verbose logs on attestations

Use correct fork and genesis root to verify bid (#11176 )
Update E2E (#11140 )
2026-01-10 05:47:59 -05:00 · 2022-08-08 10:35:28 -03:00 · 2022-08-05 18:55:55 +00:00 · 2022-08-05 13:01:47 +00:00 · 2022-08-05 11:39:47 +00:00 · 2022-08-05 10:52:02 +00:00
1028 changed files with 40014 additions and 21403 deletions
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ deps.bzl @prysmaticlabs/core-team

 # Radek and Nishant are responsible for changes that can affect the native state feature.
 # See https://www.notion.so/prysmaticlabs/Native-Beacon-State-Redesign-6cc9744b4ec1439bb34fa829b36a35c1
-/beacon-chain/state/fieldtrie/ @rkapka @nisdas
-/beacon-chain/state/v1/ @rkapka @nisdas
-/beacon-chain/state/v2/ @rkapka @nisdas
-/beacon-chain/state/v3/ @rkapka @nisdas
-/beacon-chain/state/state-native/ @rkapka @nisdas
+/beacon-chain/state/fieldtrie/ @rkapka @nisdas @rauljordan
+/beacon-chain/state/v1/ @rkapka @nisdas @rauljordan
+/beacon-chain/state/v2/ @rkapka @nisdas @rauljordan
+/beacon-chain/state/v3/ @rkapka @nisdas @rauljordan
+/beacon-chain/state/state-native/ @rkapka @nisdas @rauljordan
--- a/.github/workflows/go.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/go.yml
@@ -62,11 +62,9 @@ jobs:
          id: go

      - name: Golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v2
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v3
        with:
-          args: --print-issued-lines --sort-results --no-config --timeout=10m --disable-all -E deadcode  -E errcheck -E gosimple --skip-files=validator/web/site_data.go --skip-dirs=proto --go=1.18
-          version: v1.45.2
-          skip-go-installation: true
+          version: v1.47.2

  build:
    name: Build
@@ -88,11 +86,14 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build
        # Use blst tag to allow go and bazel builds for blst.
        run: go build -v ./...
-
-        # fuzz and blst_disabled leverage go tag based stubs at compile time.
-        # Building with these tags should be checked and enforced at pre-submit.
-      - name: Build for fuzzing
-        run: go build -tags=fuzz,blst_disabled ./... 
+        env: 
+           CGO_CFLAGS: "-O -D__BLST_PORTABLE__"
+        # fuzz leverage go tag based stubs at compile time.
+        # Building and testing with these tags should be checked and enforced at pre-submit.
+      - name: Test for fuzzing
+        run: go test  -tags=fuzz,develop ./...  -test.run=^Fuzz
+        env: 
+           CGO_CFLAGS: "-O -D__BLST_PORTABLE__"

 # Tests run via Bazel for now...
 #      - name: Test
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -35,3 +35,6 @@ bin

 # p2p metaData
 metaData
+
+# execution API authentication
+jwt.hex
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -1,69 +1,26 @@
-linters-settings:
-  govet:
-    check-shadowing: true
-    settings:
-      printf:
-        funcs:
-          - (github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/pkg/logutils.Log).Infof
-          - (github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/pkg/logutils.Log).Warnf
-          - (github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/pkg/logutils.Log).Errorf
-          - (github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/pkg/logutils.Log).Fatalf
-  golint:
-    min-confidence: 0
-  gocyclo:
-    min-complexity: 10
-  maligned:
-    suggest-new: true
-  dupl:
-    threshold: 100
-  goconst:
-    min-len: 2
-    min-occurrences: 2
-  depguard:
-    list-type: blacklist
-    packages:
-      # logging is allowed only by logutils.Log, logrus
-      # is allowed to use only in logutils package
-      - github.com/sirupsen/logrus
-  misspell:
-    locale: US
-  lll:
-    line-length: 140
-  goimports:
-    local-prefixes: github.com/golangci/golangci-lint
-  gocritic:
-    enabled-tags:
-      - performance
-      - style
-      - experimental
-    disabled-checks:
-      - wrapperFunc
+run:
+  skip-files:
+    - validator/web/site_data.go
+    - .*_test.go
+  skip-dirs:
+    - proto
+    - tools/analyzers
+  timeout: 10m
+  go: '1.18'

 linters:
+  disable-all: true
  enable:
    - deadcode
-    - goconst
-    - goimports
-    - golint
-    - gosec
-    - misspell
-    - structcheck
-    - typecheck
-    - unparam
-    - varcheck
-    - gofmt
-    - unused
-  disable-all: true
+    - errcheck
+    - gosimple
+    - gocognit

-run:
-  skip-dirs:
-    - proto/
-    - ^contracts/
-  deadline: 10m
+linters-settings:
+  gocognit:
+    # TODO: We should target for < 50
+    min-complexity: 65

-# golangci.com configuration
-# https://github.com/golangci/golangci/wiki/Configuration
-service:
-  golangci-lint-version: 1.15.0 # use the fixed version to not introduce new linters unexpectedly
-  prepare:
-    - echo "here I can run custom commands, but no preparation needed for this repo"
+output:
+  print-issued-lines: true
+  sort-results: true
--- a/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/BUILD.bazel
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ nogo(
        "//tools/analyzers/gocognit:go_default_library",
        "//tools/analyzers/ineffassign:go_default_library",
        "//tools/analyzers/interfacechecker:go_default_library",
+        "//tools/analyzers/logruswitherror:go_default_library",
        "//tools/analyzers/maligned:go_default_library",
        "//tools/analyzers/nop:go_default_library",
        "//tools/analyzers/properpermissions:go_default_library",
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@

 [![Build status](https://badge.buildkite.com/b555891daf3614bae4284dcf365b2340cefc0089839526f096.svg?branch=master)](https://buildkite.com/prysmatic-labs/prysm)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm)
-[![Consensus_Spec_Version 1.1.10](https://img.shields.io/badge/Consensus%20Spec%20Version-v1.1.10-blue.svg)](https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/tree/v1.1.10)
+[![Consensus_Spec_Version 1.2.0-rc.1](https://img.shields.io/badge/Consensus%20Spec%20Version-v1.2.0.rc.1-blue.svg)](https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-specs/tree/v1.2.0-rc.1)
+[![Execution_API_Version 1.0.0-alpha.9](https://img.shields.io/badge/Execution%20API%20Version-v1.0.0.alpha.9-blue.svg)](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/tree/v1.0.0-alpha.9/src/engine)
 [![Discord](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7288322/34471967-1df7808a-efbb-11e7-9088-ed0b04151291.png)](https://discord.gg/CTYGPUJ)
+[![GitPOAP Badge](https://public-api.gitpoap.io/v1/repo/prysmaticlabs/prysm/badge)](https://www.gitpoap.io/gh/prysmaticlabs/prysm)

 This is the core repository for Prysm, a [Golang](https://golang.org/) implementation of the [Ethereum Consensus](https://ethereum.org/en/eth2/) specification, developed by [Prysmatic Labs](https://prysmaticlabs.com). See the [Changelog](https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/releases) for details of the latest releases and upcoming breaking changes.

--- a/24
+++ b/24
@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ http_archive(
        # Expose internals of go_test for custom build transitions.
        "//third_party:io_bazel_rules_go_test.patch",
    ],
-    sha256 = "f2dcd210c7095febe54b804bb1cd3a58fe8435a909db2ec04e31542631cf715c",
+    sha256 = "16e9fca53ed6bd4ff4ad76facc9b7b651a89db1689a2877d6fd7b82aa824e366",
    urls = [
-        "https://mirror.bazel.build/github.com/bazelbuild/rules_go/releases/download/v0.31.0/rules_go-v0.31.0.zip",
-        "https://github.com/bazelbuild/rules_go/releases/download/v0.31.0/rules_go-v0.31.0.zip",
+        "https://mirror.bazel.build/github.com/bazelbuild/rules_go/releases/download/v0.34.0/rules_go-v0.34.0.zip",
+        "https://github.com/bazelbuild/rules_go/releases/download/v0.34.0/rules_go-v0.34.0.zip",
    ],
 )

@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ load("@io_bazel_rules_go//go:deps.bzl", "go_register_toolchains", "go_rules_depe
 go_rules_dependencies()

 go_register_toolchains(
-    go_version = "1.18.1",
+    go_version = "1.18.5",
    nogo = "@//:nogo",
 )

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ filegroup(
    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
 )
    """,
-    sha256 = "57120e8e2d5aaec956fc6a25ddc58fae2477f5b3ac7789174cf5ac1106dcc151",
+    sha256 = "9c93f87378aaa6d6fe1c67b396eac2aacc9594af2a83f028cb99c95dea5b81df",
    url = "https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-spec-tests/releases/download/%s/general.tar.gz" % consensus_spec_version,
 )

@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ filegroup(
    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
 )
    """,
-    sha256 = "aa46676b26c173274ec8ea8756ae3072474b73ef7ccc7414d4026884810d8de2",
+    sha256 = "52f2c52415228cee8a4de5a09abff785f439a77dfef8f03e834e4e16857673c1",
    url = "https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-spec-tests/releases/download/%s/minimal.tar.gz" % consensus_spec_version,
 )

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ filegroup(
    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
 )
    """,
-    sha256 = "d7dba93110cf35d9575ce21af6b7c3989f4aba621a9749bc090bca216e0345f7",
+    sha256 = "022dcc0d6de7dd27b337a0d1b945077eaf5ee47000700395a693fc25e12f96df",
    url = "https://github.com/ethereum/consensus-spec-tests/releases/download/%s/mainnet.tar.gz" % consensus_spec_version,
 )

@@ -309,9 +309,9 @@ filegroup(
    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
 )
    """,
-    sha256 = "4e8a18b21d056c4032605621b1a6632198eabab57cb90c61e273f344c287f1b2",
-    strip_prefix = "eth2-networks-791a5369c5981e829698b17fbcdcdacbdaba97c8",
-    url = "https://github.com/eth-clients/eth2-networks/archive/791a5369c5981e829698b17fbcdcdacbdaba97c8.tar.gz",
+    sha256 = "126b615e3853e29b61f082f6c89c8bc1c38cd92fb84b0004396fc49e7acc8d9f",
+    strip_prefix = "eth2-networks-f3ccbe0cf5798d5cd23e4e6e7119aefa043c0935",
+    url = "https://github.com/eth-clients/eth2-networks/archive/f3ccbe0cf5798d5cd23e4e6e7119aefa043c0935.tar.gz",
 )

 http_archive(
@@ -342,9 +342,9 @@ filegroup(
    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
 )
 """,
-    sha256 = "4797a7e594a5b1f4c1c8080701613f3ee451b01ec0861499ea7d9b60877a6b23",
+    sha256 = "98013b40922e54a64996da49b939e0a88fe2456f68eedc5aee4ceba0f8623f71",
    urls = [
-        "https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm-web-ui/releases/download/v1.0.3/prysm-web-ui.tar.gz",
+        "https://github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm-web-ui/releases/download/v2.0.0/prysm-web-ui.tar.gz",
    ],
 )

--- a/api/client/beacon/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/api/client/beacon/BUILD.bazel
@@ -40,8 +40,9 @@ go_test(
    deps = [
        "//beacon-chain/state:go_default_library",
        "//config/params:go_default_library",
+        "//consensus-types/blocks:go_default_library",
+        "//consensus-types/blocks/testing:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
-        "//consensus-types/wrapper:go_default_library",
        "//encoding/ssz/detect:go_default_library",
        "//network/forks:go_default_library",
        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
--- a/api/client/beacon/checkpoint.go
+++ b/api/client/beacon/checkpoint.go
@@ -26,69 +26,126 @@ type OriginData struct {
 	bb  []byte
 	st  state.BeaconState
 	b   interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock
-	cf  *detect.VersionedUnmarshaler
-}
-
-// CheckpointString returns the standard string representation of a Checkpoint for the block root and epoch for the
-// SignedBeaconBlock value found by DownloadOriginData.
-// The format is a a hex-encoded block root, followed by the epoch of the block, separated by a colon. For example:
-// "0x1c35540cac127315fabb6bf29181f2ae0de1a3fc909d2e76ba771e61312cc49a:74888"
-func (od *OriginData) CheckpointString() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%#x:%d", od.wsd.BlockRoot, od.wsd.Epoch)
+	vu  *detect.VersionedUnmarshaler
+	br  [32]byte
+	sr  [32]byte
 }

 // SaveBlock saves the downloaded block to a unique file in the given path.
 // For readability and collision avoidance, the file name includes: type, config name, slot and root
-func (od *OriginData) SaveBlock(dir string) (string, error) {
-	blockPath := path.Join(dir, fname("block", od.cf, od.b.Block().Slot(), od.wsd.BlockRoot))
-	return blockPath, file.WriteFile(blockPath, od.BlockBytes())
+func (o *OriginData) SaveBlock(dir string) (string, error) {
+	blockPath := path.Join(dir, fname("block", o.vu, o.b.Block().Slot(), o.br))
+	return blockPath, file.WriteFile(blockPath, o.BlockBytes())
 }

 // SaveState saves the downloaded state to a unique file in the given path.
 // For readability and collision avoidance, the file name includes: type, config name, slot and root
-func (od *OriginData) SaveState(dir string) (string, error) {
-	statePath := path.Join(dir, fname("state", od.cf, od.st.Slot(), od.wsd.StateRoot))
-	return statePath, file.WriteFile(statePath, od.StateBytes())
+func (o *OriginData) SaveState(dir string) (string, error) {
+	statePath := path.Join(dir, fname("state", o.vu, o.st.Slot(), o.sr))
+	return statePath, file.WriteFile(statePath, o.StateBytes())
 }

 // StateBytes returns the ssz-encoded bytes of the downloaded BeaconState value.
-func (od *OriginData) StateBytes() []byte {
-	return od.sb
+func (o *OriginData) StateBytes() []byte {
+	return o.sb
 }

 // BlockBytes returns the ssz-encoded bytes of the downloaded SignedBeaconBlock value.
-func (od *OriginData) BlockBytes() []byte {
-	return od.bb
+func (o *OriginData) BlockBytes() []byte {
+	return o.bb
 }

-func fname(prefix string, cf *detect.VersionedUnmarshaler, slot types.Slot, root [32]byte) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s_%s_%d-%#x.ssz", prefix, cf.Config.ConfigName, version.String(cf.Fork), slot, root)
+func fname(prefix string, vu *detect.VersionedUnmarshaler, slot types.Slot, root [32]byte) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s_%s_%d-%#x.ssz", prefix, vu.Config.ConfigName, version.String(vu.Fork), slot, root)
 }

-// this method downloads the head state, which can be used to find the correct chain config
-// and use prysm's helper methods to compute the latest weak subjectivity epoch.
-func getWeakSubjectivityEpochFromHead(ctx context.Context, client *Client) (types.Epoch, error) {
-	headBytes, err := client.GetState(ctx, IdHead)
+// DownloadFinalizedData downloads the most recently finalized state, and the block most recently applied to that state.
+// This pair can be used to initialize a new beacon node via checkpoint sync.
+func DownloadFinalizedData(ctx context.Context, client *Client) (*OriginData, error) {
+	sb, err := client.GetState(ctx, IdFinalized)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	cf, err := detect.FromState(headBytes)
+	vu, err := detect.FromState(sb)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "error detecting chain config for beacon state")
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error detecting chain config for finalized state")
 	}
-	log.Printf("detected supported config in remote head state, name=%s, fork=%s", cf.Config.ConfigName, version.String(cf.Fork))
-	headState, err := cf.UnmarshalBeaconState(headBytes)
+	log.Printf("detected supported config in remote finalized state, name=%s, fork=%s", vu.Config.ConfigName, version.String(vu.Fork))
+	s, err := vu.UnmarshalBeaconState(sb)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "error unmarshaling state to correct version")
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error unmarshaling finalized state to correct version")
 	}

-	epoch, err := helpers.LatestWeakSubjectivityEpoch(ctx, headState, cf.Config)
+	sr, err := s.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "error computing the weak subjectivity epoch from head state")
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to compute htr for finalized state at slot=%d", s.Slot())
+	}
+	header := s.LatestBlockHeader()
+	header.StateRoot = sr[:]
+	br, err := header.HashTreeRoot()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error while computing block root using state data")
 	}

-	log.Printf("(computed client-side) weak subjectivity epoch = %d", epoch)
-	return epoch, nil
+	bb, err := client.GetBlock(ctx, IdFromRoot(br))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error requesting block by root = %#x", br)
+	}
+	b, err := vu.UnmarshalBeaconBlock(bb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unable to unmarshal block to a supported type using the detected fork schedule")
+	}
+	realBlockRoot, err := b.Block().HashTreeRoot()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error computing hash_tree_root of retrieved block")
+	}
+
+	log.Printf("BeaconState slot=%d, Block slot=%d", s.Slot(), b.Block().Slot())
+	log.Printf("BeaconState htr=%#xd, Block state_root=%#x", sr, b.Block().StateRoot())
+	log.Printf("BeaconState latest_block_header htr=%#xd, block htr=%#x", br, realBlockRoot)
+	return &OriginData{
+		st: s,
+		b:  b,
+		sb: sb,
+		bb: bb,
+		vu: vu,
+		br: br,
+		sr: sr,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// WeakSubjectivityData represents the state root, block root and epoch of the BeaconState + SignedBeaconBlock
+// that falls at the beginning of the current weak subjectivity period. These values can be used to construct
+// a weak subjectivity checkpoint beacon node flag to be used for validation.
+type WeakSubjectivityData struct {
+	BlockRoot [32]byte
+	StateRoot [32]byte
+	Epoch     types.Epoch
+}
+
+// CheckpointString returns the standard string representation of a Checkpoint.
+// The format is a a hex-encoded block root, followed by the epoch of the block, separated by a colon. For example:
+// "0x1c35540cac127315fabb6bf29181f2ae0de1a3fc909d2e76ba771e61312cc49a:74888"
+func (wsd *WeakSubjectivityData) CheckpointString() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%#x:%d", wsd.BlockRoot, wsd.Epoch)
+}
+
+// ComputeWeakSubjectivityCheckpoint attempts to use the prysm weak_subjectivity api
+// to obtain the current weak_subjectivity checkpoint.
+// For non-prysm nodes, the same computation will be performed with extra steps,
+// using the head state downloaded from the beacon node api.
+func ComputeWeakSubjectivityCheckpoint(ctx context.Context, client *Client) (*WeakSubjectivityData, error) {
+	ws, err := client.GetWeakSubjectivity(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		// a 404/405 is expected if querying an endpoint that doesn't support the weak subjectivity checkpoint api
+		if !errors.Is(err, ErrNotOK) {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unexpected API response for prysm-only weak subjectivity checkpoint API")
+		}
+		// fall back to vanilla Beacon Node API method
+		return computeBackwardsCompatible(ctx, client)
+	}
+	log.Printf("server weak subjectivity checkpoint response - epoch=%d, block_root=%#x, state_root=%#x", ws.Epoch, ws.BlockRoot, ws.StateRoot)
+	return ws, nil
 }

 const (
@@ -96,8 +153,8 @@ const (
 	prysmImplementationName = "Prysm"
 )

-// ErrUnsupportedPrysmCheckpointVersion indicates remote beacon node can't be used for checkpoint retrieval.
-var ErrUnsupportedPrysmCheckpointVersion = errors.New("node does not meet minimum version requirements for checkpoint retrieval")
+// errUnsupportedPrysmCheckpointVersion indicates remote beacon node can't be used for checkpoint retrieval.
+var errUnsupportedPrysmCheckpointVersion = errors.New("node does not meet minimum version requirements for checkpoint retrieval")

 // for older endpoints or clients that do not support the weak_subjectivity api method
 // we gather the necessary data for a checkpoint sync by:
@@ -105,14 +162,14 @@ var ErrUnsupportedPrysmCheckpointVersion = errors.New("node does not meet minimu
 // - requesting the state at the first slot of the epoch
 // - using hash_tree_root(state.latest_block_header) to compute the block the state integrates
 // - requesting that block by its root
-func downloadBackwardsCompatible(ctx context.Context, client *Client) (*OriginData, error) {
+func computeBackwardsCompatible(ctx context.Context, client *Client) (*WeakSubjectivityData, error) {
 	log.Print("falling back to generic checkpoint derivation, weak_subjectivity API not supported by server")
 	nv, err := client.GetNodeVersion(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unable to proceed with fallback method without confirming node version")
 	}
 	if nv.implementation == prysmImplementationName && semver.Compare(nv.semver, prysmMinimumVersion) < 0 {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(ErrUnsupportedPrysmCheckpointVersion, "%s < minimum (%s)", nv.semver, prysmMinimumVersion)
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(errUnsupportedPrysmCheckpointVersion, "%s < minimum (%s)", nv.semver, prysmMinimumVersion)
 	}
 	epoch, err := getWeakSubjectivityEpochFromHead(ctx, client)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -127,136 +184,78 @@ func downloadBackwardsCompatible(ctx context.Context, client *Client) (*OriginDa

 	log.Printf("requesting checkpoint state at slot %d", slot)
 	// get the state at the first slot of the epoch
-	stateBytes, err := client.GetState(ctx, IdFromSlot(slot))
+	sb, err := client.GetState(ctx, IdFromSlot(slot))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to request state by slot from api, slot=%d", slot)
 	}

