot,
 		}).Error("Received nil payload ID on VALID engine response")
@@ -285,7 +271,7 @@ func (s *Service) notifyNewPayload(ctx context.Context, stVersion int, header in
 		}
 	}

-	lastValidHash, err = s.cfg.ExecutionEngineCaller.NewPayload(ctx, payload, versionedHashes, parentRoot, requests, blk.Block().Slot())
+	lastValidHash, err = s.cfg.ExecutionEngineCaller.NewPayload(ctx, payload, versionedHashes, parentRoot, requests)
 	if err == nil {
 		newPayloadValidNodeCount.Inc()
 		return true, nil
@@ -385,66 +371,91 @@ func (s *Service) getPayloadAttribute(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState,
 	}

 	v := st.Version()
-
-	if v >= version.Deneb {
-		withdrawals, _, err := st.ExpectedWithdrawals()
-		if err != nil {
-			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get expected withdrawals to get payload attribute")
-			return emptyAttri
-		}
-
-		attr, err := payloadattribute.New(&enginev1.PayloadAttributesV3{
-			Timestamp:             uint64(t.Unix()),
-			PrevRandao:            prevRando,
-			SuggestedFeeRecipient: val.FeeRecipient[:],
-			Withdrawals:           withdrawals,
-			ParentBeaconBlockRoot: headRoot,
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get payload attribute")
-			return emptyAttri
-		}
-
-		return attr
+	switch {
+	case v >= version.Gloas:
+		return payloadAttributesGloas(st, uint64(t.Unix()), prevRando, val.FeeRecipient[:], headRoot)
+	case v >= version.Deneb:
+		return payloadAttributesDeneb(st, uint64(t.Unix()), prevRando, val.FeeRecipient[:], headRoot)
+	case v >= version.Capella:
+		return payloadAttributesCapella(st, uint64(t.Unix()), prevRando, val.FeeRecipient[:])
+	case v >= version.Bellatrix:
+		return payloadAttributesBellatrix(uint64(t.Unix()), prevRando, val.FeeRecipient[:])
+	default:
+		log.WithField("version", version.String(v)).Error("Could not get payload attribute due to unknown state version")
+		return payloadattribute.EmptyWithVersion(v)
 	}
+}

-	if v >= version.Capella {
-		withdrawals, _, err := st.ExpectedWithdrawals()
-		if err != nil {
-			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get expected withdrawals to get payload attribute")
-			return emptyAttri
-		}
-
-		attr, err := payloadattribute.New(&enginev1.PayloadAttributesV2{
-			Timestamp:             uint64(t.Unix()),
-			PrevRandao:            prevRando,
-			SuggestedFeeRecipient: val.FeeRecipient[:],
-			Withdrawals:           withdrawals,
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get payload attribute")
-			return emptyAttri
-		}
-
-		return attr
+func payloadAttributesGloas(st state.BeaconState, timestamp uint64, prevRandao, feeRecipient, parentBeaconBlockRoot []byte) payloadattribute.Attributer {
+	withdrawals, err := st.WithdrawalsForPayload()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get payload withdrawals to get payload attribute")
+		return payloadattribute.EmptyWithVersion(st.Version())
 	}
-
-	if v >= version.Bellatrix {
-		attr, err := payloadattribute.New(&enginev1.PayloadAttributes{
-			Timestamp:             uint64(t.Unix()),
-			PrevRandao:            prevRando,
-			SuggestedFeeRecipient: val.FeeRecipient[:],
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get payload attribute")
-			return emptyAttri
-		}
-
-		return attr
+	attr, err := payloadattribute.New(&enginev1.PayloadAttributesV3{
+		Timestamp:             timestamp,
+		PrevRandao:            prevRandao,
+		SuggestedFeeRecipient: feeRecipient,
+		Withdrawals:           withdrawals,
+		ParentBeaconBlockRoot: parentBeaconBlockRoot,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get payload attribute")
+		return payloadattribute.EmptyWithVersion(st.Version())
 	}
+	return attr
+}

-	log.WithField("version", version.String(st.Version())).Error("Could not get payload attribute due to unknown state version")
-	return emptyAttri
+func payloadAttributesDeneb(st state.BeaconState, timestamp uint64, prevRandao, feeRecipient, parentBeaconBlockRoot []byte) payloadattribute.Attributer {
+	withdrawals, _, err := st.ExpectedWithdrawals()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get expected withdrawals to get payload attribute")
+		return payloadattribute.EmptyWithVersion(st.Version())
+	}
+	attr, err := payloadattribute.New(&enginev1.PayloadAttributesV3{
+		Timestamp:             timestamp,
+		PrevRandao:            prevRandao,
+		SuggestedFeeRecipient: feeRecipient,
+		Withdrawals:           withdrawals,
+		ParentBeaconBlockRoot: parentBeaconBlockRoot,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get payload attribute")
+		return payloadattribute.EmptyWithVersion(st.Version())
+	}
+	return attr
+}
+
+func payloadAttributesCapella(st state.BeaconState, timestamp uint64, prevRandao, feeRecipient []byte) payloadattribute.Attributer {
+	withdrawals, _, err := st.ExpectedWithdrawals()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get expected withdrawals to get payload attribute")
+		return payloadattribute.EmptyWithVersion(st.Version())
+	}
+	attr, err := payloadattribute.New(&enginev1.PayloadAttributesV2{
+		Timestamp:             timestamp,
+		PrevRandao:            prevRandao,
+		SuggestedFeeRecipient: feeRecipient,
+		Withdrawals:           withdrawals,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get payload attribute")
+		return payloadattribute.EmptyWithVersion(st.Version())
+	}
+	return attr
+}
+
+func payloadAttributesBellatrix(timestamp uint64, prevRandao, feeRecipient []byte) payloadattribute.Attributer {
+	attr, err := payloadattribute.New(&enginev1.PayloadAttributes{
+		Timestamp:             timestamp,
+		PrevRandao:            prevRandao,
+		SuggestedFeeRecipient: feeRecipient,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get payload attribute")
+		return payloadattribute.EmptyWithVersion(version.Bellatrix)
+	}
+	return attr
 }

 // removeInvalidBlockAndState removes the invalid block, blob and its corresponding state from the cache and DB.
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/forkchoice_update_execution.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/forkchoice_update_execution.go
@@ -18,16 +18,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )

-func (s *Service) isNewHead(r [32]byte) bool {
+func (s *Service) isNewHead(r [32]byte, full bool) bool {
 	s.headLock.RLock()
 	defer s.headLock.RUnlock()

 	currentHeadRoot := s.originBlockRoot
+	currentFull := false
 	if s.head != nil {
 		currentHeadRoot = s.headRoot()
+		currentFull = s.head.full
 	}

-	return r != currentHeadRoot || r == [32]byte{}
+	return r != currentHeadRoot || full != currentFull || r == [32]byte{}
 }

 func (s *Service) getStateAndBlock(ctx context.Context, r, h [32]byte) (state.BeaconState, interfaces.ReadOnlySignedBeaconBlock, error) {
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ func (s *Service) sendFCU(cfg *postBlockProcessConfig) {
 		return
 	}
 	// If head has not been updated and attributes are nil, we can skip the FCU.
-	if !s.isNewHead(cfg.headRoot) && (fcuArgs.attributes == nil || fcuArgs.attributes.IsEmpty()) {
+	if !s.isNewHead(cfg.headRoot, false) && (fcuArgs.attributes == nil || fcuArgs.attributes.IsEmpty()) {
 		return
 	}
 	// If we are proposing and we aim to reorg the block, we have already sent FCU with attributes on lateBlockTasks
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ func (s *Service) sendFCU(cfg *postBlockProcessConfig) {
 		go s.forkchoiceUpdateWithExecution(cfg.ctx, fcuArgs)
 	}

-	if s.isNewHead(fcuArgs.headRoot) {
+	if s.isNewHead(fcuArgs.headRoot, false) {
 		if err := s.saveHead(cfg.ctx, fcuArgs.headRoot, fcuArgs.headBlock, fcuArgs.headState); err != nil {
 			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not save head")
 		}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/forkchoice_update_execution_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/forkchoice_update_execution_test.go
@@ -19,17 +19,36 @@ import (
 func TestService_isNewHead(t *testing.T) {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	service := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
-	require.Equal(t, true, service.isNewHead([32]byte{}))

+	// Zero root is always a new head
+	require.Equal(t, true, service.isNewHead([32]byte{}, false))
+	require.Equal(t, true, service.isNewHead([32]byte{}, true))
+
+	// Different root is a new head
 	service.head = &head{root: [32]byte{1}}
-	require.Equal(t, true, service.isNewHead([32]byte{2}))
-	require.Equal(t, false, service.isNewHead([32]byte{1}))
+	require.Equal(t, true, service.isNewHead([32]byte{2}, false))
+
+	// Same root and same full status is not a new head
+	require.Equal(t, false, service.isNewHead([32]byte{1}, false))
+
+	// Same root but different full status is a new head
+	require.Equal(t, true, service.isNewHead([32]byte{1}, true))
+
+	// Same root and both full is not a new head
+	service.head = &head{root: [32]byte{1}, full: true}
+	require.Equal(t, false, service.isNewHead([32]byte{1}, true))
+
+	// Same root, head is full but incoming is not full, is a new head
+	require.Equal(t, true, service.isNewHead([32]byte{1}, false))

 	// Nil head should use origin root
 	service.head = nil
 	service.originBlockRoot = [32]byte{3}
-	require.Equal(t, true, service.isNewHead([32]byte{2}))
-	require.Equal(t, false, service.isNewHead([32]byte{3}))
+	require.Equal(t, true, service.isNewHead([32]byte{2}, false))
+	require.Equal(t, false, service.isNewHead([32]byte{3}, false))
+
+	// Nil head with full=true is always a new head (originBlockRoot has full=false)
+	require.Equal(t, true, service.isNewHead([32]byte{3}, true))
 }

 func TestService_getHeadStateAndBlock(t *testing.T) {
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/gloas.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/gloas.go
@@ -1,13 +1,42 @@
 package blockchain

 import (
+	"context"
+	"math"
+
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/cache"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/time"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/transition"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
 	consensus_blocks "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/blocks"
+	payloadattribute "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/payload-attribute"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
+	enginev1 "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/engine/v1"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/runtime/version"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/time/slots"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

+func (s *Service) waitUntilEpoch(target primitives.Epoch, secondsPerSlot uint64) error {
+	if slots.ToEpoch(s.CurrentSlot()) >= target {
+		return nil
+	}
+	ticker := slots.NewSlotTicker(s.genesisTime, secondsPerSlot)
+	defer ticker.Done()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case slot := <-ticker.C():
+			if slots.ToEpoch(slot) >= target {
+				return nil
+			}
+		case <-s.ctx.Done():
+			return s.ctx.Err()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // getLookupParentRoot returns the root that serves as key to generate the parent state for the passed beacon block.
 // if it is based on empty or it is pre-Gloas, it is the parent root of the block, otherwise if it is based on full it is
 // the parent hash.
@@ -15,16 +44,13 @@ import (
 func (s *Service) getLookupParentRoot(b consensus_blocks.ROBlock) ([32]byte, error) {
 	bl := b.Block()
 	parentRoot := bl.ParentRoot()
+	if b.Version() < version.Gloas {
+		return parentRoot, nil
+	}
 	parentSlot, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Slot(parentRoot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return [32]byte{}, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get slot for parent root")
 	}
-	if slots.ToEpoch(parentSlot) < params.BeaconConfig().GloasForkEpoch {
-		return parentRoot, nil
-	}
-	if b.Version() < version.Gloas {
-		return parentRoot, nil
-	}

 	if slots.ToEpoch(parentSlot) < params.BeaconConfig().GloasForkEpoch {
 		return parentRoot, nil
@@ -46,3 +72,142 @@ func (s *Service) getLookupParentRoot(b consensus_blocks.ROBlock) ([32]byte, err
 	}
 	return parentRoot, nil
 }
+
+func (s *Service) runLatePayloadTasks() {
+	if err := s.waitForSync(); err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Failed to wait for initial sync")
+		return
+	}
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig()
+	if cfg.GloasForkEpoch == math.MaxUint64 {
+		return
+	}
+	if err := s.waitUntilEpoch(cfg.GloasForkEpoch, cfg.SecondsPerSlot); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	offset := cfg.SlotComponentDuration(cfg.PayloadAttestationDueBPS)
+	ticker := slots.NewSlotTickerWithOffset(s.genesisTime, offset, cfg.SecondsPerSlot)
+	defer ticker.Done()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ticker.C():
+			s.latePayloadTasks(s.ctx)
+		case <-s.ctx.Done():
+			log.Debug("Context closed, exiting late payload tasks routine")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) checkIfProposing(st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, slot primitives.Slot) (cache.TrackedValidator, bool) {
+	e := slots.ToEpoch(slot)
+	stateEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(st.Slot())
+	fuluAndNextEpoch := st.Version() >= version.Fulu && e == stateEpoch+1
+	if e == stateEpoch || fuluAndNextEpoch {
+		return s.trackedProposer(st, slot)
+	}
+	return cache.TrackedValidator{}, false
+}
+
+// This is a Gloas version of getPayloadAttribute that avoids all the clutter that was originally due to the proposer Index.
+// It is guaranteed to be called for the current slot + 1 and the head state to have been advanced to at least the current epoch.
+func (s *Service) getPayloadAttributeGloas(ctx context.Context, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, slot primitives.Slot, headRoot, accessRoot []byte) payloadattribute.Attributer {
+	emptyAttri := payloadattribute.EmptyWithVersion(st.Version())
+	val, proposing := s.checkIfProposing(st, slot)
+	if !proposing {
+		return emptyAttri
+	}
+
+	st, err := transition.ProcessSlotsIfNeeded(ctx, st, accessRoot, slot)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not process slots to get payload attribute")
+		return emptyAttri
+	}
+
+	// Get previous randao.
+	prevRando, err := helpers.RandaoMix(st, time.CurrentEpoch(st))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get randao mix to get payload attribute")
+		return emptyAttri
+	}
+
+	// Get timestamp.
+	t, err := slots.StartTime(s.genesisTime, slot)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get timestamp to get payload attribute")
+		return emptyAttri
+	}
+
+	withdrawals, err := st.WithdrawalsForPayload()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get payload withdrawals to get payload attribute")
+		return emptyAttri
+	}
+
+	attr, err := payloadattribute.New(&enginev1.PayloadAttributesV3{
+		Timestamp:             uint64(t.Unix()),
+		PrevRandao:            prevRando,
+		SuggestedFeeRecipient: val.FeeRecipient[:],
+		Withdrawals:           withdrawals,
+		ParentBeaconBlockRoot: headRoot,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get payload attribute")
+		return emptyAttri
+	}
+	return attr
+}
+
+// latePayloadTasks updates the NSC and epoch boundary caches when there is no payload in the current slot (and there is a block)
+// The case where the block was also missing would have been dealt by lateBlockTasks already.
+// We call FCU only if we are proposing next slot, as the execution head is assumed to not have changed.
+func (s *Service) latePayloadTasks(ctx context.Context) {
+	currentSlot := s.CurrentSlot()
+	if currentSlot != s.HeadSlot() {
+		// We must've already sent a FCU and updated the caches in lateBlockTaks.
+		return
+	}
+	r, err := s.HeadRoot(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Failed to get head root")
+		return
+	}
+	hr := [32]byte(r)
+	if s.payloadBeingSynced.isSyncing(hr) {
+		return
+	}
+	if s.HasFullNode(hr) {
+		return
+	}
+	st, err := s.HeadStateReadOnly(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Failed to get head state")
+		return
+	}
+	if !s.inRegularSync() {
+		return
+	}
+	attr := s.getPayloadAttributeGloas(ctx, st, currentSlot+1, r, r)
+	if attr == nil || attr.IsEmpty() {
+		return
+	}
+	beaconLatePayloadTaskTriggeredTotal.Inc()
+	// Head is the empty block.
+	bh, err := st.LatestBlockHash()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get latest block hash to notify engine")
+		return
+	}
+	pid, err := s.notifyForkchoiceUpdateGloas(ctx, bh, attr)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not notify forkchoice update")
+		return
+	}
+	if pid == nil {
+		log.Warn("Received nil payload ID from forkchoice update.")
+		return
+	}
+	var pId [8]byte
+	copy(pId[:], pid[:])
+	s.cfg.PayloadIDCache.Set(currentSlot+1, hr, pId)
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/gloas_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/gloas_test.go
@@ -446,6 +446,37 @@ func TestPostPayloadHeadUpdate_NotHead(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, s.postPayloadHeadUpdate(ctx, envelope, st, root, headRoot[:]))
 }

+func TestPostPayloadHeadUpdate_SetsHeadFull(t *testing.T) {
+	s, _ := setupGloasService(t, &mockExecution.EngineClient{})
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	root := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("root1"))
+	blockHash := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("hash1"))
+
+	base, blk := testGloasState(t, 1, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, blockHash)
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeGloas(base)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	signed, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	s.head = &head{root: root, block: signed, state: st, slot: 1}
+	require.Equal(t, false, s.head.full)
+
+	env := &ethpb.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
+		BeaconBlockRoot: root[:],
+		Payload:         &enginev1.ExecutionPayloadDeneb{BlockHash: blockHash[:], ParentHash: make([]byte, 32)},
+		Slot:            1,
+	}
+	envelope, err := blocks.WrappedROExecutionPayloadEnvelope(env)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, s.postPayloadHeadUpdate(ctx, envelope, st, root, root[:]))
+
+	s.headLock.RLock()
+	require.Equal(t, true, s.head.full)
+	s.headLock.RUnlock()
+}
+
 func TestGetLookupParentRoot_PreGloas(t *testing.T) {
 	service, _ := minimalTestService(t)

@@ -616,6 +647,71 @@ func TestGetLookupParentRoot_GloasParentPreForkEpoch(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, parentRoot, got)
 }

+func TestLatePayloadTasks_ReturnsEarlyWhenBlockLate(t *testing.T) {
+	logHook := logTest.NewGlobal()
+	service, tr := setupGloasService(t, &mockExecution.EngineClient{})
+
+	blockHash := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("hash1"))
+	base, _ := testGloasState(t, 1, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, blockHash)
+	base.LatestBlockHash = blockHash[:]
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeGloas(base)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	headRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("headroot"))
+	service.head = &head{
+		root:  headRoot,
+		state: st,
+		slot:  1,
+	}
+	// Set genesis time so CurrentSlot > HeadSlot.
+	service.SetGenesisTime(time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Duration(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot) * time.Second))
+
+	service.latePayloadTasks(tr.ctx)
+	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, logHook, "Could not notify forkchoice update")
+	// No payload ID should have been cached.
+	_, has := service.cfg.PayloadIDCache.PayloadID(service.CurrentSlot()+1, headRoot)
+	require.Equal(t, false, has)
+}
+
+func TestLatePayloadTasks_SendsFCU(t *testing.T) {
+	logHook := logTest.NewGlobal()
+	resetCfg := features.InitWithReset(&features.Flags{
+		PrepareAllPayloads: true,
+	})
+	defer resetCfg()
+
+	pid := &enginev1.PayloadIDBytes{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
+	service, tr := setupGloasService(t, &mockExecution.EngineClient{PayloadIDBytes: pid})
+
+	blockHash := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("hash1"))
+	base, blk := testGloasState(t, 1, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, blockHash)
+	base.LatestBlockHash = blockHash[:]
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeGloas(base)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	signed, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	headRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("headroot"))
+	service.head = &head{
+		root:  headRoot,
+		block: signed,
+		state: st,
+		slot:  1,
+	}
+	// CurrentSlot == HeadSlot == 1: place genesis 1.5 slots ago so we're solidly in slot 1.
+	service.SetGenesisTime(time.Now().Add(-3 * time.Duration(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot) * time.Second / 2))
+	service.SetForkChoiceGenesisTime(service.genesisTime)
+
+	service.latePayloadTasks(tr.ctx)
+	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, logHook, "Could not notify forkchoice update")
+	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, logHook, "Could not get")
+	// Payload ID should have been cached.
+	cachedPid, has := service.cfg.PayloadIDCache.PayloadID(service.CurrentSlot()+1, headRoot)
+	require.Equal(t, true, has)
+	require.Equal(t, primitives.PayloadID(pid[:]), cachedPid)
+}
+
 func TestLateBlockTasks_GloasFCU(t *testing.T) {
 	logHook := logTest.NewGlobal()
 	resetCfg := features.InitWithReset(&features.Flags{
@@ -645,4 +741,217 @@ func TestLateBlockTasks_GloasFCU(t *testing.T) {

 	service.lateBlockTasks(tr.ctx)
 	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, logHook, "could not perform late block tasks")
+
+	// Payload ID should have been cached by the Gloas FCU path.
+	cachedPid, has := service.cfg.PayloadIDCache.PayloadID(service.CurrentSlot()+1, headRoot)
+	require.Equal(t, true, has)
+	require.Equal(t, primitives.PayloadID(pid[:]), cachedPid)
+}
+
+// TestSaveHead_GloasForkBoundary_PreforkBidForcesEmptyHead verifies that saveHead does not
+// treat the head as "full" when the latest execution payload bid was issued in a pre-fork epoch.
+// This guards against the Fulu->Gloas upgrade-seeded bid (bid.BlockHash == latestBlockHash,
+// bid.Slot == 0) causing a spurious full=true head before any real Gloas bid has been processed.
+func TestSaveHead_GloasForkBoundary_PreforkBidForcesEmptyHead(t *testing.T) {
+	params.SetupTestConfigCleanup(t)
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig().Copy()
+	cfg.GloasForkEpoch = 1
+	cfg.InitializeForkSchedule()
+	params.OverrideBeaconConfig(cfg)
+
+	service, _ := setupGloasService(t, &mockExecution.EngineClient{})
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	blockRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("root1"))
+	parentRoot := params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash
+	blockHash := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("hash1"))
+
+	// Create a Gloas state where IsParentBlockFull()==true (bid.BlockHash == LatestBlockHash)
+	// but bid.Slot is 0 (epoch 0, pre-fork). This mimics the upgrade-seeded state.
+	base, blk := testGloasState(t, 1, parentRoot, blockHash)
+	base.LatestBlockHash = blockHash[:]
+	// bid.Slot defaults to 0, which is before GloasForkEpoch=1.
+
+	// Set a valid initial head so saveHead's headBlock() call does not panic.
+	// We do NOT insert the old block into forkchoice because insertGloasBlock
+	// would claim the tree root slot; the target block (parentRoot=ZeroHash) must
+	// be the first node inserted so it can become the tree root.
+	oldBlk := util.HydrateSignedBeaconBlockGloas(&ethpb.SignedBeaconBlockGloas{})
+	oldSigned, err2 := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(oldBlk)
+	require.NoError(t, err2)
+	oldSt, err2 := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeGloas(&ethpb.BeaconStateGloas{
+		Slot:                       0,
+		RandaoMixes:                make([][]byte, params.BeaconConfig().EpochsPerHistoricalVector),
+		CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)},
+		FinalizedCheckpoint:        &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)},
+		LatestBlockHeader:          &ethpb.BeaconBlockHeader{ParentRoot: make([]byte, 32), StateRoot: make([]byte, 32), BodyRoot: make([]byte, 32)},
+		Eth1Data:                   &ethpb.Eth1Data{DepositRoot: make([]byte, 32), BlockHash: make([]byte, 32)},
+		LatestExecutionPayloadBid:  &ethpb.ExecutionPayloadBid{BlockHash: make([]byte, 32), ParentBlockHash: make([]byte, 32), ParentBlockRoot: make([]byte, 32), PrevRandao: make([]byte, 32), FeeRecipient: make([]byte, 20), BlobKzgCommitments: [][]byte{make([]byte, 48)}},
+		BuilderPendingPayments: func() []*ethpb.BuilderPendingPayment {
+			pp := make([]*ethpb.BuilderPendingPayment, 64)
+			for i := range pp {
+				pp[i] = &ethpb.BuilderPendingPayment{Withdrawal: &ethpb.BuilderPendingWithdrawal{FeeRecipient: make([]byte, 20)}}
+			}
+			return pp
+		}(),
+		ExecutionPayloadAvailability: make([]byte, 1024),
+		LatestBlockHash:              make([]byte, 32),
+		PayloadExpectedWithdrawals:   make([]*enginev1.Withdrawal, 0),
+		ProposerLookahead:            make([]uint64, 64),
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err2)
+	oldRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("oldroot1"))
+	service.head = &head{root: oldRoot, block: oldSigned, state: oldSt, slot: 0}
+
+	insertGloasBlock(t, service, base, blk, blockRoot)
+
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeGloas(base)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify precondition: IsParentBlockFull() is true.
+	full, err := st.IsParentBlockFull()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, true, full, "precondition: IsParentBlockFull must be true")
+
+	// Verify guard precondition: bid.Slot is pre-fork.
+	bid, err := st.LatestExecutionPayloadBid()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	isPrefork := slots.ToEpoch(bid.Slot()) < params.BeaconConfig().GloasForkEpoch
+	require.Equal(t, true, isPrefork, "precondition: bid.Slot must be pre-fork")
+
+	ssigned, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// saveHead should NOT mark the head as full because bid.Slot < GloasForkEpoch.
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveHead(ctx, blockRoot, ssigned, st))
+
+	service.headLock.RLock()
+	headFull := service.head.full
+	service.headLock.RUnlock()
+	require.Equal(t, false, headFull, "head must not be full for upgrade-seeded bid")
+}
+
+// TestSaveHead_GloasForkBoundary_PostforkBidSetsFullHead verifies that saveHead correctly
+// marks the head as full when the latest bid is from a post-fork epoch.
+func TestSaveHead_GloasForkBoundary_PostforkBidSetsFullHead(t *testing.T) {
+	params.SetupTestConfigCleanup(t)
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig().Copy()
+	cfg.GloasForkEpoch = 1
+	cfg.InitializeForkSchedule()
+	params.OverrideBeaconConfig(cfg)
+
+	service, _ := setupGloasService(t, &mockExecution.EngineClient{})
+	ctx := t.Context()
+
+	forkSlot, err := slots.EpochStart(params.BeaconConfig().GloasForkEpoch)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blockRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("root1"))
+	parentRoot := params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash
+	blockHash := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("hash1"))
+
+	// Set a valid initial head so saveHead's headBlock() call does not panic.
+	// Do NOT use insertGloasBlock for the old block — the target block must be
+	// the first node inserted so it can claim the tree root (parentRoot=ZeroHash).
+	oldBlk2 := util.HydrateSignedBeaconBlockGloas(&ethpb.SignedBeaconBlockGloas{})
+	oldSigned2, err2 := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(oldBlk2)
+	require.NoError(t, err2)
+	oldSt2, err2 := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeGloas(&ethpb.BeaconStateGloas{
+		Slot:                       0,
+		RandaoMixes:                make([][]byte, params.BeaconConfig().EpochsPerHistoricalVector),
+		CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)},
+		FinalizedCheckpoint:        &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)},
+		LatestBlockHeader:          &ethpb.BeaconBlockHeader{ParentRoot: make([]byte, 32), StateRoot: make([]byte, 32), BodyRoot: make([]byte, 32)},
+		Eth1Data:                   &ethpb.Eth1Data{DepositRoot: make([]byte, 32), BlockHash: make([]byte, 32)},
+		LatestExecutionPayloadBid:  &ethpb.ExecutionPayloadBid{BlockHash: make([]byte, 32), ParentBlockHash: make([]byte, 32), ParentBlockRoot: make([]byte, 32), PrevRandao: make([]byte, 32), FeeRecipient: make([]byte, 20), BlobKzgCommitments: [][]byte{make([]byte, 48)}},
+		BuilderPendingPayments: func() []*ethpb.BuilderPendingPayment {
+			pp := make([]*ethpb.BuilderPendingPayment, 64)
+			for i := range pp {
+				pp[i] = &ethpb.BuilderPendingPayment{Withdrawal: &ethpb.BuilderPendingWithdrawal{FeeRecipient: make([]byte, 20)}}
+			}
+			return pp
+		}(),
+		ExecutionPayloadAvailability: make([]byte, 1024),
+		LatestBlockHash:              make([]byte, 32),
+		PayloadExpectedWithdrawals:   make([]*enginev1.Withdrawal, 0),
+		ProposerLookahead:            make([]uint64, 64),
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err2)
+	oldRoot2 := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("oldroot2"))
+	service.head = &head{root: oldRoot2, block: oldSigned2, state: oldSt2, slot: 0}
+
+	base, blk := testGloasState(t, forkSlot+1, parentRoot, blockHash)
+	base.LatestBlockHash = blockHash[:]
+	// Set bid.Slot to a post-fork epoch slot.
+	base.LatestExecutionPayloadBid.Slot = forkSlot + 1
+
+	insertGloasBlock(t, service, base, blk, blockRoot)
+
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeGloas(base)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify preconditions.
+	full, err := st.IsParentBlockFull()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, true, full, "precondition: IsParentBlockFull must be true")
+
+	bid, err := st.LatestExecutionPayloadBid()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	isPostfork := slots.ToEpoch(bid.Slot()) >= params.BeaconConfig().GloasForkEpoch
+	require.Equal(t, true, isPostfork, "precondition: bid.Slot must be post-fork")
+
+	ssigned, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// saveHead SHOULD mark the head as full because bid.Slot >= GloasForkEpoch.
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveHead(ctx, blockRoot, ssigned, st))
+
+	service.headLock.RLock()
+	headFull := service.head.full
+	service.headLock.RUnlock()
+	require.Equal(t, true, headFull, "head must be full for real post-fork bid")
+}
+
+// TestLateBlockTasks_GloasForkBoundary_PreforkBidUsesHeadRoot verifies that lateBlockTasks
+// uses headRoot (not LatestBlockHash) as the accessRoot when the bid is pre-fork epoch.
+// Without this guard, the upgrade-seeded bid would cause lateBlockTasks to use the wrong
+// access root for the next-slot cache.
+func TestLateBlockTasks_GloasForkBoundary_PreforkBidUsesHeadRoot(t *testing.T) {
+	logHook := logTest.NewGlobal()
+	resetCfg := features.InitWithReset(&features.Flags{
+		PrepareAllPayloads: true,
+	})
+	defer resetCfg()
+
+	params.SetupTestConfigCleanup(t)
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig().Copy()
+	cfg.GloasForkEpoch = 1
+	cfg.InitializeForkSchedule()
+	params.OverrideBeaconConfig(cfg)
+
+	pid := &enginev1.PayloadIDBytes{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
+	service, tr := setupGloasService(t, &mockExecution.EngineClient{PayloadIDBytes: pid})
+
+	blockHash := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("hash1"))
+	base, _ := testGloasState(t, 1, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, blockHash)
+	// Make IsParentBlockFull() true: bid.BlockHash == LatestBlockHash.
+	base.LatestBlockHash = blockHash[:]
+	// bid.Slot is 0 (pre-fork epoch): the epoch guard should prevent using LatestBlockHash as accessRoot.
+
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeGloas(base)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	headRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte("headroot"))
+	service.head = &head{
+		root:  headRoot,
+		state: st,
+		slot:  1,
+	}
+
+	// Trigger late block logic: CurrentSlot > HeadSlot.
+	service.SetGenesisTime(time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Duration(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot) * time.Second))
+	service.SetForkChoiceGenesisTime(service.genesisTime)
+
+	service.lateBlockTasks(tr.ctx)
+	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, logHook, "could not perform late block tasks")
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/head.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/head.go
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ type head struct {
 	block      interfaces.ReadOnlySignedBeaconBlock // current head block.
 	state      state.BeaconState                    // current head state.
 	slot       primitives.Slot                      // the head block slot number
+	full       bool                                 // whether the head is post-CL or post-EL after Gloas
 	optimistic bool                                 // optimistic status when saved head
 }

@@ -60,8 +61,24 @@ func (s *Service) saveHead(ctx context.Context, newHeadRoot [32]byte, headBlock
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.saveHead")
 	defer span.End()

+	// Pre-Gloas we use empty for head because we still key states by blockroot
+	var full bool
+	var err error
+	if headState.Version() >= version.Gloas {
+		gloasFirstSlot, err := slots.EpochStart(params.BeaconConfig().GloasForkEpoch)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not compute gloas first slot")
+		}
+		if headState.Slot() > gloasFirstSlot {
+			full, err = headState.IsParentBlockFull()
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "could not determine if head is full or not")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Do nothing if head hasn't changed.
-	if !s.isNewHead(newHeadRoot) {
+	if !s.isNewHead(newHeadRoot, full) {
 		return nil
 	}

@@ -157,6 +174,7 @@ func (s *Service) saveHead(ctx context.Context, newHeadRoot [32]byte, headBlock
 		state:      headState,
 		optimistic: isOptimistic,
 		slot:       headBlock.Block().Slot(),
+		full:       full,
 	}
 	if err := s.setHead(newHead); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set head")
@@ -217,6 +235,7 @@ func (s *Service) setHead(newHead *head) error {
 		root:       newHead.root,
 		block:      bCp,
 		state:      newHead.state.Copy(),
+		full:       newHead.full,
 		optimistic: newHead.optimistic,
 		slot:       newHead.slot,
 	}
@@ -333,13 +352,16 @@ func (s *Service) notifyNewHeadEvent(
 	if currentDutyDependentRoot == [32]byte{} {
 		currentDutyDependentRoot = s.originBlockRoot
 	}
-	previousDutyDependentRoot := currentDutyDependentRoot
+	var previousDutyDependentRoot [32]byte
 	if currEpoch > 0 {
 		previousDutyDependentRoot, err = s.DependentRoot(currEpoch.Sub(1))
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get duty dependent root")
 		}
 	}
+	if previousDutyDependentRoot == [32]byte{} {
+		previousDutyDependentRoot = s.originBlockRoot
+	}

 	isOptimistic, err := s.IsOptimistic(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/head_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/head_test.go
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ func Test_notifyNewHeadEvent(t *testing.T) {
 			Block:                     newHeadRoot[:],
 			State:                     newHeadStateRoot[:],
 			EpochTransition:           true,
-			PreviousDutyDependentRoot: make([]byte, 32),
+			PreviousDutyDependentRoot: srv.originBlockRoot[:],
 			CurrentDutyDependentRoot:  srv.originBlockRoot[:],
 		}
 		require.DeepSSZEqual(t, wanted, eventHead)
@@ -243,11 +243,35 @@ func Test_notifyNewHeadEvent(t *testing.T) {
 			Block:                     newHeadRoot[:],
 			State:                     newHeadStateRoot[:],
 			EpochTransition:           true,
-			PreviousDutyDependentRoot: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:],
+			PreviousDutyDependentRoot: srv.originBlockRoot[:],
 			CurrentDutyDependentRoot:  srv.originBlockRoot[:],
 		}
 		require.DeepSSZEqual(t, wanted, eventHead)
 	})
+	t.Run("previous dependent root zero hash falls back to origin", func(t *testing.T) {
+		srv := testServiceWithDB(t)
+		srv.SetGenesisTime(time.Now())
+		notifier := srv.cfg.StateNotifier.(*mock.MockStateNotifier)
+		srv.originBlockRoot = [32]byte{0xab}
+		st, blk, err := prepareForkchoiceState(t.Context(), 0, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, srv.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(t.Context(), st, blk))
+		newHeadRoot := [32]byte{3}
+		st, blk, err = prepareForkchoiceState(t.Context(), 32, newHeadRoot, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{}, &ethpb.Checkpoint{})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, srv.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(t.Context(), st, blk))
+		newHeadSlot := params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch
+		require.NoError(t, srv.notifyNewHeadEvent(t.Context(), newHeadSlot, []byte{2}, newHeadRoot[:]))
+		events := notifier.ReceivedEvents()
+		require.Equal(t, 1, len(events))
+
+		eventHead, ok := events[0].Data.(*ethpbv1.EventHead)
+		require.Equal(t, true, ok)
+		// DependentRoot(0) returns zero hash since the forkchoice tree is sparse.
+		// The fix ensures it falls back to originBlockRoot instead of sending zeros.
+		assert.DeepEqual(t, srv.originBlockRoot[:], eventHead.PreviousDutyDependentRoot)
+		assert.DeepEqual(t, srv.originBlockRoot[:], eventHead.CurrentDutyDependentRoot)
+	})
 }

 func TestRetrieveHead_ReadOnly(t *testing.T) {
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/kzg/validation.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/kzg/validation.go
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ func VerifyBlobKZGProofBatch(blobs [][]byte, commitments [][]byte, proofs [][]by
 			return fmt.Errorf("blobs len (%d) differs from expected (%d)", len(blobs[i]), len(ckzg4844.Blob{}))
 		}
 		if len(commitments[i]) != len(ckzg4844.Bytes48{}) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("commitments len (%d) differs from expected (%d)", len(commitments[i]), len(ckzg4844.Blob{}))
+			return fmt.Errorf("commitments len (%d) differs from expected (%d)", len(commitments[i]), len(ckzg4844.Bytes48{}))
 		}
 		if len(proofs[i]) != len(ckzg4844.Bytes48{}) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("proofs len (%d) differs from expected (%d)", len(proofs[i]), len(ckzg4844.Blob{}))
+			return fmt.Errorf("proofs len (%d) differs from expected (%d)", len(proofs[i]), len(ckzg4844.Bytes48{}))
 		}
 		ckzgBlobs[i] = ckzg4844.Blob(blobs[i])
 		ckzgCommitments[i] = ckzg4844.Bytes48(commitments[i])
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/log_helpers.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/log_helpers.go
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ func logStateTransitionData(b interfaces.ReadOnlyBeaconBlock) error {
 			}
 			if len(eReqs.Consolidations) > 0 {
 				log = log.WithField("consolidationRequestCount", len(eReqs.Consolidations))
+				consolidationRequestCount.Add(float64(len(eReqs.Consolidations)))
 			}
 			if len(eReqs.Withdrawals) > 0 {
 				log = log.WithField("withdrawalRequestCount", len(eReqs.Withdrawals))
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/metrics.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/metrics.go
@@ -170,6 +170,10 @@ var (
 		Name: "txs_per_slot_count",
 		Help: "Count the number of txs per slot",
 	})
+	consolidationRequestCount = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "consolidation_request_count",
+		Help: "Count the number of consolidation requests",
+	})
 	onBlockProcessingTime = promauto.NewSummary(prometheus.SummaryOpts{
 		Name: "on_block_processing_milliseconds",
 		Help: "Total time in milliseconds to complete a call to postBlockProcess()",
@@ -234,6 +238,25 @@ var (
 			Help: "The maximum number of blobs allowed in a block.",
 		},
 	)
+	beaconExecutionPayloadEnvelopeValidTotal = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "beacon_execution_payload_envelope_valid_total",
+		Help: "Count the number of execution payload envelopes that were processed successfully.",
+	})
+	beaconExecutionPayloadEnvelopeInvalidTotal = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "beacon_execution_payload_envelope_invalid_total",
+		Help: "Count the number of execution payload envelopes that failed processing.",
+	})
+	beaconExecutionPayloadEnvelopeProcessingDurationSeconds = promauto.NewHistogram(
+		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+			Name:    "beacon_execution_payload_envelope_processing_duration_seconds",
+			Help:    "Captures end-to-end processing time for execution payload envelopes.",
+			Buckets: prometheus.DefBuckets,
+		},
+	)
+	beaconLatePayloadTaskTriggeredTotal = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "beacon_late_payload_task_triggered_total",
+		Help: "Count the number of times late payload tasks fired.",
+	})
 )

 // reportSlotMetrics reports slot related metrics.
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block.go
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func (s *Service) postBlockProcess(cfg *postBlockProcessConfig) error {
 	}
 	if cfg.roblock.Version() < version.Gloas {
 		s.sendFCU(cfg)
-	} else if s.isNewHead(cfg.headRoot) {
+	} else if s.isNewHead(cfg.headRoot, false) { // We reach this only when the incoming block is head.
 		if err := s.saveHead(ctx, cfg.headRoot, cfg.roblock, cfg.postState); err != nil {
 			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not save head")
 		}
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ func getStateVersionAndPayload(st state.BeaconState) (int, interfaces.ExecutionD
 	var err error
 	preStateVersion := st.Version()
 	switch preStateVersion {
-	case version.Phase0, version.Altair:
+	case version.Phase0, version.Altair, version.Gloas:
 	default:
 		preStateHeader, err = st.LatestExecutionPayloadHeader()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -145,7 +145,112 @@ func getStateVersionAndPayload(st state.BeaconState) (int, interfaces.ExecutionD
 	return preStateVersion, preStateHeader, nil
 }

-func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []consensusblocks.ROBlock, avs das.AvailabilityChecker) error {
+// applyPayloadIfNeeded applies the parent block's execution payload envelope to
+// preState when the current block's bid indicates it built on a full parent.
+func (s *Service) applyPayloadIfNeeded(ctx context.Context, b interfaces.ReadOnlyBeaconBlock, parentRoot [32]byte, preState state.BeaconState) error {
+	if b.Version() < version.Gloas || parentRoot == [32]byte{} {
+		return nil
+	}
+	parentBlock, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.Block(ctx, parentRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not get parent block with root %#x", parentRoot)
+	}
+	if parentBlock.Version() < version.Gloas {
+		return nil
+	}
+	sb, err := b.Body().SignedExecutionPayloadBid()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get execution payload bid for block")
+	}
+	if sb == nil || sb.Message == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("missing execution payload bid for block at slot %d", b.Slot())
+	}
+	parentBid, err := parentBlock.Block().Body().SignedExecutionPayloadBid()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not get execution payload bid for parent block with root %#x", parentRoot)
+	}
+	if parentBid == nil || parentBid.Message == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("missing execution payload bid for parent block with root %#x", parentRoot)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(sb.Message.ParentBlockHash, parentBid.Message.BlockHash) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	signedEnvelope, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.ExecutionPayloadEnvelope(ctx, parentRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not get execution payload envelope for parent block with root %#x", parentRoot)
+	}
+	if signedEnvelope == nil || signedEnvelope.Message == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	envelope, err := consensusblocks.WrappedROBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope(signedEnvelope.Message)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not wrap blinded execution payload envelope for parent block with root %#x", parentRoot)
+	}
+	return gloas.ProcessBlindedExecutionPayload(ctx, preState, parentBlock.Block().StateRoot(), envelope)
+}
+
+// getBatchPrestate returns the pre-state to apply to the first beacon block in the batch and returns true if it applied the first envelope before
+func (s *Service) getBatchPrestate(ctx context.Context, b consensusblocks.ROBlock, envelopes []interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope) (state.BeaconState, bool, error) {
+	if len(envelopes) == 0 || b.Version() < version.Gloas {
+		blockPreState, err := s.cfg.StateGen.StateByRootInitialSync(ctx, b.Block().ParentRoot())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get block pre state")
+		}
+		return blockPreState, false, nil
+	}
+	full, err := consensusblocks.BlockBuiltOnEnvelope(envelopes[0], b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not check if block builds on envelope")
+	}
+	if !full {
+		blockPreState, err := s.cfg.StateGen.StateByRootInitialSync(ctx, b.Block().ParentRoot())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get block pre state")
+		}
+		return blockPreState, false, nil
+	}
+	parentRoot := b.Block().ParentRoot()
+	if s.cfg.BeaconDB.HasExecutionPayloadEnvelope(ctx, parentRoot) {
+		// This path should have been filtered already in init sync.
+		log.Debugf("Ignoring already processed envelope for blockroot %#x", parentRoot)
+		env, err := envelopes[0].Envelope()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false, err
+		}
+		blockPreState, err := s.cfg.StateGen.StateByRootInitialSync(ctx, env.BlockHash())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false, err
+		}
+		return blockPreState, false, nil
+	}
+	env, err := envelopes[0].Envelope()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	// notify the engine of the new envelope
+	blockPreState, err := s.cfg.StateGen.StateByRootInitialSync(ctx, b.Block().ParentRoot())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get block pre state")
+	}
+	if _, err := s.notifyNewEnvelope(ctx, blockPreState, env); err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	parentBlock, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.Block(ctx, parentRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get parent block")
+	}
+	if err := gloas.ProcessBlindedExecutionPayload(ctx, blockPreState, parentBlock.Block().StateRoot(), env); err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	return blockPreState, true, nil
+}
+
+type versionAndHeader struct {
+	version int
+	header  interfaces.ExecutionData
+}
+
+func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []consensusblocks.ROBlock, envelopes []interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope, avs das.AvailabilityChecker) error {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.onBlockBatch")
 	defer span.End()

@@ -159,16 +264,35 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []consensusblocks.ROBlo
 	b := blks[0].Block()

 	// Retrieve incoming block's pre state.
-	if err := s.verifyBlkPreState(ctx, b.ParentRoot()); err != nil {
+	parentRoot := b.ParentRoot()
+	if err := s.verifyBlkPreState(ctx, parentRoot); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	preState, err := s.cfg.StateGen.StateByRootInitialSync(ctx, b.ParentRoot())
+	preState, applied, err := s.getBatchPrestate(ctx, blks[0], envelopes)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if preState == nil || preState.IsNil() {
 		return fmt.Errorf("nil pre state for slot %d", b.Slot())
 	}
+	var eidx int
+	var br [32]byte
+	sigSet := bls.NewSet()
+	if applied {
+		eidx = 1
+		envSigSet, err := gloas.ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignatureBatch(preState, envelopes[0])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		sigSet.Join(envSigSet)
+	}
+	if eidx < len(envelopes) {
+		env, err := envelopes[eidx].Envelope()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		br = env.BeaconBlockRoot()
+	}

 	// Fill in missing blocks
 	if err := s.fillInForkChoiceMissingBlocks(ctx, blks[0], preState.FinalizedCheckpoint(), preState.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint()); err != nil {
@@ -177,11 +301,6 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []consensusblocks.ROBlo

 	jCheckpoints := make([]*ethpb.Checkpoint, len(blks))
 	fCheckpoints := make([]*ethpb.Checkpoint, len(blks))
-	sigSet := bls.NewSet()
-	type versionAndHeader struct {
-		version int
-		header  interfaces.ExecutionData
-	}
 	preVersionAndHeaders := make([]*versionAndHeader, len(blks))
 	postVersionAndHeaders := make([]*versionAndHeader, len(blks))
 	var set *bls.SignatureBatch
@@ -203,6 +322,23 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []consensusblocks.ROBlo
 		if err != nil {
 			return invalidBlock{error: err}
 		}
+		if b.Root() == br && eidx < len(envelopes) {
+			envSigSet, err := gloas.ProcessExecutionPayloadWithDeferredSig(ctx, preState, b.Block().StateRoot(), envelopes[eidx])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			sigSet.Join(envSigSet)
+			eidx++
+			if eidx < len(envelopes) {
+				nextEnv, err := envelopes[eidx].Envelope()
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				br = nextEnv.BeaconBlockRoot()
+			} else {
+				br = [32]byte{}
+			}
+		}
 		// Save potential boundary states.
 		if slots.IsEpochStart(preState.Slot()) {
 			boundaries[b.Root()] = preState.Copy()
@@ -234,56 +370,9 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []consensusblocks.ROBlo
 		return errors.New("batch block signature verification failed")
 	}

-	// blocks have been verified, save them and call the engine
-	pendingNodes := make([]*forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints, len(blks))
-	var isValidPayload bool
-	for i, b := range blks {
-		root := b.Root()
-		isValidPayload, err = s.notifyNewPayload(ctx,
-			postVersionAndHeaders[i].version,
-			postVersionAndHeaders[i].header, b)
-		if err != nil {
-			// this call does not have the root in forkchoice yet.
-			return s.handleInvalidExecutionError(ctx, err, root, b.Block().ParentRoot(), [32]byte(postVersionAndHeaders[i].header.ParentHash()))
-		}
-		if isValidPayload {
-			if err := s.validateMergeTransitionBlock(ctx, preVersionAndHeaders[i].version,
-				preVersionAndHeaders[i].header, b); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-
-		if err := s.areSidecarsAvailable(ctx, avs, b); err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not validate sidecar availability for block %#x at slot %d", b.Root(), b.Block().Slot())
-		}
-
-		args := &forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints{Block: b,
-			JustifiedCheckpoint: jCheckpoints[i],
-			FinalizedCheckpoint: fCheckpoints[i]}
-		pendingNodes[i] = args
-		if err := s.saveInitSyncBlock(ctx, root, b); err != nil {
-			tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveStateSummary(ctx, &ethpb.StateSummary{
-			Slot: b.Block().Slot(),
-			Root: root[:],
-		}); err != nil {
-			tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
-			return err
-		}
-		if i > 0 && jCheckpoints[i].Epoch > jCheckpoints[i-1].Epoch {
-			if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveJustifiedCheckpoint(ctx, jCheckpoints[i]); err != nil {
-				tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-		if i > 0 && fCheckpoints[i].Epoch > fCheckpoints[i-1].Epoch {
-			if err := s.updateFinalized(ctx, fCheckpoints[i]); err != nil {
-				tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
-				return err
-			}
-		}
+	pendingNodes, isValidPayload, err := s.notifyEngineAndSaveData(ctx, blks, envelopes, avs, preVersionAndHeaders, postVersionAndHeaders, jCheckpoints, fCheckpoints)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 	// Save boundary states that will be useful for forkchoice
 	for r, st := range boundaries {
@@ -298,6 +387,15 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []consensusblocks.ROBlo
 		return err
 	}
 	// Insert all nodes to forkchoice
+	if applied {
+		env, err := envelopes[0].Envelope()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertPayload(env); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not insert first payload in batch to forkchoice")
+		}
+	}
 	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertChain(ctx, pendingNodes); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not insert batch to forkchoice")
 	}
@@ -310,6 +408,102 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []consensusblocks.ROBlo
 	return s.saveHeadNoDB(ctx, lastB, lastBR, preState, !isValidPayload)
 }

+func (s *Service) notifyEngineAndSaveData(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	blks []consensusblocks.ROBlock,
+	envelopes []interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope,
+	avs das.AvailabilityChecker,
+	preVersionAndHeaders []*versionAndHeader,
+	postVersionAndHeaders []*versionAndHeader,
+	jCheckpoints []*ethpb.Checkpoint,
+	fCheckpoints []*ethpb.Checkpoint,
+) ([]*forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints, bool, error) {
+	span := trace.FromContext(ctx)
+	pendingNodes := make([]*forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints, len(blks))
+	var isValidPayload bool
+	var err error
+
+	envMap := make(map[[32]byte]int, len(envelopes))
+	for i, e := range envelopes {
+		env, err := e.Envelope()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false, err
+		}
+		envMap[env.BeaconBlockRoot()] = i
+	}
+
+	for i, b := range blks {
+		root := b.Root()
+		args := &forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints{Block: b,
+			JustifiedCheckpoint: jCheckpoints[i],
+			FinalizedCheckpoint: fCheckpoints[i]}
+		if b.Version() < version.Gloas {
+			isValidPayload, err = s.notifyNewPayload(ctx,
+				postVersionAndHeaders[i].version,
+				postVersionAndHeaders[i].header, b)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, false, s.handleInvalidExecutionError(ctx, err, root, b.Block().ParentRoot(), [32]byte(postVersionAndHeaders[i].header.ParentHash()))
+			}
+			if isValidPayload {
+				if err := s.validateMergeTransitionBlock(ctx, preVersionAndHeaders[i].version,
+					preVersionAndHeaders[i].header, b); err != nil {
+					return nil, false, err
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			idx, ok := envMap[root]
+			if ok {
+				env, err := envelopes[idx].Envelope()
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, false, err
+				}
+				isValidPayload, err = s.notifyNewEnvelopeFromBlock(ctx, b, env)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not notify new envelope from block")
+				}
+				args.HasPayload = true
+				bh := env.BlockHash()
+				if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveStateSummary(ctx, &ethpb.StateSummary{
+					Slot: b.Block().Slot(),
+					Root: bh[:],
+				}); err != nil {
+					tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+					return nil, false, err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if err := s.areSidecarsAvailable(ctx, avs, b); err != nil {
+			return nil, false, errors.Wrapf(err, "could not validate sidecar availability for block %#x at slot %d", b.Root(), b.Block().Slot())
+		}
+
+		pendingNodes[i] = args
+		if err := s.saveInitSyncBlock(ctx, root, b); err != nil {
+			tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+			return nil, false, err
+		}
+		if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveStateSummary(ctx, &ethpb.StateSummary{
+			Slot: b.Block().Slot(),
+			Root: root[:],
+		}); err != nil {
+			tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+			return nil, false, err
+		}
+		if i > 0 && jCheckpoints[i].Epoch > jCheckpoints[i-1].Epoch {
+			if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveJustifiedCheckpoint(ctx, jCheckpoints[i]); err != nil {
+				tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+				return nil, false, err
+			}
+		}
+		if i > 0 && fCheckpoints[i].Epoch > fCheckpoints[i-1].Epoch {
+			if err := s.updateFinalized(ctx, fCheckpoints[i]); err != nil {
+				tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+				return nil, false, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return pendingNodes, isValidPayload, nil
+}
+
 func (s *Service) areSidecarsAvailable(ctx context.Context, avs das.AvailabilityChecker, roBlock consensusblocks.ROBlock) error {
 	blockVersion := roBlock.Version()
 	block := roBlock.Block()
@@ -399,12 +593,10 @@ func (s *Service) refreshCaches(ctx context.Context, currentSlot primitives.Slot
 	if lastState.Version() < version.Fulu {
 		s.updateCachesAndEpochBoundary(ctx, currentSlot, headState, accessRoot, lastRoot, lastState)
 	} else {
-		defer func() {
-			go func() {
-				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(s.ctx, slotDeadline)
-				defer cancel()
-				s.updateCachesAndEpochBoundary(ctx, currentSlot, headState, accessRoot, lastRoot, lastState)
-			}()
+		go func() {
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(s.ctx, slotDeadline)
+			defer cancel()
+			s.updateCachesAndEpochBoundary(ctx, currentSlot, headState, accessRoot, lastRoot, lastState)
 		}()
 	}
 }
@@ -415,13 +607,11 @@ func (s *Service) refreshCaches(ctx context.Context, currentSlot primitives.Slot
 func (s *Service) updateCachesAndEpochBoundary(ctx context.Context, currentSlot primitives.Slot, headState state.BeaconState, accessRoot [32]byte, lastRoot []byte, lastState state.BeaconState) {
 	if bytes.Equal(lastRoot, accessRoot[:]) {
 		// Happy case, the last advanced state is head, we thus keep it
-		lastState.CopyAllTries()
 		if err := transition.UpdateNextSlotCache(ctx, lastRoot, lastState); err != nil {
 			log.WithError(err).Debug("Could not update next slot state cache")
 		}
 	} else {
 		// Last advanced state was not head, we do not advance this but rather use headstate
-		headState.CopyAllTries()
 		if err := transition.UpdateNextSlotCache(ctx, accessRoot[:], headState); err != nil {
 			log.WithError(err).Debug("Could not update next slot state cache")
 		}
@@ -433,7 +623,7 @@ func (s *Service) updateCachesAndEpochBoundary(ctx context.Context, currentSlot

 // Epoch boundary tasks: it copies the headState and updates the epoch boundary
 // caches. The caller of this function must not hold a lock in forkchoice store.
-func (s *Service) handleEpochBoundary(ctx context.Context, slot primitives.Slot, headState state.BeaconState, blockRoot []byte) error {
+func (s *Service) handleEpochBoundary(ctx context.Context, slot primitives.Slot, headState state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, blockRoot []byte) error {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.handleEpochBoundary")
 	defer span.End()
 	// return early if we are advancing to a past epoch
@@ -494,7 +684,7 @@ func (s *Service) handleBlockPayloadAttestations(ctx context.Context, blk interf
 	if len(atts) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
-	committee, err := gloas.PayloadCommittee(ctx, st, blk.Slot()-1)
+	committee, err := st.PayloadCommitteeReadOnly(blk.Slot() - 1)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -1024,9 +1214,11 @@ func (s *Service) lateBlockTasks(ctx context.Context) {
 	headRoot := s.headRoot()
 	headState := s.headState(ctx)
 	s.headLock.RUnlock()
+
 	var accessRoot [32]byte
 	isFull, err := headState.IsParentBlockFull()
-	if err != nil || !isFull {
+	gloasFirstSlot, _ := slots.EpochStart(params.BeaconConfig().GloasForkEpoch)
+	if err != nil || !isFull || headState.Slot() <= gloasFirstSlot {
 		accessRoot = headRoot
 	} else {
 		accessRoot, err = headState.LatestBlockHash()
@@ -1055,10 +1247,13 @@ func (s *Service) lateBlockTasks(ctx context.Context) {
 			log.WithError(err).Debug("could not perform late block tasks: failed to retrieve latest block hash")
 			return
 		}
-		_, err = s.notifyForkchoiceUpdateGloas(ctx, bh, attribute)
+		id, err := s.notifyForkchoiceUpdateGloas(ctx, bh, attribute)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.WithError(err).Debug("could not perform late block tasks: failed to update forkchoice with engine")
 		}
+		if id != nil {
+			s.cfg.PayloadIDCache.Set(s.CurrentSlot()+1, headRoot, [8]byte(*id))
+		}
 		return
 	}
 	s.headLock.RLock()
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block_helpers.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block_helpers.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package blockchain

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	mathutil "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/math"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/monitoring/tracing/trace"
 	ethpb "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/runtime/version"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/time/slots"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -387,6 +389,7 @@ func (s *Service) fillInForkChoiceMissingBlocks(ctx context.Context, signed inte
 		return err
 	}
 	root := signed.Block().ParentRoot()
+	child := signed
 	// As long as parent node is not in fork choice store, and parent node is in DB.
 	for !s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.HasNode(root) && s.cfg.BeaconDB.HasBlock(ctx, root) {
 		b, err := s.getBlock(ctx, root)
@@ -400,10 +403,33 @@ func (s *Service) fillInForkChoiceMissingBlocks(ctx context.Context, signed inte
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		hasPayload := false
+		if roblock.Version() >= version.Gloas {
+			sbid, err := child.Block().Body().SignedExecutionPayloadBid()
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not get execution payload bid for block at slot %d", child.Block().Slot())
+			}
+			if sbid == nil || sbid.Message == nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("missing execution payload bid for block at slot %d", child.Block().Slot())
+			}
+			parentBid, err := b.Block().Body().SignedExecutionPayloadBid()
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not get execution payload bid for block at slot %d", b.Block().Slot())
+			}
+			if parentBid == nil || parentBid.Message == nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("missing execution payload bid for block at slot %d", b.Block().Slot())
+			}
+			if bytes.Equal(sbid.Message.ParentBlockHash, parentBid.Message.BlockHash) {
+				hasPayload = true
+			}
+		}
 		root = b.Block().ParentRoot()
+		child = b
 		args := &forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints{Block: roblock,
 			JustifiedCheckpoint: jCheckpoint,
-			FinalizedCheckpoint: fCheckpoint}
+			FinalizedCheckpoint: fCheckpoint,
+			HasPayload:          hasPayload,
+		}
 		pendingNodes = append(pendingNodes, args)
 	}
 	if len(pendingNodes) == 0 {
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/cache"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/blocks"
 	statefeed "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/feed/state"
-	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/gloas"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/peerdas"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/signing"
@@ -164,7 +163,7 @@ func TestStore_OnBlockBatch(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		blks = append(blks, rwsb)
 	}
-	err := service.onBlockBatch(ctx, blks, &das.MockAvailabilityStore{})
+	err := service.onBlockBatch(ctx, blks, nil, &das.MockAvailabilityStore{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	jcp := service.CurrentJustifiedCheckpt()
 	jroot := bytesutil.ToBytes32(jcp.Root)
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ func TestStore_OnBlockBatch_NotifyNewPayload(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, service.saveInitSyncBlock(ctx, rwsb.Root(), wsb))
 		blks = append(blks, rwsb)
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, service.onBlockBatch(ctx, blks, &das.MockAvailabilityStore{}))
+	require.NoError(t, service.onBlockBatch(ctx, blks, nil, &das.MockAvailabilityStore{}))
 }

 func TestCachedPreState_CanGetFromStateSummary(t *testing.T) {
@@ -2074,7 +2073,7 @@ func TestNoViableHead_Reboot(t *testing.T) {
 	rwsb, err := consensusblocks.NewROBlock(wsb)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	// We use onBlockBatch here because the valid chain is missing in forkchoice
-	require.NoError(t, service.onBlockBatch(ctx, []consensusblocks.ROBlock{rwsb}, &das.MockAvailabilityStore{}))
+	require.NoError(t, service.onBlockBatch(ctx, []consensusblocks.ROBlock{rwsb}, nil, &das.MockAvailabilityStore{}))
 	// Check that the head is now VALID and the node is not optimistic
 	require.Equal(t, genesisRoot, service.ensureRootNotZeros(service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.CachedHeadRoot()))
 	headRoot, err = service.HeadRoot(ctx)
@@ -3556,7 +3555,7 @@ func TestHandleBlockPayloadAttestations(t *testing.T) {
 		base, insertBlk := testGloasState(t, 1, parentRoot, blockHash)
 		insertGloasBlock(t, s, base, insertBlk, blockRoot)