 	// ConfigFork is used to unmarshal the BeaconState so we can read the block root in latest_block_header
-	cf, err := detect.FromState(stateBytes)
+	vu, err := detect.FromState(sb)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error detecting chain config for beacon state")
 	}
-	log.Printf("detected supported config in checkpoint state, name=%s, fork=%s", cf.Config.ConfigName, version.String(cf.Fork))
+	log.Printf("detected supported config in checkpoint state, name=%s, fork=%s", vu.Config.ConfigName, version.String(vu.Fork))

-	st, err := cf.UnmarshalBeaconState(stateBytes)
+	s, err := vu.UnmarshalBeaconState(sb)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error using detected config fork to unmarshal state bytes")
 	}

 	// compute state and block roots
-	stateRoot, err := st.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
+	sr, err := s.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error computing hash_tree_root of state")
 	}

-	header := st.LatestBlockHeader()
-	header.StateRoot = stateRoot[:]
-	computedBlockRoot, err := header.HashTreeRoot()
+	h := s.LatestBlockHeader()
+	h.StateRoot = sr[:]
+	br, err := h.HashTreeRoot()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error while computing block root using state data")
 	}

-	blockBytes, err := client.GetBlock(ctx, IdFromRoot(computedBlockRoot))
+	bb, err := client.GetBlock(ctx, IdFromRoot(br))
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error requesting block by root = %d", computedBlockRoot)
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error requesting block by root = %d", br)
 	}
-	block, err := cf.UnmarshalBeaconBlock(blockBytes)
+	b, err := vu.UnmarshalBeaconBlock(bb)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unable to unmarshal block to a supported type using the detected fork schedule")
 	}
-	blockRoot, err := block.Block().HashTreeRoot()
+	br, err = b.Block().HashTreeRoot()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error computing hash_tree_root for block obtained via root")
 	}

-	log.Printf("BeaconState slot=%d, Block slot=%d", st.Slot(), block.Block().Slot())
-	log.Printf("BeaconState htr=%#xd, Block state_root=%#x", stateRoot, block.Block().StateRoot())
-	log.Printf("BeaconBlock root computed from state=%#x, Block htr=%#x", computedBlockRoot, blockRoot)
-
-	return &OriginData{
-		wsd: &WeakSubjectivityData{
-			BlockRoot: blockRoot,
-			StateRoot: stateRoot,
-			Epoch:     epoch,
-		},
-		st: st,
-		sb: stateBytes,
-		b:  block,
-		bb: blockBytes,
-		cf: cf,
+	return &WeakSubjectivityData{
+		Epoch:     epoch,
+		BlockRoot: br,
+		StateRoot: sr,
 	}, nil
 }

-// DownloadOriginData attempts to use the proposed weak_subjectivity beacon node api
-// to obtain the weak_subjectivity metadata (epoch, block_root, state_root) needed to sync
-// a beacon node from the canonical weak subjectivity checkpoint. As this is a proposed API
-// that will only be supported by prysm at first, in the event of a 404 we fallback to using a
-// different technique where we first download the head state which can be used to compute the
-// weak subjectivity epoch on the client side.
-func DownloadOriginData(ctx context.Context, client *Client) (*OriginData, error) {
-	ws, err := client.GetWeakSubjectivity(ctx)
+// this method downloads the head state, which can be used to find the correct chain config
+// and use prysm's helper methods to compute the latest weak subjectivity epoch.
+func getWeakSubjectivityEpochFromHead(ctx context.Context, client *Client) (types.Epoch, error) {
+	headBytes, err := client.GetState(ctx, IdHead)
 	if err != nil {
-		// a 404/405 is expected if querying an endpoint that doesn't support the weak subjectivity checkpoint api
-		if !errors.Is(err, ErrNotOK) {
-			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unexpected API response for prysm-only weak subjectivity checkpoint API")
-		}
-		// fall back to vanilla Beacon Node API method
-		return downloadBackwardsCompatible(ctx, client)
+		return 0, err
 	}
-	log.Printf("server weak subjectivity checkpoint response - epoch=%d, block_root=%#x, state_root=%#x", ws.Epoch, ws.BlockRoot, ws.StateRoot)
-
-	// use first slot of the epoch for the block slot
-	slot, err := slots.EpochStart(ws.Epoch)
+	vu, err := detect.FromState(headBytes)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error computing first slot of epoch=%d", ws.Epoch)
+		return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "error detecting chain config for beacon state")
 	}
-	log.Printf("requesting checkpoint state at slot %d", slot)
-
-	stateBytes, err := client.GetState(ctx, IdFromSlot(slot))
+	log.Printf("detected supported config in remote head state, name=%s, fork=%s", vu.Config.ConfigName, version.String(vu.Fork))
+	headState, err := vu.UnmarshalBeaconState(headBytes)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to request state by slot from api, slot=%d", slot)
-	}
-	cf, err := detect.FromState(stateBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error detecting chain config for beacon state")
-	}
-	log.Printf("detected supported config in checkpoint state, name=%s, fork=%s", cf.Config.ConfigName, version.String(cf.Fork))
-
-	state, err := cf.UnmarshalBeaconState(stateBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error using detected config fork to unmarshal state bytes")
-	}
-	stateRoot, err := state.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to compute htr for state at slot=%d", slot)
+		return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "error unmarshaling state to correct version")
 	}

-	blockRoot, err := state.LatestBlockHeader().HashTreeRoot()
+	epoch, err := helpers.LatestWeakSubjectivityEpoch(ctx, headState, vu.Config)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error computing hash_tree_root of latest_block_header")
+		return 0, errors.Wrap(err, "error computing the weak subjectivity epoch from head state")
 	}
-	blockBytes, err := client.GetBlock(ctx, IdFromRoot(ws.BlockRoot))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error requesting block by slot = %d", slot)
-	}
-	block, err := cf.UnmarshalBeaconBlock(blockBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unable to unmarshal block to a supported type using the detected fork schedule")
-	}
-	realBlockRoot, err := block.Block().HashTreeRoot()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error computing hash_tree_root of retrieved block")
-	}
-	log.Printf("BeaconState slot=%d, Block slot=%d", state.Slot(), block.Block().Slot())
-	log.Printf("BeaconState htr=%#xd, Block state_root=%#x", stateRoot, block.Block().StateRoot())
-	log.Printf("BeaconState latest_block_header htr=%#xd, block htr=%#x", blockRoot, realBlockRoot)
-	return &OriginData{
-		wsd: ws,
-		st:  state,
-		b:   block,
-		sb:  stateBytes,
-		bb:  blockBytes,
-		cf:  cf,
-	}, nil
+
+	log.Printf("(computed client-side) weak subjectivity epoch = %d", epoch)
+	return epoch, nil
 }
--- a/api/client/beacon/checkpoint_test.go
+++ b/api/client/beacon/checkpoint_test.go
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"testing"

-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
-
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
+	blocktest "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks/testing"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/network/forks"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/util"
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ func TestFallbackVersionCheck(t *testing.T) {
 	}}

 	ctx := context.Background()
-	_, err := DownloadOriginData(ctx, c)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUnsupportedPrysmCheckpointVersion)
+	_, err := ComputeWeakSubjectivityCheckpoint(ctx, c)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, errUnsupportedPrysmCheckpointVersion)
 }

 func TestFname(t *testing.T) {
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ func TestFname(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
 }

-func TestDownloadOriginData(t *testing.T) {
+func TestDownloadWeakSubjectivityCheckpoint(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	cfg := params.MainnetConfig()
+	cfg := params.MainnetConfig().Copy()

 	epoch := cfg.AltairForkEpoch - 1
 	// set up checkpoint state, using the epoch that will be computed as the ws checkpoint state based on the head state
@@ -134,10 +134,14 @@ func TestDownloadOriginData(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, wst.SetFork(fork))

 	// set up checkpoint block
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
-	require.NoError(t, wrapper.SetBlockParentRoot(b, cfg.ZeroHash))
-	require.NoError(t, wrapper.SetBlockSlot(b, wSlot))
-	require.NoError(t, wrapper.SetProposerIndex(b, 0))
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	b, err = blocktest.SetBlockParentRoot(b, cfg.ZeroHash)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	b, err = blocktest.SetBlockSlot(b, wSlot)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	b, err = blocktest.SetProposerIndex(b, 0)
+	require.NoError(t, err)

 	// set up state header pointing at checkpoint block - this is how the block is downloaded by root
 	header, err := b.Header()
@@ -151,7 +155,8 @@ func TestDownloadOriginData(t *testing.T) {
 	wRoot, err := wst.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	require.NoError(t, wrapper.SetBlockStateRoot(b, wRoot))
+	b, err = blocktest.SetBlockStateRoot(b, wRoot)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	serBlock, err := b.MarshalSSZ()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	bRoot, err := b.Block().HashTreeRoot()
@@ -204,19 +209,15 @@ func TestDownloadOriginData(t *testing.T) {
 		baseURL: &url.URL{Host: "localhost:3500", Scheme: "http"},
 	}

-	od, err := DownloadOriginData(ctx, c)
+	wsd, err := ComputeWeakSubjectivityCheckpoint(ctx, c)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, expectedWSD.Epoch, od.wsd.Epoch)
-	require.Equal(t, expectedWSD.StateRoot, od.wsd.StateRoot)
-	require.Equal(t, expectedWSD.BlockRoot, od.wsd.BlockRoot)
-	require.DeepEqual(t, wsSerialized, od.sb)
-	require.DeepEqual(t, serBlock, od.bb)
-	require.DeepEqual(t, wst.Fork().CurrentVersion, od.cf.Version[:])
-	require.DeepEqual(t, version.Phase0, od.cf.Fork)
+	require.Equal(t, expectedWSD.Epoch, wsd.Epoch)
+	require.Equal(t, expectedWSD.StateRoot, wsd.StateRoot)
+	require.Equal(t, expectedWSD.BlockRoot, wsd.BlockRoot)
 }

-// runs downloadBackwardsCompatible directly
-// and via DownloadOriginData with a round tripper that triggers the backwards compatible code path
+// runs computeBackwardsCompatible directly
+// and via ComputeWeakSubjectivityCheckpoint with a round tripper that triggers the backwards compatible code path
 func TestDownloadBackwardsCompatibleCombined(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	cfg := params.MainnetConfig()
@@ -234,10 +235,14 @@ func TestDownloadBackwardsCompatibleCombined(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, wst.SetFork(fork))

 	// set up checkpoint block
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
-	require.NoError(t, wrapper.SetBlockParentRoot(b, cfg.ZeroHash))
-	require.NoError(t, wrapper.SetBlockSlot(b, wSlot))
-	require.NoError(t, wrapper.SetProposerIndex(b, 0))
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	b, err = blocktest.SetBlockParentRoot(b, cfg.ZeroHash)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	b, err = blocktest.SetBlockSlot(b, wSlot)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	b, err = blocktest.SetProposerIndex(b, 0)
+	require.NoError(t, err)

 	// set up state header pointing at checkpoint block - this is how the block is downloaded by root
 	header, err := b.Header()
@@ -251,7 +256,8 @@ func TestDownloadBackwardsCompatibleCombined(t *testing.T) {
 	wRoot, err := wst.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	require.NoError(t, wrapper.SetBlockStateRoot(b, wRoot))
+	b, err = blocktest.SetBlockStateRoot(b, wRoot)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	serBlock, err := b.MarshalSSZ()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	bRoot, err := b.Block().HashTreeRoot()
@@ -297,16 +303,12 @@ func TestDownloadBackwardsCompatibleCombined(t *testing.T) {
 		baseURL: &url.URL{Host: "localhost:3500", Scheme: "http"},
 	}

-	odPub, err := DownloadOriginData(ctx, c)
+	wsPub, err := ComputeWeakSubjectivityCheckpoint(ctx, c)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	odPriv, err := downloadBackwardsCompatible(ctx, c)
+	wsPriv, err := computeBackwardsCompatible(ctx, c)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.DeepEqual(t, odPriv.wsd, odPub.wsd)
-	require.DeepEqual(t, odPriv.sb, odPub.sb)
-	require.DeepEqual(t, odPriv.bb, odPub.bb)
-	require.DeepEqual(t, odPriv.cf.Fork, odPub.cf.Fork)
-	require.DeepEqual(t, odPriv.cf.Version, odPub.cf.Version)
+	require.DeepEqual(t, wsPriv, wsPub)
 }

 func TestGetWeakSubjectivityEpochFromHead(t *testing.T) {
@@ -402,3 +404,99 @@ func populateValidators(cfg *params.BeaconChainConfig, st state.BeaconState, val

 	return nil
 }
+
+func TestDownloadFinalizedData(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	cfg := params.MainnetConfig().Copy()
+
+	// avoid the altair zone because genesis tests are easier to set up
+	epoch := cfg.AltairForkEpoch - 1
+	// set up checkpoint state, using the epoch that will be computed as the ws checkpoint state based on the head state
+	slot, err := slots.EpochStart(epoch)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	st, err := util.NewBeaconState()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	fork, err := forkForEpoch(cfg, epoch)
+	require.NoError(t, st.SetFork(fork))
+
+	// set up checkpoint block
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	b, err = blocktest.SetBlockParentRoot(b, cfg.ZeroHash)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	b, err = blocktest.SetBlockSlot(b, slot)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	b, err = blocktest.SetProposerIndex(b, 0)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// set up state header pointing at checkpoint block - this is how the block is downloaded by root
+	header, err := b.Header()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, st.SetLatestBlockHeader(header.Header))
+
+	// order of operations can be confusing here:
+	// - when computing the state root, make sure block header is complete, EXCEPT the state root should be zero-value
+	// - before computing the block root (to match the request route), the block should include the state root
+	//   *computed from the state with a header that does not have a state root set yet*
+	sr, err := st.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	b, err = blocktest.SetBlockStateRoot(b, sr)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	mb, err := b.MarshalSSZ()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	br, err := b.Block().HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	ms, err := st.MarshalSSZ()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	hc := &http.Client{
+		Transport: &testRT{rt: func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			res := &http.Response{Request: req}
+			switch req.URL.Path {
+			case renderGetStatePath(IdFinalized):
+				res.StatusCode = http.StatusOK
+				res.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBuffer(ms))
+			case renderGetBlockPath(IdFromRoot(br)):
+				res.StatusCode = http.StatusOK
+				res.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBuffer(mb))
+			default:
+				res.StatusCode = http.StatusInternalServerError
+				res.Body = io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(""))
+			}
+
+			return res, nil
+		}},
+	}
+	c := &Client{
+		hc:      hc,
+		baseURL: &url.URL{Host: "localhost:3500", Scheme: "http"},
+	}
+
+	// sanity check before we go through checkpoint
+	// make sure we can download the state and unmarshal it with the VersionedUnmarshaler
+	sb, err := c.GetState(ctx, IdFinalized)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, true, bytes.Equal(sb, ms))
+	vu, err := detect.FromState(sb)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	us, err := vu.UnmarshalBeaconState(sb)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ushtr, err := us.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, sr, ushtr)
+
+	expected := &OriginData{
+		sb: ms,
+		bb: mb,
+		br: br,
+		sr: sr,
+	}
+	od, err := DownloadFinalizedData(ctx, c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, true, bytes.Equal(expected.sb, od.sb))
+	require.Equal(t, true, bytes.Equal(expected.bb, od.bb))
+	require.Equal(t, expected.br, od.br)
+	require.Equal(t, expected.sr, od.sr)
+}
--- a/api/client/beacon/client.go
+++ b/api/client/beacon/client.go
@@ -46,8 +46,9 @@ const (
 type StateOrBlockId string

 const (
-	IdGenesis StateOrBlockId = "genesis"
-	IdHead    StateOrBlockId = "head"
+	IdGenesis   StateOrBlockId = "genesis"
+	IdHead      StateOrBlockId = "head"
+	IdFinalized StateOrBlockId = "finalized"
 )

 var ErrMalformedHostname = errors.New("hostname must include port, separated by one colon, like example.com:3500")
@@ -344,16 +345,6 @@ func (c *Client) GetWeakSubjectivity(ctx context.Context) (*WeakSubjectivityData
 	}, nil
 }

-// WeakSubjectivityData represents the state root, block root and epoch of the BeaconState + SignedBeaconBlock
-// that falls at the beginning of the current weak subjectivity period. These values can be used to construct
-// a weak subjectivity checkpoint, or to download a BeaconState+SignedBeaconBlock pair that can be used to bootstrap
-// a new Beacon Node using Checkpoint Sync.
-type WeakSubjectivityData struct {
-	BlockRoot [32]byte
-	StateRoot [32]byte
-	Epoch     types.Epoch
-}
-
 func non200Err(response *http.Response) error {
 	bodyBytes, err := io.ReadAll(response.Body)
 	var body string
--- a/api/client/builder/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/api/client/builder/BUILD.bazel
@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@ go_library(
    deps = [
        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
        "//encoding/bytesutil:go_default_library",
+        "//monitoring/tracing:go_default_library",
        "//proto/engine/v1:go_default_library",
        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_ethereum_go_ethereum//common/hexutil:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_pkg_errors//:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_sirupsen_logrus//:go_default_library",
+        "@io_opencensus_go//trace:go_default_library",
    ],
 )

@@ -29,13 +31,14 @@ go_test(
    data = glob(["testdata/**"]),
    embed = [":go_default_library"],
    deps = [
-        "//config/fieldparams:go_default_library",
+        "//config/params:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
        "//encoding/bytesutil:go_default_library",
        "//proto/engine/v1:go_default_library",
        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
        "//testing/require:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_ethereum_go_ethereum//common/hexutil:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_golang_protobuf//proto:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_prysmaticlabs_go_bitfield//:go_default_library",
    ],
 )
--- a/api/client/builder/client.go
+++ b/api/client/builder/client.go
@@ -12,12 +12,13 @@ import (
 	"text/template"
 	"time"

-	v1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
-	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
-
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/monitoring/tracing"
+	v1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
+	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
 )

 const (
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ const (
 )

 var errMalformedHostname = errors.New("hostname must include port, separated by one colon, like example.com:3500")
+var errMalformedRequest = errors.New("required request data are missing")

 // ClientOpt is a functional option for the Client type (http.Client wrapper)
 type ClientOpt func(*Client)
@@ -127,37 +129,51 @@ func (c *Client) NodeURL() string {

 type reqOption func(*http.Request)

-// do is a generic, opinionated GET function to reduce boilerplate amongst the getters in this packageapi/client/builder/types.go.
-func (c *Client) do(ctx context.Context, method string, path string, body io.Reader, opts ...reqOption) ([]byte, error) {
+// do is a generic, opinionated request function to reduce boilerplate amongst the methods in this package api/client/builder/types.go.
+func (c *Client) do(ctx context.Context, method string, path string, body io.Reader, opts ...reqOption) (res []byte, err error) {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "builder.client.do")
+	defer func() {
+		tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		span.End()
+	}()
+
 	u := c.baseURL.ResolveReference(&url.URL{Path: path})
-	log.Printf("requesting %s", u.String())
+
+	span.AddAttributes(trace.StringAttribute("url", u.String()),
+		trace.StringAttribute("method", method))
+
 	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, method, u.String(), body)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return
 	}
 	for _, o := range opts {
 		o(req)
 	}
 	for _, o := range c.obvs {
-		if err := o.observe(req); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+		if err = o.observe(req); err != nil {
+			return
 		}
 	}
 	r, err := c.hc.Do(req)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		err = r.Body.Close()
+		closeErr := r.Body.Close()
+		if closeErr != nil {
+			log.WithError(closeErr).Error("Failed to close response body")
+		}
 	}()
 	if r.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return nil, non200Err(r)
+		err = non200Err(r)
+		return
 	}
-	b, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+	res, err = io.ReadAll(r.Body)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "error reading http response body from GetBlock")
+		err = errors.Wrap(err, "error reading http response body from builder server")
+		return
 	}
-	return b, nil
+	return
 }

 var execHeaderTemplate = template.Must(template.New("").Parse(getExecHeaderPath))
@@ -199,12 +215,27 @@ func (c *Client) GetHeader(ctx context.Context, slot types.Slot, parentHash [32]