-		ptc, err := gloas.PayloadCommittee(ctx, headState, 1)
+		ptc, err := headState.PayloadCommitteeReadOnly(1)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NotEqual(t, 0, len(ptc))

@@ -3639,3 +3638,61 @@ func TestHandleBlockPayloadAttestations(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, s.handleBlockPayloadAttestations(ctx, wsb.Block(), headState))
 	})
 }
+
+func TestUpdateCachesAndEpochBoundary_MatchingRoots(t *testing.T) {
+	service := testServiceNoDB(t)
+	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
+	accessRoot := [32]byte{'a'}
+
+	service.updateCachesAndEpochBoundary(t.Context(), 1, st, accessRoot, accessRoot[:], st)
+
+	cached := transition.NextSlotState(accessRoot[:], 1)
+	require.NotNil(t, cached)
+	require.Equal(t, primitives.Slot(1), cached.Slot())
+}
+
+func TestUpdateCachesAndEpochBoundary_DifferentRoots(t *testing.T) {
+	service := testServiceNoDB(t)
+	headState, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
+	lastState, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
+	accessRoot := [32]byte{'a'}
+	lastRoot := [32]byte{'b'}
+
+	service.updateCachesAndEpochBoundary(t.Context(), 1, headState, accessRoot, lastRoot[:], lastState)
+
+	// Cache should be keyed by accessRoot, not lastRoot.
+	cached := transition.NextSlotState(accessRoot[:], 1)
+	require.NotNil(t, cached)
+	require.Equal(t, primitives.Slot(1), cached.Slot())
+
+	cached = transition.NextSlotState(lastRoot[:], 1)
+	require.Equal(t, true, cached == nil)
+}
+
+func TestRefreshCaches_NoCachedState(t *testing.T) {
+	service := testServiceNoDB(t)
+	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
+	headRoot := [32]byte{'h'}
+
+	service.refreshCaches(t.Context(), 1, headRoot, st, headRoot)
+
+	cached := transition.NextSlotState(headRoot[:], 1)
+	require.NotNil(t, cached)
+	require.Equal(t, primitives.Slot(1), cached.Slot())
+}
+
+func TestRefreshCaches_CachedStateMatchesAccessRoot(t *testing.T) {
+	service := testServiceNoDB(t)
+	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
+	accessRoot := [32]byte{'a'}
+	headRoot := [32]byte{'h'}
+
+	// Pre-populate the cache with accessRoot.
+	require.NoError(t, transition.UpdateNextSlotCache(t.Context(), accessRoot[:], st))
+
+	service.refreshCaches(t.Context(), 1, headRoot, st, accessRoot)
+
+	cached := transition.NextSlotState(accessRoot[:], 1)
+	require.NotNil(t, cached)
+	require.Equal(t, primitives.Slot(1), cached.Slot())
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_attestation.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_attestation.go
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func (s *Service) UpdateHead(ctx context.Context, proposingSlot primitives.Slot)
 		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not compute head from new attestations")
 		return
 	}
-	if !s.isNewHead(newHeadRoot) {
+	if !s.isNewHead(newHeadRoot, full) {
 		return
 	}
 	log.WithField("newHeadRoot", fmt.Sprintf("%#x", newHeadRoot)).Debug("Head changed due to attestations")
@@ -163,9 +163,19 @@ func (s *Service) UpdateHead(ctx context.Context, proposingSlot primitives.Slot)
 		}
 		if postGloas {
 			go func() {
-				if _, err := s.notifyForkchoiceUpdateGloas(s.ctx, newHeadBlockHash, attr); err != nil {
+				pid, err := s.notifyForkchoiceUpdateGloas(s.ctx, newHeadBlockHash, attr)
+				if err != nil {
 					log.WithError(err).Error("Could not update forkchoice with engine")
 				}
+				if pid == nil {
+					if attr != nil {
+						log.Warn("Engine did not return a payload ID for the fork choice update with attributes")
+					}
+					return
+				}
+				var pId [8]byte
+				copy(pId[:], pid[:])
+				s.cfg.PayloadIDCache.Set(proposingSlot, newHeadRoot, pId)
 			}()
 		} else {
 			fcuArgs := &fcuConfig{
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_block.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_block.go
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ var epochsSinceFinalityExpandCache = primitives.Epoch(4)
 // BlockReceiver interface defines the methods of chain service for receiving and processing new blocks.
 type BlockReceiver interface {
 	ReceiveBlock(ctx context.Context, block interfaces.ReadOnlySignedBeaconBlock, blockRoot [32]byte, avs das.AvailabilityChecker) error
-	ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blocks []blocks.ROBlock, avs das.AvailabilityChecker) error
+	ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blocks []blocks.ROBlock, envelopes []interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope, avs das.AvailabilityChecker) error
 	HasBlock(ctx context.Context, root [32]byte) bool
 	RecentBlockSlot(root [32]byte) (primitives.Slot, error)
 	BlockBeingSynced([32]byte) bool
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ func (s *Service) ReceiveBlock(ctx context.Context, block interfaces.ReadOnlySig

 	// Have we been finalizing? Should we start saving hot states to db?
 	if err := s.checkSaveHotStateDB(ctx); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "check save hot state db")
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not check save hot state DB")
 	}

 	// We apply the same heuristic to some of our more important caches.
@@ -366,12 +366,14 @@ func (s *Service) executePostFinalizationTasks(ctx context.Context, finalizedSta
 			}
 		}()
 	}
+
+	go s.checkpointStateCache.EvictUpTo(finalized.Epoch)
 }

 // ReceiveBlockBatch processes the whole block batch at once, assuming the block batch is linear ,transitioning
 // the state, performing batch verification of all collected signatures and then performing the appropriate
 // actions for a block post-transition.
-func (s *Service) ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blocks []blocks.ROBlock, avs das.AvailabilityChecker) error {
+func (s *Service) ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blocks []blocks.ROBlock, envelopes []interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope, avs das.AvailabilityChecker) error {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.ReceiveBlockBatch")
 	defer span.End()

@@ -379,7 +381,7 @@ func (s *Service) ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blocks []blocks.ROBlock
 	defer s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Unlock()

 	// Apply state transition on the incoming newly received block batches, one by one.
-	if err := s.onBlockBatch(ctx, blocks, avs); err != nil {
+	if err := s.onBlockBatch(ctx, blocks, envelopes, avs); err != nil {
 		err := errors.Wrap(err, "could not process block in batch")
 		tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
 		return err
@@ -419,6 +421,15 @@ func (s *Service) ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blocks []blocks.ROBlock
 	if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlocks(ctx, s.getInitSyncBlocks()); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	for _, e := range envelopes {
+		protoEnv, ok := e.Proto().(*ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope)
+		if !ok {
+			return errors.New("could not type assert signed envelope to proto")
+		}
+		if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveExecutionPayloadEnvelope(ctx, protoEnv); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not save execution payload envelope")
+		}
+	}
 	finalized := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.FinalizedCheckpoint()
 	if finalized == nil {
 		return errNilFinalizedInStore
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_block_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_block_test.go
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func TestService_ReceiveBlockBatch(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			rwsb, err := blocks.NewROBlock(wsb)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			err = s.ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx, []blocks.ROBlock{rwsb}, &das.MockAvailabilityStore{})
+			err = s.ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx, []blocks.ROBlock{rwsb}, nil, &das.MockAvailabilityStore{})
 			if tt.wantedErr != "" {
 				assert.ErrorContains(t, tt.wantedErr, err)
 			} else {
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_execution_payload_envelope.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_execution_payload_envelope.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"time"

 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/feed"
 	statefeed "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/feed/state"
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/transition"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/execution"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/interfaces"
 	payloadattribute "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/payload-attribute"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
@@ -31,9 +33,18 @@ type ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeReceiver interface {
 }

 // ReceiveExecutionPayloadEnvelope processes a signed execution payload envelope for the Gloas fork.
-func (s *Service) ReceiveExecutionPayloadEnvelope(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope) error {
+func (s *Service) ReceiveExecutionPayloadEnvelope(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope) (err error) {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.ReceiveExecutionPayloadEnvelope")
 	defer span.End()
+	start := time.Now()
+	defer func() {
+		beaconExecutionPayloadEnvelopeProcessingDurationSeconds.Observe(time.Since(start).Seconds())
+		if err != nil {
+			beaconExecutionPayloadEnvelopeInvalidTotal.Inc()
+			return
+		}
+		beaconExecutionPayloadEnvelopeValidTotal.Inc()
+	}()

 	envelope, err := signed.Envelope()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -104,12 +115,6 @@ func (s *Service) ReceiveExecutionPayloadEnvelope(ctx context.Context, signed in
 		return err
 	}

-	execution, err := envelope.Execution()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get execution payload from envelope for logging")
-		return nil
-	}
-
 	s.cfg.StateNotifier.StateFeed().Send(&feed.Event{
 		Type: statefeed.PayloadProcessed,
 		Data: &statefeed.PayloadProcessedData{
@@ -118,6 +123,12 @@ func (s *Service) ReceiveExecutionPayloadEnvelope(ctx context.Context, signed in
 		},
 	})

+	execution, err := envelope.Execution()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get execution payload from envelope for logging")
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 		"slot":       envelope.Slot(),
 		"blockRoot":  fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(root[:])),
@@ -139,6 +150,7 @@ func (s *Service) postPayloadHeadUpdate(ctx context.Context, envelope interfaces

 	s.headLock.Lock()
 	s.head.state = st
+	s.head.full = true
 	s.headLock.Unlock()

 	go func() {
@@ -191,6 +203,50 @@ func (s *Service) getPayloadEnvelopePrestate(ctx context.Context, envelope inter
 	return preState, nil
 }

+func (s *Service) callNewPayload(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	payload interfaces.ExecutionData,
+	versionedHashes []common.Hash,
+	parentRoot common.Hash,
+	requests *enginev1.ExecutionRequests,
+	slot primitives.Slot,
+) (bool, error) {
+	_, err := s.cfg.ExecutionEngineCaller.NewPayload(ctx, payload, versionedHashes, &parentRoot, requests)
+	if err == nil {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, execution.ErrAcceptedSyncingPayloadStatus) {
+		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+			"slot":             slot,
+			"payloadBlockHash": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(payload.BlockHash())),
+		}).Info("Called new payload with optimistic envelope")
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, execution.ErrInvalidPayloadStatus) {
+		return false, invalidBlock{error: ErrInvalidPayload}
+	}
+	return false, errors.WithMessage(ErrUndefinedExecutionEngineError, err.Error())
+}
+
+func (s *Service) notifyNewEnvelopeFromBlock(ctx context.Context, b blocks.ROBlock, envelope interfaces.ROExecutionPayloadEnvelope) (bool, error) {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.notifyNewEnvelopeFromBlock")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	payload, err := envelope.Execution()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get execution payload from envelope")
+	}
+	sbid, err := b.Block().Body().SignedExecutionPayloadBid()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get signed execution payload bid from block")
+	}
+	versionedHashes := make([]common.Hash, len(sbid.Message.BlobKzgCommitments))
+	for i, c := range sbid.Message.BlobKzgCommitments {
+		versionedHashes[i] = primitives.ConvertKzgCommitmentToVersionedHash(c)
+	}
+	return s.callNewPayload(ctx, payload, versionedHashes, common.Hash(b.Block().ParentRoot()), envelope.ExecutionRequests(), envelope.Slot())
+}
+
 // The returned boolean indicates whether the payload was valid or if it was accepted as syncing (optimistic).
 func (s *Service) notifyNewEnvelope(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState, envelope interfaces.ROExecutionPayloadEnvelope) (bool, error) {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.notifyNewEnvelope")
@@ -200,7 +256,6 @@ func (s *Service) notifyNewEnvelope(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState, e
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get execution payload from envelope")
 	}
-
 	latestBid, err := st.LatestExecutionPayloadBid()
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get latest execution payload bid")
@@ -210,25 +265,7 @@ func (s *Service) notifyNewEnvelope(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState, e
 	for i, c := range commitments {
 		versionedHashes[i] = primitives.ConvertKzgCommitmentToVersionedHash(c)
 	}
-
-	parentRoot := common.Hash(bytesutil.ToBytes32(st.LatestBlockHeader().ParentRoot))
-	requests := envelope.ExecutionRequests()
-
-	_, err = s.cfg.ExecutionEngineCaller.NewPayload(ctx, payload, versionedHashes, &parentRoot, requests, envelope.Slot())
-	if err == nil {
-		return true, nil
-	}
-	if errors.Is(err, execution.ErrAcceptedSyncingPayloadStatus) {
-		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-			"slot":             envelope.Slot(),
-			"payloadBlockHash": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(payload.BlockHash())),
-		}).Info("Called new payload with optimistic envelope")
-		return false, nil
-	}
-	if errors.Is(err, execution.ErrInvalidPayloadStatus) {
-		return false, invalidBlock{error: ErrInvalidPayload}
-	}
-	return false, errors.WithMessage(ErrUndefinedExecutionEngineError, err.Error())
+	return s.callNewPayload(ctx, payload, versionedHashes, common.Hash(bytesutil.ToBytes32(st.LatestBlockHeader().ParentRoot)), envelope.ExecutionRequests(), envelope.Slot())
 }

 func (s *Service) validateExecutionOnEnvelope(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState, envelope interfaces.ROExecutionPayloadEnvelope) (bool, error) {
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_payload_attestation_message.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_payload_attestation_message.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package blockchain

 import (
 	"context"
-	"slices"

 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/gloas"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/encoding/bytesutil"
@@ -29,16 +28,12 @@ func (s *Service) ReceivePayloadAttestationMessage(ctx context.Context, a *ethpb
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	ptc, err := gloas.PayloadCommittee(ctx, st, a.Data.Slot)
+	idx, err := gloas.PayloadCommitteeIndex(ctx, st, a.Data.Slot, a.ValidatorIndex)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	idx := slices.Index(ptc, a.ValidatorIndex)
-	if idx == -1 {
-		return errors.New("validator not in PTC")
-	}
 	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Lock()
 	defer s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Unlock()
-	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetPTCVote(root, uint64(idx), a.Data.PayloadPresent, a.Data.BlobDataAvailable)
+	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetPTCVote(root, idx, a.Data.PayloadPresent, a.Data.BlobDataAvailable)
 	return nil
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_payload_attestation_message_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_payload_attestation_message_test.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package blockchain
 import (
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/gloas"
 	mockExecution "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/execution/testing"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ func TestReceivePayloadAttestationMessage_ValidatorNotInPTC(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	s.head = &head{root: blockRoot, block: wsb, state: headState, slot: 1}

-	ptc, err := gloas.PayloadCommittee(ctx, headState, 1)
+	ptc, err := headState.PayloadCommitteeReadOnly(1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	// Pick a validator index not in the PTC.
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ func TestReceivePayloadAttestationMessage_OK(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	s.head = &head{root: blockRoot, block: wsb, state: headState, slot: 1}

-	ptc, err := gloas.PayloadCommittee(ctx, headState, 1)
+	ptc, err := headState.PayloadCommitteeReadOnly(1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NotEqual(t, 0, len(ptc))

--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/service.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/service.go
@@ -213,6 +213,7 @@ func (s *Service) Start() {
 	}
 	s.spawnProcessAttestationsRoutine()
 	go s.runLateBlockTasks()
+	go s.runLatePayloadTasks()
 }

 // Stop the blockchain service's main event loop and associated goroutines.
@@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ func (s *Service) initializeHead(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState) erro
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get head state")
 		}
 	}
-	if err := s.setHead(&head{root, blk, st, blk.Block().Slot(), false}); err != nil {
+	if err := s.setHead(&head{root, blk, st, blk.Block().Slot(), false, false}); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set head")
 	}
 	log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
@@ -432,6 +433,7 @@ func (s *Service) saveGenesisData(ctx context.Context, genesisState state.Beacon
 		genesisState,
 		genesisBlk.Block().Slot(),
 		false,
+		false,
 	}); err != nil {
 		log.WithError(err).Fatal("Could not set head")
 	}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/setup_forkchoice.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/setup_forkchoice.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/interfaces"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/encoding/bytesutil"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/runtime/version"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/time/slots"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )
@@ -77,8 +78,12 @@ func (s *Service) setupForkchoiceTree(st state.BeaconState) error {
 		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not build forkchoice chain, starting with finalized block as head")
 		return nil
 	}
+	resolveChainPayloadStatus(chain)
 	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Lock()
 	defer s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Unlock()
+	if err := s.markFinalizedRootFull(chain, fRoot); err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not mark finalized root as full in forkchoice")
+	}
 	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertChain(s.ctx, chain)
 }

@@ -145,6 +150,68 @@ func (s *Service) setupForkchoiceRoot(st state.BeaconState) error {
 	return nil
 }

+// resolveChainPayloadStatus determines which blocks in the chain had their
+// execution payloads delivered by checking if consecutive blocks' bids indicate
+// payload delivery. For each pair of blocks (chain[i], chain[i+1]), if the next
+// block's bid parentBlockHash equals the current block's bid blockHash, the
+// current block's payload was delivered.
+func resolveChainPayloadStatus(chain []*forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints) {
+	for i := 0; i < len(chain)-1; i++ {
+		curr := chain[i].Block.Block()
+		next := chain[i+1].Block.Block()
+		if curr.Version() < version.Gloas || next.Version() < version.Gloas {
+			continue
+		}
+		currBid, err := curr.Body().SignedExecutionPayloadBid()
+		if err != nil || currBid == nil || currBid.Message == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		nextBid, err := next.Body().SignedExecutionPayloadBid()
+		if err != nil || nextBid == nil || nextBid.Message == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if bytes.Equal(nextBid.Message.ParentBlockHash, currBid.Message.BlockHash) {
+			chain[i].HasPayload = true
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// markFinalizedRootFull checks whether the finalized root block's execution
+// payload was delivered by inspecting the first block in the chain. If the first
+// block's bid parentBlockHash equals the finalized block's bid blockHash, the
+// finalized block's payload was delivered and a full node must be created in
+// forkchoice. The caller must hold the forkchoice lock.
+func (s *Service) markFinalizedRootFull(chain []*forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints, fRoot [32]byte) error {
+	if len(chain) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	firstBlock := chain[0].Block.Block()
+	if firstBlock.Version() < version.Gloas {
+		return nil
+	}
+	firstBid, err := firstBlock.Body().SignedExecutionPayloadBid()
+	if err != nil || firstBid == nil || firstBid.Message == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	fBlock, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.Block(s.ctx, fRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized block")
+	}
+	if fBlock.Block().Version() < version.Gloas {
+		return nil
+	}
+	fBid, err := fBlock.Block().Body().SignedExecutionPayloadBid()
+	if err != nil || fBid == nil || fBid.Message == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(firstBid.Message.ParentBlockHash, fBid.Message.BlockHash) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// The finalized block's payload was delivered. Create the full node.
+	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.MarkFullNode(fRoot)
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *Service) setupForkchoiceCheckpoints() error {
 	justified, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.JustifiedCheckpoint(s.ctx)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -166,11 +233,11 @@ func (s *Service) setupForkchoiceCheckpoints() error {
 	defer s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Unlock()
 	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.UpdateJustifiedCheckpoint(s.ctx, &forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: justified.Epoch,
 		Root: bytesutil.ToBytes32(justified.Root)}); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not update forkchoice's justified checkpoint")
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not update forkchoice's justified checkpoint, trying to update finalized checkpoint anyway")
 	}
 	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.UpdateFinalizedCheckpoint(&forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: finalized.Epoch,
 		Root: fRoot}); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not update forkchoice's finalized checkpoint")
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not update forkchoice's finalized checkpoint")
 	}
 	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetGenesisTime(s.genesisTime)
 	return nil
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/setup_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/setup_test.go
@@ -94,6 +94,11 @@ func (mb *mockBroadcaster) BroadcastDataColumnSidecars(_ context.Context, _ []bl
 	return nil
 }

+func (mb *mockBroadcaster) BroadcastForEpoch(_ context.Context, _ proto.Message, _ primitives.Epoch) error {
+	mb.broadcastCalled = true
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (mb *mockBroadcaster) BroadcastBLSChanges(_ context.Context, _ []*ethpb.SignedBLSToExecutionChange) {
 }

--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/testing/mock.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/testing/mock.go
@@ -77,8 +77,14 @@ type ChainService struct {
 	DataColumns                 []blocks.VerifiedRODataColumn
 	TargetRoot                  [32]byte
 	MockHeadSlot                *primitives.Slot
+	DependentRootCB             func([32]byte, primitives.Epoch) ([32]byte, error)
 	MockCanonicalRoots          map[primitives.Slot][32]byte
 	MockCanonicalFull           map[primitives.Slot]bool
+	MockPayloadContentLookup    map[[32]byte][32]byte
+	MockPayloadContentIsFull    map[[32]byte]bool
+	ParentPayloadReadyVal       *bool
+	ForkchoiceRoots             map[[32]byte]bool
+	ForkchoiceBlockHashes       map[[32]byte][32]byte
 }

 func (s *ChainService) Ancestor(ctx context.Context, root []byte, slot primitives.Slot) ([]byte, error) {
@@ -276,7 +282,7 @@ func (s *ChainService) ReceiveBlockInitialSync(ctx context.Context, block interf
 }

 // ReceiveBlockBatch processes blocks in batches from initial-sync.
-func (s *ChainService) ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []blocks.ROBlock, _ das.AvailabilityChecker) error {
+func (s *ChainService) ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []blocks.ROBlock, _ []interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope, _ das.AvailabilityChecker) error {
 	if s.State == nil {
 		return ErrNilState
 	}
@@ -581,10 +587,23 @@ func (s *ChainService) IsOptimistic(_ context.Context) (bool, error) {
 }

 // InForkchoice mocks the same method in the chain service
-func (s *ChainService) InForkchoice(_ [32]byte) bool {
+func (s *ChainService) InForkchoice(root [32]byte) bool {
+	if s.ForkchoiceRoots != nil {
+		return s.ForkchoiceRoots[root]
+	}
 	return !s.NotFinalized
 }

+// BlockHash mocks the execution payload block hash lookup for a beacon block root.
+func (s *ChainService) BlockHash(root [32]byte) ([32]byte, error) {
+	if s.ForkchoiceBlockHashes != nil {
+		if blockHash, ok := s.ForkchoiceBlockHashes[root]; ok {
+			return blockHash, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return [32]byte{}, errors.New("block hash not found")
+}
+
 // IsOptimisticForRoot mocks the same method in the chain service.
 func (s *ChainService) IsOptimisticForRoot(_ context.Context, root [32]byte) (bool, error) {
 	s.OptimisticCheckRootReceived = root
@@ -642,7 +661,7 @@ func prepareForkchoiceState(
 	}

 	base.BlockRoots[0] = append(base.BlockRoots[0], blockRoot[:]...)
-	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoBellatrix(base)
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeBellatrix(base)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, blocks.ROBlock{}, err
 	}
@@ -701,7 +720,60 @@ func (s *ChainService) HighestReceivedBlockSlot() primitives.Slot {
 	if s.ForkChoiceStore != nil {
 		return s.ForkChoiceStore.HighestReceivedBlockSlot()
 	}
-	return 0
+	if s.Slot != nil {
+		return *s.Slot
+	}
+	return s.BlockSlot
+}
+
+// HighestReceivedBlockRoot mocks the same method in the chain service
+func (s *ChainService) HighestReceivedBlockRoot() [32]byte {
+	if s.ForkChoiceStore != nil {
+		return s.ForkChoiceStore.HighestReceivedBlockRoot()
+	}
+	if s.Slot != nil && s.MockCanonicalRoots != nil {
+		if root, ok := s.MockCanonicalRoots[*s.Slot]; ok {
+			return root
+		}
+	}
+	if len(s.Root) == 32 {
+		return bytesutil.ToBytes32(s.Root)
+	}
+	return [32]byte{}
+}
+
+// HasFullNode mocks the same method in the chain service
+func (s *ChainService) HasFullNode(root [32]byte) bool {
+	if s.ForkChoiceStore != nil {
+		return s.ForkChoiceStore.HasFullNode(root)
+	}
+	if s.Slot != nil && s.MockCanonicalRoots != nil && s.MockCanonicalFull != nil {
+		if r, ok := s.MockCanonicalRoots[*s.Slot]; ok && r == root {
+			return s.MockCanonicalFull[*s.Slot]
+		}
+	}
+	if s.ForkchoiceRoots != nil {
+		return s.ForkchoiceRoots[root]
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// ShouldIgnoreData returns true if the data for the given parent root and slot should be ignored.
+func (s *ChainService) ShouldIgnoreData(_ [32]byte, _ primitives.Slot) bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+// PayloadContentLookup mocks the same method in the chain service.
+func (s *ChainService) PayloadContentLookup(root [32]byte) ([32]byte, bool) {
+	if s.ForkChoiceStore != nil {
+		return s.ForkChoiceStore.PayloadContentLookup(root)
+	}
+	if s.MockPayloadContentLookup != nil {
+		if value, ok := s.MockPayloadContentLookup[root]; ok {
+			return value, s.MockPayloadContentIsFull[root]
+		}
+	}
+	return root, false
 }

 // InsertNode mocks the same method in the chain service
@@ -788,12 +860,18 @@ func (c *ChainService) ReceiveExecutionPayloadEnvelope(_ context.Context, _ inte
 }

 // ParentPayloadReady mocks the same method in the chain service.
-func (*ChainService) ParentPayloadReady(_ interfaces.ReadOnlyBeaconBlock) bool {
+func (s *ChainService) ParentPayloadReady(_ interfaces.ReadOnlyBeaconBlock) bool {
+	if s.ParentPayloadReadyVal != nil {
+		return *s.ParentPayloadReadyVal
+	}
 	return true
 }

 // DependentRootForEpoch mocks the same method in the chain service
-func (c *ChainService) DependentRootForEpoch(_ [32]byte, _ primitives.Epoch) ([32]byte, error) {
+func (c *ChainService) DependentRootForEpoch(root [32]byte, epoch primitives.Epoch) ([32]byte, error) {
+	if c.DependentRootCB != nil {
+		return c.DependentRootCB(root, epoch)
+	}
 	return c.TargetRoot, nil
 }

--- a/beacon-chain/cache/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/BUILD.bazel
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ go_library(
        "common.go",
        "doc.go",
        "error.go",
+        "highest_execution_payload_bid.go",
        "interfaces.go",
        "log.go",
        "payload_attestation.go",
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ go_library(
        "proposer_indices.go",
        "proposer_indices_disabled.go",  # keep
        "proposer_indices_type.go",
+        "proposer_preferences.go",
        "registration.go",
        "skip_slot_cache.go",
        "subnet_ids.go",
@@ -55,6 +57,7 @@ go_library(
        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1/attestation:go_default_library",
        "//runtime/version:go_default_library",
+        "//time/slots:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_ethereum_go_ethereum//common:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_hashicorp_golang_lru//:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_patrickmn_go_cache//:go_default_library",
@@ -77,10 +80,12 @@ go_test(
        "checkpoint_state_test.go",
        "committee_fuzz_test.go",
        "committee_test.go",
+        "highest_execution_payload_bid_test.go",
        "payload_attestation_test.go",
        "payload_id_test.go",
        "private_access_test.go",
        "proposer_indices_test.go",
+        "proposer_preferences_test.go",
        "registration_test.go",
        "skip_slot_cache_test.go",
        "subnet_ids_test.go",
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/attestation_data.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/attestation_data.go
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ import (
 )

 type AttestationConsensusData struct {
-	Slot     primitives.Slot
-	HeadRoot []byte
-	Target   forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint
-	Source   forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint
+	Slot          primitives.Slot
+	HeadRoot      []byte
+	Target        forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint
+	Source        forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint
+	IsPayloadFull bool
 }

 // AttestationDataCache stores cached results of AttestationData requests.
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/checkpoint_state.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/checkpoint_state.go
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ package cache
 import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
 	lruwrpr "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/cache/lru"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/crypto/hash"
 	ethpb "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/time/slots"
 	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
@@ -25,6 +27,14 @@ var (
 		Name: "check_point_state_cache_hit",
 		Help: "The number of check point state requests that are present in the cache.",
 	})
+	checkpointStateSize = promauto.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "check_point_state_cache_size",
+		Help: "The number of entries in the check point state cache.",
+	})
+	checkpointStateEvicted = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "check_point_state_cache_evicted_total",
+		Help: "The number of entries evicted from the check point state cache.",
+	})
 )

 // CheckpointStateCache is a struct with 1 queue for looking up state by checkpoint.
@@ -49,14 +59,14 @@ func (c *CheckpointStateCache) StateByCheckpoint(cp *ethpb.Checkpoint) (state.Be

 	item, exists := c.cache.Get(h)