 // RegisterValidator encodes the SignedValidatorRegistrationV1 message to json (including hex-encoding the byte
 // fields with 0x prefixes) and posts to the builder validator registration endpoint.
-func (c *Client) RegisterValidator(ctx context.Context, svr *ethpb.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1) error {
-	v := &SignedValidatorRegistration{SignedValidatorRegistrationV1: svr}
-	body, err := json.Marshal(v)
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "error encoding the SignedValidatorRegistration value body in RegisterValidator")
+func (c *Client) RegisterValidator(ctx context.Context, svr []*ethpb.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1) error {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "builder.client.RegisterValidator")
+	defer span.End()
+	span.AddAttributes(trace.Int64Attribute("num_reqs", int64(len(svr))))
+
+	if len(svr) == 0 {
+		err := errors.Wrap(errMalformedRequest, "empty validator registration list")
+		tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		return err
 	}
+	vs := make([]*SignedValidatorRegistration, len(svr))
+	for i := 0; i < len(svr); i++ {
+		vs[i] = &SignedValidatorRegistration{SignedValidatorRegistrationV1: svr[i]}
+	}
+	body, err := json.Marshal(vs)
+	if err != nil {
+		err := errors.Wrap(err, "error encoding the SignedValidatorRegistration value body in RegisterValidator")
+		tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+		return err
+	}
+
 	_, err = c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, postRegisterValidatorPath, bytes.NewBuffer(body))
 	return err
 }
--- a/api/client/builder/client_test.go
+++ b/api/client/builder/client_test.go
@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/go-bitfield"
-	fieldparams "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/fieldparams"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
+	v1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
 	eth "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
 )
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ func TestClient_Status(t *testing.T) {

 func TestClient_RegisterValidator(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	expectedBody := `{"message":{"fee_recipient":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000","gas_limit":"23","timestamp":"42","pubkey":"0x93247f2209abcacf57b75a51dafae777f9dd38bc7053d1af526f220a7489a6d3a2753e5f3e8b1cfe39b56f43611df74a"}}`
+	expectedBody := `[{"message":{"fee_recipient":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000","gas_limit":"23","timestamp":"42","pubkey":"0x93247f2209abcacf57b75a51dafae777f9dd38bc7053d1af526f220a7489a6d3a2753e5f3e8b1cfe39b56f43611df74a"}}]`
 	expectedPath := "/eth/v1/builder/validators"
 	hc := &http.Client{
 		Transport: roundtrip(func(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
@@ -98,13 +99,13 @@ func TestClient_RegisterValidator(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	reg := &eth.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1{
 		Message: &eth.ValidatorRegistrationV1{
-			FeeRecipient: ezDecode(t, fieldparams.EthBurnAddressHex),
+			FeeRecipient: ezDecode(t, params.BeaconConfig().EthBurnAddressHex),
 			GasLimit:     23,
 			Timestamp:    42,
 			Pubkey:       ezDecode(t, "0x93247f2209abcacf57b75a51dafae777f9dd38bc7053d1af526f220a7489a6d3a2753e5f3e8b1cfe39b56f43611df74a"),
 		},
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, c.RegisterValidator(ctx, reg))
+	require.NoError(t, c.RegisterValidator(ctx, []*eth.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1{reg}))
 }

 func TestClient_GetHeader(t *testing.T) {
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ func testSignedBlindedBeaconBlockBellatrix(t *testing.T) *eth.SignedBlindedBeaco
 					SyncCommitteeSignature: make([]byte, 48),
 					SyncCommitteeBits:      bitfield.Bitvector512{0x01},
 				},
-				ExecutionPayloadHeader: &eth.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
+				ExecutionPayloadHeader: &v1.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
 					ParentHash:       ezDecode(t, "0xcf8e0d4e9587369b2301d0790347320302cc0943d5a1884560367e8208d920f2"),
 					FeeRecipient:     ezDecode(t, "0xabcf8e0d4e9587369b2301d0790347320302cc09"),
 					StateRoot:        ezDecode(t, "0xcf8e0d4e9587369b2301d0790347320302cc0943d5a1884560367e8208d920f2"),
--- a/api/client/builder/types.go
+++ b/api/client/builder/types.go
@@ -31,6 +31,22 @@ func (r *SignedValidatorRegistration) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	})
 }

+func (r *SignedValidatorRegistration) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
+	if r.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1 == nil {
+		r.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1 = &eth.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1{}
+	}
+	o := struct {
+		Message   *ValidatorRegistration `json:"message,omitempty"`
+		Signature hexutil.Bytes          `json:"signature,omitempty"`
+	}{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &o); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	r.Message = o.Message.ValidatorRegistrationV1
+	r.Signature = o.Signature
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (r *ValidatorRegistration) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	return json.Marshal(struct {
 		FeeRecipient hexutil.Bytes `json:"fee_recipient,omitempty"`
@@ -45,6 +61,33 @@ func (r *ValidatorRegistration) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	})
 }

+func (r *ValidatorRegistration) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
+	if r.ValidatorRegistrationV1 == nil {
+		r.ValidatorRegistrationV1 = &eth.ValidatorRegistrationV1{}
+	}
+	o := struct {
+		FeeRecipient hexutil.Bytes `json:"fee_recipient,omitempty"`
+		GasLimit     string        `json:"gas_limit,omitempty"`
+		Timestamp    string        `json:"timestamp,omitempty"`
+		Pubkey       hexutil.Bytes `json:"pubkey,omitempty"`
+	}{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &o); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	r.FeeRecipient = o.FeeRecipient
+	r.Pubkey = o.Pubkey
+	var err error
+	if r.GasLimit, err = strconv.ParseUint(o.GasLimit, 10, 64); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to parse gas limit")
+	}
+	if r.Timestamp, err = strconv.ParseUint(o.Timestamp, 10, 64); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "failed to parse timestamp")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 type Uint256 struct {
 	*big.Int
 }
@@ -63,7 +106,7 @@ func sszBytesToUint256(b []byte) Uint256 {

 // SSZBytes creates an ssz-style (little-endian byte slice) representation of the Uint256
 func (s Uint256) SSZBytes() []byte {
-	return bytesutil.ReverseByteOrder(s.Int.Bytes())
+	return bytesutil.PadTo(bytesutil.ReverseByteOrder(s.Int.Bytes()), 32)
 }

 var errUnmarshalUint256Failed = errors.New("unable to UnmarshalText into a Uint256 value")
@@ -149,8 +192,8 @@ func (bb *BuilderBid) ToProto() (*eth.BuilderBid, error) {
 	}, nil
 }

-func (h *ExecutionPayloadHeader) ToProto() (*eth.ExecutionPayloadHeader, error) {
-	return &eth.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
+func (h *ExecutionPayloadHeader) ToProto() (*v1.ExecutionPayloadHeader, error) {
+	return &v1.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
 		ParentHash:       h.ParentHash,
 		FeeRecipient:     h.FeeRecipient,
 		StateRoot:        h.StateRoot,
@@ -189,7 +232,7 @@ type ExecutionPayloadHeader struct {
 	BaseFeePerGas    Uint256       `json:"base_fee_per_gas,omitempty"`
 	BlockHash        hexutil.Bytes `json:"block_hash,omitempty"`
 	TransactionsRoot hexutil.Bytes `json:"transactions_root,omitempty"`
-	*eth.ExecutionPayloadHeader
+	*v1.ExecutionPayloadHeader
 }

 func (h *ExecutionPayloadHeader) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
--- a/api/client/builder/types_test.go
+++ b/api/client/builder/types_test.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
+	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/go-bitfield"
 	v1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
 	eth "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@ func TestSignedValidatorRegistration_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		Signature: make([]byte, 96),
 	}
-	je, err := json.Marshal(&SignedValidatorRegistration{SignedValidatorRegistrationV1: svr})
+	a := &SignedValidatorRegistration{SignedValidatorRegistrationV1: svr}
+	je, err := json.Marshal(a)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	// decode with a struct w/ plain strings so we can check the string encoding of the hex fields
 	un := struct {
@@ -45,6 +47,14 @@ func TestSignedValidatorRegistration_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", un.Signature)
 	require.Equal(t, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000", un.Message.FeeRecipient)
 	require.Equal(t, "0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", un.Message.Pubkey)
+
+	t.Run("roundtrip", func(t *testing.T) {
+		b := &SignedValidatorRegistration{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(je, b); err != nil {
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+		}
+		require.Equal(t, proto.Equal(a.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1, b.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1), true)
+	})
 }

 var testExampleHeaderResponse = `{
@@ -205,7 +215,7 @@ func TestExecutionHeaderResponseToProto(t *testing.T) {

 	expected := &eth.SignedBuilderBid{
 		Message: &eth.BuilderBid{
-			Header: &eth.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
+			Header: &v1.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
 				ParentHash:       parentHash,
 				FeeRecipient:     feeRecipient,
 				StateRoot:        stateRoot,
@@ -567,9 +577,9 @@ func TestProposerSlashings(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, expected, string(b))
 }

-func pbExecutionPayloadHeader(t *testing.T) *eth.ExecutionPayloadHeader {
+func pbExecutionPayloadHeader(t *testing.T) *v1.ExecutionPayloadHeader {
 	bfpg := stringToUint256("452312848583266388373324160190187140051835877600158453279131187530910662656")
-	return &eth.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
+	return &v1.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
 		ParentHash:       ezDecode(t, "0xcf8e0d4e9587369b2301d0790347320302cc0943d5a1884560367e8208d920f2"),
 		FeeRecipient:     ezDecode(t, "0xabcf8e0d4e9587369b2301d0790347320302cc09"),
 		StateRoot:        ezDecode(t, "0xcf8e0d4e9587369b2301d0790347320302cc0943d5a1884560367e8208d920f2"),
@@ -694,9 +704,10 @@ func TestMarshalBlindedBeaconBlockBodyBellatrix(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestRoundTripUint256(t *testing.T) {
-	vs := "452312848583266388373324160190187140051835877600158453279131187530910662656"
+	vs := "4523128485832663883733241601901871400518358776001584532791311875309106626"
 	u := stringToUint256(vs)
 	sb := u.SSZBytes()
+	require.Equal(t, 32, len(sb))
 	uu := sszBytesToUint256(sb)
 	require.Equal(t, true, bytes.Equal(u.SSZBytes(), uu.SSZBytes()))
 	require.Equal(t, vs, uu.String())
--- a/api/gateway/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/api/gateway/BUILD.bazel
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ go_library(
    srcs = [
        "gateway.go",
        "log.go",
+        "modifiers.go",
        "options.go",
    ],
    importpath = "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/api/gateway",
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ go_library(
        "@org_golang_google_grpc//:go_default_library",
        "@org_golang_google_grpc//connectivity:go_default_library",
        "@org_golang_google_grpc//credentials:go_default_library",
+        "@org_golang_google_protobuf//proto:go_default_library",
    ],
 )

--- a/api/gateway/apimiddleware/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/api/gateway/apimiddleware/BUILD.bazel
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ go_library(
    deps = [
        "//api/grpc:go_default_library",
        "//encoding/bytesutil:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_ethereum_go_ethereum//common:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_ethereum_go_ethereum//common/hexutil:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_gorilla_mux//:go_default_library",
        "@com_github_pkg_errors//:go_default_library",
--- a/api/gateway/apimiddleware/api_middleware.go
+++ b/api/gateway/apimiddleware/api_middleware.go
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func (m *ApiProxyMiddleware) WithMiddleware(path string) http.HandlerFunc {
 			}
 		}

-		if req.Method == "DELETE" {
+		if req.Method == "DELETE" && req.Body != http.NoBody {
 			if errJson := handleDeleteRequestForEndpoint(endpoint, req); errJson != nil {
 				WriteError(w, errJson, nil)
 				return
--- a/api/gateway/apimiddleware/process_field.go
+++ b/api/gateway/apimiddleware/process_field.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/wealdtech/go-bytesutil"
@@ -31,26 +32,26 @@ func processField(s interface{}, processors []fieldProcessor) error {
 			sliceElem := t.Field(i).Type.Elem()
 			kind := sliceElem.Kind()
 			// Recursively process slices to struct pointers.
-			if kind == reflect.Ptr && sliceElem.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+			switch {
+			case kind == reflect.Ptr && sliceElem.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct:
 				for j := 0; j < v.Field(i).Len(); j++ {
 					if err := processField(v.Field(i).Index(j).Interface(), processors); err != nil {
 						return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not process field '%s'", t.Field(i).Name)
 					}
 				}
-			}
 			// Process each string in string slices.
-			if kind == reflect.String {
+			case kind == reflect.String:
 				for _, proc := range processors {
 					_, hasTag := t.Field(i).Tag.Lookup(proc.tag)
-					if hasTag {
-						for j := 0; j < v.Field(i).Len(); j++ {
-							if err := proc.f(v.Field(i).Index(j)); err != nil {
-								return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not process field '%s'", t.Field(i).Name)
-							}
+					if !hasTag {
+						continue
+					}
+					for j := 0; j < v.Field(i).Len(); j++ {
+						if err := proc.f(v.Field(i).Index(j)); err != nil {
+							return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not process field '%s'", t.Field(i).Name)
 						}
 					}
 				}
-
 			}
 		// Recursively process struct pointers.
 		case reflect.Ptr:
@@ -100,6 +101,20 @@ func base64ToHexProcessor(v reflect.Value) error {
 	return nil
 }

+func base64ToChecksumAddressProcessor(v reflect.Value) error {
+	if v.String() == "" {
+		// Empty hex values are represented as "0x".
+		v.SetString("0x")
+		return nil
+	}
+	b, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(v.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	v.SetString(common.BytesToAddress(b).Hex())
+	return nil
+}
+
 func base64ToUint256Processor(v reflect.Value) error {
 	if v.String() == "" {
 		return nil
--- a/api/gateway/apimiddleware/process_request.go
+++ b/api/gateway/apimiddleware/process_request.go
@@ -104,6 +104,8 @@ func ReadGrpcResponseBody(r io.Reader) ([]byte, ErrorJson) {
 }

 // HandleGrpcResponseError acts on an error that resulted from a grpc-gateway's response.
+// Whether there was an error is indicated by the bool return value. In case of an error,
+// there is no need to write to the response because it's taken care of by the function.
 func HandleGrpcResponseError(errJson ErrorJson, resp *http.Response, respBody []byte, w http.ResponseWriter) (bool, ErrorJson) {
 	responseHasError := false
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(respBody, errJson); err != nil {
@@ -149,6 +151,10 @@ func ProcessMiddlewareResponseFields(responseContainer interface{}) ErrorJson {
 			tag: "hex",
 			f:   base64ToHexProcessor,
 		},
+		{
+			tag: "address",
+			f:   base64ToChecksumAddressProcessor,
+		},
 		{
 			tag: "enum",
 			f:   enumToLowercaseProcessor,
--- a/api/gateway/apimiddleware/process_request_test.go
+++ b/api/gateway/apimiddleware/process_request_test.go
@@ -31,21 +31,25 @@ func defaultRequestContainer() *testRequestContainer {
 }

 type testResponseContainer struct {
-	TestString   string
-	TestHex      string `hex:"true"`
-	TestEmptyHex string `hex:"true"`
-	TestUint256  string `uint256:"true"`
-	TestEnum     string `enum:"true"`
-	TestTime     string `time:"true"`
+	TestString       string
+	TestHex          string `hex:"true"`
+	TestEmptyHex     string `hex:"true"`
+	TestAddress      string `address:"true"`
+	TestEmptyAddress string `address:"true"`
+	TestUint256      string `uint256:"true"`
+	TestEnum         string `enum:"true"`
+	TestTime         string `time:"true"`
 }

 func defaultResponseContainer() *testResponseContainer {
 	return &testResponseContainer{
-		TestString:   "test string",
-		TestHex:      "Zm9v", // base64 encoding of "foo"
-		TestEmptyHex: "",
-		TestEnum:     "Test Enum",
-		TestTime:     "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z",
+		TestString:       "test string",
+		TestHex:          "Zm9v", // base64 encoding of "foo"
+		TestEmptyHex:     "",
+		TestAddress:      "Zm9v",
+		TestEmptyAddress: "",
+		TestEnum:         "Test Enum",
+		TestTime:         "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z",

 		// base64 encoding of 4196 in little-endian
 		TestUint256: "ZBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=",
@@ -247,6 +251,8 @@ func TestProcessMiddlewareResponseFields(t *testing.T) {
 		require.Equal(t, true, errJson == nil)
 		assert.Equal(t, "0x666f6f", container.TestHex)
 		assert.Equal(t, "0x", container.TestEmptyHex)
+		assert.Equal(t, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000666F6f", container.TestAddress)
+		assert.Equal(t, "0x", container.TestEmptyAddress)
 		assert.Equal(t, "4196", container.TestUint256)
 		assert.Equal(t, "test enum", container.TestEnum)
 		assert.Equal(t, "1136214245", container.TestTime)
@@ -292,7 +298,7 @@ func TestWriteMiddlewareResponseHeadersAndBody(t *testing.T) {
 		v, ok = writer.Header()["Content-Length"]
 		require.Equal(t, true, ok, "header not found")
 		require.Equal(t, 1, len(v), "wrong number of header values")
-		assert.Equal(t, "181", v[0])
+		assert.Equal(t, "224", v[0])
 		assert.Equal(t, 204, writer.Code)
 		assert.DeepEqual(t, responseJson, writer.Body.Bytes())
 	})
--- a/api/gateway/gateway.go
+++ b/api/gateway/gateway.go
@@ -121,8 +121,9 @@ func (g *Gateway) Start() {
 	}

 	g.server = &http.Server{
-		Addr:    g.cfg.gatewayAddr,
-		Handler: corsMux,
+		Addr:              g.cfg.gatewayAddr,
+		Handler:           corsMux,
+		ReadHeaderTimeout: time.Second,
 	}

 	go func() {
--- a/api/gateway/modifiers.go
+++ b/api/gateway/modifiers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package gateway
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+
+	gwruntime "github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2/runtime"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+func HttpResponseModifier(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, _ proto.Message) error {
+	md, ok := gwruntime.ServerMetadataFromContext(ctx)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// set http status code
+	if vals := md.HeaderMD.Get("x-http-code"); len(vals) > 0 {
+		code, err := strconv.Atoi(vals[0])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// delete the headers to not expose any grpc-metadata in http response
+		delete(md.HeaderMD, "x-http-code")
+		delete(w.Header(), "Grpc-Metadata-X-Http-Code")
+		w.WriteHeader(code)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/async/debounce_test.go
+++ b/async/debounce_test.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package async_test
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ func TestDebounce_NoEvents(t *testing.T) {
 	eventsChan := make(chan interface{}, 100)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	interval := time.Second
-	timesHandled := 0
+	timesHandled := int32(0)
 	wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}
 	wg.Add(1)
 	go func() {
@@ -26,21 +27,21 @@ func TestDebounce_NoEvents(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 	go func() {
 		async.Debounce(ctx, interval, eventsChan, func(event interface{}) {
-			timesHandled++
+			atomic.AddInt32(&timesHandled, 1)
 		})
 		wg.Done()
 	}()
 	if util.WaitTimeout(wg, interval*2) {
 		t.Fatalf("Test should have exited by now, timed out")
 	}
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, timesHandled, "Wrong number of handled calls")
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(0), atomic.LoadInt32(&timesHandled), "Wrong number of handled calls")
 }

 func TestDebounce_CtxClosing(t *testing.T) {
 	eventsChan := make(chan interface{}, 100)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	interval := time.Second
-	timesHandled := 0
+	timesHandled := int32(0)
 	wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}
 	wg.Add(1)
 	go func() {
@@ -62,23 +63,23 @@ func TestDebounce_CtxClosing(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 	go func() {
 		async.Debounce(ctx, interval, eventsChan, func(event interface{}) {
-			timesHandled++
+			atomic.AddInt32(&timesHandled, 1)
 		})
 		wg.Done()
 	}()
 	if util.WaitTimeout(wg, interval*2) {
 		t.Fatalf("Test should have exited by now, timed out")
 	}
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, timesHandled, "Wrong number of handled calls")
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(0), atomic.LoadInt32(&timesHandled), "Wrong number of handled calls")
 }

 func TestDebounce_SingleHandlerInvocation(t *testing.T) {
 	eventsChan := make(chan interface{}, 100)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	interval := time.Second
-	timesHandled := 0
+	timesHandled := int32(0)
 	go async.Debounce(ctx, interval, eventsChan, func(event interface{}) {
-		timesHandled++
+		atomic.AddInt32(&timesHandled, 1)
 	})
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
 		eventsChan <- struct{}{}
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ func TestDebounce_SingleHandlerInvocation(t *testing.T) {
 	// We should expect 100 rapid fire changes to only have caused
 	// 1 handler to trigger after the debouncing period.
 	time.Sleep(interval * 2)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, timesHandled, "Wrong number of handled calls")
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&timesHandled), "Wrong number of handled calls")
 	cancel()
 }

@@ -94,23 +95,23 @@ func TestDebounce_MultipleHandlerInvocation(t *testing.T) {
 	eventsChan := make(chan interface{}, 100)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	interval := time.Second
-	timesHandled := 0
+	timesHandled := int32(0)
 	go async.Debounce(ctx, interval, eventsChan, func(event interface{}) {
-		timesHandled++
+		atomic.AddInt32(&timesHandled, 1)
 	})
 	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
 		eventsChan <- struct{}{}
 	}
-	require.Equal(t, 0, timesHandled, "Events must prevent from handler execution")
+	require.Equal(t, int32(0), atomic.LoadInt32(&timesHandled), "Events must prevent from handler execution")

 	// By this time the first event should be triggered.
 	time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, timesHandled, "Wrong number of handled calls")
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(1), atomic.LoadInt32(&timesHandled), "Wrong number of handled calls")

 	// Second event.
 	eventsChan <- struct{}{}
 	time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
-	assert.Equal(t, 2, timesHandled, "Wrong number of handled calls")
+	assert.Equal(t, int32(2), atomic.LoadInt32(&timesHandled), "Wrong number of handled calls")

 	cancel()
 }
--- a/async/every_test.go
+++ b/async/every_test.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package async_test

 import (
 	"context"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@@ -11,15 +12,15 @@ import (
 func TestEveryRuns(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())

-	i := 0
+	i := int32(0)
 	async.RunEvery(ctx, 100*time.Millisecond, func() {
-		i++
+		atomic.AddInt32(&i, 1)
 	})

 	// Sleep for a bit and ensure the value has increased.
 	time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)

-	if i == 0 {
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&i) == 0 {
 		t.Error("Counter failed to increment with ticker")
 	}

@@ -28,12 +29,12 @@ func TestEveryRuns(t *testing.T) {
 	// Sleep for a bit to let the cancel take place.
 	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)

-	last := i
+	last := atomic.LoadInt32(&i)

 	// Sleep for a bit and ensure the value has not increased.
 	time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)

-	if i != last {
+	if atomic.LoadInt32(&i) != last {
 		t.Error("Counter incremented after stop")
 	}
 }
--- a/async/multilock.go
+++ b/async/multilock.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func (lk *Lock) Lock() {
 	lk.unlock <- 1
 }

-// Unlocks this lock. Must be called after Lock.
+// Unlock unlocks this lock. Must be called after Lock.
 // Can only be invoked if there is a previous call to Lock.
 func (lk *Lock) Unlock() {
 	<-lk.unlock
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ func (lk *Lock) Unlock() {
 	<-lk.lock
 }

-// Temporarily unlocks, gives up the cpu time to other goroutine, and attempts to lock again.
+// Yield temporarily unlocks, gives up the cpu time to other goroutine, and attempts to lock again.
 func (lk *Lock) Yield() {
 	lk.Unlock()
 	runtime.Gosched()
 	lk.Lock()
 }

-// Creates a new multilock for the specified keys
+// NewMultilock creates a new multilock for the specified keys
 func NewMultilock(locks ...string) *Lock {
 	if len(locks) == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func NewMultilock(locks ...string) *Lock {
 	}
 }

-// Cleans old unused locks. Returns removed keys.
+// Clean cleans old unused locks. Returns removed keys.
 func Clean() []string {
 	locks.lock <- 1
 	defer func() { <-locks.lock }()
--- a/async/multilock_test.go
+++ b/async/multilock_test.go
@@ -22,22 +22,22 @@ import (

 func TestUnique(t *testing.T) {
 	var arr []string
-	assert := assert.New(t)
+	a := assert.New(t)

 	arr = []string{"a", "b", "c"}
-	assert.Equal(arr, unique(arr))
+	a.Equal(arr, unique(arr))

 	arr = []string{"a", "a", "a"}
-	assert.Equal([]string{"a"}, unique(arr))
+	a.Equal([]string{"a"}, unique(arr))

 	arr = []string{"a", "a", "b"}
-	assert.Equal([]string{"a", "b"}, unique(arr))
+	a.Equal([]string{"a", "b"}, unique(arr))

 	arr = []string{"a", "b", "a"}
-	assert.Equal([]string{"a", "b"}, unique(arr))
+	a.Equal([]string{"a", "b"}, unique(arr))

 	arr = []string{"a", "b", "c", "b", "d"}
-	assert.Equal([]string{"a", "b", "c", "d"}, unique(arr))
+	a.Equal([]string{"a", "b", "c", "d"}, unique(arr))
 }

 func TestGetChan(t *testing.T) {
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ func TestGetChan(t *testing.T) {
 	ch2 := getChan("aa")
 	ch3 := getChan("a")

-	assert := assert.New(t)
-	assert.NotEqual(ch1, ch2)
-	assert.Equal(ch1, ch3)
+	a := assert.New(t)
+	a.NotEqual(ch1, ch2)
+	a.Equal(ch1, ch3)
 }

 func TestLockUnlock(_ *testing.T) {
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/BUILD.bazel
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ go_library(
        "head_sync_committee_info.go",
        "init_sync_process_block.go",
        "log.go",
+        "merge_ascii_art.go",
        "metrics.go",
-        "new_slot.go",
        "options.go",
        "pow_block.go",
        "process_attestation.go",
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ go_library(
    deps = [
        "//async:go_default_library",
        "//async/event:go_default_library",
-        "//beacon-chain/blockchain/store:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/cache:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/cache/depositcache:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/core/altair:go_default_library",
@@ -49,6 +48,7 @@ go_library(
        "//beacon-chain/db:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/db/filters:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/db/kv:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/execution:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/forkchoice:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/forkchoice/doubly-linked-tree:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray:go_default_library",
@@ -57,17 +57,15 @@ go_library(
        "//beacon-chain/operations/slashings:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/operations/voluntaryexits:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/p2p:go_default_library",
-        "//beacon-chain/powchain:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/state:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/state/stategen:go_default_library",
        "//cmd/beacon-chain/flags:go_default_library",
        "//config/features:go_default_library",
        "//config/fieldparams:go_default_library",
        "//config/params:go_default_library",
-        "//consensus-types/forks/bellatrix:go_default_library",
+        "//consensus-types/blocks:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/interfaces:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
-        "//consensus-types/wrapper:go_default_library",
        "//crypto/bls:go_default_library",
        "//encoding/bytesutil:go_default_library",
        "//math:go_default_library",
@@ -112,7 +110,6 @@ go_test(
        "log_test.go",
        "metrics_test.go",
        "mock_test.go",
-        "new_slot_test.go",
        "pow_block_test.go",
        "process_attestation_test.go",
        "process_block_test.go",
@@ -132,14 +129,17 @@ go_test(
        "//beacon-chain/core/transition:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/db:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/db/testing:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/execution:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/execution/testing:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/forkchoice/types:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/p2p:go_default_library",
-        "//beacon-chain/powchain:go_default_library",
-        "//beacon-chain/powchain/testing:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/state/stateutil:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/state/v1:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/state/v3:go_default_library",
        "//config/fieldparams:go_default_library",
        "//config/params:go_default_library",
-        "//consensus-types/wrapper:go_default_library",
+        "//consensus-types/blocks:go_default_library",
+        "//consensus-types/blocks/testing:go_default_library",
        "//container/trie:go_default_library",
        "//encoding/bytesutil:go_default_library",
        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
@@ -187,11 +187,13 @@ go_test(
        "//beacon-chain/core/transition:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/db:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/db/testing:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/execution:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/execution/testing:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/forkchoice/types:go_default_library",
        "//beacon-chain/p2p:go_default_library",
-        "//beacon-chain/powchain:go_default_library",
-        "//beacon-chain/powchain/testing:go_default_library",
        "//config/params:go_default_library",
-        "//consensus-types/wrapper:go_default_library",
+        "//consensus-types/blocks:go_default_library",
+        "//consensus-types/blocks/testing:go_default_library",
        "//container/trie:go_default_library",
        "//encoding/bytesutil:go_default_library",
        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info.go
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 package blockchain

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/blockchain/store"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice"
 	doublylinkedtree "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/doubly-linked-tree"
@@ -81,10 +80,11 @@ type CanonicalFetcher interface {
 // FinalizationFetcher defines a common interface for methods in blockchain service which
 // directly retrieve finalization and justification related data.
 type FinalizationFetcher interface {
-	FinalizedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error)
-	CurrentJustifiedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error)
-	PreviousJustifiedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error)
+	FinalizedCheckpt() *ethpb.Checkpoint
+	CurrentJustifiedCheckpt() *ethpb.Checkpoint
+	PreviousJustifiedCheckpt() *ethpb.Checkpoint
 	VerifyFinalizedBlkDescendant(ctx context.Context, blockRoot [32]byte) error
+	IsFinalized(ctx context.Context, blockRoot [32]byte) bool
 }

 // OptimisticModeFetcher retrieves information about optimistic status of the node.
@@ -94,47 +94,27 @@ type OptimisticModeFetcher interface {
 }

 // FinalizedCheckpt returns the latest finalized checkpoint from chain store.
-func (s *Service) FinalizedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	cp, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+func (s *Service) FinalizedCheckpt() *ethpb.Checkpoint {
+	cp := s.ForkChoicer().FinalizedCheckpoint()
+	return &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: cp.Epoch, Root: bytesutil.SafeCopyBytes(cp.Root[:])}
+}

-	return ethpb.CopyCheckpoint(cp), nil
+// PreviousJustifiedCheckpt returns the current justified checkpoint from chain store.
+func (s *Service) PreviousJustifiedCheckpt() *ethpb.Checkpoint {
+	cp := s.ForkChoicer().PreviousJustifiedCheckpoint()
+	return &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: cp.Epoch, Root: bytesutil.SafeCopyBytes(cp.Root[:])}
 }

 // CurrentJustifiedCheckpt returns the current justified checkpoint from chain store.
-func (s *Service) CurrentJustifiedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	cp, err := s.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return ethpb.CopyCheckpoint(cp), nil
-}
-
-// PreviousJustifiedCheckpt returns the previous justified checkpoint from chain store.
-func (s *Service) PreviousJustifiedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	cp, err := s.store.PrevJustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return ethpb.CopyCheckpoint(cp), nil
+func (s *Service) CurrentJustifiedCheckpt() *ethpb.Checkpoint {
+	cp := s.ForkChoicer().JustifiedCheckpoint()
+	return &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: cp.Epoch, Root: bytesutil.SafeCopyBytes(cp.Root[:])}
 }

 // BestJustifiedCheckpt returns the best justified checkpoint from store.
-func (s *Service) BestJustifiedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	cp, err := s.store.BestJustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		// If there is no best justified checkpoint, return the checkpoint with root as zeros to be used for genesis cases.
-		if errors.Is(err, store.ErrNilCheckpoint) {
-			return &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}, nil
-		}
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return ethpb.CopyCheckpoint(cp), nil
+func (s *Service) BestJustifiedCheckpt() *ethpb.Checkpoint {
+	cp := s.ForkChoicer().BestJustifiedCheckpoint()
+	return &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: cp.Epoch, Root: bytesutil.SafeCopyBytes(cp.Root[:])}
 }

 // HeadSlot returns the slot of the head of the chain.
@@ -154,9 +134,8 @@ func (s *Service) HeadRoot(ctx context.Context) ([]byte, error) {
 	s.headLock.RLock()
 	defer s.headLock.RUnlock()

-	if s.headRoot() != params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash {
-		r := s.headRoot()
-		return r[:], nil
+	if s.head != nil && s.head.root != params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash {
+		return bytesutil.SafeCopyBytes(s.head.root[:]), nil
 	}

 	b, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.HeadBlock(ctx)
@@ -183,7 +162,7 @@ func (s *Service) HeadBlock(ctx context.Context) (interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock,
 	defer s.headLock.RUnlock()

 	if s.hasHeadState() {
-		return s.headBlock(), nil
+		return s.headBlock()
 	}

 	return s.cfg.BeaconDB.HeadBlock(ctx)
@@ -321,13 +300,35 @@ func (s *Service) ForkChoicer() forkchoice.ForkChoicer {

 // IsOptimistic returns true if the current head is optimistic.
 func (s *Service) IsOptimistic(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
-	s.headLock.RLock()
-	defer s.headLock.RUnlock()
 	if slots.ToEpoch(s.CurrentSlot()) < params.BeaconConfig().BellatrixForkEpoch {
 		return false, nil
 	}
+	s.headLock.RLock()
+	headRoot := s.head.root
+	s.headLock.RUnlock()

-	return s.IsOptimisticForRoot(ctx, s.head.root)
+	if s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.AllTipsAreInvalid() {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+	optimistic, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.IsOptimistic(headRoot)
+	if err == nil {
+		return optimistic, nil
+	}
+	if err != protoarray.ErrUnknownNodeRoot && err != doublylinkedtree.ErrNilNode {
+		return true, err
+	}
+	// If fockchoice does not have the headroot, then the node is considered
+	// optimistic
+	return true, nil
+}
+
+// IsFinalized returns true if the input root is finalized.
+// It first checks latest finalized root then checks finalized root index in DB.
+func (s *Service) IsFinalized(ctx context.Context, root [32]byte) bool {
+	if s.ForkChoicer().FinalizedCheckpoint().Root == root {
+		return true
+	}
+	return s.cfg.BeaconDB.IsFinalizedBlock(ctx, root)
 }

 // IsOptimisticForRoot takes the root as argument instead of the current head
@@ -340,14 +341,24 @@ func (s *Service) IsOptimisticForRoot(ctx context.Context, root [32]byte) (bool,
 	if err != protoarray.ErrUnknownNodeRoot && err != doublylinkedtree.ErrNilNode {
 		return false, err
 	}
+	// if the requested root is the headroot and the root is not found in
+	// forkchoice, the node should respond that it is optimistic
+	headRoot, err := s.HeadRoot(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return true, err
+	}
+	if bytes.Equal(headRoot, root[:]) {
+		return true, nil
+	}
+
 	ss, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.StateSummary(ctx, root)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
-	if ss == nil {
-		return false, errInvalidNilSummary
-	}

+	if ss == nil {
+		return true, errInvalidNilSummary
+	}
 	validatedCheckpoint, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.LastValidatedCheckpoint(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
@@ -356,8 +367,14 @@ func (s *Service) IsOptimisticForRoot(ctx context.Context, root [32]byte) (bool,
 		return true, nil
 	}

+	// Historical non-canonical blocks here are returned as optimistic for safety.
+	isCanonical, err := s.IsCanonical(ctx, root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
 	if slots.ToEpoch(ss.Slot)+1 < validatedCheckpoint.Epoch {
-		return false, nil
+		return !isCanonical, nil
 	}

 	// Checkpoint root could be zeros before the first finalized epoch. Use genesis root if the case.
@@ -372,13 +389,6 @@ func (s *Service) IsOptimisticForRoot(ctx context.Context, root [32]byte) (bool,
 	if ss.Slot > lastValidated.Slot {
 		return true, nil
 	}
-
-	isCanonical, err := s.IsCanonical(ctx, root)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-
-	// Historical non-canonical blocks here are returned as optimistic for safety.
 	return !isCanonical, nil
 }

--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info_norace_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info_norace_test.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (

 	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/stategen"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/util"
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ func TestHeadSlot_DataRace(t *testing.T) {
 	s := &Service{
 		cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB},
 	}
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
 	wait := make(chan struct{})
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func TestHeadRoot_DataRace(t *testing.T) {
 		cfg:  &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, StateGen: stategen.New(beaconDB)},
 		head: &head{root: [32]byte{'A'}},
 	}
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	wait := make(chan struct{})
 	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ func TestHeadRoot_DataRace(t *testing.T) {

 func TestHeadBlock_DataRace(t *testing.T) {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(&ethpb.SignedBeaconBlock{})
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(&ethpb.SignedBeaconBlock{Block: &ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{}}})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	s := &Service{
 		cfg:  &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, StateGen: stategen.New(beaconDB)},
 		head: &head{block: wsb},
 	}
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	wait := make(chan struct{})
 	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func TestHeadState_DataRace(t *testing.T) {
 	s := &Service{
 		cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, StateGen: stategen.New(beaconDB)},
 	}
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	wait := make(chan struct{})
 	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/chain_info_test.go
@@ -5,16 +5,20 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/blockchain/store"
 	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
 	doublylinkedtree "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/doubly-linked-tree"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray"
+	forkchoicetypes "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/types"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/stategen"
 	v1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/v1"
+	v3 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/v3"
 	fieldparams "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/fieldparams"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
+	enginev1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/assert"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
@@ -27,6 +31,40 @@ var _ ChainInfoFetcher = (*Service)(nil)
 var _ TimeFetcher = (*Service)(nil)
 var _ ForkFetcher = (*Service)(nil)

+// prepareForkchoiceState prepares a beacon state with the given data to mock
+// insert into forkchoice
+func prepareForkchoiceState(
+	_ context.Context,
+	slot types.Slot,
+	blockRoot [32]byte,
+	parentRoot [32]byte,
+	payloadHash [32]byte,
+	justified *ethpb.Checkpoint,
+	finalized *ethpb.Checkpoint,
+) (state.BeaconState, [32]byte, error) {
+	blockHeader := &ethpb.BeaconBlockHeader{
+		ParentRoot: parentRoot[:],
+	}
+
+	executionHeader := &enginev1.ExecutionPayloadHeader{
+		BlockHash: payloadHash[:],
+	}
+
+	base := &ethpb.BeaconStateBellatrix{
+		Slot:                         slot,
+		RandaoMixes:                  make([][]byte, params.BeaconConfig().EpochsPerHistoricalVector),
+		BlockRoots:                   make([][]byte, 1),
+		CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint:   justified,
+		FinalizedCheckpoint:          finalized,
+		LatestExecutionPayloadHeader: executionHeader,
+		LatestBlockHeader:            blockHeader,
+	}
+
+	base.BlockRoots[0] = append(base.BlockRoots[0], blockRoot[:]...)
+	st, err := v3.InitializeFromProto(base)
+	return st, blockRoot, err
+}
+
 func TestHeadRoot_Nil(t *testing.T) {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	c := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
@@ -36,86 +74,53 @@ func TestHeadRoot_Nil(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestService_ForkChoiceStore(t *testing.T) {
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0)}}
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New()}}
 	p := c.ForkChoiceStore()
-	require.Equal(t, 0, int(p.FinalizedEpoch()))
-}
-
-func TestFinalizedCheckpt_CanRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
-	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-
-	cp := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 5, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte("foo"), 32)}
-	c := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
-	c.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(cp, [32]byte{'a'})
-
-	cp, err := c.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, cp.Epoch, cp.Epoch, "Unexpected finalized epoch")
+	require.Equal(t, types.Epoch(0), p.FinalizedCheckpoint().Epoch)
 }

 func TestFinalizedCheckpt_GenesisRootOk(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-
-	genesisRoot := [32]byte{'A'}
-	cp := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: genesisRoot[:]}
-	c := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
-	c.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(cp, [32]byte{'a'})
-	c.originBlockRoot = genesisRoot
-	cp, err := c.FinalizedCheckpt()
+	fcs := protoarray.New()
+	opts := []Option{
+		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
+		WithForkChoiceStore(fcs),
+		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
+	}
+	service, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.DeepEqual(t, c.originBlockRoot[:], cp.Root)
+
+	gs, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 32)
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveGenesisData(ctx, gs))
+	cp := service.FinalizedCheckpt()
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, [32]byte{}, bytesutil.ToBytes32(cp.Root))
+	cp = service.CurrentJustifiedCheckpt()
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, [32]byte{}, bytesutil.ToBytes32(cp.Root))
+	// check that forkchoice has the right genesis root as the node root
+	root, err := fcs.Head(ctx, []uint64{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, service.originBlockRoot, root)
+
 }

 func TestCurrentJustifiedCheckpt_CanRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-
-	c := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
-	_, err := c.CurrentJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, store.ErrNilCheckpoint)
-	cp := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 6, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte("foo"), 32)}
-	c.store.SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(cp, [32]byte{})
-	jp, err := c.CurrentJustifiedCheckpt()
+	fcs := protoarray.New()
+	opts := []Option{
+		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
+		WithForkChoiceStore(fcs),
+		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
+	}
+	service, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cp := &forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: 6, Root: [32]byte{'j'}}
+	require.NoError(t, fcs.UpdateJustifiedCheckpoint(cp))
+	jp := service.CurrentJustifiedCheckpt()
 	assert.Equal(t, cp.Epoch, jp.Epoch, "Unexpected justified epoch")
-}
-
-func TestJustifiedCheckpt_GenesisRootOk(t *testing.T) {
-	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-
-	c := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
-	genesisRoot := [32]byte{'B'}
-	cp := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: genesisRoot[:]}
-	c.store.SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(cp, [32]byte{})
-	c.originBlockRoot = genesisRoot
-	cp, err := c.CurrentJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.DeepEqual(t, c.originBlockRoot[:], cp.Root)
-}
-
-func TestPreviousJustifiedCheckpt_CanRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
-	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-
-	cp := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 7, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte("foo"), 32)}
-	c := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
-	_, err := c.PreviousJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, store.ErrNilCheckpoint)
-	c.store.SetPrevJustifiedCheckpt(cp)
-	pcp, err := c.PreviousJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, cp.Epoch, pcp.Epoch, "Unexpected previous justified epoch")
-}
-
-func TestPrevJustifiedCheckpt_GenesisRootOk(t *testing.T) {
-	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-
-	genesisRoot := [32]byte{'C'}
-	cp := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: genesisRoot[:]}
-	c := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
-	c.store.SetPrevJustifiedCheckpt(cp)
-	c.originBlockRoot = genesisRoot
-	pcp, err := c.PreviousJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.DeepEqual(t, c.originBlockRoot[:], pcp.Root)
+	require.Equal(t, cp.Root, bytesutil.ToBytes32(jp.Root))
 }

 func TestHeadSlot_CanRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
@@ -127,26 +132,46 @@ func TestHeadSlot_CanRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestHeadRoot_CanRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
-	c := &Service{}
-	c.head = &head{root: [32]byte{'A'}}
-	r, err := c.HeadRoot(context.Background())
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
+	fcs := protoarray.New()
+	opts := []Option{
+		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
+		WithForkChoiceStore(fcs),
+		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
+	}
+	service, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, [32]byte{'A'}, bytesutil.ToBytes32(r))
+	gs, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 32)
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveGenesisData(ctx, gs))
+
+	r, err := service.HeadRoot(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, service.originBlockRoot, bytesutil.ToBytes32(r))
 }

 func TestHeadRoot_UseDB(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB}}
-	c.head = &head{root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash}
+	fcs := protoarray.New()
+	opts := []Option{
+		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
+		WithForkChoiceStore(fcs),
+		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
+	}
+	service, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	service.head = &head{root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash}
 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	br, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveStateSummary(context.Background(), &ethpb.StateSummary{Root: br[:]}))
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveHeadBlockRoot(context.Background(), br))
-	r, err := c.HeadRoot(context.Background())
+	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveStateSummary(ctx, &ethpb.StateSummary{Root: br[:]}))
+	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveHeadBlockRoot(ctx, br))
+	r, err := service.HeadRoot(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, br, bytesutil.ToBytes32(r))
 }
@@ -156,14 +181,16 @@ func TestHeadBlock_CanRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
 	b.Block.Slot = 1
 	s, err := v1.InitializeFromProto(&ethpb.BeaconState{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	c := &Service{}
 	c.head = &head{block: wsb, state: s}