-	if exists && item != nil {
-		checkpointStateHit.Inc()
-		// Copy here is unnecessary since the return will only be used to verify attestation signature.
-		return item.(state.BeaconState), nil
+	if !exists || item == nil {
+		checkpointStateMiss.Inc()
+		return nil, nil
 	}

-	checkpointStateMiss.Inc()
-	return nil, nil
+	checkpointStateHit.Inc()
+	// Copy here is unnecessary since the return will only be used to verify attestation signature.
+	return item.(state.BeaconState), nil
 }

 // AddCheckpointState adds CheckpointState object to the cache. This method also trims the least
@@ -66,6 +76,35 @@ func (c *CheckpointStateCache) AddCheckpointState(cp *ethpb.Checkpoint, s state.
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+
 	c.cache.Add(h, s)
+	checkpointStateSize.Set(float64(c.cache.Len()))
 	return nil
 }
+
+// EvictUpTo removes all entries from the cache whose state epoch is at
+// or before the given epoch. Returns the number of evicted entries.
+func (c *CheckpointStateCache) EvictUpTo(epoch primitives.Epoch) int {
+	evicted := 0
+	for _, key := range c.cache.Keys() {
+		// Peek is used here to avoid updating the recency of the entry,
+		// as we are only checking for eviction.
+		v, ok := c.cache.Peek(key)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		st := v.(state.ReadOnlyBeaconState)
+		if slots.ToEpoch(st.Slot()) <= epoch {
+			c.cache.Remove(key)
+			evicted++
+		}
+	}
+
+	if evicted > 0 {
+		checkpointStateSize.Set(float64(c.cache.Len()))
+		checkpointStateEvicted.Add(float64(evicted))
+	}
+
+	return evicted
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/checkpoint_state_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/checkpoint_state_test.go
@@ -72,3 +72,76 @@ func TestCheckpointStateCache_MaxSize(t *testing.T) {

 	assert.Equal(t, cache.MaxCheckpointStateSize(), len(c.Cache().Keys()))
 }
+
+func TestCheckpointStateCache_EvictFinalized_FinalizedEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	c := cache.NewCheckpointStateCache()
+
+	cp := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'A'}, 32)}
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoPhase0(&ethpb.BeaconState{Slot: 32})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.AddCheckpointState(cp, st))
+
+	evicted := c.EvictUpTo(1)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, evicted, "expected finalized entry to be evicted")
+
+	s, err := c.StateByCheckpoint(cp)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, state.BeaconState(nil), s, "expected cache to be empty after eviction")
+}
+
+func TestCheckpointStateCache_EvictFinalized_NotFinalizedEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	c := cache.NewCheckpointStateCache()
+
+	cp := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 5, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'A'}, 32)}
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoPhase0(&ethpb.BeaconState{Slot: 160})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.AddCheckpointState(cp, st))
+
+	evicted := c.EvictUpTo(3)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, evicted, "expected non-finalized entry NOT to be evicted")
+
+	s, err := c.StateByCheckpoint(cp)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, s, "expected entry to still be in cache")
+}
+
+func TestCheckpointStateCache_EvictFinalized_Mixed(t *testing.T) {
+	c := cache.NewCheckpointStateCache()
+
+	cp1 := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'A'}, 32)}
+	st1, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoPhase0(&ethpb.BeaconState{Slot: 32})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cp2 := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 2, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'B'}, 32)}
+	st2, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoPhase0(&ethpb.BeaconState{Slot: 64})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cp5 := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 5, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'C'}, 32)}
+	st5, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoPhase0(&ethpb.BeaconState{Slot: 160})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, c.AddCheckpointState(cp1, st1))
+	require.NoError(t, c.AddCheckpointState(cp2, st2))
+	require.NoError(t, c.AddCheckpointState(cp5, st5))
+
+	evicted := c.EvictUpTo(3)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, evicted, "expected epochs 1 and 2 to be evicted")
+
+	s, err := c.StateByCheckpoint(cp1)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, state.BeaconState(nil), s, "expected cp1 to be evicted")
+
+	s, err = c.StateByCheckpoint(cp2)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, state.BeaconState(nil), s, "expected cp2 to be evicted")
+
+	s, err = c.StateByCheckpoint(cp5)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, s, "expected cp5 to still be in cache")
+}
+
+func TestCheckpointStateCache_EvictFinalized_EmptyCache(t *testing.T) {
+	c := cache.NewCheckpointStateCache()
+	evicted := c.EvictUpTo(0)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, evicted, "expected no eviction from empty cache")
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/highest_execution_payload_bid.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/highest_execution_payload_bid.go
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
+	ethpb "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
+)
+
+type executionPayloadBidKey struct {
+	slot       primitives.Slot
+	parentHash [32]byte
+	parentRoot [32]byte
+}
+
+// HighestExecutionPayloadBidCache stores the highest bid for each
+// (slot, parent_block_hash, parent_block_root) tuple.
+type HighestExecutionPayloadBidCache struct {
+	bids map[executionPayloadBidKey]*ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid
+	lock sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// NewHighestExecutionPayloadBidCache initializes a highest-bid cache.
+func NewHighestExecutionPayloadBidCache() *HighestExecutionPayloadBidCache {
+	return &HighestExecutionPayloadBidCache{
+		bids: make(map[executionPayloadBidKey]*ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid),
+	}
+}
+
+// Get returns the highest cached bid for the given tuple.
+func (c *HighestExecutionPayloadBidCache) Get(
+	slot primitives.Slot,
+	parentHash [32]byte,
+	parentRoot [32]byte,
+) (*ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid, bool) {
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	defer c.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	bid, ok := c.bids[executionPayloadBidKey{
+		slot:       slot,
+		parentHash: parentHash,
+		parentRoot: parentRoot,
+	}]
+	return bid, ok
+}
+
+// SetIfHigher inserts the bid if absent, or replaces the cached bid only if
+// the incoming value is strictly greater.
+func (c *HighestExecutionPayloadBidCache) SetIfHigher(bid *ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid) bool {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	key := executionPayloadBidKey{
+		slot:       bid.Message.Slot,
+		parentHash: [32]byte(bid.Message.ParentBlockHash),
+		parentRoot: [32]byte(bid.Message.ParentBlockRoot),
+	}
+	cached, ok := c.bids[key]
+	if !ok || bid.Message.Value > cached.Message.Value {
+		c.bids[key] = bid
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// PruneBefore removes all cached bids for slots before the provided slot.
+func (c *HighestExecutionPayloadBidCache) PruneBefore(slot primitives.Slot) {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	for key := range c.bids {
+		if key.slot < slot {
+			delete(c.bids, key)
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/highest_execution_payload_bid_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/highest_execution_payload_bid_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
+	ethpb "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/testing/require"
+)
+
+func TestHighestExecutionPayloadBidCache_GetSetIfHigher(t *testing.T) {
+	c := NewHighestExecutionPayloadBidCache()
+	bid := testSignedExecutionPayloadBid(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02}, 100)
+
+	inserted := c.SetIfHigher(bid)
+	require.Equal(t, true, inserted)
+
+	got, ok := c.Get(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02})
+	require.Equal(t, true, ok)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, bid, got)
+}
+
+func TestHighestExecutionPayloadBidCache_SetIfHigher_ReplacesOnlyOnHigherValue(t *testing.T) {
+	c := NewHighestExecutionPayloadBidCache()
+	low := testSignedExecutionPayloadBid(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02}, 100)
+	same := testSignedExecutionPayloadBid(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02}, 100)
+	high := testSignedExecutionPayloadBid(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02}, 101)
+
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.SetIfHigher(low))
+	require.Equal(t, false, c.SetIfHigher(same))
+
+	got, ok := c.Get(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02})
+	require.Equal(t, true, ok)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, low, got)
+
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.SetIfHigher(high))
+	got, ok = c.Get(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02})
+	require.Equal(t, true, ok)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, high, got)
+}
+
+func TestHighestExecutionPayloadBidCache_SetIfHigher_KeepsDistinctTuples(t *testing.T) {
+	c := NewHighestExecutionPayloadBidCache()
+	first := testSignedExecutionPayloadBid(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02}, 100)
+	second := testSignedExecutionPayloadBid(10, [32]byte{0x03}, [32]byte{0x02}, 50)
+	third := testSignedExecutionPayloadBid(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x04}, 75)
+
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.SetIfHigher(first))
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.SetIfHigher(second))
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.SetIfHigher(third))
+
+	got, ok := c.Get(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02})
+	require.Equal(t, true, ok)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, first, got)
+
+	got, ok = c.Get(10, [32]byte{0x03}, [32]byte{0x02})
+	require.Equal(t, true, ok)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, second, got)
+
+	got, ok = c.Get(10, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x04})
+	require.Equal(t, true, ok)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, third, got)
+}
+
+func TestHighestExecutionPayloadBidCache_PruneBefore(t *testing.T) {
+	c := NewHighestExecutionPayloadBidCache()
+	oldBid := testSignedExecutionPayloadBid(9, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02}, 100)
+	currentBid := testSignedExecutionPayloadBid(10, [32]byte{0x03}, [32]byte{0x04}, 101)
+
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.SetIfHigher(oldBid))
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.SetIfHigher(currentBid))
+
+	c.PruneBefore(10)
+
+	_, ok := c.Get(9, [32]byte{0x01}, [32]byte{0x02})
+	require.Equal(t, false, ok)
+
+	got, ok := c.Get(10, [32]byte{0x03}, [32]byte{0x04})
+	require.Equal(t, true, ok)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, currentBid, got)
+}
+
+func testSignedExecutionPayloadBid(
+	slot primitives.Slot,
+	parentHash [32]byte,
+	parentRoot [32]byte,
+	value uint64,
+) *ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid {
+	return &ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid{
+		Message: &ethpb.ExecutionPayloadBid{
+			Slot:             slot,
+			ParentBlockHash:  bytes.Clone(parentHash[:]),
+			ParentBlockRoot:  bytes.Clone(parentRoot[:]),
+			BlockHash:        bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x03}, 32),
+			PrevRandao:       bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x04}, 32),
+			FeeRecipient:     bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x05}, 20),
+			GasLimit:         30_000_000,
+			BuilderIndex:     1,
+			Value:            primitives.Gwei(value),
+			ExecutionPayment: 10,
+		},
+		Signature: bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x06}, 96),
+	}
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/proposer_preferences.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/proposer_preferences.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
+)
+
+// ProposerPreference stores the proposer fee recipient and gas limit for a slot.
+type ProposerPreference struct {
+	FeeRecipient []byte
+	GasLimit     uint64
+}
+
+// ProposerPreferencesCache stores proposer preferences by slot.
+type ProposerPreferencesCache struct {
+	slotToPreferences map[primitives.Slot]ProposerPreference
+	lock              sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// NewProposerPreferencesCache initializes a proposer preferences cache.
+func NewProposerPreferencesCache() *ProposerPreferencesCache {
+	return &ProposerPreferencesCache{
+		slotToPreferences: make(map[primitives.Slot]ProposerPreference),
+	}
+}
+
+// Add stores proposer preferences for a slot. If the slot already exists, the
+// existing value is kept and false is returned.
+func (c *ProposerPreferencesCache) Add(slot primitives.Slot, feeRecipient []byte, gasLimit uint64) bool {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if _, ok := c.slotToPreferences[slot]; ok {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// FeeRecipient comes from validated SSZ-decoded proposer preferences, so
+	// retaining the slice reference here is intentional.
+	c.slotToPreferences[slot] = ProposerPreference{
+		FeeRecipient: feeRecipient,
+		GasLimit:     gasLimit,
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Get returns proposer preferences for a slot.
+func (c *ProposerPreferencesCache) Get(slot primitives.Slot) (ProposerPreference, bool) {
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	defer c.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	pref, ok := c.slotToPreferences[slot]
+	if !ok {
+		return ProposerPreference{}, false
+	}
+
+	return pref, true
+}
+
+// Has returns true if proposer preferences for the slot already exist.
+func (c *ProposerPreferencesCache) Has(slot primitives.Slot) bool {
+	c.lock.RLock()
+	defer c.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	_, ok := c.slotToPreferences[slot]
+	return ok
+}
+
+// PruneBefore removes all proposer preferences for slots before the provided slot.
+func (c *ProposerPreferencesCache) PruneBefore(slot primitives.Slot) {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	for cachedSlot := range c.slotToPreferences {
+		if cachedSlot < slot {
+			delete(c.slotToPreferences, cachedSlot)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Clear removes all cached proposer preferences.
+func (c *ProposerPreferencesCache) Clear() {
+	c.lock.Lock()
+	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+	c.slotToPreferences = make(map[primitives.Slot]ProposerPreference)
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/proposer_preferences_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/proposer_preferences_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package cache
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/testing/require"
+)
+
+func TestProposerPreferencesCache_AddGetHas(t *testing.T) {
+	c := NewProposerPreferencesCache()
+	slot := primitives.Slot(123)
+	feeRecipient := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+	require.Equal(t, false, c.Has(slot))
+	added := c.Add(slot, feeRecipient, 42)
+	require.Equal(t, true, added)
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.Has(slot))
+
+	pref, ok := c.Get(slot)
+	require.Equal(t, true, ok)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, feeRecipient, pref.FeeRecipient)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(42), pref.GasLimit)
+}
+
+func TestProposerPreferencesCache_AddDuplicateSlot(t *testing.T) {
+	c := NewProposerPreferencesCache()
+	slot := primitives.Slot(456)
+
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.Add(slot, []byte{1}, 10))
+	require.Equal(t, false, c.Add(slot, []byte{2}, 20))
+
+	pref, ok := c.Get(slot)
+	require.Equal(t, true, ok)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, []byte{1}, pref.FeeRecipient)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(10), pref.GasLimit)
+}
+
+func TestProposerPreferencesCache_Clear(t *testing.T) {
+	c := NewProposerPreferencesCache()
+	slot := primitives.Slot(789)
+
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.Add(slot, []byte{1}, 10))
+	c.Clear()
+
+	require.Equal(t, false, c.Has(slot))
+	_, ok := c.Get(slot)
+	require.Equal(t, false, ok)
+}
+
+func TestProposerPreferencesCache_PruneBefore(t *testing.T) {
+	c := NewProposerPreferencesCache()
+
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.Add(10, []byte{1}, 10))
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.Add(11, []byte{2}, 11))
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.Add(12, []byte{3}, 12))
+
+	c.PruneBefore(11)
+
+	require.Equal(t, false, c.Has(10))
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.Has(11))
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.Has(12))
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/sync_committee.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/sync_committee.go
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ func (s *SyncCommitteeCache) idxPositionInCommittee(
 // UpdatePositionsInCommittee updates caching of validators position in sync committee in respect to
 // current epoch and next epoch. This should be called when `current_sync_committee` and `next_sync_committee`
 // change and that happens every `EPOCHS_PER_SYNC_COMMITTEE_PERIOD`.
-func (s *SyncCommitteeCache) UpdatePositionsInCommittee(syncCommitteeBoundaryRoot [32]byte, st state.BeaconState) error {
+func (s *SyncCommitteeCache) UpdatePositionsInCommittee(syncCommitteeBoundaryRoot [32]byte, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState) error {
 	// since we call UpdatePositionsInCommittee asynchronously, keep track of the cache value
 	// seen at the beginning of the routine and compare at the end before updating. If the underlying value has been
 	// cycled (new address), don't update it.
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/sync_committee_disabled.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/sync_committee_disabled.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func (s *FakeSyncCommitteeCache) NextPeriodIndexPosition(root [32]byte, valIdx p
 }

 // UpdatePositionsInCommittee -- fake.
-func (s *FakeSyncCommitteeCache) UpdatePositionsInCommittee(syncCommitteeBoundaryRoot [32]byte, state state.BeaconState) error {
+func (s *FakeSyncCommitteeCache) UpdatePositionsInCommittee(syncCommitteeBoundaryRoot [32]byte, state state.ReadOnlyBeaconState) error {
 	return nil
 }

--- a/beacon-chain/core/altair/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/altair/BUILD.bazel
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ go_library(
        "//beacon-chain/p2p/types:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/state:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/state/state-native:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/state/stateutil:go_default_library",
        "//config/fieldparams:go_default_library",
        "//config/params:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/blocks:go_default_library",
--- a/beacon-chain/core/altair/epoch_precompute.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/altair/epoch_precompute.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/time"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/stateutil"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/math"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/monitoring/tracing/trace"
@@ -41,26 +42,26 @@ func InitializePrecomputeValidators(ctx context.Context, beaconState state.Beaco
 	if beaconState.NumValidators() != len(inactivityScores) {
 		return nil, nil, errors.New("num of validators is different than num of inactivity scores")
 	}
-	if err := beaconState.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
+	if err := beaconState.ForEachValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
 		// Set validator's balance, inactivity score and slashed/withdrawable status.
 		v := &precompute.Validator{
-			CurrentEpochEffectiveBalance: val.EffectiveBalance(),
+			CurrentEpochEffectiveBalance: val.EffectiveBalance,
 			InactivityScore:              inactivityScores[idx],
-			IsSlashed:                    val.Slashed(),
-			IsWithdrawableCurrentEpoch:   currentEpoch >= val.WithdrawableEpoch(),
+			IsSlashed:                    val.Slashed,
+			IsWithdrawableCurrentEpoch:   currentEpoch >= val.WithdrawableEpoch,
 		}
 		// Set validator's active status for current epoch.
-		if helpers.IsActiveValidatorUsingTrie(val, currentEpoch) {
+		if helpers.IsActiveCompactValidator(val, currentEpoch) {
 			v.IsActiveCurrentEpoch = true
-			bal.ActiveCurrentEpoch, err = math.Add64(bal.ActiveCurrentEpoch, val.EffectiveBalance())
+			bal.ActiveCurrentEpoch, err = math.Add64(bal.ActiveCurrentEpoch, val.EffectiveBalance)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}
 		// Set validator's active status for previous epoch.
-		if helpers.IsActiveValidatorUsingTrie(val, prevEpoch) {
+		if helpers.IsActiveCompactValidator(val, prevEpoch) {
 			v.IsActivePrevEpoch = true
-			bal.ActivePrevEpoch, err = math.Add64(bal.ActivePrevEpoch, val.EffectiveBalance())
+			bal.ActivePrevEpoch, err = math.Add64(bal.ActivePrevEpoch, val.EffectiveBalance)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/altair/reward.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/altair/reward.go
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ func BaseReward(s state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, index primitives.ValidatorIndex) (u

 // BaseRewardWithTotalBalance calculates the base reward with the provided total balance.
 func BaseRewardWithTotalBalance(s state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, index primitives.ValidatorIndex, totalBalance uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	val, err := s.ValidatorAtIndexReadOnly(index)
+	effBal, err := s.EffectiveBalanceAtIndex(index)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 	cfg := params.BeaconConfig()
-	increments := val.EffectiveBalance() / cfg.EffectiveBalanceIncrement
+	increments := effBal / cfg.EffectiveBalanceIncrement
 	baseRewardPerInc, err := BaseRewardPerIncrement(totalBalance)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
--- a/beacon-chain/core/blocks/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/blocks/BUILD.bazel
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ go_test(
        "block_operations_fuzz_test.go",
        "block_regression_test.go",
        "eth1_data_test.go",
+        "exit_builder_test.go",
        "exit_test.go",
        "exports_test.go",
        "genesis_test.go",
--- a/beacon-chain/core/blocks/exit.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/blocks/exit.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"

+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/gloas"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/signing"
 	v "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/validators"
@@ -62,6 +63,16 @@ func ProcessVoluntaryExits(
 		if exit == nil || exit.Exit == nil {
 			return nil, errors.New("nil voluntary exit in block body")
 		}
+		// [New in Gloas:EIP7732] Builder exits are identified by the builder index flag.
+		if beaconState.Version() >= version.Gloas && exit.Exit.ValidatorIndex.IsBuilderIndex() {
+			if err := verifyBuilderExitAndSignature(beaconState, exit); err != nil {
+				return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "could not verify builder exit %d", idx)
+			}
+			if err := gloas.InitiateBuilderExit(beaconState, exit.Exit.ValidatorIndex.ToBuilderIndex()); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
 		val, err := beaconState.ValidatorAtIndexReadOnly(exit.Exit.ValidatorIndex)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -102,19 +113,24 @@ func ProcessVoluntaryExits(
 //	 initiate_validator_exit(state, voluntary_exit.validator_index)
 func VerifyExitAndSignature(
 	validator state.ReadOnlyValidator,
-	state state.ReadOnlyBeaconState,
+	st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState,
 	signed *ethpb.SignedVoluntaryExit,
 ) error {
 	if signed == nil || signed.Exit == nil {
 		return errors.New("nil exit")
 	}

-	fork := state.Fork()
-	genesisRoot := state.GenesisValidatorsRoot()
+	// [New in Gloas:EIP7732] Builder exits are verified separately.
+	if st.Version() >= version.Gloas && signed.Exit.ValidatorIndex.IsBuilderIndex() {
+		return verifyBuilderExitAndSignature(st, signed)
+	}
+
+	fork := st.Fork()
+	genesisRoot := st.GenesisValidatorsRoot()

 	// EIP-7044: Beginning in Deneb, fix the fork version to Capella.
 	// This allows for signed validator exits to be valid forever.
-	if state.Version() >= version.Deneb {
+	if st.Version() >= version.Deneb {
 		fork = &ethpb.Fork{
 			PreviousVersion: params.BeaconConfig().CapellaForkVersion,
 			CurrentVersion:  params.BeaconConfig().CapellaForkVersion,
@@ -123,7 +139,7 @@ func VerifyExitAndSignature(
 	}

 	exit := signed.Exit
-	if err := verifyExitConditions(state, validator, exit); err != nil {
+	if err := verifyExitConditions(st, validator, exit); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	domain, err := signing.Domain(fork, exit.Epoch, params.BeaconConfig().DomainVoluntaryExit, genesisRoot)
@@ -198,3 +214,57 @@ func verifyExitConditions(st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, validator state.ReadOnly

 	return nil
 }
+
+// verifyBuilderExitAndSignature validates a builder voluntary exit.
+// [New in Gloas:EIP7732]
+func verifyBuilderExitAndSignature(st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, signed *ethpb.SignedVoluntaryExit) error {
+	if signed == nil || signed.Exit == nil {
+		return errors.New("nil exit")
+	}
+	exit := signed.Exit
+	builderIndex := exit.ValidatorIndex.ToBuilderIndex()
+
+	// Exits must specify an epoch when they become valid; they are not valid before then.
+	currentEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(st.Slot())
+	if currentEpoch < exit.Epoch {
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected current epoch >= exit epoch, received %d < %d", currentEpoch, exit.Epoch)
+	}
+
+	// Verify the builder is active.
+	active, err := st.IsActiveBuilder(builderIndex)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not check if builder is active")
+	}
+	if !active {
+		return fmt.Errorf("builder %d is not active", builderIndex)
+	}
+
+	// Only exit builder if it has no pending balance to withdraw.
+	pendingBalance, err := st.BuilderPendingBalanceToWithdraw(builderIndex)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get builder pending balance to withdraw")
+	}
+	if pendingBalance != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("builder %d has pending balance to withdraw: %d", builderIndex, pendingBalance)
+	}
+
+	// Verify signature using builder pubkey with Capella fork version (EIP-7044).
+	pubkey, err := st.BuilderPubkey(builderIndex)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get builder pubkey")
+	}
+	fork := &ethpb.Fork{
+		PreviousVersion: params.BeaconConfig().CapellaForkVersion,
+		CurrentVersion:  params.BeaconConfig().CapellaForkVersion,
+		Epoch:           params.BeaconConfig().CapellaForkEpoch,
+	}
+	genesisRoot := st.GenesisValidatorsRoot()
+	domain, err := signing.Domain(fork, exit.Epoch, params.BeaconConfig().DomainVoluntaryExit, genesisRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := signing.VerifySigningRoot(exit, pubkey[:], signed.Signature, domain); err != nil {
+		return signing.ErrSigFailedToVerify
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/blocks/exit_builder_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/blocks/exit_builder_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+package blocks_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/blocks"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/signing"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/validators"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	state_native "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/state-native"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/crypto/bls"
+	ethpb "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/testing/assert"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/testing/require"
+)
+
+// setGloasTestConfig sets fork epochs so Gloas is active at epoch 5.
+func setGloasTestConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig().Copy()
+	cfg.CapellaForkEpoch = 1
+	cfg.DenebForkEpoch = 2
+	cfg.ElectraForkEpoch = 3
+	cfg.FuluForkEpoch = 4
+	cfg.GloasForkEpoch = 5
+	params.SetActiveTestCleanup(t, cfg)
+}
+
+// newGloasStateWithBuilder creates a minimal Gloas beacon state with one active builder
+// and returns the state along with the builder's BLS private key.
+func newGloasStateWithBuilder(t *testing.T, builderIndex primitives.BuilderIndex, epoch primitives.Epoch) (state.BeaconState, bls.SecretKey) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	priv, err := bls.RandKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig()
+
+	builder := &ethpb.Builder{
+		Pubkey:            priv.PublicKey().Marshal(),
+		WithdrawableEpoch: cfg.FarFutureEpoch,
+		DepositEpoch:      0,
+		Balance:           32_000_000_000,
+		ExecutionAddress:  make([]byte, 20),
+	}
+
+	builders := make([]*ethpb.Builder, int(builderIndex)+1)
+	for i := range builders {
+		if primitives.BuilderIndex(i) == builderIndex {
+			builders[i] = builder
+		} else {
+			builders[i] = &ethpb.Builder{
+				Pubkey:            make([]byte, 48),
+				WithdrawableEpoch: cfg.FarFutureEpoch,
+				DepositEpoch:      0,
+				ExecutionAddress:  make([]byte, 20),
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	stProto := &ethpb.BeaconStateGloas{
+		Slot: cfg.SlotsPerEpoch * primitives.Slot(epoch),
+		Fork: &ethpb.Fork{
+			PreviousVersion: cfg.FuluForkVersion,
+			CurrentVersion:  cfg.GloasForkVersion,
+			Epoch:           cfg.GloasForkEpoch,
+		},
+		GenesisValidatorsRoot: make([]byte, 32),
+		FinalizedCheckpoint: &ethpb.Checkpoint{
+			Epoch: epoch - 1,
+			Root:  make([]byte, 32),
+		},
+		CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint:  &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)},
+		PreviousJustifiedCheckpoint: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)},
+		Builders:                    builders,
+		Validators: []*ethpb.Validator{
+			{
+				ExitEpoch:       cfg.FarFutureEpoch,
+				ActivationEpoch: 0,
+				PublicKey:       make([]byte, 48),
+			},
+		},
+		Balances:                     []uint64{32_000_000_000},
+		BlockRoots:                   make([][]byte, cfg.SlotsPerHistoricalRoot),
+		StateRoots:                   make([][]byte, cfg.SlotsPerHistoricalRoot),
+		RandaoMixes:                  make([][]byte, cfg.EpochsPerHistoricalVector),
+		Slashings:                    make([]uint64, cfg.EpochsPerSlashingsVector),
+		ExecutionPayloadAvailability: make([]byte, cfg.SlotsPerHistoricalRoot/8),
+	}
+
+	for i := range stProto.BlockRoots {
+		stProto.BlockRoots[i] = make([]byte, 32)
+	}
+	for i := range stProto.StateRoots {
+		stProto.StateRoots[i] = make([]byte, 32)
+	}
+	for i := range stProto.RandaoMixes {
+		stProto.RandaoMixes[i] = make([]byte, 32)
+	}
+
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeGloas(stProto)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return st, priv
+}
+
+func signBuilderExit(t *testing.T, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, exit *ethpb.VoluntaryExit, priv bls.SecretKey) *ethpb.SignedVoluntaryExit {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	sb, err := signing.ComputeDomainAndSign(st, exit.Epoch, exit, params.BeaconConfig().DomainVoluntaryExit, priv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	sig, err := bls.SignatureFromBytes(sb)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return &ethpb.SignedVoluntaryExit{
+		Exit:      exit,
+		Signature: sig.Marshal(),
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVerifyExitAndSignature_BuilderExit_HappyPath(t *testing.T) {
+	setGloasTestConfig(t)
+
+	builderIndex := primitives.BuilderIndex(0)
+	epoch := primitives.Epoch(10)
+	st, priv := newGloasStateWithBuilder(t, builderIndex, epoch)
+
+	exit := &ethpb.VoluntaryExit{
+		ValidatorIndex: builderIndex.ToValidatorIndex(),
+		Epoch:          epoch,
+	}
+	signed := signBuilderExit(t, st, exit, priv)
+
+	err := blocks.VerifyExitAndSignature(nil, st, signed)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestVerifyExitAndSignature_BuilderNotActive(t *testing.T) {
+	setGloasTestConfig(t)
+
+	builderIndex := primitives.BuilderIndex(0)
+	epoch := primitives.Epoch(10)
+	st, priv := newGloasStateWithBuilder(t, builderIndex, epoch)
+
+	// Make builder not active by setting withdrawable epoch (already initiated exit).
+	builder, err := st.Builder(builderIndex)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	builder.WithdrawableEpoch = 5
+	require.NoError(t, st.UpdateBuilderAtIndex(builderIndex, builder))
+
+	exit := &ethpb.VoluntaryExit{
+		ValidatorIndex: builderIndex.ToValidatorIndex(),
+		Epoch:          epoch,
+	}
+	signed := signBuilderExit(t, st, exit, priv)
+
+	err = blocks.VerifyExitAndSignature(nil, st, signed)
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, "is not active", err)
+}
+
+func TestVerifyExitAndSignature_BuilderPendingWithdrawal(t *testing.T) {
+	setGloasTestConfig(t)
+
+	builderIndex := primitives.BuilderIndex(0)
+	epoch := primitives.Epoch(10)
+	st, priv := newGloasStateWithBuilder(t, builderIndex, epoch)
+
+	// Give the builder a pending withdrawal.
+	require.NoError(t, st.AppendBuilderPendingWithdrawals([]*ethpb.BuilderPendingWithdrawal{
+		{
+			BuilderIndex: builderIndex,
+			Amount:       1000,
+			FeeRecipient: make([]byte, 20),
+		},
+	}))
+
+	exit := &ethpb.VoluntaryExit{
+		ValidatorIndex: builderIndex.ToValidatorIndex(),
+		Epoch:          epoch,
+	}
+	signed := signBuilderExit(t, st, exit, priv)
+
+	err := blocks.VerifyExitAndSignature(nil, st, signed)
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, "pending balance to withdraw", err)
+}
+
+func TestVerifyExitAndSignature_BuilderBadSignature(t *testing.T) {
+	setGloasTestConfig(t)
+
+	builderIndex := primitives.BuilderIndex(0)
+	epoch := primitives.Epoch(10)
+	st, _ := newGloasStateWithBuilder(t, builderIndex, epoch)
+
+	wrongKey, err := bls.RandKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	exit := &ethpb.VoluntaryExit{
+		ValidatorIndex: builderIndex.ToValidatorIndex(),
+		Epoch:          epoch,
+	}
+	signed := signBuilderExit(t, st, exit, wrongKey)
+
+	err = blocks.VerifyExitAndSignature(nil, st, signed)
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, "signature did not verify", err)
+}
+
+func TestVerifyExitAndSignature_BuilderExitInFuture(t *testing.T) {
+	setGloasTestConfig(t)
+
+	builderIndex := primitives.BuilderIndex(0)
+	epoch := primitives.Epoch(10)
+	st, priv := newGloasStateWithBuilder(t, builderIndex, epoch)
+
+	exit := &ethpb.VoluntaryExit{
+		ValidatorIndex: builderIndex.ToValidatorIndex(),
+		Epoch:          epoch + 1, // Future epoch.
+	}
+	signed := signBuilderExit(t, st, exit, priv)
+
+	err := blocks.VerifyExitAndSignature(nil, st, signed)
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, "expected current epoch >= exit epoch", err)
+}
+
+func TestProcessVoluntaryExits_BuilderExit(t *testing.T) {
+	setGloasTestConfig(t)
+
+	builderIndex := primitives.BuilderIndex(0)
+	epoch := primitives.Epoch(10)
+	st, priv := newGloasStateWithBuilder(t, builderIndex, epoch)
+
+	exit := &ethpb.VoluntaryExit{
+		ValidatorIndex: builderIndex.ToValidatorIndex(),
+		Epoch:          epoch,
+	}
+	signed := signBuilderExit(t, st, exit, priv)
+
+	newState, err := blocks.ProcessVoluntaryExits(t.Context(), st, []*ethpb.SignedVoluntaryExit{signed}, validators.ExitInformation(st))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify builder's withdrawable epoch was set.
+	builder, err := newState.Builder(builderIndex)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig()
+	expectedWithdrawableEpoch := epoch + cfg.MinBuilderWithdrawabilityDelay
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedWithdrawableEpoch, builder.WithdrawableEpoch)
+}
+
+func TestProcessVoluntaryExits_BuilderExitPreGloas(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig().Copy()
+	cfg.CapellaForkEpoch = 1
+	cfg.DenebForkEpoch = 2
+	cfg.ElectraForkEpoch = 3
+	cfg.FuluForkEpoch = 4
+	cfg.GloasForkEpoch = 100 // Gloas not yet active.
+	params.SetActiveTestCleanup(t, cfg)
+
+	epoch := primitives.Epoch(10)
+	builderIndex := primitives.BuilderIndex(0)
+
+	stProto := &ethpb.BeaconStateFulu{
+		Slot: cfg.SlotsPerEpoch * primitives.Slot(epoch),
+		Fork: &ethpb.Fork{
+			PreviousVersion: cfg.DenebForkVersion,
+			CurrentVersion:  cfg.FuluForkVersion,
+			Epoch:           cfg.FuluForkEpoch,
+		},
+		GenesisValidatorsRoot:       make([]byte, 32),
+		FinalizedCheckpoint:         &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)},
+		CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint:  &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)},
+		PreviousJustifiedCheckpoint: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)},
+		Validators: []*ethpb.Validator{
+			{ExitEpoch: cfg.FarFutureEpoch, ActivationEpoch: 0, PublicKey: make([]byte, 48)},
+		},
+		Balances:    []uint64{32_000_000_000},
+		BlockRoots:  make([][]byte, cfg.SlotsPerHistoricalRoot),
+		StateRoots:  make([][]byte, cfg.SlotsPerHistoricalRoot),
+		RandaoMixes: make([][]byte, cfg.EpochsPerHistoricalVector),
+		Slashings:   make([]uint64, cfg.EpochsPerSlashingsVector),
+	}
+	for i := range stProto.BlockRoots {
+		stProto.BlockRoots[i] = make([]byte, 32)
+	}
+	for i := range stProto.StateRoots {
+		stProto.StateRoots[i] = make([]byte, 32)
+	}
+	for i := range stProto.RandaoMixes {
+		stProto.RandaoMixes[i] = make([]byte, 32)
+	}
+
+	st, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeFulu(stProto)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	signed := &ethpb.SignedVoluntaryExit{
+		Exit: &ethpb.VoluntaryExit{
+			ValidatorIndex: builderIndex.ToValidatorIndex(),
+			Epoch:          epoch,
+		},
+		Signature: make([]byte, 96),
+	}
+
+	// On pre-Gloas state, builder-flagged exits are not routed to the builder path.
+	// ProcessVoluntaryExits treats the builder-flagged index as a regular validator index,
+	// which fails because no such validator exists.
+	_, err = blocks.ProcessVoluntaryExits(t.Context(), st, []*ethpb.SignedVoluntaryExit{signed}, validators.ExitInformation(st))
+	require.ErrorContains(t, "out of bounds", err)
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/blocks/exports_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/blocks/exports_test.go
@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@ package blocks

 var ProcessBLSToExecutionChange = processBLSToExecutionChange
 var ErrInvalidBLSPrefix = errInvalidBLSPrefix
+var ErrInvalidWithdrawalCredentials = errInvalidWithdrawalCredentials
 var VerifyBlobCommitmentCount = verifyBlobCommitmentCount
--- a/beacon-chain/core/blocks/genesis.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/blocks/genesis.go
@@ -192,11 +192,45 @@ func NewGenesisBlockForState(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState) (interfa
 			Block:     electraGenesisBlock(root),
 			Signature: params.BeaconConfig().EmptySignature[:],
 		})
+	case *ethpb.BeaconStateGloas:
+		return blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(&ethpb.SignedBeaconBlockGloas{
+			Block:     gloasGenesisBlock(root),
+			Signature: params.BeaconConfig().EmptySignature[:],
+		})
 	default:
 		return nil, ErrUnrecognizedState
 	}
 }

+func gloasGenesisBlock(root [fieldparams.RootLength]byte) *ethpb.BeaconBlockGloas {
+	return &ethpb.BeaconBlockGloas{
+		ParentRoot: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:],
+		StateRoot:  root[:],
+		Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBodyGloas{
+			RandaoReveal: make([]byte, 96),
+			Eth1Data: &ethpb.Eth1Data{
+				DepositRoot: make([]byte, 32),
+				BlockHash:   make([]byte, 32),
+			},
+			Graffiti: make([]byte, 32),
+			SyncAggregate: &ethpb.SyncAggregate{
+				SyncCommitteeBits:      make([]byte, fieldparams.SyncCommitteeLength/8),
+				SyncCommitteeSignature: make([]byte, fieldparams.BLSSignatureLength),
+			},
+			SignedExecutionPayloadBid: &ethpb.SignedExecutionPayloadBid{
+				Message: &ethpb.ExecutionPayloadBid{
+					ParentBlockHash:    make([]byte, 32),
+					ParentBlockRoot:    make([]byte, 32),
+					BlockHash:          make([]byte, 32),
+					BlobKzgCommitments: make([][]byte, 0),
+				},
+				Signature: make([]byte, fieldparams.BLSSignatureLength),
+			},
+			PayloadAttestations: make([]*ethpb.PayloadAttestation, 0),
+		},
+	}
+}
+
 func electraGenesisBlock(root [fieldparams.RootLength]byte) *ethpb.BeaconBlockElectra {
 	return &ethpb.BeaconBlockElectra{
 		ParentRoot: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:],
--- a/beacon-chain/core/blocks/withdrawals_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/blocks/withdrawals_test.go
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ func TestProcessBLSToExecutionChange(t *testing.T) {
 		_, err = blocks.ValidateBLSToExecutionChange(st, signed)
 		// The state should return an empty validator, even when the validator object in the registry is
 		// nil. This error should return when the withdrawal credentials are invalid or too short.
-		require.ErrorIs(t, err, blocks.ErrInvalidBLSPrefix)
+		require.ErrorIs(t, err, blocks.ErrInvalidWithdrawalCredentials)
 	})
 	t.Run("non-existent validator", func(t *testing.T) {
 		priv, err := bls.RandKey()
--- a/beacon-chain/core/electra/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/electra/BUILD.bazel
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ go_library(
        "//beacon-chain/state:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/state/state-native:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/state/state-native/custom-types:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/state/stateutil:go_default_library",
        "//config/params:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/interfaces:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
--- a/beacon-chain/core/electra/deposits_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/electra/deposits_test.go
@@ -20,37 +20,46 @@ import (
 )

 func TestProcessPendingDepositsMultiplesSameDeposits(t *testing.T) {
-	st := stateWithActiveBalanceETH(t, 1000)
-	deps := make([]*eth.PendingDeposit, 2) // Make same deposit twice
-	validators := st.Validators()
-	sk, err := bls.RandKey()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	for i := 0; i < len(deps); i += 1 {
-		wc := make([]byte, 32)
-		wc[0] = params.BeaconConfig().ETH1AddressWithdrawalPrefixByte
-		wc[31] = byte(i)
-		validators[i].PublicKey = sk.PublicKey().Marshal()
-		validators[i].WithdrawalCredentials = wc
-		deps[i] = stateTesting.GeneratePendingDeposit(t, sk, 32, bytesutil.ToBytes32(wc), 0)
-	}
-	require.NoError(t, st.SetPendingDeposits(deps))
+	const (
+		depositCount      = uint64(2)
+		amountETH         = uint64(32)
+		slot              = 0
+		activeBalanceGwei = 10_000
+	)

-	err = electra.ProcessPendingDeposits(context.TODO(), st, 10000)
+	state := stateWithActiveBalanceETH(t, 0)
+
+	secretKey, err := bls.RandKey()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	val := st.Validators()
-	seenPubkeys := make(map[string]struct{})
-	for i := 0; i < len(val); i += 1 {
-		if len(val[i].PublicKey) == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, ok := seenPubkeys[string(val[i].PublicKey)]
-		if ok {
-			t.Fatalf("duplicated pubkeys")
-		} else {
-			seenPubkeys[string(val[i].PublicKey)] = struct{}{}
-		}
+	withdrawalCredentialsBytes := make([]byte, 32)
+	withdrawalCredentialsBytes[0] = params.BeaconConfig().ETH1AddressWithdrawalPrefixByte
+	withdrawalCredentials := bytesutil.ToBytes32(withdrawalCredentialsBytes)
+
+	validators := state.Validators()
+	require.Equal(t, 0, len(validators))
+
+	deposits := make([]*eth.PendingDeposit, 0, depositCount)
+	for range depositCount {
+		deposit := stateTesting.GeneratePendingDeposit(t, secretKey, amountETH, withdrawalCredentials, slot)
+		deposits = append(deposits, deposit)
 	}
+
+	err = state.SetPendingDeposits(deposits)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = electra.ProcessPendingDeposits(t.Context(), state, activeBalanceGwei)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// The first deposit should create a new validator,
+	// and the second deposit should top up the same validator
+	// We should have 1 validator with balance of 64 ETH.
+	validators = state.Validators()
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(validators))
+
+	balance, err := state.BalanceAtIndex(0)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, depositCount*amountETH, balance)
 }

 func TestProcessPendingDeposits(t *testing.T) {
--- a/beacon-chain/core/electra/effective_balance_updates.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/electra/effective_balance_updates.go
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"

 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/stateutil"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
-	ethpb "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 )

 // ProcessEffectiveBalanceUpdates processes effective balance updates during epoch processing.
@@ -30,35 +30,36 @@ import (
 //	        ):
 //	            validator.effective_balance = min(balance - balance % EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_INCREMENT, EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_LIMIT)
 func ProcessEffectiveBalanceUpdates(st state.BeaconState) error {
-	effBalanceInc := params.BeaconConfig().EffectiveBalanceIncrement
-	hysteresisInc := effBalanceInc / params.BeaconConfig().HysteresisQuotient
-	downwardThreshold := hysteresisInc * params.BeaconConfig().HysteresisDownwardMultiplier
-	upwardThreshold := hysteresisInc * params.BeaconConfig().HysteresisUpwardMultiplier
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig()
+	effBalanceInc := cfg.EffectiveBalanceIncrement
+	hysteresisInc := effBalanceInc / cfg.HysteresisQuotient
+	downwardThreshold := hysteresisInc * cfg.HysteresisDownwardMultiplier
+	upwardThreshold := hysteresisInc * cfg.HysteresisUpwardMultiplier
+	minActivationBalance := cfg.MinActivationBalance
+	maxEffBalanceElectra := cfg.MaxEffectiveBalanceElectra
+	compoundingPrefix := cfg.CompoundingWithdrawalPrefixByte

 	bals := st.Balances()

-	// Update effective balances with hysteresis.
-	validatorFunc := func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) (newVal *ethpb.Validator, err error) {
-		if val.IsNil() {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("validator %d is nil in state", idx)
-		}
+	return st.ApplyToEveryCompactValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) (stateutil.CompactValidator, bool, error) {
 		if idx >= len(bals) {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("validator index exceeds validator length in state %d >= %d", idx, len(st.Balances()))
+			return stateutil.CompactValidator{}, false, fmt.Errorf("validator index exceeds validator length in state %d >= %d", idx, len(bals))
 		}
 		balance := bals[idx]

-		effectiveBalanceLimit := params.BeaconConfig().MinActivationBalance
-		if val.HasCompoundingWithdrawalCredentials() {
-			effectiveBalanceLimit = params.BeaconConfig().MaxEffectiveBalanceElectra
+		effectiveBalanceLimit := minActivationBalance
+		if val.WithdrawalCredentials[0] == compoundingPrefix {
+			effectiveBalanceLimit = maxEffBalanceElectra
 		}

-		if balance+downwardThreshold < val.EffectiveBalance() || val.EffectiveBalance()+upwardThreshold < balance {
+		if balance+downwardThreshold < val.EffectiveBalance || val.EffectiveBalance+upwardThreshold < balance {
 			effectiveBal := min(balance-balance%effBalanceInc, effectiveBalanceLimit)
-			newVal = val.Copy()
-			newVal.EffectiveBalance = effectiveBal
+			if effectiveBal != val.EffectiveBalance {
+				updated := *val
+				updated.EffectiveBalance = effectiveBal
+				return updated, true, nil
+			}
 		}
-		return newVal, nil
-	}
-
-	return st.ApplyToEveryValidator(validatorFunc)
+		return stateutil.CompactValidator{}, false, nil
+	})
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/core/electra/registry_updates.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/electra/registry_updates.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/time"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/validators"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/stateutil"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
 )
@@ -48,19 +49,20 @@ func ProcessRegistryUpdates(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState) error {
 	eligibleForEjection := make([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, 0)
 	eligibleForActivation := make([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, 0)

-	if err := st.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
+	finalizedEpoch := st.FinalizedCheckpointEpoch()
+	if err := st.ForEachValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
 		// Collect validators eligible to enter the activation queue.
-		if helpers.IsEligibleForActivationQueue(val, currentEpoch) {
+		if helpers.IsEligibleForActivationQueueCompact(val, currentEpoch) {
 			eligibleForActivationQ = append(eligibleForActivationQ, primitives.ValidatorIndex(idx))
 		}

 		// Collect validators to eject.
-		if val.EffectiveBalance() <= ejectionBal && helpers.IsActiveValidatorUsingTrie(val, currentEpoch) {
+		if val.EffectiveBalance <= ejectionBal && helpers.IsActiveCompactValidator(val, currentEpoch) {
 			eligibleForEjection = append(eligibleForEjection, primitives.ValidatorIndex(idx))
 		}

 		// Collect validators eligible for activation and not yet dequeued for activation.
-		if helpers.IsEligibleForActivationUsingROVal(st, val) {
+		if helpers.IsEligibleForActivationCompact(val, finalizedEpoch) {
 			eligibleForActivation = append(eligibleForActivation, primitives.ValidatorIndex(idx))
 		}

--- a/beacon-chain/core/electra/upgrade.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/electra/upgrade.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/time"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
 	state_native "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/state-native"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/stateutil"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
 	enginev1 "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/engine/v1"
@@ -258,14 +259,14 @@ func UpgradeToElectra(beaconState state.BeaconState) (state.BeaconState, error)
 	earliestExitEpoch := helpers.ActivationExitEpoch(time.CurrentEpoch(beaconState))
 	preActivationIndices := make([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, 0)
 	compoundWithdrawalIndices := make([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, 0)
-	if err = beaconState.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(index int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
-		if val.ExitEpoch() != params.BeaconConfig().FarFutureEpoch && val.ExitEpoch() > earliestExitEpoch {
-			earliestExitEpoch = val.ExitEpoch()
+	if err = beaconState.ForEachValidator(func(index int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
+		if val.ExitEpoch != params.BeaconConfig().FarFutureEpoch && val.ExitEpoch > earliestExitEpoch {
+			earliestExitEpoch = val.ExitEpoch
 		}
-		if val.ActivationEpoch() == params.BeaconConfig().FarFutureEpoch {
+		if val.ActivationEpoch == params.BeaconConfig().FarFutureEpoch {
 			preActivationIndices = append(preActivationIndices, primitives.ValidatorIndex(index))
 		}
-		if val.HasCompoundingWithdrawalCredentials() {
+		if val.WithdrawalCredentials[0] == params.BeaconConfig().CompoundingWithdrawalPrefixByte {
 			compoundWithdrawalIndices = append(compoundWithdrawalIndices, primitives.ValidatorIndex(index))
 		}
 		return nil
--- a/beacon-chain/core/electra/validator_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/electra/validator_test.go
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ import (
 func TestSwitchToCompoundingValidator(t *testing.T) {
 	s, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoElectra(&eth.BeaconStateElectra{
 		Validators: []*eth.Validator{
-			{
-				WithdrawalCredentials: []byte{}, // No withdrawal credentials
-			},
 			{
 				WithdrawalCredentials: []byte{0x01, 0xFF}, // Has withdrawal credentials
 			},
@@ -27,22 +24,19 @@ func TestSwitchToCompoundingValidator(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		Balances: []uint64{
-			params.BeaconConfig().MinActivationBalance,
 			params.BeaconConfig().MinActivationBalance,
 			params.BeaconConfig().MinActivationBalance + 100_000, // Has excess balance
 		},
 	})
-	// Test that a validator with no withdrawal credentials cannot be switched to compounding.
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.ErrorContains(t, "validator has no withdrawal credentials", electra.SwitchToCompoundingValidator(s, 0))

 	// Test that a validator with withdrawal credentials can be switched to compounding.
-	require.NoError(t, electra.SwitchToCompoundingValidator(s, 1))
-	v, err := s.ValidatorAtIndex(1)
+	require.NoError(t, electra.SwitchToCompoundingValidator(s, 0))
+	v, err := s.ValidatorAtIndex(0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, true, bytes.HasPrefix(v.WithdrawalCredentials, []byte{params.BeaconConfig().CompoundingWithdrawalPrefixByte}), "withdrawal credentials were not updated")
-	// val_1 Balance is not changed
-	b, err := s.BalanceAtIndex(1)
+	// val_0 Balance is not changed
+	b, err := s.BalanceAtIndex(0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, params.BeaconConfig().MinActivationBalance, b, "balance was changed")
 	pbd, err := s.PendingDeposits()
@@ -50,8 +44,8 @@ func TestSwitchToCompoundingValidator(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, 0, len(pbd), "pending balance deposits should be empty")

 	// Test that a validator with excess balance can be switched to compounding, excess balance is queued.
-	require.NoError(t, electra.SwitchToCompoundingValidator(s, 2))
-	b, err = s.BalanceAtIndex(2)
+	require.NoError(t, electra.SwitchToCompoundingValidator(s, 1))
+	b, err = s.BalanceAtIndex(1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, params.BeaconConfig().MinActivationBalance, b, "balance was not changed")
 	pbd, err = s.PendingDeposits()
--- a/beacon-chain/core/epoch/epoch_processing.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/epoch/epoch_processing.go
@@ -59,21 +59,22 @@ func ProcessRegistryUpdates(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState) (state.Be
 	eligibleForActivation := make([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, 0)
 	eligibleForEjection := make([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, 0)

-	if err := st.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
+	finalizedEpoch := st.FinalizedCheckpointEpoch()
+	if err := st.ForEachValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
 		// Collect validators eligible to enter the activation queue.
-		if helpers.IsEligibleForActivationQueue(val, currentEpoch) {
+		if helpers.IsEligibleForActivationQueueCompact(val, currentEpoch) {
 			eligibleForActivationQ = append(eligibleForActivationQ, primitives.ValidatorIndex(idx))
 		}

 		// Collect validators to eject.
-		isActive := helpers.IsActiveValidatorUsingTrie(val, currentEpoch)
-		belowEjectionBalance := val.EffectiveBalance() <= ejectionBal
+		isActive := helpers.IsActiveCompactValidator(val, currentEpoch)
+		belowEjectionBalance := val.EffectiveBalance <= ejectionBal
 		if isActive && belowEjectionBalance {
 			eligibleForEjection = append(eligibleForEjection, primitives.ValidatorIndex(idx))
 		}

 		// Collect validators eligible for activation and not yet dequeued for activation.
-		if helpers.IsEligibleForActivationUsingROVal(st, val) {
+		if helpers.IsEligibleForActivationCompact(val, finalizedEpoch) {
 			eligibleForActivation = append(eligibleForActivation, primitives.ValidatorIndex(idx))
 		}

@@ -243,15 +244,15 @@ func ProcessSlashings(st state.BeaconState) error {

 	bals := st.Balances()
 	changed := false
-	err = st.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
-		correctEpoch := (currentEpoch + exitLength/2) == val.WithdrawableEpoch()
-		if val.Slashed() && correctEpoch {
+	err = st.ForEachValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
+		correctEpoch := (currentEpoch + exitLength/2) == val.WithdrawableEpoch
+		if val.Slashed && correctEpoch {
 			var penalty uint64
 			if st.Version() >= version.Electra {
-				effectiveBalanceIncrements := val.EffectiveBalance() / increment
+				effectiveBalanceIncrements := val.EffectiveBalance / increment
 				penalty = penaltyPerEffectiveBalanceIncrement * effectiveBalanceIncrements
 			} else {
-				penaltyNumerator := val.EffectiveBalance() / increment * minSlashing
+				penaltyNumerator := val.EffectiveBalance / increment * minSlashing
 				penalty = penaltyNumerator / totalBalance * increment
 			}
 			bals[idx] = helpers.DecreaseBalanceWithVal(bals[idx], penalty)
@@ -310,35 +311,31 @@ func ProcessEth1DataReset(state state.BeaconState) (state.BeaconState, error) {
 //	      ):
 //	          validator.effective_balance = min(balance - balance % EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_INCREMENT, MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE)
 func ProcessEffectiveBalanceUpdates(st state.BeaconState) (state.BeaconState, error) {
-	effBalanceInc := params.BeaconConfig().EffectiveBalanceIncrement
-	maxEffBalance := params.BeaconConfig().MaxEffectiveBalance
-	hysteresisInc := effBalanceInc / params.BeaconConfig().HysteresisQuotient
-	downwardThreshold := hysteresisInc * params.BeaconConfig().HysteresisDownwardMultiplier
-	upwardThreshold := hysteresisInc * params.BeaconConfig().HysteresisUpwardMultiplier
+	cfg := params.BeaconConfig()
+	effBalanceInc := cfg.EffectiveBalanceIncrement
+	maxEffBalance := cfg.MaxEffectiveBalance
+	hysteresisInc := effBalanceInc / cfg.HysteresisQuotient
+	downwardThreshold := hysteresisInc * cfg.HysteresisDownwardMultiplier
+	upwardThreshold := hysteresisInc * cfg.HysteresisUpwardMultiplier

 	bals := st.Balances()

-	// Update effective balances with hysteresis.
-	validatorFunc := func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) (newVal *ethpb.Validator, err error) {
-		if val == nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("validator %d is nil in state", idx)
-		}
+	if err := st.ApplyToEveryCompactValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) (stateutil.CompactValidator, bool, error) {
 		if idx >= len(bals) {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("validator index exceeds validator length in state %d >= %d", idx, len(st.Balances()))
+			return stateutil.CompactValidator{}, false, fmt.Errorf("validator index exceeds validator length in state %d >= %d", idx, len(bals))
 		}
 		balance := bals[idx]

-		if balance+downwardThreshold < val.EffectiveBalance() || val.EffectiveBalance()+upwardThreshold < balance {
+		if balance+downwardThreshold < val.EffectiveBalance || val.EffectiveBalance+upwardThreshold < balance {
 			effectiveBal := min(maxEffBalance, balance-balance%effBalanceInc)
-			if effectiveBal != val.EffectiveBalance() {
-				newVal = val.Copy()
-				newVal.EffectiveBalance = effectiveBal
+			if effectiveBal != val.EffectiveBalance {
+				updated := *val
+				updated.EffectiveBalance = effectiveBal
+				return updated, true, nil
 			}
 		}
-		return
-	}
-
-	if err := st.ApplyToEveryValidator(validatorFunc); err != nil {
+		return stateutil.CompactValidator{}, false, nil
+	}); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

--- a/beacon-chain/core/epoch/precompute/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/epoch/precompute/BUILD.bazel
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ go_library(
        "//beacon-chain/core/helpers:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/core/time:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/state:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/state/stateutil:go_default_library",
        "//config/params:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
        "//math:go_default_library",
--- a/beacon-chain/core/epoch/precompute/new.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/epoch/precompute/new.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/time"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/stateutil"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/monitoring/tracing/trace"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
@@ -27,23 +28,23 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, s state.BeaconState) ([]*Validator, *Balance, erro
 	currentEpoch := time.CurrentEpoch(s)
 	prevEpoch := time.PrevEpoch(s)

-	if err := s.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
+	if err := s.ForEachValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
 		// Was validator withdrawable or slashed
-		withdrawable := prevEpoch+1 >= val.WithdrawableEpoch()
+		withdrawable := prevEpoch+1 >= val.WithdrawableEpoch
 		pVal := &Validator{
-			IsSlashed:                    val.Slashed(),
+			IsSlashed:                    val.Slashed,
 			IsWithdrawableCurrentEpoch:   withdrawable,
-			CurrentEpochEffectiveBalance: val.EffectiveBalance(),
+			CurrentEpochEffectiveBalance: val.EffectiveBalance,
 		}
 		// Was validator active current epoch
-		if helpers.IsActiveValidatorUsingTrie(val, currentEpoch) {
+		if helpers.IsActiveCompactValidator(val, currentEpoch) {
 			pVal.IsActiveCurrentEpoch = true
-			pBal.ActiveCurrentEpoch += val.EffectiveBalance()
+			pBal.ActiveCurrentEpoch += val.EffectiveBalance
 		}
 		// Was validator active previous epoch
-		if helpers.IsActiveValidatorUsingTrie(val, prevEpoch) {
+		if helpers.IsActiveCompactValidator(val, prevEpoch) {
 			pVal.IsActivePrevEpoch = true
-			pBal.ActivePrevEpoch += val.EffectiveBalance()
+			pBal.ActivePrevEpoch += val.EffectiveBalance
 		}
 		// Set inclusion slot and inclusion distance to be max, they will be compared and replaced
 		// with the lower values
--- a/beacon-chain/core/epoch/precompute/slashing.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/epoch/precompute/slashing.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/time"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/stateutil"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
 )

@@ -25,9 +26,9 @@ func ProcessSlashingsPrecompute(s state.BeaconState, pBal *Balance) error {

 	var hasSlashing bool
 	// Iterate through validator list in state, stop until a validator satisfies slashing condition of current epoch.
-	err := s.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
-		correctEpoch := epochToWithdraw == val.WithdrawableEpoch()
-		if val.Slashed() && correctEpoch {
+	err := s.ForEachValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
+		correctEpoch := epochToWithdraw == val.WithdrawableEpoch
+		if val.Slashed && correctEpoch {
 			hasSlashing = true
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -42,16 +43,16 @@ func ProcessSlashingsPrecompute(s state.BeaconState, pBal *Balance) error {

 	increment := params.BeaconConfig().EffectiveBalanceIncrement
 	bals := s.Balances()
-	validatorFunc := func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
-		correctEpoch := epochToWithdraw == val.WithdrawableEpoch()
-		if val.Slashed() && correctEpoch {
-			penaltyNumerator := val.EffectiveBalance() / increment * minSlashing
+	validatorFunc := func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
+		correctEpoch := epochToWithdraw == val.WithdrawableEpoch
+		if val.Slashed && correctEpoch {
+			penaltyNumerator := val.EffectiveBalance / increment * minSlashing
 			penalty := penaltyNumerator / pBal.ActiveCurrentEpoch * increment
 			bals[idx] = helpers.DecreaseBalanceWithVal(bals[idx], penalty)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
-	if err := s.ReadFromEveryValidator(validatorFunc); err != nil {
+	if err := s.ForEachValidator(validatorFunc); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return s.SetBalances(bals)
--- a/beacon-chain/core/feed/operation/events.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/feed/operation/events.go
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ const (

 	// DataColumnReceived is sent after a data column has been seen after gossip validation rules.
 	DataColumnReceived = 12
+
+	// PayloadAttestationMessageReceived is sent after a payload attestation message is received from gossip or rpc.
+	PayloadAttestationMessageReceived = 13
 )