-	recevied, err := c.HeadBlock(context.Background())
+	received, err := c.HeadBlock(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.DeepEqual(t, b, recevied.Proto(), "Incorrect head block received")
+	pb, err := received.Proto()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, b, pb, "Incorrect head block received")
 }

 func TestHeadState_CanRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
@@ -241,9 +268,7 @@ func TestIsCanonical_Ok(t *testing.T) {
 	blk.Block.Slot = 0
 	root, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blk)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveGenesisBlockRoot(ctx, root))
 	can, err := c.IsCanonical(ctx, root)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -283,26 +308,59 @@ func TestService_HeadGenesisValidatorsRoot(t *testing.T) {
 }
 func TestService_ChainHeads_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New(0, 0)}}
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 102, [32]byte{'c'}, [32]byte{'b'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 103, [32]byte{'d'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 104, [32]byte{'e'}, [32]byte{'b'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New()}}
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	st, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 102, [32]byte{'c'}, [32]byte{'b'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 103, [32]byte{'d'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 104, [32]byte{'e'}, [32]byte{'b'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))

 	roots, slots := c.ChainHeads()
 	require.DeepEqual(t, [][32]byte{{'c'}, {'d'}, {'e'}}, roots)
 	require.DeepEqual(t, []types.Slot{102, 103, 104}, slots)
 }

+//
+//  A <- B <- C
+//   \    \
+//    \    ---------- E
+//     ---------- D
+
 func TestService_ChainHeads_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0)}}
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 102, [32]byte{'c'}, [32]byte{'b'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 103, [32]byte{'d'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 104, [32]byte{'e'}, [32]byte{'b'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New()}}
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	st, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 0, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 102, [32]byte{'c'}, [32]byte{'b'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 103, [32]byte{'d'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 104, [32]byte{'e'}, [32]byte{'b'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))

 	roots, slots := c.ChainHeads()
 	require.Equal(t, 3, len(roots))
@@ -379,9 +437,15 @@ func TestService_IsOptimistic_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 	params.OverrideBeaconConfig(cfg)

 	ctx := context.Background()
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New(0, 0)}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New()}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	st, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))

 	opt, err := c.IsOptimistic(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -395,9 +459,15 @@ func TestService_IsOptimistic_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 	params.OverrideBeaconConfig(cfg)

 	ctx := context.Background()
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0)}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New()}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
+	st, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))

 	opt, err := c.IsOptimistic(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -414,9 +484,15 @@ func TestService_IsOptimisticBeforeBellatrix(t *testing.T) {

 func TestService_IsOptimisticForRoot_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New(0, 0)}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New()}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	st, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))

 	opt, err := c.IsOptimisticForRoot(ctx, [32]byte{'a'})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -425,9 +501,15 @@ func TestService_IsOptimisticForRoot_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {

 func TestService_IsOptimisticForRoot_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0)}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New()}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	st, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 100, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 101, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, c.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))

 	opt, err := c.IsOptimisticForRoot(ctx, [32]byte{'a'})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -437,32 +519,26 @@ func TestService_IsOptimisticForRoot_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 func TestService_IsOptimisticForRoot_DB_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New(0, 0)}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New()}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
 	c.head = &head{root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash}
 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b.Block.Slot = 10
 	br, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), beaconDB, b)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveStateSummary(context.Background(), &ethpb.StateSummary{Root: br[:], Slot: 10}))

 	optimisticBlock := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	optimisticBlock.Block.Slot = 97
 	optimisticRoot, err := optimisticBlock.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(optimisticBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), beaconDB, optimisticBlock)

 	validatedBlock := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	validatedBlock.Block.Slot = 9
 	validatedRoot, err := validatedBlock.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(validatedBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), beaconDB, validatedBlock)

 	validatedCheckpoint := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: br[:]}
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveLastValidatedCheckpoint(ctx, validatedCheckpoint))
@@ -502,32 +578,26 @@ func TestService_IsOptimisticForRoot_DB_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 func TestService_IsOptimisticForRoot_DB_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0)}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New()}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
 	c.head = &head{root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash}
 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b.Block.Slot = 10
 	br, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), beaconDB, b)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveStateSummary(context.Background(), &ethpb.StateSummary{Root: br[:], Slot: 10}))

 	optimisticBlock := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	optimisticBlock.Block.Slot = 97
 	optimisticRoot, err := optimisticBlock.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(optimisticBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), beaconDB, optimisticBlock)

 	validatedBlock := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	validatedBlock.Block.Slot = 9
 	validatedRoot, err := validatedBlock.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(validatedBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), beaconDB, validatedBlock)

 	validatedCheckpoint := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: br[:]}
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveLastValidatedCheckpoint(ctx, validatedCheckpoint))
@@ -566,32 +636,26 @@ func TestService_IsOptimisticForRoot_DB_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 func TestService_IsOptimisticForRoot_DB_non_canonical(t *testing.T) {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	c := &Service{cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0)}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New()}, head: &head{slot: 101, root: [32]byte{'b'}}}
 	c.head = &head{root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash}
 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b.Block.Slot = 10
 	br, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), beaconDB, b)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveStateSummary(context.Background(), &ethpb.StateSummary{Root: br[:], Slot: 10}))

 	optimisticBlock := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	optimisticBlock.Block.Slot = 97
 	optimisticRoot, err := optimisticBlock.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(optimisticBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), beaconDB, optimisticBlock)

 	validatedBlock := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	validatedBlock.Block.Slot = 9
 	validatedRoot, err := validatedBlock.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(validatedBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), beaconDB, validatedBlock)

 	validatedCheckpoint := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: br[:]}
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveLastValidatedCheckpoint(ctx, validatedCheckpoint))
@@ -607,3 +671,25 @@ func TestService_IsOptimisticForRoot_DB_non_canonical(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, true, validated)

 }
+
+func TestService_IsFinalized(t *testing.T) {
+	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	c := &Service{cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New()}}
+	r1 := [32]byte{'a'}
+	require.NoError(t, c.ForkChoiceStore().UpdateFinalizedCheckpoint(&forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{
+		Root: r1,
+	}))
+	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	br, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, b)
+	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveStateSummary(ctx, &ethpb.StateSummary{Root: br[:], Slot: 10}))
+	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveGenesisBlockRoot(ctx, br))
+	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveFinalizedCheckpoint(ctx, &ethpb.Checkpoint{
+		Root: br[:],
+	}))
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.IsFinalized(ctx, r1))
+	require.Equal(t, true, c.IsFinalized(ctx, br))
+	require.Equal(t, false, c.IsFinalized(ctx, [32]byte{'c'}))
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/checktags_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/checktags_test.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !develop
-// +build !develop

 package blockchain

--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/error.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/error.go
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ import "github.com/pkg/errors"

 var (
 	// ErrInvalidPayload is returned when the payload is invalid
-	ErrInvalidPayload = errors.New("recevied an INVALID payload from execution engine")
+	ErrInvalidPayload = invalidBlock{error: errors.New("received an INVALID payload from execution engine")}
+	// ErrInvalidBlockHashPayloadStatus is returned when the payload has invalid block hash.
+	ErrInvalidBlockHashPayloadStatus = invalidBlock{error: errors.New("received an INVALID_BLOCK_HASH payload from execution engine")}
 	// ErrUndefinedExecutionEngineError is returned when the execution engine returns an error that is not defined
 	ErrUndefinedExecutionEngineError = errors.New("received an undefined ee error")
 	// errNilFinalizedInStore is returned when a nil finalized checkpt is returned from store.
@@ -27,6 +29,8 @@ var (
 	errWSBlockNotFound = errors.New("weak subjectivity root not found in db")
 	// errWSBlockNotFoundInEpoch is returned when a block is not found in the WS cache or DB within epoch.
 	errWSBlockNotFoundInEpoch = errors.New("weak subjectivity root not found in db within epoch")
+	// errNotDescendantOfFinalized is returned when a block is not a descendant of the finalized checkpoint
+	errNotDescendantOfFinalized = invalidBlock{error: errors.New("not descendant of finalized checkpoint")}
 )

 // An invalid block is the block that fails state transition based on the core protocol rules.
@@ -36,17 +40,25 @@ var (
 // The block is deemed invalid according to execution layer client.
 // The block violates certain fork choice rules (before finalized slot, not finalized ancestor)
 type invalidBlock struct {
+	invalidAncestorRoots [][32]byte
 	error
+	root [32]byte
 }

 type invalidBlockError interface {
 	Error() string
-	InvalidBlock() bool
+	InvalidAncestorRoots() [][32]byte
+	BlockRoot() [32]byte
 }

-// InvalidBlock returns true for `invalidBlock`.
-func (e invalidBlock) InvalidBlock() bool {
-	return true
+// BlockRoot returns the invalid block root.
+func (e invalidBlock) BlockRoot() [32]byte {
+	return e.root
+}
+
+// InvalidAncestorRoots returns an optional list of invalid roots of the invalid block which leads up last valid root.
+func (e invalidBlock) InvalidAncestorRoots() [][32]byte {
+	return e.invalidAncestorRoots
 }

 // IsInvalidBlock returns true if the error has `invalidBlock`.
@@ -54,9 +66,34 @@ func IsInvalidBlock(e error) bool {
 	if e == nil {
 		return false
 	}
-	d, ok := e.(invalidBlockError)
+	_, ok := e.(invalidBlockError)
 	if !ok {
 		return IsInvalidBlock(errors.Unwrap(e))
 	}
-	return d.InvalidBlock()
+	return true
+}
+
+// InvalidBlockRoot returns the invalid block root. If the error
+// doesn't have an invalid blockroot. [32]byte{} is returned.
+func InvalidBlockRoot(e error) [32]byte {
+	if e == nil {
+		return [32]byte{}
+	}
+	d, ok := e.(invalidBlockError)
+	if !ok {
+		return [32]byte{}
+	}
+	return d.BlockRoot()
+}
+
+// InvalidAncestorRoots returns a list of invalid roots up to last valid root.
+func InvalidAncestorRoots(e error) [][32]byte {
+	if e == nil {
+		return [][32]byte{}
+	}
+	d, ok := e.(invalidBlockError)
+	if !ok {
+		return [][32]byte{}
+	}
+	return d.InvalidAncestorRoots()
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/error_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/error_test.go
@@ -8,10 +8,29 @@ import (
 )

 func TestIsInvalidBlock(t *testing.T) {
-	require.Equal(t, false, IsInvalidBlock(ErrInvalidPayload))
-	err := invalidBlock{ErrInvalidPayload}
+	require.Equal(t, true, IsInvalidBlock(ErrInvalidPayload)) // Already wrapped.
+	err := invalidBlock{error: ErrInvalidPayload}
 	require.Equal(t, true, IsInvalidBlock(err))

 	newErr := errors.Wrap(err, "wrap me")
 	require.Equal(t, true, IsInvalidBlock(newErr))
+	require.DeepEqual(t, [][32]byte(nil), InvalidAncestorRoots(err))
+}
+
+func TestInvalidBlockRoot(t *testing.T) {
+	require.Equal(t, [32]byte{}, InvalidBlockRoot(ErrUndefinedExecutionEngineError))
+	require.Equal(t, [32]byte{}, InvalidBlockRoot(ErrInvalidPayload))
+
+	err := invalidBlock{error: ErrInvalidPayload, root: [32]byte{'a'}}
+	require.Equal(t, [32]byte{'a'}, InvalidBlockRoot(err))
+	require.DeepEqual(t, [][32]byte(nil), InvalidAncestorRoots(err))
+}
+
+func TestInvalidRoots(t *testing.T) {
+	roots := [][32]byte{{'d'}, {'b'}, {'c'}}
+	err := invalidBlock{error: ErrInvalidPayload, root: [32]byte{'a'}, invalidAncestorRoots: roots}
+
+	require.Equal(t, true, IsInvalidBlock(err))
+	require.Equal(t, [32]byte{'a'}, InvalidBlockRoot(err))
+	require.DeepEqual(t, roots, InvalidAncestorRoots(err))
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/execution_engine.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/execution_engine.go
@@ -10,21 +10,21 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/time"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/transition"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/kv"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/powchain"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/execution"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state"
-	fieldparams "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/fieldparams"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	consensusblocks "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	enginev1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
-	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/time/slots"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
 )

+var defaultLatestValidHash = bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{0xff}, 32)
+
 // notifyForkchoiceUpdateArg is the argument for the forkchoice update notification `notifyForkchoiceUpdate`.
 type notifyForkchoiceUpdateArg struct {
 	headState state.BeaconState
@@ -41,24 +41,27 @@ func (s *Service) notifyForkchoiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, arg *notifyForkcho

 	headBlk := arg.headBlock
 	if headBlk == nil || headBlk.IsNil() || headBlk.Body().IsNil() {
-		return nil, errors.New("nil head block")
+		log.Error("Head block is nil")
+		return nil, nil
 	}
 	// Must not call fork choice updated until the transition conditions are met on the Pow network.
 	isExecutionBlk, err := blocks.IsExecutionBlock(headBlk.Body())
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not determine if block is execution block")
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not determine if head block is execution block")
+		return nil, nil
 	}
 	if !isExecutionBlk {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
-	headPayload, err := headBlk.Body().ExecutionPayload()
+	headPayload, err := headBlk.Body().Execution()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get execution payload")
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get execution payload for head block")
+		return nil, nil
 	}
-	finalizedHash := s.store.FinalizedPayloadBlockHash()
-	justifiedHash := s.store.JustifiedPayloadBlockHash()
+	finalizedHash := s.ForkChoicer().FinalizedPayloadBlockHash()
+	justifiedHash := s.ForkChoicer().JustifiedPayloadBlockHash()
 	fcs := &enginev1.ForkchoiceState{
-		HeadBlockHash:      headPayload.BlockHash,
+		HeadBlockHash:      headPayload.BlockHash(),
 		SafeBlockHash:      justifiedHash[:],
 		FinalizedBlockHash: finalizedHash[:],
 	}
@@ -66,42 +69,59 @@ func (s *Service) notifyForkchoiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, arg *notifyForkcho
 	nextSlot := s.CurrentSlot() + 1 // Cache payload ID for next slot proposer.
 	hasAttr, attr, proposerId, err := s.getPayloadAttribute(ctx, arg.headState, nextSlot)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get payload attribute")
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get head payload attribute")
+		return nil, nil
 	}

 	payloadID, lastValidHash, err := s.cfg.ExecutionEngineCaller.ForkchoiceUpdated(ctx, fcs, attr)
 	if err != nil {
 		switch err {
-		case powchain.ErrAcceptedSyncingPayloadStatus:
+		case execution.ErrAcceptedSyncingPayloadStatus:
 			forkchoiceUpdatedOptimisticNodeCount.Inc()
 			log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 				"headSlot":                  headBlk.Slot(),
-				"headPayloadBlockHash":      fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(headPayload.BlockHash)),
+				"headPayloadBlockHash":      fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(headPayload.BlockHash())),
 				"finalizedPayloadBlockHash": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(finalizedHash[:])),
 			}).Info("Called fork choice updated with optimistic block")
-			return payloadID, s.optimisticCandidateBlock(ctx, headBlk)
-		case powchain.ErrInvalidPayloadStatus:
+			err := s.optimisticCandidateBlock(ctx, headBlk)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.WithError(err).Error("Optimistic block failed to be candidate")
+			}
+			return payloadID, nil
+		case execution.ErrInvalidPayloadStatus:
 			newPayloadInvalidNodeCount.Inc()
 			headRoot := arg.headRoot
+			if len(lastValidHash) == 0 {
+				lastValidHash = defaultLatestValidHash
+			}
 			invalidRoots, err := s.ForkChoicer().SetOptimisticToInvalid(ctx, headRoot, bytesutil.ToBytes32(headBlk.ParentRoot()), bytesutil.ToBytes32(lastValidHash))
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				log.WithError(err).Error("Could not set head root to invalid")
+				return nil, nil
 			}
 			if err := s.removeInvalidBlockAndState(ctx, invalidRoots); err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				log.WithError(err).Error("Could not remove invalid block and state")
+				return nil, nil
 			}

-			r, err := s.updateHead(ctx, s.justifiedBalances.balances)
+			r, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Head(ctx, s.justifiedBalances.balances)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+					"slot":         headBlk.Slot(),
+					"blockRoot":    fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(headRoot[:])),
+					"invalidCount": len(invalidRoots),
+				}).Warn("Pruned invalid blocks, could not update head root")
+				return nil, invalidBlock{error: ErrInvalidPayload, root: arg.headRoot, invalidAncestorRoots: invalidRoots}
 			}
 			b, err := s.getBlock(ctx, r)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get head block")
+				return nil, nil
 			}
 			st, err := s.cfg.StateGen.StateByRoot(ctx, r)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get head state")
+				return nil, nil
 			}
 			pid, err := s.notifyForkchoiceUpdate(ctx, &notifyForkchoiceUpdateArg{
 				headState: st,
@@ -109,28 +129,40 @@ func (s *Service) notifyForkchoiceUpdate(ctx context.Context, arg *notifyForkcho
 				headBlock: b.Block(),
 			})
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				return nil, err // Returning err because it's recursive here.
+			}
+
+			if err := s.saveHead(ctx, r, b, st); err != nil {
+				log.WithError(err).Error("could not save head after pruning invalid blocks")
 			}

 			log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 				"slot":         headBlk.Slot(),
-				"blockRoot":    fmt.Sprintf("%#x", headRoot),
+				"blockRoot":    fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(headRoot[:])),
 				"invalidCount": len(invalidRoots),
+				"newHeadRoot":  fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(r[:])),
 			}).Warn("Pruned invalid blocks")
-			return pid, ErrInvalidPayload
+			return pid, invalidBlock{error: ErrInvalidPayload, root: arg.headRoot, invalidAncestorRoots: invalidRoots}

 		default:
-			return nil, errors.WithMessage(ErrUndefinedExecutionEngineError, err.Error())
+			log.WithError(err).Error(ErrUndefinedExecutionEngineError)
+			return nil, nil
 		}
 	}
 	forkchoiceUpdatedValidNodeCount.Inc()
 	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetOptimisticToValid(ctx, arg.headRoot); err != nil {
-		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not set block to valid")
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not set head root to valid")
+		return nil, nil
 	}
-	if hasAttr { // If the forkchoice update call has an attribute, update the proposer payload ID cache.
+	if hasAttr && payloadID != nil { // If the forkchoice update call has an attribute, update the proposer payload ID cache.
 		var pId [8]byte
 		copy(pId[:], payloadID[:])
 		s.cfg.ProposerSlotIndexCache.SetProposerAndPayloadIDs(nextSlot, proposerId, pId)
+	} else if hasAttr && payloadID == nil {
+		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+			"blockHash": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", headPayload.BlockHash()),
+			"slot":      headBlk.Slot(),
+		}).Error("Received nil payload ID on VALID engine response")
 	}
 	return payloadID, nil
 }
@@ -145,17 +177,17 @@ func (s *Service) getPayloadHash(ctx context.Context, root []byte) ([32]byte, er
 	if blocks.IsPreBellatrixVersion(blk.Block().Version()) {
 		return params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, nil
 	}
-	payload, err := blk.Block().Body().ExecutionPayload()
+	payload, err := blk.Block().Body().Execution()
 	if err != nil {
 		return [32]byte{}, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get execution payload")
 	}
-	return bytesutil.ToBytes32(payload.BlockHash), nil
+	return bytesutil.ToBytes32(payload.BlockHash()), nil
 }

 // notifyForkchoiceUpdate signals execution engine on a new payload.
 // It returns true if the EL has returned VALID for the block
 func (s *Service) notifyNewPayload(ctx context.Context, postStateVersion int,
-	postStateHeader *ethpb.ExecutionPayloadHeader, blk interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock) (bool, error) {
+	postStateHeader *enginev1.ExecutionPayloadHeader, blk interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock) (bool, error) {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.notifyNewPayload")
 	defer span.End()