 // UnAggregatedAttReceivedData is the data sent with UnaggregatedAttReceived events.
@@ -114,3 +117,8 @@ type DataColumnReceivedData struct {
 	BlockRoot      [32]byte
 	KzgCommitments [][]byte
 }
+
+// PayloadAttestationMessageReceivedData is the data sent with PayloadAttestationMessageReceived events.
+type PayloadAttestationMessageReceivedData struct {
+	Message *ethpb.PayloadAttestationMessage
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/BUILD.bazel
@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ go_library(
    srcs = [
        "attestation.go",
        "bid.go",
+        "builder_exit.go",
        "deposit_request.go",
        "log.go",
-        "lookup_root.go",
+        "metrics.go",
        "payload.go",
        "payload_attestation.go",
        "pending_payment.go",
@@ -34,11 +35,14 @@ go_library(
        "//crypto/bls/common:go_default_library",
        "//crypto/hash:go_default_library",
        "//encoding/bytesutil:go_default_library",
+        "//monitoring/tracing/trace:go_default_library",
        "//proto/engine/v1:go_default_library",
        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
        "//runtime/version:go_default_library",
        "//time/slots:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_pkg_errors//:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_prometheus_client_golang//prometheus:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_prometheus_client_golang//prometheus/promauto:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_sirupsen_logrus//:go_default_library",
    ],
 )
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/bid.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/bid.go
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func ProcessExecutionPayloadBid(st state.BeaconState, block interfaces.ReadOnlyB
 			return fmt.Errorf("builder %d cannot cover bid amount %d", builderIndex, amount)
 		}

-		if err := validatePayloadBidSignature(st, wrappedBid); err != nil {
+		if err := ValidatePayloadBidSignature(st, wrappedBid); err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "bid signature validation failed")
 		}
 	}
@@ -179,10 +179,10 @@ func validateBidConsistency(st state.BeaconState, bid interfaces.ROExecutionPayl
 	return nil
 }

-// validatePayloadBidSignature verifies the BLS signature on a signed execution payload bid.
+// ValidatePayloadBidSignature verifies the BLS signature on a signed execution payload bid.
 // It validates that the signature was created by the builder specified in the bid
 // using the appropriate domain for the beacon builder.
-func validatePayloadBidSignature(st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, signedBid interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadBid) error {
+func ValidatePayloadBidSignature(st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, signedBid interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadBid) error {
 	bid, err := signedBid.Bid()
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to get bid")
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/builder_exit.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/builder_exit.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package gloas
+
+import (
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/time/slots"
+)
+
+// InitiateBuilderExit initiates the exit of a builder by setting its withdrawable epoch.
+//
+//	<spec fn="initiate_builder_exit" fork="gloas" hash="3da938d5">
+//	def initiate_builder_exit(state: BeaconState, builder_index: BuilderIndex) -> None:
+//	    """
+//	    Initiate the exit of the builder with index ``index``.
+//	    """
+//	    # Return if builder already initiated exit
+//	    builder = state.builders[builder_index]
+//	    if builder.withdrawable_epoch != FAR_FUTURE_EPOCH:
+//	        return
+//
+//	    # Set builder exit epoch
+//	    builder.withdrawable_epoch = get_current_epoch(state) + MIN_BUILDER_WITHDRAWABILITY_DELAY
+//	</spec>
+func InitiateBuilderExit(s state.BeaconState, builderIndex primitives.BuilderIndex) error {
+	builder, err := s.Builder(builderIndex)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Return if builder already initiated exit.
+	if builder.WithdrawableEpoch != params.BeaconConfig().FarFutureEpoch {
+		return nil
+	}
+	currentEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(s.Slot())
+	builder.WithdrawableEpoch = currentEpoch + params.BeaconConfig().MinBuilderWithdrawabilityDelay
+	return s.UpdateBuilderAtIndex(builderIndex, builder)
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/deposit_request.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/deposit_request.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func processDepositRequests(ctx context.Context, beaconState state.BeaconState,

 // processDepositRequest processes the specific deposit request
 //
-//	<spec fn="process_deposit_request" fork="gloas" hash="3c6b0310">
+//	<spec fn="process_deposit_request" fork="gloas" hash="0e8b94ab">
 //	def process_deposit_request(state: BeaconState, deposit_request: DepositRequest) -> None:
 //	    # [New in Gloas:EIP7732]
 //	    builder_pubkeys = [b.pubkey for b in state.builders]
@@ -40,8 +40,11 @@ func processDepositRequests(ctx context.Context, beaconState state.BeaconState,
 //	    # already exists with this pubkey, apply the deposit to their balance
 //	    is_builder = deposit_request.pubkey in builder_pubkeys
 //	    is_validator = deposit_request.pubkey in validator_pubkeys
-//	    is_builder_prefix = is_builder_withdrawal_credential(deposit_request.withdrawal_credentials)
-//	    if is_builder or (is_builder_prefix and not is_validator):
+//	    if is_builder or (
+//	        is_builder_withdrawal_credential(deposit_request.withdrawal_credentials)
+//	        and not is_validator
+//	        and not is_pending_validator(state, deposit_request.pubkey)
+//	    ):
 //	        # Apply builder deposits immediately
 //	        apply_deposit_for_builder(
 //	            state,
@@ -74,6 +77,7 @@ func processDepositRequest(beaconState state.BeaconState, request *enginev1.Depo
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not apply builder deposit")
 	}
 	if applied {
+		builderDepositsProcessedTotal.Inc()
 		return nil
 	}

@@ -118,13 +122,7 @@ func applyBuilderDepositRequest(beaconState state.BeaconState, request *enginev1
 	}

 	pubkey := bytesutil.ToBytes48(request.Pubkey)
-	_, isValidator := beaconState.ValidatorIndexByPubkey(pubkey)
 	idx, isBuilder := beaconState.BuilderIndexByPubkey(pubkey)
-	isBuilderPrefix := helpers.IsBuilderWithdrawalCredential(request.WithdrawalCredentials)
-	if !isBuilder && (!isBuilderPrefix || isValidator) {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
 	if isBuilder {
 		if err := beaconState.IncreaseBuilderBalance(idx, request.Amount); err != nil {
 			return false, err
@@ -132,6 +130,20 @@ func applyBuilderDepositRequest(beaconState state.BeaconState, request *enginev1
 		return true, nil
 	}

+	isBuilderPrefix := helpers.IsBuilderWithdrawalCredential(request.WithdrawalCredentials)
+	_, isValidator := beaconState.ValidatorIndexByPubkey(pubkey)
+	if !isBuilderPrefix || isValidator {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	isPending, err := beaconState.IsPendingValidator(request.Pubkey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if isPending {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
 	if err := applyDepositForNewBuilder(
 		beaconState,
 		request.Pubkey,
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/deposit_request_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/deposit_request_test.go
@@ -91,6 +91,33 @@ func TestProcessDepositRequest_ExistingBuilderIncreasesBalance(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, 0, len(pending))
 }

+func TestProcessDepositRequest_BuilderDepositWithExistingPendingDepositStaysPending(t *testing.T) {
+	sk, err := bls.RandKey()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	validatorCred := validatorWithdrawalCredentials()
+	builderCred := builderWithdrawalCredentials()
+	existingPending := stateTesting.GeneratePendingDeposit(t, sk, 1234, validatorCred, 0)
+	req := depositRequestFromPending(stateTesting.GeneratePendingDeposit(t, sk, 200, builderCred, 1), 9)
+
+	st := newGloasState(t, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, st.SetPendingDeposits([]*ethpb.PendingDeposit{existingPending}))
+
+	err = processDepositRequest(st, req)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, ok := st.BuilderIndexByPubkey(toBytes48(req.Pubkey))
+	require.Equal(t, false, ok)
+
+	pending, err := st.PendingDeposits()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, len(pending))
+	require.DeepEqual(t, existingPending.PublicKey, pending[0].PublicKey)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, req.Pubkey, pending[1].PublicKey)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, req.WithdrawalCredentials, pending[1].WithdrawalCredentials)
+	require.Equal(t, req.Amount, pending[1].Amount)
+}
+
 func TestApplyDepositForBuilder_InvalidSignatureIgnoresDeposit(t *testing.T) {
 	sk, err := bls.RandKey()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/lookup_root.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/lookup_root.go
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-package gloas
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
-	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/interfaces"
-	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/runtime/version"
-	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/time/slots"
-)
-
-// LookupParentRoot returns the state lookup key for a block pre-state.
-// For pre-Gloas blocks (or when the parent is pre-Gloas), this is the block parent root.
-// For Gloas blocks:
-// - builds on empty => parent root
-// - builds on full  => bid.parent_block_hash
-func LookupParentRoot(
-	block interfaces.ReadOnlyBeaconBlock,
-	parentSlot primitives.Slot,
-	parentNodeBlockHash [32]byte,
-) ([32]byte, error) {
-	parentRoot := block.ParentRoot()
-	if slots.ToEpoch(parentSlot) < params.BeaconConfig().GloasForkEpoch || block.Version() < version.Gloas {
-		return parentRoot, nil
-	}
-
-	signedBid, err := block.Body().SignedExecutionPayloadBid()
-	if err != nil {
-		return [32]byte{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get signed execution payload bid from block body: %w", err)
-	}
-	if signedBid == nil || signedBid.Message == nil || len(signedBid.Message.ParentBlockHash) != 32 {
-		return [32]byte{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid signed execution payload bid message")
-	}
-
-	parentBidHash := [32]byte(signedBid.Message.ParentBlockHash)
-	if parentBidHash == parentNodeBlockHash {
-		return parentBidHash, nil
-	}
-	return parentRoot, nil
-}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/metrics.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/metrics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package gloas
+
+import (
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
+)
+
+var (
+	builderPendingPaymentsProcessedTotal = promauto.NewCounter(
+		prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Name: "builder_pending_payments_processed_total",
+			Help: "The number of builder pending payments promoted into the builder pending withdrawal queue.",
+		},
+	)
+	builderDepositsProcessedTotal = promauto.NewCounter(
+		prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Name: "builder_deposits_processed_total",
+			Help: "The number of builder-related deposit requests processed.",
+		},
+	)
+	builderExitsProcessedTotal = promauto.NewCounter(
+		prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Name: "builder_exits_processed_total",
+			Help: "The number of processed builder exits.",
+		},
+	)
+)
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/payload.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/payload.go
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/crypto/bls"
 	enginev1 "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/engine/v1"
-	ethpb "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/time/slots"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

-// ProcessExecutionPayload processes the signed execution payload envelope for the Gloas fork.
+// ProcessExecutionPayload is the gossip entry point: verify signature, validate
+// consistency, apply state mutations, and verify the post-payload state root.
 //
 //	<spec fn="process_execution_payload" fork="gloas" hash="36bd3af3">
 //	def process_execution_payload(
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func ProcessExecutionPayload(
 	st state.BeaconState,
 	signedEnvelope interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope,
 ) error {
-	if err := VerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(st, signedEnvelope); err != nil {
+	if err := verifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(st, signedEnvelope); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "signature verification failed")
 	}

@@ -118,29 +118,132 @@ func ProcessExecutionPayload(
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get envelope from signed envelope")
 	}

-	if err := ApplyExecutionPayload(ctx, st, envelope); err != nil {
+	if err := cacheLatestBlockHeaderStateRoot(ctx, st); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	r, err := st.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get hash tree root")
+	if err := validatePayloadConsistency(st, envelope); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-	if r != envelope.StateRoot() {
-		return fmt.Errorf("state root mismatch: expected %#x, got %#x", envelope.StateRoot(), r)
+	if err := applyExecutionPayloadStateMutations(ctx, st, envelope.ExecutionRequests(), envelope.BlockHash()); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-
-	return nil
+	return verifyPostStateRoot(ctx, st, envelope)
 }

-// ApplyExecutionPayload applies the execution payload envelope to the state and performs the same
-// consistency checks as the full processing path. This keeps the post-payload state root computation
-// on a shared code path, even though some bid/payload checks are not strictly required for the root itself.
+// ProcessExecutionPayloadWithDeferredSig is the init-sync entry point: extract the
+// signature for deferred verification, validate consistency, apply state
+// mutations, and verify the post-payload state root. The caller provides the
+// previousStateRoot to avoid recomputing it.
+func ProcessExecutionPayloadWithDeferredSig(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	st state.BeaconState,
+	previousStateRoot [32]byte,
+	signedEnvelope interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope,
+) (*bls.SignatureBatch, error) {
+	sigBatch, err := ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignatureBatch(st, signedEnvelope)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not extract envelope signature batch")
+	}
+
+	envelope, err := signedEnvelope.Envelope()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get envelope from signed envelope")
+	}
+
+	if err := setLatestBlockHeaderStateRoot(st, previousStateRoot); err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not set latest block header state root")
+	}
+
+	if err := validatePayloadConsistency(st, envelope); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := applyExecutionPayloadStateMutations(ctx, st, envelope.ExecutionRequests(), envelope.BlockHash()); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := verifyPostStateRoot(ctx, st, envelope); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return sigBatch, nil
+}
+
+// ProcessBlindedExecutionPayload is the replay/stategen entry
+// point: patch the block header, do minimal bid consistency checks, and apply
+// state mutations. No payload data is available — only the blinded envelope.
+// A nil envelope is a no-op (the payload was not delivered for that slot).
+func ProcessBlindedExecutionPayload(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	st state.BeaconState,
+	previousStateRoot [32]byte,
+	envelope interfaces.ROBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope,
+) error {
+	if envelope == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := setLatestBlockHeaderStateRoot(st, previousStateRoot); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set latest block header state root")
+	}
+
+	if envelope.Slot() != st.Slot() {
+		return errors.Errorf("blinded envelope slot does not match state slot: envelope=%d, state=%d", envelope.Slot(), st.Slot())
+	}
+
+	latestBid, err := st.LatestExecutionPayloadBid()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get latest execution payload bid")
+	}
+	if latestBid == nil {
+		return errors.New("latest execution payload bid is nil")
+	}
+	if envelope.BuilderIndex() != latestBid.BuilderIndex() {
+		return errors.Errorf(
+			"blinded envelope builder index does not match committed bid builder index: envelope=%d, bid=%d",
+			envelope.BuilderIndex(),
+			latestBid.BuilderIndex(),
+		)
+	}
+
+	bidBlockHash := latestBid.BlockHash()
+	envelopeBlockHash := envelope.BlockHash()
+	if bidBlockHash != envelopeBlockHash {
+		return errors.Errorf(
+			"blinded envelope block hash does not match committed bid block hash: envelope=%#x, bid=%#x",
+			envelopeBlockHash,
+			bidBlockHash,
+		)
+	}
+
+	return applyExecutionPayloadStateMutations(ctx, st, envelope.ExecutionRequests(), envelopeBlockHash)
+}
+
+// ApplyExecutionPayload patches the block header state root, validates
+// consistency, and applies state mutations. No signature or post-state-root
+// verification is performed. Used by the proposer path to compute the
+// post-payload state root for the envelope.
 func ApplyExecutionPayload(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	st state.BeaconState,
 	envelope interfaces.ROExecutionPayloadEnvelope,
 ) error {
+	if err := cacheLatestBlockHeaderStateRoot(ctx, st); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := validatePayloadConsistency(st, envelope); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return applyExecutionPayloadStateMutations(ctx, st, envelope.ExecutionRequests(), envelope.BlockHash())
+}
+
+func setLatestBlockHeaderStateRoot(st state.BeaconState, root [32]byte) error {
+	latestHeader := st.LatestBlockHeader()
+	latestHeader.StateRoot = root[:]
+	return st.SetLatestBlockHeader(latestHeader)
+}
+
+// cacheLatestBlockHeaderStateRoot fills in the state root on the latest block
+// header if it hasn't been set yet (the spec's "cache latest block header
+// state root" step).
+func cacheLatestBlockHeaderStateRoot(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState) error {
 	latestHeader := st.LatestBlockHeader()
 	if len(latestHeader.StateRoot) == 0 || bytes.Equal(latestHeader.StateRoot, make([]byte, 32)) {
 		previousStateRoot, err := st.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
@@ -152,7 +255,13 @@ func ApplyExecutionPayload(
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set latest block header")
 		}
 	}
+	return nil
+}

+// validatePayloadConsistency checks that the envelope and payload are consistent
+// with the beacon block header, the committed bid, and the current state.
+func validatePayloadConsistency(st state.BeaconState, envelope interfaces.ROExecutionPayloadEnvelope) error {
+	latestHeader := st.LatestBlockHeader()
 	blockHeaderRoot, err := latestHeader.HashTreeRoot()
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not compute block header root")
@@ -191,7 +300,6 @@ func ApplyExecutionPayload(
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get withdrawals from payload")
 	}
-
 	ok, err := st.WithdrawalsMatchPayloadExpected(withdrawals)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not validate payload withdrawals")
@@ -226,7 +334,32 @@ func ApplyExecutionPayload(
 		return errors.Errorf("payload timestamp does not match expected timestamp: payload=%d, expected=%d", payload.Timestamp(), uint64(t.Unix()))
 	}

-	if err := processExecutionRequests(ctx, st, envelope.ExecutionRequests()); err != nil {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// verifyPostStateRoot checks that the post-payload state root matches the
+// envelope's declared state root.
+func verifyPostStateRoot(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState, envelope interfaces.ROExecutionPayloadEnvelope) error {
+	r, err := st.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not compute post-envelope state root")
+	}
+	if r != envelope.StateRoot() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("state root mismatch: expected %#x, got %#x", envelope.StateRoot(), r)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// applyExecutionPayloadStateMutations applies the state-changing operations
+// from an execution payload: process execution requests, queue builder payment,
+// set execution payload availability, and update the latest block hash.
+func applyExecutionPayloadStateMutations(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	st state.BeaconState,
+	executionRequests *enginev1.ExecutionRequests,
+	blockHash [32]byte,
+) error {
+	if err := processExecutionRequests(ctx, st, executionRequests); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not process execution requests")
 	}

@@ -238,114 +371,109 @@ func ApplyExecutionPayload(
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set execution payload availability")
 	}

-	if err := st.SetLatestBlockHash([32]byte(payload.BlockHash())); err != nil {
+	if err := st.SetLatestBlockHash(blockHash); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set latest block hash")
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-// ApplyBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelopeForStateGen applies the post-bid state mutations from a
-// blinded execution payload envelope for replay/state-generation paths.
-//
-// This path uses the persisted blinded envelope data (keyed by beacon block root) and validates
-// the minimal consistency required to safely advance state.latest_block_hash and related fields.
-func ApplyBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelopeForStateGen(
-	ctx context.Context,
+// ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignatureBatch extracts the BLS signature from a signed execution payload
+// envelope as a SignatureBatch for deferred batch verification.
+func ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignatureBatch(
 	st state.BeaconState,
-	signedEnvelope *ethpb.SignedBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope,
-) error {
-	if signedEnvelope == nil || signedEnvelope.Message == nil {
-		return errors.New("blinded execution payload envelope is nil")
-	}
-	envelope := signedEnvelope.Message
-
-	latestHeader := st.LatestBlockHeader()
-	if len(latestHeader.StateRoot) == 0 || bytes.Equal(latestHeader.StateRoot, make([]byte, 32)) {
-		previousStateRoot, err := st.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not compute state root")
-		}
-		latestHeader.StateRoot = previousStateRoot[:]
-		if err := st.SetLatestBlockHeader(latestHeader); err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set latest block header")
-		}
-	}
-
-	blockHeaderRoot, err := latestHeader.HashTreeRoot()
+	signedEnvelope interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope,
+) (*bls.SignatureBatch, error) {
+	envelope, err := signedEnvelope.Envelope()
 	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not compute block header root")
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(envelope.BeaconBlockRoot, blockHeaderRoot[:]) {
-		return errors.Errorf(
-			"blinded envelope beacon block root does not match state latest block header root: envelope=%#x, header=%#x",
-			envelope.BeaconBlockRoot,
-			blockHeaderRoot,
-		)
-	}
-	if envelope.Slot != st.Slot() {
-		return errors.Errorf("blinded envelope slot does not match state slot: envelope=%d, state=%d", envelope.Slot, st.Slot())
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get envelope: %w", err)
 	}

-	latestBid, err := st.LatestExecutionPayloadBid()
+	builderIdx := envelope.BuilderIndex()
+	publicKey, err := envelopePublicKey(st, builderIdx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get latest execution payload bid")
-	}
-	if latestBid == nil {
-		return errors.New("latest execution payload bid is nil")
-	}
-	if primitives.BuilderIndex(envelope.BuilderIndex) != latestBid.BuilderIndex() {
-		return errors.Errorf(
-			"blinded envelope builder index does not match committed bid builder index: envelope=%d, bid=%d",
-			envelope.BuilderIndex,
-			latestBid.BuilderIndex(),
-		)
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	bidBlockHash := latestBid.BlockHash()
-	if !bytes.Equal(envelope.BlockHash, bidBlockHash[:]) {
-		return errors.Errorf(
-			"blinded envelope block hash does not match committed bid block hash: envelope=%#x, bid=%#x",
-			envelope.BlockHash,
-			bidBlockHash,
-		)
+	currentEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(envelope.Slot())
+	domain, err := signing.Domain(
+		st.Fork(),
+		currentEpoch,
+		params.BeaconConfig().DomainBeaconBuilder,
+		st.GenesisValidatorsRoot(),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to compute signing domain: %w", err)
 	}

-	reqs := envelope.ExecutionRequests
-	if reqs == nil {
-		reqs = &enginev1.ExecutionRequests{}
-	}
-	if err := processExecutionRequests(ctx, st, reqs); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not process execution requests")
+	signingRoot, err := signedEnvelope.SigningRoot(domain)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to compute signing root: %w", err)
 	}

-	if err := st.QueueBuilderPayment(); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not queue builder payment")
+	signatureBytes := signedEnvelope.Signature()
+	return &bls.SignatureBatch{
+		Signatures:   [][]byte{signatureBytes[:]},
+		PublicKeys:   []bls.PublicKey{publicKey},
+		Messages:     [][32]byte{signingRoot},
+		Descriptions: []string{"execution payload envelope signature"},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// verifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature verifies the BLS signature on a signed execution payload envelope.
+//
+//	<spec fn="verify_execution_payload_envelope_signature" fork="gloas" style="full" hash="49483ae2">
+//	def verify_execution_payload_envelope_signature(
+//	    state: BeaconState, signed_envelope: SignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope
+//	) -> bool:
+//	    builder_index = signed_envelope.message.builder_index
+//	    if builder_index == BUILDER_INDEX_SELF_BUILD:
+//	        validator_index = state.latest_block_header.proposer_index
+//	        pubkey = state.validators[validator_index].pubkey
+//	    else:
+//	        pubkey = state.builders[builder_index].pubkey
+//
+//	    signing_root = compute_signing_root(
+//	        signed_envelope.message, get_domain(state, DOMAIN_BEACON_BUILDER)
+//	    )
+//	    return bls.Verify(pubkey, signing_root, signed_envelope.signature)
+//	</spec>
+func verifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(st state.BeaconState, signedEnvelope interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope) error {
+	envelope, err := signedEnvelope.Envelope()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get envelope: %w", err)
 	}

-	if err := st.SetExecutionPayloadAvailability(st.Slot(), true); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set execution payload availability")
+	builderIdx := envelope.BuilderIndex()
+	publicKey, err := envelopePublicKey(st, builderIdx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

-	if len(envelope.BlockHash) != 32 {
-		return errors.Errorf("invalid blinded envelope block hash length: %d", len(envelope.BlockHash))
-	}
-	var payloadBlockHash [32]byte
-	copy(payloadBlockHash[:], envelope.BlockHash)
-	if err := st.SetLatestBlockHash(payloadBlockHash); err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set latest block hash")
+	signatureBytes := signedEnvelope.Signature()
+	signature, err := bls.SignatureFromBytes(signatureBytes[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid signature format: %w", err)
 	}

-	if len(envelope.StateRoot) == 32 {
-		gotRoot, err := st.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get hash tree root")
-		}
-		var expectedRoot [32]byte
-		copy(expectedRoot[:], envelope.StateRoot)
-		if gotRoot != expectedRoot {
-			return errors.Errorf("state root mismatch after applying blinded envelope: expected %#x, got %#x", expectedRoot, gotRoot)
-		}
+	currentEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(envelope.Slot())
+	domain, err := signing.Domain(
+		st.Fork(),
+		currentEpoch,
+		params.BeaconConfig().DomainBeaconBuilder,
+		st.GenesisValidatorsRoot(),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to compute signing domain: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	signingRoot, err := signedEnvelope.SigningRoot(domain)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to compute signing root: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if !signature.Verify(publicKey, signingRoot[:]) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("signature verification failed: %w", signing.ErrSigFailedToVerify)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -387,10 +515,6 @@ func builderPublicKey(st state.BeaconState, builderIdx primitives.BuilderIndex)
 }

 // processExecutionRequests processes deposits, withdrawals, and consolidations from execution requests.
-// Spec v1.7.0-alpha.0 (pseudocode):
-// for op in requests.deposits: process_deposit_request(state, op)
-// for op in requests.withdrawals: process_withdrawal_request(state, op)
-// for op in requests.consolidations: process_consolidation_request(state, op)
 func processExecutionRequests(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState, rqs *enginev1.ExecutionRequests) error {
 	if err := processDepositRequests(ctx, st, rqs.Deposits); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not process deposit requests")
@@ -407,65 +531,3 @@ func processExecutionRequests(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState, rqs *en
 	}
 	return nil
 }
-
-// VerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature verifies the BLS signature on a signed execution payload envelope.
-// <spec fn="verify_execution_payload_envelope_signature" fork="gloas" style="full" hash="49483ae2">
-// def verify_execution_payload_envelope_signature(
-//
-//	state: BeaconState, signed_envelope: SignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope
-//
-// ) -> bool:
-//
-//	builder_index = signed_envelope.message.builder_index
-//	if builder_index == BUILDER_INDEX_SELF_BUILD:
-//	    validator_index = state.latest_block_header.proposer_index
-//	    pubkey = state.validators[validator_index].pubkey
-//	else:
-//	    pubkey = state.builders[builder_index].pubkey
-//
-//	signing_root = compute_signing_root(
-//	    signed_envelope.message, get_domain(state, DOMAIN_BEACON_BUILDER)
-//	)
-//	return bls.Verify(pubkey, signing_root, signed_envelope.signature)
-//
-// </spec>
-func VerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(st state.BeaconState, signedEnvelope interfaces.ROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope) error {
-	envelope, err := signedEnvelope.Envelope()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get envelope: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	builderIdx := envelope.BuilderIndex()
-	publicKey, err := envelopePublicKey(st, builderIdx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	signatureBytes := signedEnvelope.Signature()
-	signature, err := bls.SignatureFromBytes(signatureBytes[:])
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid signature format: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	currentEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(envelope.Slot())
-	domain, err := signing.Domain(
-		st.Fork(),
-		currentEpoch,
-		params.BeaconConfig().DomainBeaconBuilder,
-		st.GenesisValidatorsRoot(),
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to compute signing domain: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	signingRoot, err := signedEnvelope.SigningRoot(domain)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to compute signing root: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if !signature.Verify(publicKey, signingRoot[:]) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("signature verification failed: %w", signing.ErrSigFailedToVerify)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/payload_attestation.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/payload_attestation.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	stderrors "errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"

@@ -18,11 +19,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/crypto/bls"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/crypto/hash"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/encoding/bytesutil"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/monitoring/tracing/trace"
 	eth "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/time/slots"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

+var ErrValidatorNotInPTC = stderrors.New("validator not in PTC")
+
 // ProcessPayloadAttestations validates payload attestations in a block body.
 //
 //	<spec fn="process_payload_attestation" fork="gloas" hash="f46bf0b0">
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ func ProcessPayloadAttestations(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState, body

 // indexedPayloadAttestation converts a payload attestation into its indexed form.
 func indexedPayloadAttestation(ctx context.Context, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, att *eth.PayloadAttestation) (*consensus_types.IndexedPayloadAttestation, error) {
-	committee, err := PayloadCommittee(ctx, st, att.Data.Slot)
+	committee, err := st.PayloadCommitteeReadOnly(att.Data.Slot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -96,10 +100,10 @@ func indexedPayloadAttestation(ctx context.Context, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState
 	}, nil
 }

-// PayloadCommittee returns the payload timeliness committee for a given slot for the state.
+// computePTC computes the payload timeliness committee for a given slot.
 //
-//	<spec fn="get_ptc" fork="gloas" hash="ae15f761">
-//	def get_ptc(state: BeaconState, slot: Slot) -> Vector[ValidatorIndex, PTC_SIZE]:
+//	<spec fn="compute_ptc" fork="gloas" hash="0f323552">
+//	def compute_ptc(state: BeaconState, slot: Slot) -> Vector[ValidatorIndex, PTC_SIZE]:
 //	    """
 //	    Get the payload timeliness committee for the given ``slot``.
 //	    """
@@ -115,7 +119,7 @@ func indexedPayloadAttestation(ctx context.Context, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState
 //	        state, indices, seed, size=PTC_SIZE, shuffle_indices=False
 //	    )
 //	</spec>
-func PayloadCommittee(ctx context.Context, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, slot primitives.Slot) ([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, error) {
+func computePTC(ctx context.Context, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, slot primitives.Slot) ([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, error) {
 	epoch := slots.ToEpoch(slot)
 	seed, err := ptcSeed(st, epoch, slot)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -156,6 +160,24 @@ func PayloadCommittee(ctx context.Context, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, slot pr
 	return selected, nil
 }

+// PayloadCommitteeIndex returns the validator's index position in the payload committee for a slot.
+func PayloadCommitteeIndex(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState,
+	slot primitives.Slot,
+	validatorIndex primitives.ValidatorIndex,
+) (uint64, error) {
+	ptc, err := st.PayloadCommitteeReadOnly(slot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	idx := slices.Index(ptc, validatorIndex)
+	if idx == -1 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: validator=%d slot=%d", ErrValidatorNotInPTC, validatorIndex, slot)
+	}
+	return uint64(idx), nil
+}
+
 // ptcSeed computes the seed for the payload timeliness committee.
 func ptcSeed(st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, epoch primitives.Epoch, slot primitives.Slot) ([32]byte, error) {
 	seed, err := helpers.Seed(st, epoch, params.BeaconConfig().DomainPTCAttester)
@@ -254,12 +276,12 @@ func acceptByBalance(st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, idx primitives.ValidatorIndex
 	offset := (round % 16) * 2
 	randomValue := uint64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(random[offset : offset+2])) // 16-bit draw per spec

-	val, err := st.ValidatorAtIndex(idx)
+	val, err := st.ValidatorAtIndexReadOnly(idx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, errors.Wrapf(err, "validator %d", idx)
 	}

-	return val.EffectiveBalance*fieldparams.MaxRandomValueElectra >= maxBalance*randomValue, nil
+	return val.EffectiveBalance()*fieldparams.MaxRandomValueElectra >= maxBalance*randomValue, nil
 }

 // validIndexedPayloadAttestation verifies the signature of an indexed payload attestation.
@@ -321,3 +343,43 @@ func validIndexedPayloadAttestation(st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, att *consensus
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+// ProcessPTCWindow rotates the cached PTC window at epoch boundaries by computing
+// PTC assignments for the new lookahead epoch and shifting the window.
+//
+//	<spec fn="process_ptc_window" fork="gloas" hash="7be3d509">
+//	def process_ptc_window(state: BeaconState) -> None:
+//	    """
+//	    Update the cached PTC window.
+//	    """
+//	    # Shift all epochs forward by one
+//	    state.ptc_window[: len(state.ptc_window) - SLOTS_PER_EPOCH] = state.ptc_window[SLOTS_PER_EPOCH:]
+//	    # Fill in the last epoch
+//	    next_epoch = Epoch(get_current_epoch(state) + MIN_SEED_LOOKAHEAD + 1)
+//	    start_slot = compute_start_slot_at_epoch(next_epoch)
+//	    state.ptc_window[len(state.ptc_window) - SLOTS_PER_EPOCH :] = [
+//	        compute_ptc(state, Slot(slot)) for slot in range(start_slot, start_slot + SLOTS_PER_EPOCH)
+//	    ]
+//	</spec>
+func ProcessPTCWindow(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState) error {
+	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "gloas.ProcessPTCWindow")
+	defer span.End()
+
+	slotsPerEpoch := params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch
+	lastEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(st.Slot()) + params.BeaconConfig().MinSeedLookahead + 1
+	startSlot, err := slots.EpochStart(lastEpoch)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	newSlots := make([]*eth.PTCs, slotsPerEpoch)
+	for i := range slotsPerEpoch {
+		ptc, err := computePTC(ctx, st, startSlot+primitives.Slot(i))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		newSlots[i] = &eth.PTCs{ValidatorIndices: ptc}
+	}
+
+	return st.RotatePTCWindow(newSlots)
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/payload_attestation_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/payload_attestation_test.go
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@ package gloas_test

 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/go-bitfield"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/gloas"
-	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/signing"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	fieldparams "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/fieldparams"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/interfaces"
@@ -119,7 +120,6 @@ func TestProcessPayloadAttestations_EmptyAggregationBits(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestProcessPayloadAttestations_HappyPath(t *testing.T) {
-	helpers.ClearCache()
 	setupTestConfig(t)

 	sk1, pk1 := newKey(t)
@@ -150,7 +150,6 @@ func TestProcessPayloadAttestations_HappyPath(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestProcessPayloadAttestations_MultipleAttestations(t *testing.T) {
-	helpers.ClearCache()
 	setupTestConfig(t)

 	sk1, pk1 := newKey(t)
@@ -216,6 +215,25 @@ func TestProcessPayloadAttestations_IndexedVerificationError(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func newTestState(t *testing.T, vals []*eth.Validator, slot primitives.Slot) state.BeaconState {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	st, err := testutil.NewBeaconStateGloas(func(seed *eth.BeaconStateGloas) error {
+		seed.Slot = slot
+		seed.Validators = vals
+		seed.Balances = make([]uint64, len(vals))
+		for i, v := range vals {
+			seed.Balances[i] = v.EffectiveBalance
+		}
+		seed.PtcWindow = deterministicPTCWindow(len(vals))
+		return nil
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return st
+}
+
+func newPhase0TestState(t *testing.T, vals []*eth.Validator, slot primitives.Slot) state.BeaconState {
+	t.Helper()
+
 	st, err := testutil.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	for _, v := range vals {
@@ -223,10 +241,25 @@ func newTestState(t *testing.T, vals []*eth.Validator, slot primitives.Slot) sta
 		require.NoError(t, st.AppendBalance(v.EffectiveBalance))
 	}
 	require.NoError(t, st.SetSlot(slot))
-	require.NoError(t, helpers.UpdateCommitteeCache(t.Context(), st, slots.ToEpoch(slot)))
 	return st
 }

+func deterministicPTCWindow(validatorCount int) []*eth.PTCs {
+	window := make([]*eth.PTCs, 3*params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch)
+	indices := make([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, fieldparams.PTCSize)
+	if validatorCount > 0 {
+		for i := range indices {
+			indices[i] = primitives.ValidatorIndex(i % validatorCount)
+		}
+	}
+	for i := range window {
+		window[i] = &eth.PTCs{
+			ValidatorIndices: slices.Clone(indices),
+		}
+	}
+	return window
+}
+
 func setupTestConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	params.SetupTestConfigCleanup(t)
 	cfg := params.BeaconConfig().Copy()
@@ -291,6 +324,50 @@ func signAttestation(t *testing.T, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, data *eth.Paylo
 	return agg.Marshal()
 }

+func TestProcessPTCWindow(t *testing.T) {
+	fuluSt, _ := testutil.DeterministicGenesisStateFulu(t, 256)
+	st, err := gloas.UpgradeToGloas(fuluSt)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	slotsPerEpoch := params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch
+
+	// Get original window.
+	origWindow, err := st.PTCWindow()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	windowSize := int(slotsPerEpoch.Mul(uint64(2 + params.BeaconConfig().MinSeedLookahead)))
+	require.Equal(t, windowSize, len(origWindow))
+
+	// Advance state to next epoch boundary so process_ptc_window sees a new epoch.
+	require.NoError(t, st.SetSlot(slotsPerEpoch))
+
+	// Process PTC window — should rotate.
+	require.NoError(t, gloas.ProcessPTCWindow(t.Context(), st))
+
+	newWindow, err := st.PTCWindow()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, windowSize, len(newWindow))
+
+	// The first two epochs should be the old epochs 1 and 2 (shifted left by one epoch).
+	for i := range 2 * slotsPerEpoch {
+		require.DeepEqual(t, origWindow[slotsPerEpoch+i], newWindow[i])
+	}
+
+	// The last epoch should be freshly computed — not all zeros.
+	lastStart := 2 * slotsPerEpoch
+	for i := range slotsPerEpoch {
+		ptcSlot := newWindow[lastStart+i]
+		require.NotNil(t, ptcSlot)
+		nonZero := false
+		for _, idx := range ptcSlot.ValidatorIndices {
+			if idx != 0 {
+				nonZero = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		require.Equal(t, true, nonZero, "last epoch slot %d should have non-zero validator indices", i)
+	}
+}
+
 type validatorLookupErrState struct {
 	state.BeaconState
 	errIndex primitives.ValidatorIndex
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/payload_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/payload_test.go
@@ -242,21 +242,25 @@ func TestProcessExecutionPayload_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, primitives.Gwei(0), payment.Withdrawal.Amount)
 }

-func TestApplyBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelopeForStateGen_Success(t *testing.T) {
+func TestProcessExecutionPayloadWithDeferredSig_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	fixture := buildPayloadFixture(t, nil)
-	blinded := &ethpb.SignedBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
-		Message: &ethpb.BlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
-			BlockHash:         fixture.signedProto.Message.Payload.BlockHash,
-			ExecutionRequests: fixture.signedProto.Message.ExecutionRequests,
-			BuilderIndex:      fixture.signedProto.Message.BuilderIndex,
-			BeaconBlockRoot:   fixture.signedProto.Message.BeaconBlockRoot,
-			Slot:              fixture.signedProto.Message.Slot,
-			StateRoot:         fixture.signedProto.Message.StateRoot,
-		},
-		Signature: fixture.signedProto.Signature,
-	}

-	require.NoError(t, ApplyBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelopeForStateGen(t.Context(), fixture.state, blinded))
+	header := fixture.state.LatestBlockHeader()
+	var previousStateRoot [32]byte
+	copy(previousStateRoot[:], header.StateRoot)
+
+	sigBatch, err := ProcessExecutionPayloadWithDeferredSig(t.Context(), fixture.state, previousStateRoot, fixture.signed)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, sigBatch)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(sigBatch.Signatures))
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(sigBatch.PublicKeys))
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(sigBatch.Messages))
+	require.Equal(t, 1, len(sigBatch.Descriptions))
+	require.Equal(t, "execution payload envelope signature", sigBatch.Descriptions[0])
+
+	valid, err := sigBatch.Verify()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, true, valid)

 	latestHash, err := fixture.state.LatestBlockHash()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -264,30 +268,56 @@ func TestApplyBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelopeForStateGen_Success(t *testing.T) {
 	copy(expectedHash[:], fixture.payload.BlockHash)
 	require.Equal(t, expectedHash, latestHash)

-	gotRoot, err := fixture.state.HashTreeRoot(t.Context())
+	available, err := fixture.state.ExecutionPayloadAvailability(fixture.slot)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	var expectedRoot [32]byte
-	copy(expectedRoot[:], fixture.signedProto.Message.StateRoot)
-	require.Equal(t, expectedRoot, gotRoot)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), available)
+
+	updatedHeader := fixture.state.LatestBlockHeader()
+	require.DeepEqual(t, previousStateRoot[:], updatedHeader.StateRoot)
 }

-func TestApplyBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelopeForStateGen_BlockHashMismatch(t *testing.T) {
+func TestProcessExecutionPayloadWithDeferredSig_PreviousStateRootMismatch(t *testing.T) {
 	fixture := buildPayloadFixture(t, nil)
-	badHash := bytes.Repeat([]byte{0x99}, 32)
-	blinded := &ethpb.SignedBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
-		Message: &ethpb.BlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
-			BlockHash:         badHash,
-			ExecutionRequests: fixture.signedProto.Message.ExecutionRequests,
-			BuilderIndex:      fixture.signedProto.Message.BuilderIndex,
-			BeaconBlockRoot:   fixture.signedProto.Message.BeaconBlockRoot,
-			Slot:              fixture.signedProto.Message.Slot,
-			StateRoot:         fixture.signedProto.Message.StateRoot,
-		},
-		Signature: fixture.signedProto.Signature,
-	}

-	err := ApplyBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelopeForStateGen(t.Context(), fixture.state, blinded)
-	require.ErrorContains(t, "block hash", err)
+	previousStateRoot := [32]byte{0x42}
+
+	_, err := ProcessExecutionPayloadWithDeferredSig(t.Context(), fixture.state, previousStateRoot, fixture.signed)
+	require.ErrorContains(t, "envelope beacon block root does not match state latest block header root", err)
+}
+
+func TestApplyExecutionPayload_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	fixture := buildPayloadFixture(t, nil)
+
+	envelope, err := fixture.signed.Envelope()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, ApplyExecutionPayload(t.Context(), fixture.state, envelope))
+
+	latestHash, err := fixture.state.LatestBlockHash()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	var expectedHash [32]byte
+	copy(expectedHash[:], fixture.payload.BlockHash)
+	require.Equal(t, expectedHash, latestHash)
+
+	available, err := fixture.state.ExecutionPayloadAvailability(fixture.slot)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), available)
+}
+
+func TestApplyExecutionPayloadStateMutations_UpdatesAvailabilityAndLatestHash(t *testing.T) {
+	fixture := buildPayloadFixture(t, nil)
+
+	newHash := [32]byte{}
+	newHash[0] = 0x99
+
+	require.NoError(t, applyExecutionPayloadStateMutations(t.Context(), fixture.state, fixture.envelope.ExecutionRequests, newHash))
+
+	latestHash, err := fixture.state.LatestBlockHash()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, newHash, latestHash)
+
+	available, err := fixture.state.ExecutionPayloadAvailability(fixture.slot)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), available)
 }

 func TestProcessExecutionPayload_PrevRandaoMismatch(t *testing.T) {
@@ -313,6 +343,95 @@ func TestQueueBuilderPayment_ZeroAmountClearsSlot(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, primitives.Gwei(0), payment.Withdrawal.Amount)
 }

+func TestProcessBlindedExecutionPayload_NilEnvelope(t *testing.T) {
+	fixture := buildPayloadFixture(t, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, ProcessBlindedExecutionPayload(t.Context(), fixture.state, [32]byte{}, nil))
+}
+
+func TestProcessBlindedExecutionPayload_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	fixture := buildPayloadFixture(t, nil)
+	st := fixture.state
+
+	blockHash := [32]byte(fixture.payload.BlockHash)
+	stateRoot := [32]byte{0xAA}
+	envelope := &ethpb.SignedBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
+		Message: &ethpb.BlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
+			Slot:              fixture.slot,
+			BuilderIndex:      fixture.envelope.BuilderIndex,
+			BlockHash:         blockHash[:],
+			BeaconBlockRoot:   make([]byte, 32),
+			ExecutionRequests: fixture.envelope.ExecutionRequests,
+		},
+	}
+
+	wrappedEnv, err := blocks.WrappedROBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope(envelope.Message)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, ProcessBlindedExecutionPayload(t.Context(), st, stateRoot, wrappedEnv))
+
+	latestHash, err := st.LatestBlockHash()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, blockHash, latestHash)
+
+	available, err := st.ExecutionPayloadAvailability(fixture.slot)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, uint64(1), available)
+
+	header := st.LatestBlockHeader()
+	require.DeepEqual(t, stateRoot[:], header.StateRoot)
+}
+
+func TestProcessBlindedExecutionPayload_SlotMismatch(t *testing.T) {
+	fixture := buildPayloadFixture(t, nil)
+
+	envelope := &ethpb.SignedBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
+		Message: &ethpb.BlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
+			Slot:            fixture.slot + 1,
+			BlockHash:       make([]byte, 32),
+			BeaconBlockRoot: make([]byte, 32),
+		},
+	}
+	wrappedEnv, err := blocks.WrappedROBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope(envelope.Message)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = ProcessBlindedExecutionPayload(t.Context(), fixture.state, [32]byte{}, wrappedEnv)
+	require.ErrorContains(t, "blinded envelope slot does not match state slot", err)
+}
+
+func TestProcessBlindedExecutionPayload_BuilderIndexMismatch(t *testing.T) {
+	fixture := buildPayloadFixture(t, nil)
+
+	blockHash := [32]byte(fixture.payload.BlockHash)
+	envelope := &ethpb.SignedBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
+		Message: &ethpb.BlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
+			Slot:            fixture.slot,
+			BuilderIndex:    999,
+			BlockHash:       blockHash[:],
+			BeaconBlockRoot: make([]byte, 32),
+		},
+	}
+	wrappedEnv, err := blocks.WrappedROBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope(envelope.Message)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = ProcessBlindedExecutionPayload(t.Context(), fixture.state, [32]byte{}, wrappedEnv)
+	require.ErrorContains(t, "builder index does not match", err)
+}
+
+func TestProcessBlindedExecutionPayload_BlockHashMismatch(t *testing.T) {
+	fixture := buildPayloadFixture(t, nil)
+
+	wrongHash := bytes.Repeat([]byte{0xFF}, 32)
+	envelope := &ethpb.SignedBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
+		Message: &ethpb.BlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope{
+			Slot:            fixture.slot,
+			BuilderIndex:    fixture.envelope.BuilderIndex,
+			BlockHash:       wrongHash,
+			BeaconBlockRoot: make([]byte, 32),
+		},
+	}
+	wrappedEnv, err := blocks.WrappedROBlindedExecutionPayloadEnvelope(envelope.Message)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = ProcessBlindedExecutionPayload(t.Context(), fixture.state, [32]byte{}, wrappedEnv)
+	require.ErrorContains(t, "block hash does not match", err)
+}
+
 func TestVerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	fixture := buildPayloadFixture(t, nil)

@@ -345,14 +464,14 @@ func TestVerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(t *testing.T) {
 		signed, err := blocks.WrappedROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope(signedProto)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

-		require.NoError(t, VerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(st, signed))
+		require.NoError(t, verifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(st, signed))
 	})

 	t.Run("builder", func(t *testing.T) {
 		signed, err := blocks.WrappedROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope(fixture.signedProto)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

-		require.NoError(t, VerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(fixture.state, signed))
+		require.NoError(t, verifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(fixture.state, signed))
 	})

 	t.Run("invalid signature", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -378,7 +497,7 @@ func TestVerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(t *testing.T) {
 			badSigned, err := blocks.WrappedROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope(signedProto)
 			require.NoError(t, err)

-			err = VerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(st, badSigned)
+			err = verifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(st, badSigned)
 			require.ErrorContains(t, "invalid signature format", err)
 		})

@@ -390,7 +509,7 @@ func TestVerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(t *testing.T) {
 			badSigned, err := blocks.WrappedROSignedExecutionPayloadEnvelope(signedProto)
 			require.NoError(t, err)

-			err = VerifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(fixture.state, badSigned)
+			err = verifyExecutionPayloadEnvelopeSignature(fixture.state, badSigned)
 			require.ErrorContains(t, "invalid signature format", err)
 		})
 	})
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/pending_payment.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/pending_payment.go
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ func ProcessBuilderPendingPayments(state state.BeaconState) error {
 	if err := state.RotateBuilderPendingPayments(); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not rotate builder pending payments")
 	}
+	builderPendingPaymentsProcessedTotal.Add(float64(len(withdrawals)))

 	return nil
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/upgrade.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/upgrade.go
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package gloas

 import (
+	"context"
+
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/time"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
 	state_native "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/state-native"
@@ -9,12 +11,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
 	enginev1 "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/engine/v1"
 	ethpb "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/time/slots"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 )

 // UpgradeToGloas updates inputs a generic state to return the version Gloas state.
 //
-//	<spec fn="upgrade_to_gloas" fork="gloas" hash="6e66df25">
+//	<spec fn="upgrade_to_gloas" fork="gloas" hash="8f67112c">
 //	def upgrade_to_gloas(pre: fulu.BeaconState) -> BeaconState:
 //	    epoch = fulu.get_current_epoch(pre)
 //
@@ -81,6 +84,8 @@ import (
 //	        latest_block_hash=pre.latest_execution_payload_header.block_hash,
 //	        # [New in Gloas:EIP7732]
 //	        payload_expected_withdrawals=[],
+//	        # [New in Gloas:EIP7732]
+//	        ptc_window=initialize_ptc_window(pre),
 //	    )
 //
 //	    # [New in Gloas:EIP7732]
@@ -143,12 +148,73 @@ func UpgradeToGloas(beaconState state.BeaconState) (state.BeaconState, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not convert to gloas")
 	}
+	ptcWindow, err := initializePTCWindow(context.Background(), s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to initialize ptc window")
+	}
+	if err := s.SetPTCWindow(ptcWindow); err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to set ptc window")
+	}
 	if err := s.OnboardBuildersFromPendingDeposits(); err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "failed to onboard builders from pending deposits")
 	}
 	return s, nil
 }

+// initializePTCWindow builds the initial PTC window for the Gloas fork upgrade.
+//
+//	<spec fn="initialize_ptc_window" fork="gloas" hash="3764b7f5">
+//	def initialize_ptc_window(
+//	    state: BeaconState,
+//	) -> Vector[Vector[ValidatorIndex, PTC_SIZE], (2 + MIN_SEED_LOOKAHEAD) * SLOTS_PER_EPOCH]:
+//	    """
+//	    Return the cached PTC window starting from the current epoch.
+//	    Used to initialize the ``ptc_window`` field in the beacon state at genesis and after forks.
+//	    """
+//	    empty_previous_epoch = [
+//	        Vector[ValidatorIndex, PTC_SIZE]([ValidatorIndex(0) for _ in range(PTC_SIZE)])
+//	        for _ in range(SLOTS_PER_EPOCH)
+//	    ]
+//
+//	    ptcs = []
+//	    current_epoch = get_current_epoch(state)
+//	    for e in range(1 + MIN_SEED_LOOKAHEAD):
+//	        epoch = Epoch(current_epoch + e)
+//	        start_slot = compute_start_slot_at_epoch(epoch)
+//	        ptcs += [compute_ptc(state, Slot(start_slot + i)) for i in range(SLOTS_PER_EPOCH)]
+//
+//	    return empty_previous_epoch + ptcs
+//	</spec>
+func initializePTCWindow(ctx context.Context, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState) ([]*ethpb.PTCs, error) {
+	currentEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(st.Slot())
+	slotsPerEpoch := params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch
+	windowSize := slotsPerEpoch.Mul(uint64(2 + params.BeaconConfig().MinSeedLookahead))
+	window := make([]*ethpb.PTCs, 0, windowSize)
+
+	// Previous epoch has no cached data at fork time — fill with empty slots.
+	for range slotsPerEpoch {
+		window = append(window, &ethpb.PTCs{
+			ValidatorIndices: make([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, fieldparams.PTCSize),
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Compute PTC for current epoch through lookahead.
+	startSlot, err := slots.EpochStart(currentEpoch)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	totalSlots := slotsPerEpoch.Mul(uint64(1 + params.BeaconConfig().MinSeedLookahead))
+	for i := range totalSlots {
+		ptc, err := computePTC(ctx, st, startSlot+i)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		window = append(window, &ethpb.PTCs{ValidatorIndices: ptc})
+	}
+
+	return window, nil
+}
+
 func upgradeToGloas(beaconState state.BeaconState) (state.BeaconState, error) {
 	currentSyncCommittee, err := beaconState.CurrentSyncCommittee()
 	if err != nil {
--- a/beacon-chain/core/gloas/upgrade_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/gloas/upgrade_test.go
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func TestUpgradeToGloas_Basic(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestUpgradeToGloas_OnboardsBuilderDeposit(t *testing.T) {
-	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisStateFulu(t, 4)
+	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisStateFulu(t, params.BeaconConfig().MaxValidatorsPerCommittee)

 	sk, err := bls.RandKey()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/beacon-chain/core/helpers/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/helpers/BUILD.bazel
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ go_library(
        "//beacon-chain/core/time:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/forkchoice/types:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/state:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/state/stateutil:go_default_library",
        "//config/fieldparams:go_default_library",
        "//config/params:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
--- a/beacon-chain/core/helpers/beacon_committee.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/helpers/beacon_committee.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/time"
 	forkchoicetypes "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/forkchoice/types"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/stateutil"
 	fieldparams "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/fieldparams"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
@@ -462,8 +463,8 @@ func ShuffledIndices(s state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, epoch primitives.Epoch) ([]pri
 	}

 	indices := make([]primitives.ValidatorIndex, 0, s.NumValidators())
-	if err := s.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
-		if IsActiveValidatorUsingTrie(val, epoch) {
+	if err := s.ForEachValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
+		if IsActiveCompactValidator(val, epoch) {
 			indices = append(indices, primitives.ValidatorIndex(idx))
 		}
 		return nil
--- a/beacon-chain/core/helpers/rewards_penalties.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/helpers/rewards_penalties.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/cache"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/stateutil"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
 	mathutil "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/math"
@@ -69,9 +70,9 @@ func TotalActiveBalance(s state.ReadOnlyBeaconState) (uint64, error) {

 	total := uint64(0)
 	epoch := slots.ToEpoch(s.Slot())
-	if err := s.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
-		if IsActiveValidatorUsingTrie(val, epoch) {
-			total += val.EffectiveBalance()
+	if err := s.ForEachValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
+		if IsActiveCompactValidator(val, epoch) {
+			total += val.EffectiveBalance
 		}
 		return nil
 	}); err != nil {
--- a/beacon-chain/core/helpers/sync_committee.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/helpers/sync_committee.go
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func IsNextPeriodSyncCommittee(
 // CurrentPeriodSyncSubcommitteeIndices returns the subcommittee indices of the
 // current period sync committee for input validator.
 func CurrentPeriodSyncSubcommitteeIndices(
-	st state.BeaconState, valIdx primitives.ValidatorIndex,
+	st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, valIdx primitives.ValidatorIndex,
 ) ([]primitives.CommitteeIndex, error) {
 	root, err := SyncPeriodBoundaryRoot(st)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/beacon-chain/core/helpers/validators.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/helpers/validators.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/core/time"
 	forkchoicetypes "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/forkchoice/types"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/beacon-chain/state/stateutil"
 	fieldparams "github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/fieldparams"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/config/params"
 	"github.com/OffchainLabs/prysm/v7/consensus-types/primitives"
@@ -137,8 +138,8 @@ func ActiveValidatorIndices(ctx context.Context, s state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, ep
 	}()

 	var indices []primitives.ValidatorIndex
-	if err := s.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
-		if IsActiveValidatorUsingTrie(val, epoch) {
+	if err := s.ForEachValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
+		if IsActiveCompactValidator(val, epoch) {
 			indices = append(indices, primitives.ValidatorIndex(idx))
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -190,8 +191,8 @@ func ActiveValidatorCount(ctx context.Context, s state.ReadOnlyBeaconState, epoc
 	}()

 	count := uint64(0)
-	if err := s.ReadFromEveryValidator(func(idx int, val state.ReadOnlyValidator) error {
-		if IsActiveValidatorUsingTrie(val, epoch) {
+	if err := s.ForEachValidator(func(idx int, val *stateutil.CompactValidator) error {
+		if IsActiveCompactValidator(val, epoch) {
 			count++
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -523,6 +524,32 @@ func isEligibleForActivation(activationEligibilityEpoch, activationEpoch, finali
 		activationEpoch == params.BeaconConfig().FarFutureEpoch
 }

+// --- CompactValidator direct-access helpers (zero-alloc) ---
+
+// IsActiveCompactValidator checks if a compact validator is active at the given epoch.
+func IsActiveCompactValidator(cv *stateutil.CompactValidator, epoch primitives.Epoch) bool {
+	return checkValidatorActiveStatus(cv.ActivationEpoch, cv.ExitEpoch, epoch)
+}
+
+// IsEligibleForActivationQueueCompact checks if a compact validator is eligible
+// to be placed into the activation queue.
+func IsEligibleForActivationQueueCompact(cv *stateutil.CompactValidator, currentEpoch primitives.Epoch) bool {
+	if currentEpoch >= params.BeaconConfig().ElectraForkEpoch {
+		return isEligibleForActivationQueueElectra(cv.ActivationEligibilityEpoch, cv.EffectiveBalance)
+	}
+	return isEligibleForActivationQueue(cv.ActivationEligibilityEpoch, cv.EffectiveBalance)
+}
+
+// IsEligibleForActivationCompact checks if a compact validator is eligible for activation.
+func IsEligibleForActivationCompact(cv *stateutil.CompactValidator, finalizedEpoch primitives.Epoch) bool {
+	return isEligibleForActivation(cv.ActivationEligibilityEpoch, cv.ActivationEpoch, finalizedEpoch)
+}
+
+// IsActiveNonSlashedCompactValidator checks if a compact validator is active and not slashed.
+func IsActiveNonSlashedCompactValidator(cv *stateutil.CompactValidator, epoch primitives.Epoch) bool {
+	return checkValidatorActiveStatus(cv.ActivationEpoch, cv.ExitEpoch, epoch) && !cv.Slashed
+}
+
 // LastActivatedValidatorIndex provides the last activated validator given a state
 func LastActivatedValidatorIndex(ctx context.Context, st state.ReadOnlyBeaconState) (primitives.ValidatorIndex, error) {
 	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "helpers.LastActivatedValidatorIndex")
--- a/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/p2p_interface.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/p2p_interface.go
@@ -33,24 +33,31 @@ func (Cgc) ENRKey() string { return params.BeaconNetworkConfig().CustodyGroupCou
 // https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/master/specs/fulu/p2p-interface.md#verify_data_column_sidecar
 func VerifyDataColumnSidecar(sidecar blocks.RODataColumn) error {
 	// The sidecar index must be within the valid range.
-	if sidecar.Index >= fieldparams.NumberOfColumns {
+	index := sidecar.Index()
+	if index >= fieldparams.NumberOfColumns {
 		return ErrIndexTooLarge
 	}

 	// A sidecar for zero blobs is invalid.
-	if len(sidecar.KzgCommitments) == 0 {
+	kzgCommitments, err := sidecar.KzgCommitments()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "kzg commitments")
+	}
+	if len(kzgCommitments) == 0 {
 		return ErrNoKzgCommitments
 	}

 	// A sidecar with more commitments than the max blob count for this block is invalid.
 	slot := sidecar.Slot()
 	maxBlobsPerBlock := params.BeaconConfig().MaxBlobsPerBlock(slot)
-	if len(sidecar.KzgCommitments) > maxBlobsPerBlock {
+	if len(kzgCommitments) > maxBlobsPerBlock {
 		return ErrTooManyCommitments
 	}

 	// The column length must be equal to the number of commitments/proofs.
-	if len(sidecar.Column) != len(sidecar.KzgCommitments) || len(sidecar.Column) != len(sidecar.KzgProofs) {
+	column := sidecar.Column()
+	kzgProofs := sidecar.KzgProofs()
+	if len(column) != len(kzgCommitments) || len(column) != len(kzgProofs) {
 		return ErrMismatchLength
 	}