@@ -164,34 +196,34 @@ func (s *Service) notifyNewPayload(ctx context.Context, postStateVersion int,
 	if blocks.IsPreBellatrixVersion(postStateVersion) {
 		return true, nil
 	}
-	if err := wrapper.BeaconBlockIsNil(blk); err != nil {
+	if err := consensusblocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(blk); err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
 	body := blk.Block().Body()
 	enabled, err := blocks.IsExecutionEnabledUsingHeader(postStateHeader, body)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, errors.Wrap(invalidBlock{err}, "could not determine if execution is enabled")
+		return false, errors.Wrap(invalidBlock{error: err}, "could not determine if execution is enabled")
 	}
 	if !enabled {
 		return true, nil
 	}
-	payload, err := body.ExecutionPayload()
+	payload, err := body.Execution()
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, errors.Wrap(invalidBlock{err}, "could not get execution payload")
+		return false, errors.Wrap(invalidBlock{error: err}, "could not get execution payload")
 	}
 	lastValidHash, err := s.cfg.ExecutionEngineCaller.NewPayload(ctx, payload)
 	switch err {
 	case nil:
 		newPayloadValidNodeCount.Inc()
 		return true, nil
-	case powchain.ErrAcceptedSyncingPayloadStatus:
+	case execution.ErrAcceptedSyncingPayloadStatus:
 		newPayloadOptimisticNodeCount.Inc()
 		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 			"slot":             blk.Block().Slot(),
-			"payloadBlockHash": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(payload.BlockHash)),
+			"payloadBlockHash": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(payload.BlockHash())),
 		}).Info("Called new payload with optimistic block")
 		return false, s.optimisticCandidateBlock(ctx, blk.Block())
-	case powchain.ErrInvalidPayloadStatus:
+	case execution.ErrInvalidPayloadStatus:
 		newPayloadInvalidNodeCount.Inc()
 		root, err := blk.Block().HashTreeRoot()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -209,7 +241,13 @@ func (s *Service) notifyNewPayload(ctx context.Context, postStateVersion int,
 			"blockRoot":    fmt.Sprintf("%#x", root),
 			"invalidCount": len(invalidRoots),
 		}).Warn("Pruned invalid blocks")
-		return false, invalidBlock{ErrInvalidPayload}
+		return false, invalidBlock{
+			invalidAncestorRoots: invalidRoots,
+			error:                ErrInvalidPayload,
+		}
+	case execution.ErrInvalidBlockHashPayloadStatus:
+		newPayloadInvalidNodeCount.Inc()
+		return false, ErrInvalidBlockHashPayloadStatus
 	default:
 		return false, errors.WithMessage(ErrUndefinedExecutionEngineError, err.Error())
 	}
@@ -270,10 +308,10 @@ func (s *Service) getPayloadAttribute(ctx context.Context, st state.BeaconState,
 	recipient, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.FeeRecipientByValidatorID(ctx, proposerID)
 	switch {
 	case errors.Is(err, kv.ErrNotFoundFeeRecipient):
-		if feeRecipient.String() == fieldparams.EthBurnAddressHex {
+		if feeRecipient.String() == params.BeaconConfig().EthBurnAddressHex {
 			logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 				"validatorIndex": proposerID,
-				"burnAddress":    fieldparams.EthBurnAddressHex,
+				"burnAddress":    params.BeaconConfig().EthBurnAddressHex,
 			}).Warn("Fee recipient is currently using the burn address, " +
 				"you will not be rewarded transaction fees on this setting. " +
 				"Please set a different eth address as the fee recipient. " +
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/execution_engine_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/execution_engine_test.go
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/head.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/head.go
@@ -9,15 +9,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/feed"
 	statefeed "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/feed/state"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
-	doublylinkedtree "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/doubly-linked-tree"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/features"
 	fieldparams "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/fieldparams"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	ethpbv1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/eth/v1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/time/slots"
@@ -28,17 +26,14 @@ import (
 // UpdateAndSaveHeadWithBalances updates the beacon state head after getting justified balanced from cache.
 // This function is only used in spec-tests, it does save the head after updating it.
 func (s *Service) UpdateAndSaveHeadWithBalances(ctx context.Context) error {
-	jp, err := s.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	jp := s.CurrentJustifiedCheckpt()

 	balances, err := s.justifiedBalances.get(ctx, bytesutil.ToBytes32(jp.Root))
 	if err != nil {
 		msg := fmt.Sprintf("could not read balances for state w/ justified checkpoint %#x", jp.Root)
 		return errors.Wrap(err, msg)
 	}
-	headRoot, err := s.updateHead(ctx, balances)
+	headRoot, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Head(ctx, balances)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not update head")
 	}
@@ -61,65 +56,25 @@ type head struct {
 	state state.BeaconState            // current head state.
 }

-// Determined the head from the fork choice service and saves its new data
-// (head root, head block, and head state) to the local service cache.
-func (s *Service) updateHead(ctx context.Context, balances []uint64) ([32]byte, error) {
-	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.updateHead")
-	defer span.End()
-
-	// Get head from the fork choice service.
-	f, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return [32]byte{}, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized checkpoint")
-	}
-	j, err := s.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return [32]byte{}, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get justified checkpoint")
-	}
-	// To get head before the first justified epoch, the fork choice will start with origin root
-	// instead of zero hashes.
-	headStartRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32(j.Root)
-	if headStartRoot == params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash {
-		headStartRoot = s.originBlockRoot
-	}
-
-	// In order to process head, fork choice store requires justified info.
-	// If the fork choice store is missing justified block info, a node should
-	// re-initiate fork choice store using the latest justified info.
-	// This recovers a fatal condition and should not happen in run time.
-	if !s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.HasNode(headStartRoot) {
-		jb, err := s.getBlock(ctx, headStartRoot)
-		if err != nil {
-			return [32]byte{}, err
-		}
-		if features.Get().EnableForkChoiceDoublyLinkedTree {
-			s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore = doublylinkedtree.New(j.Epoch, f.Epoch)
-		} else {
-			s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore = protoarray.New(j.Epoch, f.Epoch)
-		}
-		if err := s.insertBlockToForkChoiceStore(ctx, jb.Block(), headStartRoot, f, j); err != nil {
-			return [32]byte{}, err
-		}
-	}
-
-	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Head(ctx, headStartRoot, balances)
-}
-
 // This saves head info to the local service cache, it also saves the
 // new head root to the DB.
-func (s *Service) saveHead(ctx context.Context, headRoot [32]byte, headBlock interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock, headState state.BeaconState) error {
+func (s *Service) saveHead(ctx context.Context, newHeadRoot [32]byte, headBlock interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock, headState state.BeaconState) error {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.saveHead")
 	defer span.End()

 	// Do nothing if head hasn't changed.
-	r, err := s.HeadRoot(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+	var oldHeadRoot [32]byte
+	s.headLock.RLock()
+	if s.head == nil {
+		oldHeadRoot = s.originBlockRoot
+	} else {
+		oldHeadRoot = s.head.root
 	}
-	if headRoot == bytesutil.ToBytes32(r) {
+	s.headLock.RUnlock()
+	if newHeadRoot == oldHeadRoot {
 		return nil
 	}
-	if err := wrapper.BeaconBlockIsNil(headBlock); err != nil {
+	if err := blocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(headBlock); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if headState == nil || headState.IsNil() {
@@ -128,17 +83,22 @@ func (s *Service) saveHead(ctx context.Context, headRoot [32]byte, headBlock int

 	// If the head state is not available, just return nil.
 	// There's nothing to cache
-	if !s.cfg.BeaconDB.HasStateSummary(ctx, headRoot) {
+	if !s.cfg.BeaconDB.HasStateSummary(ctx, newHeadRoot) {
 		return nil
 	}

 	// A chain re-org occurred, so we fire an event notifying the rest of the services.
+	s.headLock.RLock()
+	oldHeadBlock, err := s.headBlock()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get old head block")
+	}
+	oldStateRoot := oldHeadBlock.Block().StateRoot()
+	s.headLock.RUnlock()
 	headSlot := s.HeadSlot()
 	newHeadSlot := headBlock.Block().Slot()
-	oldHeadRoot := s.headRoot()
-	oldStateRoot := s.headBlock().Block().StateRoot()
 	newStateRoot := headBlock.Block().StateRoot()
-	if bytesutil.ToBytes32(headBlock.Block().ParentRoot()) != bytesutil.ToBytes32(r) {
+	if bytesutil.ToBytes32(headBlock.Block().ParentRoot()) != oldHeadRoot {
 		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 			"newSlot": fmt.Sprintf("%d", newHeadSlot),
 			"oldSlot": fmt.Sprintf("%d", headSlot),
@@ -154,7 +114,7 @@ func (s *Service) saveHead(ctx context.Context, headRoot [32]byte, headBlock int
 				Slot:                newHeadSlot,
 				Depth:               absoluteSlotDifference,
 				OldHeadBlock:        oldHeadRoot[:],
-				NewHeadBlock:        headRoot[:],
+				NewHeadBlock:        newHeadRoot[:],
 				OldHeadState:        oldStateRoot,
 				NewHeadState:        newStateRoot,
 				Epoch:               slots.ToEpoch(newHeadSlot),
@@ -162,25 +122,26 @@ func (s *Service) saveHead(ctx context.Context, headRoot [32]byte, headBlock int
 			},
 		})

-		if err := s.saveOrphanedAtts(ctx, bytesutil.ToBytes32(r)); err != nil {
+		if err := s.saveOrphanedAtts(ctx, oldHeadRoot, newHeadRoot); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-
 		reorgCount.Inc()
 	}

 	// Cache the new head info.
-	s.setHead(headRoot, headBlock, headState)
+	if err := s.setHead(newHeadRoot, headBlock, headState); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set head")
+	}

 	// Save the new head root to DB.
-	if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveHeadBlockRoot(ctx, headRoot); err != nil {
+	if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveHeadBlockRoot(ctx, newHeadRoot); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not save head root in DB")
 	}

 	// Forward an event capturing a new chain head over a common event feed
 	// done in a goroutine to avoid blocking the critical runtime main routine.
 	go func() {
-		if err := s.notifyNewHeadEvent(ctx, newHeadSlot, headState, newStateRoot, headRoot[:]); err != nil {
+		if err := s.notifyNewHeadEvent(ctx, newHeadSlot, headState, newStateRoot, newHeadRoot[:]); err != nil {
 			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not notify event feed of new chain head")
 		}
 	}()
@@ -192,7 +153,7 @@ func (s *Service) saveHead(ctx context.Context, headRoot [32]byte, headBlock int
 // root in DB. With the inception of initial-sync-cache-state flag, it uses finalized
 // check point as anchors to resume sync therefore head is no longer needed to be saved on per slot basis.
 func (s *Service) saveHeadNoDB(ctx context.Context, b interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock, r [32]byte, hs state.BeaconState) error {
-	if err := wrapper.BeaconBlockIsNil(b); err != nil {
+	if err := blocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(b); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	cachedHeadRoot, err := s.HeadRoot(ctx)
@@ -203,38 +164,54 @@ func (s *Service) saveHeadNoDB(ctx context.Context, b interfaces.SignedBeaconBlo
 		return nil
 	}

-	s.setHeadInitialSync(r, b.Copy(), hs)
+	bCp, err := b.Copy()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := s.setHeadInitialSync(r, bCp, hs); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set head")
+	}
 	return nil
 }

 // This sets head view object which is used to track the head slot, root, block and state.
-func (s *Service) setHead(root [32]byte, block interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock, state state.BeaconState) {
+func (s *Service) setHead(root [32]byte, block interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock, state state.BeaconState) error {
 	s.headLock.Lock()
 	defer s.headLock.Unlock()

 	// This does a full copy of the block and state.
+	bCp, err := block.Copy()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	s.head = &head{
 		slot:  block.Block().Slot(),
 		root:  root,
-		block: block.Copy(),
+		block: bCp,
 		state: state.Copy(),
 	}
+	return nil
 }

 // This sets head view object which is used to track the head slot, root, block and state. The method
 // assumes that state being passed into the method will not be modified by any other alternate
 // caller which holds the state's reference.
-func (s *Service) setHeadInitialSync(root [32]byte, block interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock, state state.BeaconState) {
+func (s *Service) setHeadInitialSync(root [32]byte, block interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock, state state.BeaconState) error {
 	s.headLock.Lock()
 	defer s.headLock.Unlock()

 	// This does a full copy of the block only.
+	bCp, err := block.Copy()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	s.head = &head{
 		slot:  block.Block().Slot(),
 		root:  root,
-		block: block.Copy(),
+		block: bCp,
 		state: state,
 	}
+	return nil
 }

 // This returns the head slot.
@@ -257,7 +234,7 @@ func (s *Service) headRoot() [32]byte {
 // This returns the head block.
 // It does a full copy on head block for immutability.
 // This is a lock free version.
-func (s *Service) headBlock() interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock {
+func (s *Service) headBlock() (interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock, error) {
 	return s.head.block.Copy()
 }

@@ -265,7 +242,7 @@ func (s *Service) headBlock() interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock {
 // It does a full copy on head state for immutability.
 // This is a lock free version.
 func (s *Service) headState(ctx context.Context) state.BeaconState {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.headState")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.headState")
 	defer span.End()

 	return s.head.state.Copy()
@@ -353,35 +330,48 @@ func (s *Service) notifyNewHeadEvent(
 	return nil
 }

-// This saves the attestations inside the beacon block with respect to root `orphanedRoot` back into the
-// attestation pool. It also filters out the attestations that is one epoch older as a
-// defense so invalid attestations don't flow into the attestation pool.
-func (s *Service) saveOrphanedAtts(ctx context.Context, orphanedRoot [32]byte) error {
-	orphanedBlk, err := s.getBlock(ctx, orphanedRoot)
-	if err != nil {
+// This saves the attestations between `orphanedRoot` and the common ancestor root that is derived using `newHeadRoot`.
+// It also filters out the attestations that is one epoch older as a defense so invalid attestations don't flow into the attestation pool.
+func (s *Service) saveOrphanedAtts(ctx context.Context, orphanedRoot [32]byte, newHeadRoot [32]byte) error {
+	commonAncestorRoot, err := s.ForkChoicer().CommonAncestorRoot(ctx, newHeadRoot, orphanedRoot)
+	switch {
+	// Exit early if there's no common ancestor and root doesn't exist, there would be nothing to save.
+	case errors.Is(err, forkchoice.ErrUnknownCommonAncestor):
+		return nil
+	case err != nil:
 		return err
 	}
-
-	if orphanedBlk == nil || orphanedBlk.IsNil() {
-		return errors.New("orphaned block can't be nil")
-	}
-
-	for _, a := range orphanedBlk.Block().Body().Attestations() {
-		// Is the attestation one epoch older.
-		if a.Data.Slot+params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch < s.CurrentSlot() {
-			continue
+	for orphanedRoot != commonAncestorRoot {
+		if ctx.Err() != nil {
+			return ctx.Err()
 		}
-		if helpers.IsAggregated(a) {
-			if err := s.cfg.AttPool.SaveAggregatedAttestation(a); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		} else {
-			if err := s.cfg.AttPool.SaveUnaggregatedAttestation(a); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-		saveOrphanedAttCount.Inc()
-	}

+		orphanedBlk, err := s.getBlock(ctx, orphanedRoot)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// If the block is an epoch older, break out of the loop since we can't include atts anyway.
+		// This prevents stuck within this for loop longer than necessary.
+		if orphanedBlk.Block().Slot()+params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch <= s.CurrentSlot() {
+			break
+		}
+		for _, a := range orphanedBlk.Block().Body().Attestations() {
+			// if the attestation is one epoch older, it wouldn't been useful to save it.
+			if a.Data.Slot+params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch < s.CurrentSlot() {
+				continue
+			}
+			if helpers.IsAggregated(a) {
+				if err := s.cfg.AttPool.SaveAggregatedAttestation(a); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			} else {
+				if err := s.cfg.AttPool.SaveUnaggregatedAttestation(a); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+			saveOrphanedAttCount.Inc()
+		}
+		orphanedRoot = bytesutil.ToBytes32(orphanedBlk.Block().ParentRoot())
+	}
 	return nil
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/head_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/head_test.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package blockchain
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"sort"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@@ -10,9 +11,11 @@ import (
 	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
 	doublylinkedtree "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/doubly-linked-tree"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/stategen"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/features"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	ethpbv1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/eth/v1"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/assert"
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ func TestSaveHead_Same(t *testing.T) {

 	r := [32]byte{'A'}
 	service.head = &head{slot: 0, root: r}
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
 	require.NoError(t, service.saveHead(context.Background(), r, b, st))
@@ -41,14 +44,14 @@ func TestSaveHead_Different(t *testing.T) {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	service := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)

-	util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	oldBlock, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(
-		util.NewBeaconBlock(),
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), oldBlock))
+	oldBlock := util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), service.cfg.BeaconDB, util.NewBeaconBlock())
 	oldRoot, err := oldBlock.Block().HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, oldBlock.Block().Slot(), oldRoot, bytesutil.ToBytes32(oldBlock.Block().ParentRoot()), [32]byte{}, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
 	service.head = &head{
 		slot:  0,
 		root:  oldRoot,
@@ -59,11 +62,12 @@ func TestSaveHead_Different(t *testing.T) {
 	newHeadSignedBlock.Block.Slot = 1
 	newHeadBlock := newHeadSignedBlock.Block

-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(newHeadSignedBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	wsb := util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), service.cfg.BeaconDB, newHeadSignedBlock)
 	newRoot, err := newHeadBlock.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
+	state, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, wsb.Block().Slot(), newRoot, bytesutil.ToBytes32(wsb.Block().ParentRoot()), [32]byte{}, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
 	headState, err := util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, headState.SetSlot(1))
@@ -76,7 +80,11 @@ func TestSaveHead_Different(t *testing.T) {
 	cachedRoot, err := service.HeadRoot(context.Background())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.DeepEqual(t, cachedRoot, newRoot[:], "Head did not change")
-	assert.DeepEqual(t, newHeadSignedBlock, service.headBlock().Proto(), "Head did not change")
+	headBlock, err := service.headBlock()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	pb, err := headBlock.Proto()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, newHeadSignedBlock, pb, "Head did not change")
 	assert.DeepSSZEqual(t, headState.CloneInnerState(), service.headState(ctx).CloneInnerState(), "Head did not change")
 }

@@ -86,13 +94,14 @@ func TestSaveHead_Different_Reorg(t *testing.T) {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	service := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)

-	oldBlock, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(
-		util.NewBeaconBlock(),
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), oldBlock))
+	oldBlock := util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), service.cfg.BeaconDB, util.NewBeaconBlock())
 	oldRoot, err := oldBlock.Block().HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, oldBlock.Block().Slot(), oldRoot, bytesutil.ToBytes32(oldBlock.Block().ParentRoot()), [32]byte{}, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
 	service.head = &head{
 		slot:  0,
 		root:  oldRoot,
@@ -105,11 +114,12 @@ func TestSaveHead_Different_Reorg(t *testing.T) {
 	newHeadSignedBlock.Block.ParentRoot = reorgChainParent[:]
 	newHeadBlock := newHeadSignedBlock.Block

-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(newHeadSignedBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	wsb := util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), service.cfg.BeaconDB, newHeadSignedBlock)
 	newRoot, err := newHeadBlock.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
+	state, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, wsb.Block().Slot(), newRoot, bytesutil.ToBytes32(wsb.Block().ParentRoot()), [32]byte{}, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
 	headState, err := util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, headState.SetSlot(1))
@@ -124,7 +134,11 @@ func TestSaveHead_Different_Reorg(t *testing.T) {
 	if !bytes.Equal(cachedRoot, newRoot[:]) {
 		t.Error("Head did not change")
 	}
-	assert.DeepEqual(t, newHeadSignedBlock, service.headBlock().Proto(), "Head did not change")
+	headBlock, err := service.headBlock()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	pb, err := headBlock.Proto()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, newHeadSignedBlock, pb, "Head did not change")
 	assert.DeepSSZEqual(t, headState.CloneInnerState(), service.headState(ctx).CloneInnerState(), "Head did not change")
 	require.LogsContain(t, hook, "Chain reorg occurred")
 }
@@ -143,26 +157,6 @@ func TestCacheJustifiedStateBalances_CanCache(t *testing.T) {
 	require.DeepEqual(t, balances, state.Balances(), "Incorrect justified balances")
 }

-func TestUpdateHead_MissingJustifiedRoot(t *testing.T) {
-	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-	service := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
-
-	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
-	r, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	service.store.SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r[:]}, [32]byte{'a'})
-	service.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{}, [32]byte{'b'})
-	service.store.SetBestJustifiedCheckpt(&ethpb.Checkpoint{})
-	headRoot, err := service.updateHead(context.Background(), []uint64{})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
-	require.NoError(t, service.saveHead(context.Background(), headRoot, wsb, st))
-}
-
 func Test_notifyNewHeadEvent(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("genesis_state_root", func(t *testing.T) {
 		bState, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 10)
@@ -229,57 +223,363 @@ func Test_notifyNewHeadEvent(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }

-func TestSaveOrphanedAtts(t *testing.T) {
-	genesis, keys := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 64)
-	b, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(genesis, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 1)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	r, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
+func TestSaveOrphanedAtts_NoCommonAncestor(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	service := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
-	service.genesisTime = time.Now()
+	service.genesisTime = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-10*int64(1)*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot)) * time.Second)

-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	// Chain setup
+	// 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 3
+	//    -4
+	st, keys := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 64)
+	blkG, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, blkG)
+	rG, err := blkG.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
-	require.NoError(t, service.saveOrphanedAtts(ctx, r))

-	require.Equal(t, len(b.Block.Body.Attestations), service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestationCount())
-	savedAtts := service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestations()
-	atts := b.Block.Body.Attestations
-	require.DeepSSZEqual(t, atts, savedAtts)
+	blk1, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk1.Block.ParentRoot = rG[:]
+	r1, err := blk1.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk2, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 2)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk2.Block.ParentRoot = r1[:]
+	r2, err := blk2.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk3, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 3)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk3.Block.ParentRoot = r2[:]
+	r3, err := blk3.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk4 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blk4.Block.Slot = 4
+	r4, err := blk4.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	for _, blk := range []*ethpb.SignedBeaconBlock{blkG, blk1, blk2, blk3, blk4} {
+		r, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+		ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+		state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, blk.Block.Slot, r, bytesutil.ToBytes32(blk.Block.ParentRoot), [32]byte{}, ojc, ofc)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, service.ForkChoicer().InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
+		util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blk)
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveOrphanedAtts(ctx, r3, r4))
+	require.Equal(t, 0, service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestationCount())
+}
+
+func TestSaveOrphanedAtts(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
+	service := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
+	service.genesisTime = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-10*int64(1)*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot)) * time.Second)
+
+	// Chain setup
+	// 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 3
+	//  \-4
+	st, keys := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 64)
+	blkG, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, blkG)
+	rG, err := blkG.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk1, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk1.Block.ParentRoot = rG[:]
+	r1, err := blk1.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk2, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 2)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk2.Block.ParentRoot = r1[:]
+	r2, err := blk2.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk3, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 3)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk3.Block.ParentRoot = r2[:]
+	r3, err := blk3.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk4 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blk4.Block.Slot = 4
+	blk4.Block.ParentRoot = rG[:]
+	r4, err := blk4.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+
+	for _, blk := range []*ethpb.SignedBeaconBlock{blkG, blk1, blk2, blk3, blk4} {
+		r, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, blk.Block.Slot, r, bytesutil.ToBytes32(blk.Block.ParentRoot), [32]byte{}, ojc, ofc)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, service.ForkChoicer().InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
+		util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blk)
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveOrphanedAtts(ctx, r3, r4))
+	require.Equal(t, 3, service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestationCount())
+	wantAtts := []*ethpb.Attestation{
+		blk3.Block.Body.Attestations[0],
+		blk2.Block.Body.Attestations[0],
+		blk1.Block.Body.Attestations[0],
+	}
+	atts := service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestations()
+	sort.Slice(atts, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return atts[i].Data.Slot > atts[j].Data.Slot
+	})
+	require.DeepEqual(t, wantAtts, atts)
 }

 func TestSaveOrphanedAtts_CanFilter(t *testing.T) {
-	genesis, keys := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 64)
-	b, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(genesis, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 1)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
+	service := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
+	service.genesisTime = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-1*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch+2)*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot)) * time.Second)
+
+	// Chain setup
+	// 0 -- 1 -- 2
+	//  \-4
+	st, keys := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 64)
+	blkG, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 0)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	r, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, blkG)
+	rG, err := blkG.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

+	blk1, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk1.Block.ParentRoot = rG[:]
+	r1, err := blk1.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk2, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 2)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk2.Block.ParentRoot = r1[:]
+	r2, err := blk2.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk4 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blk4.Block.Slot = 4
+	blk4.Block.ParentRoot = rG[:]
+	r4, err := blk4.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+
+	for _, blk := range []*ethpb.SignedBeaconBlock{blkG, blk1, blk2, blk4} {
+		r, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, blk.Block.Slot, r, bytesutil.ToBytes32(blk.Block.ParentRoot), [32]byte{}, ojc, ofc)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, service.ForkChoicer().InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
+		util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blk)
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveOrphanedAtts(ctx, r2, r4))
+	require.Equal(t, 0, service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestationCount())
+}
+
+func TestSaveOrphanedAtts_NoCommonAncestor_DoublyLinkedTrie(t *testing.T) {
+	resetCfg := features.InitWithReset(&features.Flags{
+		EnableForkChoiceDoublyLinkedTree: true,
+	})
+	defer resetCfg()
+
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	service := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
-	service.genesisTime = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-1*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch+1)*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot)) * time.Second)
+	service.genesisTime = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-10*int64(1)*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot)) * time.Second)

-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	// Chain setup
+	// 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 3
+	//    -4
+	st, keys := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 64)
+	blkG, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, blkG)
+	rG, err := blkG.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
-	require.NoError(t, service.saveOrphanedAtts(ctx, r))

+	blk1, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk1.Block.ParentRoot = rG[:]
+	r1, err := blk1.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk2, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 2)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk2.Block.ParentRoot = r1[:]
+	r2, err := blk2.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk3, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 3)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk3.Block.ParentRoot = r2[:]
+	r3, err := blk3.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk4 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blk4.Block.Slot = 4
+	r4, err := blk4.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	for _, blk := range []*ethpb.SignedBeaconBlock{blkG, blk1, blk2, blk3, blk4} {
+		r, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, blk.Block.Slot, r, bytesutil.ToBytes32(blk.Block.ParentRoot), [32]byte{}, ojc, ofc)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, service.ForkChoicer().InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
+		util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blk)
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveOrphanedAtts(ctx, r3, r4))
+	require.Equal(t, 0, service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestationCount())
+}
+
+func TestSaveOrphanedAtts_DoublyLinkedTrie(t *testing.T) {
+	resetCfg := features.InitWithReset(&features.Flags{
+		EnableForkChoiceDoublyLinkedTree: true,
+	})
+	defer resetCfg()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
+	service := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
+	service.genesisTime = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-10*int64(1)*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot)) * time.Second)
+
+	// Chain setup
+	// 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 3
+	//  \-4
+	st, keys := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 64)
+	blkG, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, blkG)
+	rG, err := blkG.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk1, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk1.Block.ParentRoot = rG[:]
+	r1, err := blk1.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk2, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 2)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk2.Block.ParentRoot = r1[:]
+	r2, err := blk2.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk3, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 3)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk3.Block.ParentRoot = r2[:]
+	r3, err := blk3.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk4 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blk4.Block.Slot = 4
+	blk4.Block.ParentRoot = rG[:]
+	r4, err := blk4.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	for _, blk := range []*ethpb.SignedBeaconBlock{blkG, blk1, blk2, blk3, blk4} {
+		r, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, blk.Block.Slot, r, bytesutil.ToBytes32(blk.Block.ParentRoot), [32]byte{}, ojc, ofc)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, service.ForkChoicer().InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
+		util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blk)
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveOrphanedAtts(ctx, r3, r4))
+	require.Equal(t, 3, service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestationCount())
+	wantAtts := []*ethpb.Attestation{
+		blk3.Block.Body.Attestations[0],
+		blk2.Block.Body.Attestations[0],
+		blk1.Block.Body.Attestations[0],
+	}
+	atts := service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestations()
+	sort.Slice(atts, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return atts[i].Data.Slot > atts[j].Data.Slot
+	})
+	require.DeepEqual(t, wantAtts, atts)
+}
+
+func TestSaveOrphanedAtts_CanFilter_DoublyLinkedTrie(t *testing.T) {
+	resetCfg := features.InitWithReset(&features.Flags{
+		EnableForkChoiceDoublyLinkedTree: true,
+	})
+	defer resetCfg()
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
+	service := setupBeaconChain(t, beaconDB)
+	service.genesisTime = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-1*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch+2)*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot)) * time.Second)
+
+	// Chain setup
+	// 0 -- 1 -- 2
+	//  \-4
+	st, keys := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 64)
+	blkG, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, blkG)
+	rG, err := blkG.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk1, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk1.Block.ParentRoot = rG[:]
+	r1, err := blk1.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk2, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(st, keys, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 2)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	blk2.Block.ParentRoot = r1[:]
+	r2, err := blk2.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blk4 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blk4.Block.Slot = 4
+	blk4.Block.ParentRoot = rG[:]
+	r4, err := blk4.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	for _, blk := range []*ethpb.SignedBeaconBlock{blkG, blk1, blk2, blk4} {
+		r, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, blk.Block.Slot, r, bytesutil.ToBytes32(blk.Block.ParentRoot), [32]byte{}, ojc, ofc)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NoError(t, service.ForkChoicer().InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
+		util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blk)
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveOrphanedAtts(ctx, r2, r4))
 	require.Equal(t, 0, service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestationCount())
-	savedAtts := service.cfg.AttPool.AggregatedAttestations()
-	atts := b.Block.Body.Attestations
-	require.DeepNotSSZEqual(t, atts, savedAtts)
 }

 func TestUpdateHead_noSavedChanges(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()

 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-	fcs := doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0)
+	fcs := doublylinkedtree.New()
 	opts := []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
 		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
@@ -288,18 +588,18 @@ func TestUpdateHead_noSavedChanges(t *testing.T) {

 	service, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	bellatrixBlk, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlockBellatrix())
+	ojp := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	st, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 0, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, ojp, ojp)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+
+	bellatrixBlk := util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, util.NewBeaconBlockBellatrix())
 	bellatrixBlkRoot, err := bellatrixBlk.Block().HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, bellatrixBlk))
 	fcp := &ethpb.Checkpoint{
 		Root:  bellatrixBlkRoot[:],
-		Epoch: 1,
+		Epoch: 0,
 	}
-	service.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(fcp, [32]byte{'a'})
-	service.store.SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(fcp, [32]byte{'b'})
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveGenesisBlockRoot(ctx, bellatrixBlkRoot))

 	bellatrixState, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisStateBellatrix(t, 2)
@@ -309,7 +609,10 @@ func TestUpdateHead_noSavedChanges(t *testing.T) {
 	headRoot := service.headRoot()
 	require.Equal(t, [32]byte{}, headRoot)

-	newRoot, err := service.updateHead(ctx, []uint64{1, 2})
+	st, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 0, bellatrixBlkRoot, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, fcp, fcp)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertNode(ctx, st, blkRoot))
+	newRoot, err := service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Head(ctx, []uint64{1, 2})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NotEqual(t, headRoot, newRoot)
 	require.Equal(t, headRoot, service.headRoot())
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/init_sync_process_block.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/init_sync_process_block.go
@@ -4,15 +4,24 @@ import (
 	"context"

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 )

-// This saves a beacon block to the initial sync blocks cache.
-func (s *Service) saveInitSyncBlock(r [32]byte, b interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock) {
+// This saves a beacon block to the initial sync blocks cache. It rate limits how many blocks
+// the cache keeps in memory (2 epochs worth of blocks) and saves them to DB when it hits this limit.
+func (s *Service) saveInitSyncBlock(ctx context.Context, r [32]byte, b interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock) error {
 	s.initSyncBlocksLock.Lock()
-	defer s.initSyncBlocksLock.Unlock()
 	s.initSyncBlocks[r] = b
+	numBlocks := len(s.initSyncBlocks)
+	s.initSyncBlocksLock.Unlock()
+	if uint64(numBlocks) > initialSyncBlockCacheSize {
+		if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlocks(ctx, s.getInitSyncBlocks()); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		s.clearInitSyncBlocks()
+	}
+	return nil
 }

 // This checks if a beacon block exists in the initial sync blocks cache using the root
@@ -47,7 +56,7 @@ func (s *Service) getBlock(ctx context.Context, r [32]byte) (interfaces.SignedBe
 			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not retrieve block from db")
 		}
 	}
-	if err := wrapper.BeaconBlockIsNil(b); err != nil {
+	if err := blocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(b); err != nil {
 		return nil, errBlockNotFoundInCacheOrDB
 	}
 	return b, nil
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/init_sync_process_block_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/init_sync_process_block_test.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/util"
 )
@@ -27,17 +27,15 @@ func TestService_getBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, errBlockNotFoundInCacheOrDB)

 	// block in cache
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b1)
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	s.saveInitSyncBlock(r1, b)
+	s.saveInitSyncBlock(ctx, r1, b)
 	got, err := s.getBlock(ctx, r1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.DeepEqual(t, b, got)

 	// block in db
-	b, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b2)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, b))
+	b = util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, s.cfg.BeaconDB, b2)
 	got, err = s.getBlock(ctx, r2)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.DeepEqual(t, b, got)
@@ -59,14 +57,12 @@ func TestService_hasBlockInInitSyncOrDB(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, false, s.hasBlockInInitSyncOrDB(ctx, [32]byte{}))

 	// block in cache
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b1)
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	s.saveInitSyncBlock(r1, b)
+	s.saveInitSyncBlock(ctx, r1, b)
 	require.Equal(t, true, s.hasBlockInInitSyncOrDB(ctx, r1))

 	// block in db
-	b, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b2)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, b))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, s.cfg.BeaconDB, b2)
 	require.Equal(t, true, s.hasBlockInInitSyncOrDB(ctx, r2))
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/log.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/log.go
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
@@ -43,12 +45,16 @@ func logStateTransitionData(b interfaces.BeaconBlock) error {
 		log = log.WithField("syncBitsCount", agg.SyncCommitteeBits.Count())
 	}
 	if b.Version() == version.Bellatrix {
-		p, err := b.Body().ExecutionPayload()
+		p, err := b.Body().Execution()
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		log = log.WithField("payloadHash", fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(p.BlockHash)))
-		log = log.WithField("txCount", len(p.Transactions))
+		log = log.WithField("payloadHash", fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(p.BlockHash())))
+		txs, err := p.Transactions()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		log = log.WithField("txCount", len(txs))
 	}
 	log.Info("Finished applying state transition")
 	return nil
@@ -77,10 +83,39 @@ func logBlockSyncStatus(block interfaces.BeaconBlock, blockRoot [32]byte, justif
 		}).Debug("Synced new block")
 	} else {
 		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-			"slot":  block.Slot(),
-			"block": fmt.Sprintf("0x%s...", hex.EncodeToString(blockRoot[:])[:8]),
-			"epoch": slots.ToEpoch(block.Slot()),
+			"slot":           block.Slot(),
+			"block":          fmt.Sprintf("0x%s...", hex.EncodeToString(blockRoot[:])[:8]),
+			"finalizedEpoch": finalized.Epoch,
+			"finalizedRoot":  fmt.Sprintf("0x%s...", hex.EncodeToString(finalized.Root)[:8]),
+			"epoch":          slots.ToEpoch(block.Slot()),
 		}).Info("Synced new block")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+// logs payload related data every slot.
+func logPayload(block interfaces.BeaconBlock) error {
+	isExecutionBlk, err := blocks.IsExecutionBlock(block.Body())
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not determine if block is execution block")
+	}
+	if !isExecutionBlk {
+		return nil
+	}
+	payload, err := block.Body().Execution()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if payload.GasLimit() == 0 {
+		return errors.New("gas limit should not be 0")
+	}
+	gasUtilized := float64(payload.GasUsed()) / float64(payload.GasLimit())
+
+	log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+		"blockHash":   fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(payload.BlockHash())),
+		"parentHash":  fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bytesutil.Trunc(payload.ParentHash())),
+		"blockNumber": payload.BlockNumber,
+		"gasUtilized": fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", gasUtilized),
+	}).Debug("Synced new payload")
+	return nil
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/log_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/log_test.go
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ package blockchain
 import (
 	"testing"

+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	enginev1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func Test_logStateTransitionData(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 	}
-	wrappedPayloadBlk, err := wrapper.WrappedBeaconBlock(payloadBlk)
+	wrappedPayloadBlk, err := blocks.NewBeaconBlock(payloadBlk)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	tests := []struct {
 		name string
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func Test_logStateTransitionData(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{name: "empty block body",
 			b: func() interfaces.BeaconBlock {
-				wb, err := wrapper.WrappedBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{}})
+				wb, err := blocks.NewBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{}})
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				return wb
 			},
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func Test_logStateTransitionData(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{name: "has attestation",
 			b: func() interfaces.BeaconBlock {
-				wb, err := wrapper.WrappedBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{Attestations: []*ethpb.Attestation{{}}}})
+				wb, err := blocks.NewBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{Attestations: []*ethpb.Attestation{{}}}})
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				return wb
 			},
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func Test_logStateTransitionData(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{name: "has deposit",
 			b: func() interfaces.BeaconBlock {
-				wb, err := wrapper.WrappedBeaconBlock(
+				wb, err := blocks.NewBeaconBlock(
 					&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{
 						Attestations: []*ethpb.Attestation{{}},
 						Deposits:     []*ethpb.Deposit{{}}}})
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func Test_logStateTransitionData(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{name: "has attester slashing",
 			b: func() interfaces.BeaconBlock {
-				wb, err := wrapper.WrappedBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{
+				wb, err := blocks.NewBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{
 					AttesterSlashings: []*ethpb.AttesterSlashing{{}}}})
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				return wb
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func Test_logStateTransitionData(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{name: "has proposer slashing",
 			b: func() interfaces.BeaconBlock {
-				wb, err := wrapper.WrappedBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{
+				wb, err := blocks.NewBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{
 					ProposerSlashings: []*ethpb.ProposerSlashing{{}}}})
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				return wb
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func Test_logStateTransitionData(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{name: "has exit",
 			b: func() interfaces.BeaconBlock {
-				wb, err := wrapper.WrappedBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{
+				wb, err := blocks.NewBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{
 					VoluntaryExits: []*ethpb.SignedVoluntaryExit{{}}}})
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				return wb
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func Test_logStateTransitionData(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{name: "has everything",
 			b: func() interfaces.BeaconBlock {
-				wb, err := wrapper.WrappedBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{
+				wb, err := blocks.NewBeaconBlock(&ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{
 					Attestations:      []*ethpb.Attestation{{}},
 					Deposits:          []*ethpb.Deposit{{}},
 					AttesterSlashings: []*ethpb.AttesterSlashing{{}},
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/merge_ascii_art.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/merge_ascii_art.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package blockchain
+
+var mergeAsciiArt = `                                                                                                                                                  	                                                                                                                                                      
+		                                                                                                                                                      
+		                                 +?$$$$$$?*;                         ;*?$$$$?*;                         +!$$$$$$?!;                                   
+		                                 !##$???$@##$+                      !&#@$??$&#@*                      +@#&$????$##+                                   
+		                                 !##;     +@#&;                    !##*     ;$##*                     @#$      ;&#+                                   
+		                                 !##;      !##+                   ;##$        @#@                     $#&*      ++;                                   
+		                                 !##;     ;@#&;                   *##*        ?##;                    ;$##&$!+;                                       
+		                                 !##?!!!?$##$+                    !##+        !##+                      ;!$@##&$!;                                    
+		                                 !##@@@@$$!+                      *##*        ?##;                          ;*?@#&!                                   
+		                                 !##;                             ;##$        @#@                    ;?$;       ?##+                                  
+		                                 !##;                              ?##!     ;?##+                    ;##+      ;$#&;                                  
+		                                 !##;                               !&#&$??$&#@*                     ;&#&$$??$$&#@+                                   
+		                                 +??;                                ;*?$$$$?+                        ;+!?$$$$$!+                                     
+		                                                                                                ;;;;                                                  
+		                                      ;+!??$$$?!*+;                                       ;*?$@&&&&&@@$!*;                                            
+		                                   *?@############&$?+                                 ;!@###############&$!;                                         
+		                                ;!@####&@$????$$@#####@!                             ;?&####$?*++;++*!?@####&?;                                       
+		                               *@###&$*;         ;*$&###@*                          *&###@!;            ;!@###&!                                      
+		                              !###&!;               ;?&###?                        *####!                  *&###?                                     
+		                             !###@+                   ;$###$                      +###&+                    ;$###?                                    
+		                            ;###&;                      $###?   ;;+*!??$$$$$$$$??!$###*                      ;@###*                                   
+		                            !###!                        &###?$@&#####################@$?!+;                  +###$                                   
+		                            $###+                     ;*?&#################################&$?*;               &##&;                                  
+		                            $###+                  ;!$&########################################&$!;            &###;                                  
+		                            *###?               ;!$################################################$*;        +###@                                   
+		                            ;@###+            +$&####################################################&?;      $###!                                   
+		                             +###&+         *$##########################################################$+  ;$###$;                                   
+		                              *&###?;     +$##############################################################?*@###$;                                    
+		                               +$###&?+ ;$#####################################################################?;                                     
+		                                 *@####@&#####################################################################*                                       
+		                                   +$&##################@?!*++*!$&###################&$?*++*!?$###############&*                                      
+		                                     $###############&?+         ;!@###############@!;         ;!@##############!                                     
+		                                   ;$##############&!;              *&###########&!;              !&#############!                                    
+		                                   $##############@+    +@*          ;$#########$;          +@*    ;$#############!                                   
+		                                  ?##############$;    *###*           $#######$;          +&##!     ?#############+                                  
+		                                 +##############$     !#####!           $#####@;          *#####?     ?############@;                                 
+		                                 @#############@;    !#######!          ;&####+          *#######?     $############?                                 
+		                                +##############+    ?#########?          $###$          !#########$    +############&;                                
+		                                $#############$   ;$###########?         !###?         !###########$;   $############!                                
+		                                @#############*   !#############!        ?###$        *#############?   +############@                                
+		                               ;&############&;    +?@#######&$+;       ;&####;       ;+?@#######&?+;    @############;                               
+		                               ;#############@        +$&#&$*;         ;$#####@;          +$&#&$*;       $############+                               
+		                               ;#############$    *+    ;+;   ;*;     *&#######&!     ;*;   ;+;    +*;   $############*                               
+		                                &############@    ;$@!;     +$@!    ;?###########$;    *@$*     ;*$@+    $############*                               
+		                                $############&;    ;$#&$*+!@##*    +@#############@+    +&#@?++$&#@;     @############+                               
+		                                *#############*      $######&+    !#################?    +@######$;     +#############;                               
+		                                 @############$       ?####@+   ;$###################$;   ;@####$       $############@                                
+		                                 *#############*       !##@;   +@#####################&*   ;$##?       +#############!                                
+		                                  $#############+       *$;   ?#########################?;   $!       +&############&;                                
+		                                  ;&#############!          +$###########################@+          *&#############?                                 
+		                                   +##############$*;     ;?###############################$+      *$##############@;                                 
+		                                    *###############&$?!!$###################################$?!?$&################+                                  
+		                                     *###################################&@$$$$@&#################################!                                   
+		                                      +&##############################&?+;      ;+?&#############################?                                    
+		                                       ;$############################@;            ;@###########################!                                     
+		                                         ?###########################*              *##########################*                                      
+		                                          +@#############&$!+$#######?              ?########$+!$&###########@+                                       
+		                                            !&###########&;   $#######$+          +$########?   +&##########?;                                        
+		                                             ;?###########&*   *@#######@$!;   ;$@########@*   *##########$+                                          
+		                                               ;?&##########?;  ;*$&####&$*    ;!$&####&$*   ;$#########@*                                            
+		                                                 ;!@#########@!;   ;++*+;   ;*;   ;+*++;   ;!&########$*                                              
+		                                                    *$&########&$*;      ;*$&#&$*;      +*$&#######&?+                                                
+		                                                      ;*$&#########&@$$@&#########&@$$@&########&$*;                                                  
+		                                                         ;+?$&##############################&$?+;                                                     
+		                                                             ;+!?$@&###################&$$!+;                                                         
+		                                                                   ;++*!??$$$$$$$?!!*+;                                                               
+		                                                                                                                                                      
+		                  ;;;           ;;+*++;   ;;;++;;;++;;;  ;+++;;;++++; ;;;         ;;      ;;;      ;;;++;;;+++;;   ;;;+++++++;   ;+++++;              
+		                 ;@#&+        +$&&@$@&#?  @#@@@&#&@@@#$ ;$@@@@#&@@@@! !#@        !#$     +&#&;     !#&@@@#&@@@&&;  !#&@@@@@@@*   $#&@@@&&$+           
+		                 $#?#@;      ?#&!;   *#$  &&;;;$#!;;*#$   ;;;*#@;;;;   $#?      +#&;    ;@#?#$     !#!;;*#@;;;@#;  ?#$;;;;;;;    @#*   ;!&#?          
+		                *#$ ?#$     *#&;     ;+;  ++   $#!  ;+;      *#$       ;&#+     $#*     ?#? $#!    ;+;  +#@   ++   ?#$           $#*     ;&#*         
+		               ;&&;  @#*    $#$                $#!           *#$        !#@;   !#$     +#@  ;&#;        +#@        ?#@??????!    $#*      $#$         
+		               $#!;;;*#&;   $#?                $#!           *#$         $#?  ;&&;    ;@#*;;;!#$        +#@        ?#@??????!    $#*      $#$         
+		              !##@@@@@&#$   !#@;               $#!           *#$         ;&#+ $#*     ?#&@@@@@##!       +#@        ?#$           $#*      @#*         
+		             ;&&+;;;;;;@#*  ;$#$+     @$       $#!           *#$          *#@!#?     *#@;;;;;;+##+      +#@        ?#$           $#*    +$#$          
+		             $#*       +#&;  ;?&#@$$$$#$    +$$&#@$$;   ;$$$$@##$$$$*      $##@;    ;&#+       !#@;   $$@##$$*     ?#&$$$$$$$!   @#@$$$@&@!           
+		            ;**         +*;     +*!?!*+;    ;*******    ;***********+      ;**;     ;*+         **;   *******+     ;*********+   +*!!!!*;             
+		                                                                                                                                                      	                                                                                                                                                      
+`
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/metrics.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/metrics.go
@@ -158,6 +158,10 @@ var (
 		Name: "forkchoice_updated_optimistic_node_count",
 		Help: "Count the number of optimistic nodes after forkchoiceUpdated EE call",
 	})
+	missedPayloadIDFilledCount = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Name: "missed_payload_id_filled_count",
+		Help: "",
+	})
 )