@@ -63,12 +70,39 @@ func VerifyDataColumnSidecar(sidecar blocks.RODataColumn) error {
 // while we are verifying all the KZG proofs from multiple sidecars in a batch.
 // This is done to improve performance since the internal KZG library is way more
 // efficient when verifying in batch.
-// https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/master/specs/fulu/p2p-interface.md#verify_data_column_sidecar_kzg_proofs
+// https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/master/specs/gloas/p2p-interface.md#modified-verify_data_column_sidecar_kzg_proofs
 func VerifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofs(sidecars []blocks.RODataColumn) error {
+	commitmentsBySidecar := make([][][]byte, len(sidecars))
+	for i := range sidecars {
+		c, err := sidecars[i].KzgCommitments()
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "sidecar %d kzg commitments", i)
+		}
+		commitmentsBySidecar[i] = c
+	}
+	return verifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofs(sidecars, commitmentsBySidecar)
+}
+
+// VerifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofsWithCommitments verifies KZG proofs using
+// explicitly provided commitments instead of the sidecar's own. This is used
+// by Gloas, which validates against bid.blob_kzg_commitments.
+func VerifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofsWithCommitments(sidecars []blocks.RODataColumn, commitmentsBySidecar [][][]byte) error {
+	return verifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofs(sidecars, commitmentsBySidecar)
+}
+
+func verifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofs(sidecars []blocks.RODataColumn, commitmentsBySidecar [][][]byte) error {
+	if len(sidecars) != len(commitmentsBySidecar) {
+		return ErrMismatchLength
+	}
+
 	// Compute the total count.
 	count := 0
-	for _, sidecar := range sidecars {
-		count += len(sidecar.Column)
+	for i, sidecar := range sidecars {
+		column := sidecar.Column()
+		if len(column) != len(commitmentsBySidecar[i]) {
+			return ErrMismatchLength
+		}
+		count += len(column)
 	}

 	commitments := make([]kzg.Bytes48, 0, count)
@@ -76,17 +110,20 @@ func VerifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofs(sidecars []blocks.RODataColumn) error {
 	cells := make([]kzg.Cell, 0, count)
 	proofs := make([]kzg.Bytes48, 0, count)

-	for _, sidecar := range sidecars {
-		for i := range sidecar.Column {
+	for sidecarIndex, sidecar := range sidecars {
+		column := sidecar.Column()
+		kzgProofs := sidecar.KzgProofs()
+		index := sidecar.Index()
+		for i := range column {
 			var (
 				commitment kzg.Bytes48
 				cell       kzg.Cell
 				proof      kzg.Bytes48
 			)

-			commitmentBytes := sidecar.KzgCommitments[i]
-			cellBytes := sidecar.Column[i]
-			proofBytes := sidecar.KzgProofs[i]
+			commitmentBytes := commitmentsBySidecar[sidecarIndex][i]
+			cellBytes := column[i]
+			proofBytes := kzgProofs[i]

 			if len(commitmentBytes) != len(commitment) ||
 				len(cellBytes) != len(cell) ||
@@ -99,7 +136,7 @@ func VerifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofs(sidecars []blocks.RODataColumn) error {
 			copy(proof[:], proofBytes)

 			commitments = append(commitments, commitment)
-			indices = append(indices, sidecar.Index)
+			indices = append(indices, index)
 			cells = append(cells, cell)
 			proofs = append(proofs, proof)
 		}
@@ -121,16 +158,24 @@ func VerifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofs(sidecars []blocks.RODataColumn) error {
 // VerifyDataColumnSidecarInclusionProof verifies if the given KZG commitments included in the given beacon block.
 // https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/blob/master/specs/fulu/p2p-interface.md#verify_data_column_sidecar_inclusion_proof
 func VerifyDataColumnSidecarInclusionProof(sidecar blocks.RODataColumn) error {
-	if sidecar.SignedBlockHeader == nil || sidecar.SignedBlockHeader.Header == nil {
+	signedBlockHeader, err := sidecar.SignedBlockHeader()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "signed block header")
+	}
+	if signedBlockHeader == nil || signedBlockHeader.Header == nil {
 		return ErrNilBlockHeader
 	}

-	root := sidecar.SignedBlockHeader.Header.BodyRoot
+	root := signedBlockHeader.Header.BodyRoot
 	if len(root) != fieldparams.RootLength {
 		return ErrBadRootLength
 	}

-	leaves := blocks.LeavesFromCommitments(sidecar.KzgCommitments)
+	kzgCommitments, err := sidecar.KzgCommitments()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "kzg commitments")
+	}
+	leaves := blocks.LeavesFromCommitments(kzgCommitments)

 	sparse, err := trie.GenerateTrieFromItems(leaves, fieldparams.LogMaxBlobCommitments)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -142,7 +187,11 @@ func VerifyDataColumnSidecarInclusionProof(sidecar blocks.RODataColumn) error {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "hash tree root")
 	}

-	verified := trie.VerifyMerkleProof(root, hashTreeRoot[:], kzgPosition, sidecar.KzgCommitmentsInclusionProof)
+	kzgInclusionProof, err := sidecar.KzgCommitmentsInclusionProof()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "kzg commitments inclusion proof")
+	}
+	verified := trie.VerifyMerkleProof(root, hashTreeRoot[:], kzgPosition, kzgInclusionProof)
 	if !verified {
 		return ErrInvalidInclusionProof
 	}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/p2p_interface_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/p2p_interface_test.go
@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@ func TestVerifyDataColumnSidecarKZGProofs(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("size mismatch", func(t *testing.T) {
 		sidecars := generateRandomSidecars(t, seed, blobCount)
-		sidecars[0].Column[0] = sidecars[0].Column[0][:len(sidecars[0].Column[0])-1] // Remove one byte to create size mismatch
+		column := sidecars[0].Column()
+		column[0] = column[0][:len(column[0])-1] // Remove one byte to create size mismatch

 		err := peerdas.VerifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofs(sidecars)
 		require.ErrorIs(t, err, peerdas.ErrMismatchLength)
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ func TestVerifyDataColumnSidecarKZGProofs(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("invalid proof", func(t *testing.T) {
 		sidecars := generateRandomSidecars(t, seed, blobCount)
-		sidecars[0].Column[0][0]++ // It is OK to overflow
+		sidecars[0].Column()[0][0]++ // It is OK to overflow

 		err := peerdas.VerifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofs(sidecars)
 		require.ErrorIs(t, err, peerdas.ErrInvalidKZGProof)
@@ -89,6 +90,12 @@ func TestVerifyDataColumnSidecarKZGProofs(t *testing.T) {
 		err := peerdas.VerifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofs(sidecars)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	})
+
+	t.Run("with commitments", func(t *testing.T) {
+		sidecars := generateRandomSidecars(t, seed, blobCount)
+		err := peerdas.VerifyDataColumnsSidecarKZGProofsWithCommitments(sidecars, sidecarCommitments(t, sidecars))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	})
 }

 func Test_VerifyKZGInclusionProofColumn(t *testing.T) {
@@ -196,7 +203,7 @@ func Test_VerifyKZGInclusionProofColumn(t *testing.T) {

 	for _, tc := range testCases {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			roDataColumn := blocks.RODataColumn{DataColumnSidecar: tc.dataColumnSidecar}
+			roDataColumn := blocks.NewRODataColumnNoVerify(tc.dataColumnSidecar)
 			err = peerdas.VerifyDataColumnSidecarInclusionProof(roDataColumn)
 			if tc.expectedError == nil {
 				require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -348,6 +355,16 @@ func BenchmarkVerifyDataColumnSidecarKZGProofs_DiffCommitments_Batch4(b *testing
 	}
 }

+func sidecarCommitments(t *testing.T, sidecars []blocks.RODataColumn) [][][]byte {
+	commitmentsBySidecar := make([][][]byte, len(sidecars))
+	for i := range sidecars {
+		var err error
+		commitmentsBySidecar[i], err = sidecars[i].KzgCommitments()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+	return commitmentsBySidecar
+}
+
 func createTestSidecar(t *testing.T, index uint64, column, kzgCommitments, kzgProofs [][]byte) blocks.RODataColumn {
 	pbSignedBeaconBlock := util.NewBeaconBlockDeneb()
 	signedBeaconBlock, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(pbSignedBeaconBlock)
--- a/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/reconstruction.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/reconstruction.go
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ func recoverCellsForBlobs(verifiedRoSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataColumn, blob
 			cells := make([]kzg.Cell, 0, sidecarCount)

 			for _, sidecar := range verifiedRoSidecars {
-				cell := sidecar.Column[blobIndex]
+				cell := sidecar.Column()[blobIndex]
 				cells = append(cells, kzg.Cell(cell))
-				cellsIndices = append(cellsIndices, sidecar.Index)
+				cellsIndices = append(cellsIndices, sidecar.Index())
 			}

 			recoveredCells, err := kzg.RecoverCells(cellsIndices, cells)
@@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ func recoverCellsAndProofsForBlobs(verifiedRoSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataCol
 			cells := make([]kzg.Cell, 0, sidecarCount)

 			for _, sidecar := range verifiedRoSidecars {
-				cell := sidecar.Column[blobIndex]
+				cell := sidecar.Column()[blobIndex]
 				cells = append(cells, kzg.Cell(cell))
-				cellsIndices = append(cellsIndices, sidecar.Index)
+				cellsIndices = append(cellsIndices, sidecar.Index())
 			}

 			recoveredCells, recoveredProofs, err := kzg.RecoverCellsAndKZGProofs(cellsIndices, cells)
@@ -151,10 +151,10 @@ func ReconstructDataColumnSidecars(verifiedRoSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataCol
 	referenceSidecar := verifiedRoSidecars[0]

 	// Check if all columns have the same length and are commmitted to the same block.
-	blobCount := len(referenceSidecar.Column)
+	blobCount := len(referenceSidecar.Column())
 	blockRoot := referenceSidecar.BlockRoot()
 	for _, sidecar := range verifiedRoSidecars[1:] {
-		if len(sidecar.Column) != blobCount {
+		if len(sidecar.Column()) != blobCount {
 			return nil, ErrColumnLengthsDiffer
 		}

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ func ReconstructDataColumnSidecars(verifiedRoSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataCol

 	// Sort the input sidecars by index.
 	sort.Slice(verifiedRoSidecars, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return verifiedRoSidecars[i].Index < verifiedRoSidecars[j].Index
+		return verifiedRoSidecars[i].Index() < verifiedRoSidecars[j].Index()
 	})

 	// Recover cells and compute proofs in parallel.
@@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ func reconstructIfNeeded(verifiedDataColumnSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataColum
 	}

 	// Check if the sidecars are sorted by index and do not contain duplicates.
-	previousColumnIndex := verifiedDataColumnSidecars[0].Index
+	previousColumnIndex := verifiedDataColumnSidecars[0].Index()
 	for _, dataColumnSidecar := range verifiedDataColumnSidecars[1:] {
-		columnIndex := dataColumnSidecar.Index
+		columnIndex := dataColumnSidecar.Index()
 		if columnIndex <= previousColumnIndex {
 			return nil, ErrDataColumnSidecarsNotSortedByIndex
 		}
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ func reconstructIfNeeded(verifiedDataColumnSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataColum
 	}

 	// If all column sidecars corresponding to (non-extended) blobs are present, no need to reconstruct.
-	if verifiedDataColumnSidecars[cellsPerBlob-1].Index == uint64(cellsPerBlob-1) {
+	if verifiedDataColumnSidecars[cellsPerBlob-1].Index() == uint64(cellsPerBlob-1) {
 		return verifiedDataColumnSidecars, nil
 	}

@@ -415,9 +415,9 @@ func ReconstructBlobs(verifiedDataColumnSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataColumn,
 	}

 	// Check if the sidecars are sorted by index and do not contain duplicates.
-	previousColumnIndex := verifiedDataColumnSidecars[0].Index
+	previousColumnIndex := verifiedDataColumnSidecars[0].Index()
 	for _, dataColumnSidecar := range verifiedDataColumnSidecars[1:] {
-		columnIndex := dataColumnSidecar.Index
+		columnIndex := dataColumnSidecar.Index()
 		if columnIndex <= previousColumnIndex {
 			return nil, ErrDataColumnSidecarsNotSortedByIndex
 		}
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ func ReconstructBlobs(verifiedDataColumnSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataColumn,

 	// Verify that the actual blob count from the first sidecar matches the expected count
 	referenceSidecar := verifiedDataColumnSidecars[0]
-	actualBlobCount := len(referenceSidecar.Column)
+	actualBlobCount := len(referenceSidecar.Column())
 	if actualBlobCount != blobCount {
 		return nil, errors.Errorf("blob count mismatch: expected %d, got %d", blobCount, actualBlobCount)
 	}
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ func ReconstructBlobs(verifiedDataColumnSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataColumn,
 	// Check if all columns have the same length and are committed to the same block.
 	blockRoot := referenceSidecar.BlockRoot()
 	for _, sidecar := range verifiedDataColumnSidecars[1:] {
-		if len(sidecar.Column) != blobCount {
+		if len(sidecar.Column()) != blobCount {
 			return nil, ErrColumnLengthsDiffer
 		}

@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ func ReconstructBlobs(verifiedDataColumnSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataColumn,
 	}

 	// Check if we have all non-extended columns (0..63) - if so, no reconstruction needed.
-	hasAllNonExtendedColumns := verifiedDataColumnSidecars[cellsPerBlob-1].Index == uint64(cellsPerBlob-1)
+	hasAllNonExtendedColumns := verifiedDataColumnSidecars[cellsPerBlob-1].Index() == uint64(cellsPerBlob-1)

 	var reconstructedCells map[int][]kzg.Cell
 	if !hasAllNonExtendedColumns {
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ func ReconstructBlobs(verifiedDataColumnSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataColumn,
 			var cell []byte
 			if hasAllNonExtendedColumns {
 				// Use existing cells from sidecars
-				cell = verifiedDataColumnSidecars[columnIndex].Column[blobIndex]
+				cell = verifiedDataColumnSidecars[columnIndex].Column()[blobIndex]
 			} else {
 				// Use reconstructed cells
 				cell = reconstructedCells[blobIndex][columnIndex][:]
@@ -501,8 +501,14 @@ func ReconstructBlobs(verifiedDataColumnSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataColumn,
 func blobSidecarsFromDataColumnSidecars(roBlock blocks.ROBlock, dataColumnSidecars []blocks.VerifiedRODataColumn, indices []int) ([]*blocks.VerifiedROBlob, error) {
 	referenceSidecar := dataColumnSidecars[0]

-	kzgCommitments := referenceSidecar.KzgCommitments
-	signedBlockHeader := referenceSidecar.SignedBlockHeader
+	kzgCommitments, err := referenceSidecar.KzgCommitments()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "kzg commitments")
+	}
+	signedBlockHeader, err := referenceSidecar.SignedBlockHeader()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "signed block header")
+	}

 	verifiedROBlobs := make([]*blocks.VerifiedROBlob, 0, len(indices))
 	for _, blobIndex := range indices {
@@ -511,7 +517,7 @@ func blobSidecarsFromDataColumnSidecars(roBlock blocks.ROBlock, dataColumnSideca
 		// Compute the content of the blob.
 		for columnIndex := range fieldparams.CellsPerBlob {
 			dataColumnSidecar := dataColumnSidecars[columnIndex]
-			cell := dataColumnSidecar.Column[blobIndex]
+			cell := dataColumnSidecar.Column()[blobIndex]
 			if copy(blob[kzg.BytesPerCell*columnIndex:], cell) != kzg.BytesPerCell {
 				return nil, errors.New("wrong cell size - should never happen")
 			}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/reconstruction_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/reconstruction_test.go
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func TestReconstructDataColumnSidecars(t *testing.T) {
 		_, _, verifiedRoSidecars := util.GenerateTestFuluBlockWithSidecars(t, 3)

 		// Arbitrarily alter the column with index 3
-		verifiedRoSidecars[3].Column = verifiedRoSidecars[3].Column[1:]
+		verifiedRoSidecars[3].DataColumnSidecar().Column = verifiedRoSidecars[3].DataColumnSidecar().Column[1:]

 		_, err := peerdas.ReconstructDataColumnSidecars(verifiedRoSidecars)
 		require.ErrorIs(t, err, peerdas.ErrColumnLengthsDiffer)
@@ -88,7 +88,10 @@ func TestReconstructDataColumnSidecars(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err)

 		// Verify that the reconstructed sidecars are equal to the original ones.
-		require.DeepSSZEqual(t, inputVerifiedRoSidecars, reconstructedVerifiedRoSidecars)
+		require.Equal(t, len(inputVerifiedRoSidecars), len(reconstructedVerifiedRoSidecars))
+		for i := range inputVerifiedRoSidecars {
+			require.DeepSSZEqual(t, inputVerifiedRoSidecars[i].DataColumnSidecar(), reconstructedVerifiedRoSidecars[i].DataColumnSidecar())
+		}
 	})
 }

--- a/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/validator.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/validator.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ type (
 	ConstructionPopulator interface {
 		Slot() primitives.Slot
 		Root() [fieldparams.RootLength]byte
-		ProposerIndex() primitives.ValidatorIndex
+		ProposerIndex() (primitives.ValidatorIndex, error)
 		Commitments() ([][]byte, error)
 		Type() string

@@ -142,14 +142,59 @@ func DataColumnSidecars(cellsPerBlob [][]kzg.Cell, proofsPerBlob [][]kzg.Proof,
 	return roSidecars, nil
 }

+// DataColumnSidecarsGloas constructs Gloas-format data column sidecars from cells and proofs.
+// Unlike the Fulu variant, Gloas sidecars use direct slot and beacon_block_root fields
+// instead of a SignedBlockHeader.
+func DataColumnSidecarsGloas(
+	cellsPerBlob [][]kzg.Cell,
+	proofsPerBlob [][]kzg.Proof,
+	slot primitives.Slot,
+	beaconBlockRoot [32]byte,
+) ([]blocks.RODataColumn, error) {
+	const numberOfColumns = uint64(fieldparams.NumberOfColumns)
+
+	if len(cellsPerBlob) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+	cells, proofs, err := rotateRowsToCols(cellsPerBlob, proofsPerBlob, numberOfColumns)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "rotate cells and proofs")
+	}
+
+	roSidecars := make([]blocks.RODataColumn, 0, numberOfColumns)
+	for idx := range numberOfColumns {
+		sidecar := &ethpb.DataColumnSidecarGloas{
+			Index:           idx,
+			Column:          cells[idx],
+			KzgProofs:       proofs[idx],
+			Slot:            slot,
+			BeaconBlockRoot: beaconBlockRoot[:],
+		}
+
+		if len(sidecar.Column) != len(sidecar.KzgProofs) {
+			return nil, ErrSizeMismatch
+		}
+
+		roSidecar, err := blocks.NewRODataColumnGloasWithRoot(sidecar, beaconBlockRoot)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "new ro data column gloas")
+		}
+		roSidecars = append(roSidecars, roSidecar)
+	}
+
+	dataColumnComputationTime.Observe(float64(time.Since(start).Milliseconds()))
+	return roSidecars, nil
+}
+
 // Slot returns the slot of the source
 func (s *BlockReconstructionSource) Slot() primitives.Slot {
 	return s.Block().Slot()
 }

 // ProposerIndex returns the proposer index of the source
-func (s *BlockReconstructionSource) ProposerIndex() primitives.ValidatorIndex {
-	return s.Block().ProposerIndex()
+func (s *BlockReconstructionSource) ProposerIndex() (primitives.ValidatorIndex, error) {
+	return s.Block().ProposerIndex(), nil
 }

 // Commitments returns the blob KZG commitments of the source
@@ -235,7 +280,7 @@ func (s *SidecarReconstructionSource) Root() [fieldparams.RootLength]byte {

 // Commmitments returns the blob KZG commitments of the source
 func (s *SidecarReconstructionSource) Commitments() ([][]byte, error) {
-	return s.KzgCommitments, nil
+	return s.KzgCommitments()
 }

 // Type returns the type of the source
@@ -245,11 +290,21 @@ func (s *SidecarReconstructionSource) Type() string {

 // extract extracts the block information from the source
 func (s *SidecarReconstructionSource) extract() (*blockInfo, error) {
-	info := &blockInfo{
-		signedBlockHeader: s.SignedBlockHeader,
-		kzgCommitments:    s.KzgCommitments,
-		kzgInclusionProof: s.KzgCommitmentsInclusionProof,
+	sbh, err := s.SignedBlockHeader()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	return info, nil
+	comms, err := s.KzgCommitments()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	incProof, err := s.KzgCommitmentsInclusionProof()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &blockInfo{
+		signedBlockHeader: sbh,
+		kzgCommitments:    comms,
+		kzgInclusionProof: incProof,
+	}, nil
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/validator_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/validator_test.go
@@ -176,22 +176,24 @@ func TestDataColumnSidecars(t *testing.T) {

 		// Verify each sidecar has the expected structure
 		for i, sidecar := range sidecars {
-			require.Equal(t, uint64(i), sidecar.Index)
-			require.Equal(t, 2, len(sidecar.Column))
-			require.Equal(t, 2, len(sidecar.KzgCommitments))
-			require.Equal(t, 2, len(sidecar.KzgProofs))
+			require.Equal(t, uint64(i), sidecar.Index())
+			require.Equal(t, 2, len(sidecar.Column()))
+			comms, err := sidecar.KzgCommitments()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, 2, len(comms))
+			require.Equal(t, 2, len(sidecar.KzgProofs()))

 			// Verify commitments match what we set
-			require.DeepEqual(t, commitment1, sidecar.KzgCommitments[0])
-			require.DeepEqual(t, commitment2, sidecar.KzgCommitments[1])
+			require.DeepEqual(t, commitment1, comms[0])
+			require.DeepEqual(t, commitment2, comms[1])

 			// Verify column data comes from the correct cells
-			require.Equal(t, byte(i), sidecar.Column[0][0])
-			require.Equal(t, byte(i+128), sidecar.Column[1][0])
+			require.Equal(t, byte(i), sidecar.Column()[0][0])
+			require.Equal(t, byte(i+128), sidecar.Column()[1][0])

 			// Verify proofs come from the correct proofs
-			require.Equal(t, byte(i), sidecar.KzgProofs[0][0])
-			require.Equal(t, byte(i+128), sidecar.KzgProofs[1][0])
+			require.Equal(t, byte(i), sidecar.KzgProofs()[0][0])
+			require.Equal(t, byte(i+128), sidecar.KzgProofs()[1][0])
 		}
 	})
 }
@@ -241,7 +243,9 @@ func TestReconstructionSource(t *testing.T) {
 		src := peerdas.PopulateFromBlock(rob)
 		require.Equal(t, rob.Block().Slot(), src.Slot())
 		require.Equal(t, rob.Root(), src.Root())
-		require.Equal(t, rob.Block().ProposerIndex(), src.ProposerIndex())
+		srcPI, err := src.ProposerIndex()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, rob.Block().ProposerIndex(), srcPI)

 		commitments, err := src.Commitments()
 		require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -257,7 +261,11 @@ func TestReconstructionSource(t *testing.T) {
 		src := peerdas.PopulateFromSidecar(referenceSidecar)
 		require.Equal(t, referenceSidecar.Slot(), src.Slot())
 		require.Equal(t, referenceSidecar.BlockRoot(), src.Root())
-		require.Equal(t, referenceSidecar.ProposerIndex(), src.ProposerIndex())
+		refPI, err := referenceSidecar.ProposerIndex()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		srcPI, err := src.ProposerIndex()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, refPI, srcPI)

 		commitments, err := src.Commitments()
 		require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/verification.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/verification.go
@@ -46,16 +46,21 @@ func DataColumnsAlignWithBlock(block blocks.ROBlock, dataColumns []blocks.ROData
 			return ErrRootMismatch
 		}

+		dcKzgCommitments, err := dataColumn.KzgCommitments()
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "kzg commitments")
+		}
+
 		// Check if the content length of the data column sidecar matches the block.
-		if len(dataColumn.Column) != blockCommitmentCount ||
-			len(dataColumn.KzgCommitments) != blockCommitmentCount ||
-			len(dataColumn.KzgProofs) != blockCommitmentCount {
+		if len(dataColumn.Column()) != blockCommitmentCount ||
+			len(dcKzgCommitments) != blockCommitmentCount ||
+			len(dataColumn.KzgProofs()) != blockCommitmentCount {
 			return ErrBlockColumnSizeMismatch
 		}

 		// Check if the commitments of the data column sidecar match the block.
 		for i := range blockCommitments {
-			if !bytes.Equal(blockCommitments[i], dataColumn.KzgCommitments[i]) {
+			if !bytes.Equal(blockCommitments[i], dcKzgCommitments[i]) {
 				return ErrCommitmentMismatch
 			}
 		}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/verification_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/peerdas/verification_test.go
@@ -41,21 +41,21 @@ func TestDataColumnsAlignWithBlock(t *testing.T) {

 	t.Run("column size mismatch", func(t *testing.T) {
 		block, sidecars, _ := util.GenerateTestFuluBlockWithSidecars(t, 2, util.WithSlot(fs))
-		sidecars[0].Column = [][]byte{}
+		sidecars[0].DataColumnSidecar().Column = [][]byte{}
 		err := peerdas.DataColumnsAlignWithBlock(block, sidecars)
 		require.ErrorIs(t, err, peerdas.ErrBlockColumnSizeMismatch)
 	})

 	t.Run("KZG commitments size mismatch", func(t *testing.T) {
 		block, sidecars, _ := util.GenerateTestFuluBlockWithSidecars(t, 2, util.WithSlot(fs))
-		sidecars[0].KzgCommitments = [][]byte{}
+		sidecars[0].DataColumnSidecar().KzgCommitments = [][]byte{}
 		err := peerdas.DataColumnsAlignWithBlock(block, sidecars)
 		require.ErrorIs(t, err, peerdas.ErrBlockColumnSizeMismatch)
 	})

 	t.Run("KZG proofs mismatch", func(t *testing.T) {
 		block, sidecars, _ := util.GenerateTestFuluBlockWithSidecars(t, 2, util.WithSlot(fs))
-		sidecars[0].KzgProofs = [][]byte{}
+		sidecars[0].DataColumnSidecar().KzgProofs = [][]byte{}
 		err := peerdas.DataColumnsAlignWithBlock(block, sidecars)
 		require.ErrorIs(t, err, peerdas.ErrBlockColumnSizeMismatch)
 	})
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func TestDataColumnsAlignWithBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("commitment mismatch", func(t *testing.T) {
 		block, _, _ := util.GenerateTestFuluBlockWithSidecars(t, 2, util.WithSlot(fs))
 		_, alteredSidecars, _ := util.GenerateTestFuluBlockWithSidecars(t, 2, util.WithSlot(fs))
-		alteredSidecars[1].KzgCommitments[0][0]++ // Overflow is OK
+		alteredSidecars[1].DataColumnSidecar().KzgCommitments[0][0]++ // Overflow is OK
 		err := peerdas.DataColumnsAlignWithBlock(block, alteredSidecars)
 		require.ErrorIs(t, err, peerdas.ErrCommitmentMismatch)
 	})
--- a/beacon-chain/core/transition/gloas.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/transition/gloas.go
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ func gloasOperations(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState, block interfaces
 //
 // Spec definition:
 //
-//	<spec fn="process_epoch" fork="gloas" hash="393b69ef">
+//	<spec fn="process_epoch" fork="gloas" hash="bf3575a9">
 //	def process_epoch(state: BeaconState) -> None:
 //	    process_justification_and_finalization(state)
 //	    process_inactivity_updates(state)
@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@ func gloasOperations(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState, block interfaces
 //	    process_participation_flag_updates(state)
 //	    process_sync_committee_updates(state)
 //	    process_proposer_lookahead(state)
+//	    # [New in Gloas:EIP7732]
+//	    process_ptc_window(state)
 //	</spec>
 func processEpochGloas(ctx context.Context, state state.BeaconState) error {
 	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "gloas.ProcessEpoch")
@@ -222,5 +224,5 @@ func processEpochGloas(ctx context.Context, state state.BeaconState) error {
 	if err := fulu.ProcessProposerLookahead(ctx, state); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return nil
+	return gloas.ProcessPTCWindow(ctx, state)
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/core/transition/state-bellatrix.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/transition/state-bellatrix.go
@@ -120,7 +120,8 @@ func OptimizedGenesisBeaconStateBellatrix(genesisTime uint64, preState state.Bea

 	slashings := make([]uint64, params.BeaconConfig().EpochsPerSlashingsVector)

-	genesisValidatorsRoot, err := stateutil.ValidatorRegistryRoot(preState.Validators())
+	compactValidators := stateutil.CompactValidatorsFromProto(preState.Validators())
+	genesisValidatorsRoot, err := stateutil.ValidatorRegistryRoot(compactValidators)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "could not hash tree root genesis validators %v", err)
 	}
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ func OptimizedGenesisBeaconStateBellatrix(genesisTime uint64, preState state.Bea
 		BodyRoot:   bodyRoot[:],
 	}

-	ist, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoBellatrix(st)
+	ist, err := state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeBellatrix(st)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -276,5 +277,5 @@ func EmptyGenesisStateBellatrix() (state.BeaconState, error) {
 		},
 	}

-	return state_native.InitializeFromProtoBellatrix(st)
+	return state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafeBellatrix(st)
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/core/transition/state.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/transition/state.go
@@ -147,7 +147,8 @@ func OptimizedGenesisBeaconState(genesisTime uint64, preState state.BeaconState,

 	slashings := make([]uint64, params.BeaconConfig().EpochsPerSlashingsVector)

-	genesisValidatorsRoot, err := stateutil.ValidatorRegistryRoot(preState.Validators())
+	compactValidators := stateutil.CompactValidatorsFromProto(preState.Validators())
+	genesisValidatorsRoot, err := stateutil.ValidatorRegistryRoot(compactValidators)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "could not hash tree root genesis validators %v", err)
 	}
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ func OptimizedGenesisBeaconState(genesisTime uint64, preState state.BeaconState,
 		BodyRoot:   bodyRoot[:],
 	}

-	return state_native.InitializeFromProtoPhase0(st)
+	return state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafePhase0(st)
 }

 // EmptyGenesisState returns an empty beacon state object.
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ func EmptyGenesisState() (state.BeaconState, error) {
 		Eth1DataVotes:    []*ethpb.Eth1Data{},
 		Eth1DepositIndex: 0,
 	}
-	return state_native.InitializeFromProtoPhase0(st)
+	return state_native.InitializeFromProtoUnsafePhase0(st)
 }

 // IsValidGenesisState gets called whenever there's a deposit event,
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More