 // reportSlotMetrics reports slot related metrics.
@@ -194,7 +198,7 @@ func reportEpochMetrics(ctx context.Context, postState, headState state.BeaconSt
 	for i, validator := range postState.Validators() {
 		bal, err := postState.BalanceAtIndex(types.ValidatorIndex(i))
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("Could not load validator balance: %v", err)
+			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not load validator balance")
 			continue
 		}
 		if validator.Slashed {
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/mock_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/mock_test.go
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (

 func testServiceOptsWithDB(t *testing.T) []Option {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-	fcs := protoarray.New(0, 0)
+	fcs := protoarray.New()
 	return []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
 		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/new_slot_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/new_slot_test.go
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-package blockchain
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/blockchain/store"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/blocks"
-	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/stategen"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
-	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
-	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/assert"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
-)
-
-func TestService_newSlot(t *testing.T) {
-	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-	fcs := protoarray.New(0, 0)
-	opts := []Option{
-		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
-		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
-		WithForkChoiceStore(fcs),
-	}
-	ctx := context.Background()
-
-	genesisStateRoot := [32]byte{}
-	genesis := blocks.NewGenesisBlock(genesisStateRoot[:])
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(genesis)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
-	bj, err := genesis.Block.HashTreeRoot()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 0, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, 0, 0))        // genesis
-	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 32, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, 0, 0))    // finalized
-	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 64, [32]byte{'b'}, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, 0, 0)) // justified
-	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 96, bj, [32]byte{'a'}, [32]byte{}, 0, 0))            // best justified
-	require.NoError(t, fcs.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 97, [32]byte{'d'}, [32]byte{}, [32]byte{}, 0, 0))    // bad
-
-	type args struct {
-		slot          types.Slot
-		finalized     *ethpb.Checkpoint
-		justified     *ethpb.Checkpoint
-		bestJustified *ethpb.Checkpoint
-		shouldEqual   bool
-	}
-	tests := []struct {
-		name string
-		args args
-	}{
-		{
-			name: "Not epoch boundary. No change",
-			args: args{
-				slot:          params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch + 1,
-				finalized:     &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'a'}, 32)},
-				justified:     &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 2, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'b'}, 32)},
-				bestJustified: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 3, Root: bj[:]},
-				shouldEqual:   false,
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "Justified higher than best justified. No change",
-			args: args{
-				slot:          params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch,
-				finalized:     &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'a'}, 32)},
-				justified:     &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 3, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'b'}, 32)},
-				bestJustified: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 2, Root: bj[:]},
-				shouldEqual:   false,
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "Best justified not on the same chain as finalized. No change",
-			args: args{
-				slot:          params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch,
-				finalized:     &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'a'}, 32)},
-				justified:     &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 2, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'b'}, 32)},
-				bestJustified: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 3, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'d'}, 32)},
-				shouldEqual:   false,
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			name: "Best justified on the same chain as finalized. Yes change",
-			args: args{
-				slot:          params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch,
-				finalized:     &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'a'}, 32)},
-				justified:     &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 2, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'b'}, 32)},
-				bestJustified: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 3, Root: bj[:]},
-				shouldEqual:   true,
-			},
-		},
-	}
-	for _, test := range tests {
-		service, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		s := store.New(test.args.justified, test.args.finalized)
-		s.SetBestJustifiedCheckpt(test.args.bestJustified)
-		service.store = s
-
-		require.NoError(t, service.NewSlot(ctx, test.args.slot))
-		if test.args.shouldEqual {
-			bcp, err := service.store.BestJustifiedCheckpt()
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			cp, err := service.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.DeepSSZEqual(t, bcp, cp)
-		} else {
-			bcp, err := service.store.BestJustifiedCheckpt()
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			cp, err := service.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.DeepNotSSZEqual(t, bcp, cp)
-		}
-	}
-}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/options.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/options.go
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/cache/depositcache"
 	statefeed "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/feed/state"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/execution"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/operations/attestations"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/operations/slashings"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/operations/voluntaryexits"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/p2p"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/powchain"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/stategen"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func WithDatabase(beaconDB db.HeadAccessDatabase) Option {
 }

 // WithChainStartFetcher to retrieve information about genesis.
-func WithChainStartFetcher(f powchain.ChainStartFetcher) Option {
+func WithChainStartFetcher(f execution.ChainStartFetcher) Option {
 	return func(s *Service) error {
 		s.cfg.ChainStartFetcher = f
 		return nil
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func WithChainStartFetcher(f powchain.ChainStartFetcher) Option {
 }

 // WithExecutionEngineCaller to call execution engine.
-func WithExecutionEngineCaller(c powchain.EngineCaller) Option {
+func WithExecutionEngineCaller(c execution.EngineCaller) Option {
 	return func(s *Service) error {
 		s.cfg.ExecutionEngineCaller = c
 		return nil
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/pow_block.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/pow_block.go
@@ -11,11 +11,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
-	enginev1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/time/slots"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
@@ -38,20 +37,20 @@ import (
 //    # Check if `pow_block` is a valid terminal PoW block
 //    assert is_valid_terminal_pow_block(pow_block, pow_parent)
 func (s *Service) validateMergeBlock(ctx context.Context, b interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock) error {
-	if err := wrapper.BeaconBlockIsNil(b); err != nil {
+	if err := blocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(b); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	payload, err := b.Block().Body().ExecutionPayload()
+	payload, err := b.Block().Body().Execution()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if payload == nil {
+	if payload.IsNil() {
 		return errors.New("nil execution payload")
 	}
 	if err := validateTerminalBlockHash(b.Block().Slot(), payload); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not validate terminal block hash")
 	}
-	mergeBlockParentHash, mergeBlockTD, err := s.getBlkParentHashAndTD(ctx, payload.ParentHash)
+	mergeBlockParentHash, mergeBlockTD, err := s.getBlkParentHashAndTD(ctx, payload.ParentHash())
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get merge block parent hash and total difficulty")
 	}
@@ -66,24 +65,26 @@ func (s *Service) validateMergeBlock(ctx context.Context, b interfaces.SignedBea
 	if !valid {
 		err := fmt.Errorf("invalid TTD, configTTD: %s, currentTTD: %s, parentTTD: %s",
 			params.BeaconConfig().TerminalTotalDifficulty, mergeBlockTD, mergeBlockParentTD)
-		return invalidBlock{err}
+		return invalidBlock{error: err}
 	}

 	log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 		"slot":                            b.Block().Slot(),
-		"mergeBlockHash":                  common.BytesToHash(payload.ParentHash).String(),
+		"mergeBlockHash":                  common.BytesToHash(payload.ParentHash()).String(),
 		"mergeBlockParentHash":            common.BytesToHash(mergeBlockParentHash).String(),
 		"terminalTotalDifficulty":         params.BeaconConfig().TerminalTotalDifficulty,
 		"mergeBlockTotalDifficulty":       mergeBlockTD,
 		"mergeBlockParentTotalDifficulty": mergeBlockParentTD,
 	}).Info("Validated terminal block")

+	log.Info(mergeAsciiArt)
+
 	return nil
 }

 // getBlkParentHashAndTD retrieves the parent hash and total difficulty of the given block.
 func (s *Service) getBlkParentHashAndTD(ctx context.Context, blkHash []byte) ([]byte, *uint256.Int, error) {
-	blk, err := s.cfg.ExecutionEngineCaller.ExecutionBlockByHash(ctx, common.BytesToHash(blkHash))
+	blk, err := s.cfg.ExecutionEngineCaller.ExecutionBlockByHash(ctx, common.BytesToHash(blkHash), false /* no txs */)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get pow block")
 	}
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ func (s *Service) getBlkParentHashAndTD(ctx context.Context, blkHash []byte) ([]
 	if overflows {
 		return nil, nil, errors.New("total difficulty overflows")
 	}
-	return blk.ParentHash, blkTDUint256, nil
+	return blk.ParentHash[:], blkTDUint256, nil
 }

 // validateTerminalBlockHash validates if the merge block is a valid terminal PoW block.
@@ -108,14 +109,14 @@ func (s *Service) getBlkParentHashAndTD(ctx context.Context, blkHash []byte) ([]
 //        assert compute_epoch_at_slot(block.slot) >= TERMINAL_BLOCK_HASH_ACTIVATION_EPOCH
 //        assert block.body.execution_payload.parent_hash == TERMINAL_BLOCK_HASH
 //        return
-func validateTerminalBlockHash(blkSlot types.Slot, payload *enginev1.ExecutionPayload) error {
+func validateTerminalBlockHash(blkSlot types.Slot, payload interfaces.ExecutionData) error {
 	if bytesutil.ToBytes32(params.BeaconConfig().TerminalBlockHash.Bytes()) == [32]byte{} {
 		return nil
 	}
 	if params.BeaconConfig().TerminalBlockHashActivationEpoch > slots.ToEpoch(blkSlot) {
 		return errors.New("terminal block hash activation epoch not reached")
 	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(payload.ParentHash, params.BeaconConfig().TerminalBlockHash.Bytes()) {
+	if !bytes.Equal(payload.ParentHash(), params.BeaconConfig().TerminalBlockHash.Bytes()) {
 		return errors.New("parent hash does not match terminal block hash")
 	}
 	return nil
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/pow_block_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/pow_block_test.go
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"

+	gethtypes "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
+	mocks "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/execution/testing"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray"
-	mocks "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/powchain/testing"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/stategen"
-	fieldparams "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/fieldparams"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	enginev1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func Test_validateMergeBlock(t *testing.T) {

 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-	fcs := protoarray.New(0, 0)
+	fcs := protoarray.New()
 	opts := []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
 		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
@@ -120,12 +120,19 @@ func Test_validateMergeBlock(t *testing.T) {

 	engine := &mocks.EngineClient{BlockByHashMap: map[[32]byte]*enginev1.ExecutionBlock{}}
 	service.cfg.ExecutionEngineCaller = engine
-	engine.BlockByHashMap[[32]byte{'a'}] = &enginev1.ExecutionBlock{
-		ParentHash:      bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'b'}, fieldparams.RootLength),
+	a := [32]byte{'a'}
+	b := [32]byte{'b'}
+	mergeBlockParentHash := [32]byte{'3'}
+	engine.BlockByHashMap[a] = &enginev1.ExecutionBlock{
+		Header: gethtypes.Header{
+			ParentHash: b,
+		},
 		TotalDifficulty: "0x2",
 	}
-	engine.BlockByHashMap[[32]byte{'b'}] = &enginev1.ExecutionBlock{
-		ParentHash:      bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'3'}, fieldparams.RootLength),
+	engine.BlockByHashMap[b] = &enginev1.ExecutionBlock{
+		Header: gethtypes.Header{
+			ParentHash: mergeBlockParentHash,
+		},
 		TotalDifficulty: "0x1",
 	}
 	blk := &ethpb.SignedBeaconBlockBellatrix{
@@ -133,18 +140,18 @@ func Test_validateMergeBlock(t *testing.T) {
 			Slot: 1,
 			Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBodyBellatrix{
 				ExecutionPayload: &enginev1.ExecutionPayload{
-					ParentHash: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'a'}, fieldparams.RootLength),
+					ParentHash: a[:],
 				},
 			},
 		},
 	}
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+	bk, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.validateMergeBlock(ctx, b))
+	require.NoError(t, service.validateMergeBlock(ctx, bk))

 	cfg.TerminalTotalDifficulty = "1"
 	params.OverrideBeaconConfig(cfg)
-	err = service.validateMergeBlock(ctx, b)
+	err = service.validateMergeBlock(ctx, bk)
 	require.ErrorContains(t, "invalid TTD, configTTD: 1, currentTTD: 2, parentTTD: 1", err)
 	require.Equal(t, true, IsInvalidBlock(err))
 }
@@ -152,7 +159,7 @@ func Test_validateMergeBlock(t *testing.T) {
 func Test_getBlkParentHashAndTD(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
-	fcs := protoarray.New(0, 0)
+	fcs := protoarray.New()
 	opts := []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
 		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
@@ -167,7 +174,9 @@ func Test_getBlkParentHashAndTD(t *testing.T) {
 	p := [32]byte{'b'}
 	td := "0x1"
 	engine.BlockByHashMap[h] = &enginev1.ExecutionBlock{
-		ParentHash:      p[:],
+		Header: gethtypes.Header{
+			ParentHash: p,
+		},
 		TotalDifficulty: td,
 	}
 	parentHash, totalDifficulty, err := service.getBlkParentHashAndTD(ctx, h[:])
@@ -183,14 +192,18 @@ func Test_getBlkParentHashAndTD(t *testing.T) {
 	require.ErrorContains(t, "pow block is nil", err)

 	engine.BlockByHashMap[h] = &enginev1.ExecutionBlock{
-		ParentHash:      p[:],
+		Header: gethtypes.Header{
+			ParentHash: p,
+		},
 		TotalDifficulty: "1",
 	}
 	_, _, err = service.getBlkParentHashAndTD(ctx, h[:])
 	require.ErrorContains(t, "could not decode merge block total difficulty: hex string without 0x prefix", err)

 	engine.BlockByHashMap[h] = &enginev1.ExecutionBlock{
-		ParentHash:      p[:],
+		Header: gethtypes.Header{
+			ParentHash: p,
+		},
 		TotalDifficulty: "0XFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF",
 	}
 	_, _, err = service.getBlkParentHashAndTD(ctx, h[:])
@@ -198,16 +211,22 @@ func Test_getBlkParentHashAndTD(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func Test_validateTerminalBlockHash(t *testing.T) {
-	require.NoError(t, validateTerminalBlockHash(1, &enginev1.ExecutionPayload{}))
+	wrapped, err := blocks.WrappedExecutionPayload(&enginev1.ExecutionPayload{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, validateTerminalBlockHash(1, wrapped))

 	cfg := params.BeaconConfig()
 	cfg.TerminalBlockHash = [32]byte{0x01}
 	params.OverrideBeaconConfig(cfg)
-	require.ErrorContains(t, "terminal block hash activation epoch not reached", validateTerminalBlockHash(1, &enginev1.ExecutionPayload{}))
+	require.ErrorContains(t, "terminal block hash activation epoch not reached", validateTerminalBlockHash(1, wrapped))

 	cfg.TerminalBlockHashActivationEpoch = 0
 	params.OverrideBeaconConfig(cfg)
-	require.ErrorContains(t, "parent hash does not match terminal block hash", validateTerminalBlockHash(1, &enginev1.ExecutionPayload{}))
+	require.ErrorContains(t, "parent hash does not match terminal block hash", validateTerminalBlockHash(1, wrapped))

-	require.NoError(t, validateTerminalBlockHash(1, &enginev1.ExecutionPayload{ParentHash: cfg.TerminalBlockHash.Bytes()}))
+	wrapped, err = blocks.WrappedExecutionPayload(&enginev1.ExecutionPayload{
+		ParentHash: cfg.TerminalBlockHash.Bytes(),
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, validateTerminalBlockHash(1, wrapped))
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_attestation_helpers.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_attestation_helpers.go
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/transition"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/time/slots"
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func (s *Service) verifyBeaconBlock(ctx context.Context, data *ethpb.Attestation
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := wrapper.BeaconBlockIsNil(b); err != nil {
+	if err := blocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(b); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if b.Block().Slot() > data.Slot {
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_attestation_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_attestation_test.go
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ import (
 	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
 	doublylinkedtree "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/doubly-linked-tree"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray"
+	forkchoicetypes "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/types"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/stategen"
 	fieldparams "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/fieldparams"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/assert"
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_ErrorConditions_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {

 	opts := []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
-		WithForkChoiceStore(protoarray.New(0, 0)),
+		WithForkChoiceStore(protoarray.New()),
 		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
 	}
 	service, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
@@ -37,20 +37,16 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_ErrorConditions_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err = blockTree1(t, beaconDB, []byte{'g'})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	BlkWithOutState := util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	BlkWithOutState.Block.Slot = 0
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(BlkWithOutState)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
-	BlkWithOutStateRoot, err := BlkWithOutState.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	blkWithoutState := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blkWithoutState.Block.Slot = 0
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blkWithoutState)
+	BlkWithOutStateRoot, err := blkWithoutState.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	BlkWithStateBadAtt := util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	BlkWithStateBadAtt.Block.Slot = 1
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(BlkWithStateBadAtt)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
-	BlkWithStateBadAttRoot, err := BlkWithStateBadAtt.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	blkWithStateBadAtt := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blkWithStateBadAtt.Block.Slot = 1
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blkWithStateBadAtt)
+	BlkWithStateBadAttRoot, err := blkWithStateBadAtt.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	s, err := util.NewBeaconState()
@@ -58,13 +54,11 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_ErrorConditions_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, s.SetSlot(100*params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch))
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, s, BlkWithStateBadAttRoot))

-	BlkWithValidState := util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	BlkWithValidState.Block.Slot = 2
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(BlkWithValidState)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	blkWithValidState := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blkWithValidState.Block.Slot = 2
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blkWithValidState)

-	BlkWithValidStateRoot, err := BlkWithValidState.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	blkWithValidStateRoot, err := blkWithValidState.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	s, err = util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -74,7 +68,7 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_ErrorConditions_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 		PreviousVersion: params.BeaconConfig().GenesisForkVersion,
 	})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, s, BlkWithValidStateRoot))
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, s, blkWithValidStateRoot))

 	tests := []struct {
 		name      string
@@ -140,7 +134,7 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_ErrorConditions_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {

 	opts := []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
-		WithForkChoiceStore(doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0)),
+		WithForkChoiceStore(doublylinkedtree.New()),
 		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
 	}
 	service, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
@@ -149,20 +143,16 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_ErrorConditions_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err = blockTree1(t, beaconDB, []byte{'g'})
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	BlkWithOutState := util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	BlkWithOutState.Block.Slot = 0
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(BlkWithOutState)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
-	BlkWithOutStateRoot, err := BlkWithOutState.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	blkWithoutState := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blkWithoutState.Block.Slot = 0
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blkWithoutState)
+	BlkWithOutStateRoot, err := blkWithoutState.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	BlkWithStateBadAtt := util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	BlkWithStateBadAtt.Block.Slot = 1
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(BlkWithStateBadAtt)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
-	BlkWithStateBadAttRoot, err := BlkWithStateBadAtt.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	blkWithStateBadAtt := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blkWithStateBadAtt.Block.Slot = 1
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blkWithStateBadAtt)
+	BlkWithStateBadAttRoot, err := blkWithStateBadAtt.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	s, err := util.NewBeaconState()
@@ -170,13 +160,11 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_ErrorConditions_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, s.SetSlot(100*params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch))
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, s, BlkWithStateBadAttRoot))

-	BlkWithValidState := util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	BlkWithValidState.Block.Slot = 2
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(BlkWithValidState)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	blkWithValidState := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	blkWithValidState.Block.Slot = 2
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, blkWithValidState)

-	BlkWithValidStateRoot, err := BlkWithValidState.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	blkWithValidStateRoot, err := blkWithValidState.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	s, err = util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -186,7 +174,7 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_ErrorConditions_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 		PreviousVersion: params.BeaconConfig().GenesisForkVersion,
 	})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, s, BlkWithValidStateRoot))
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, s, blkWithValidStateRoot))

 	tests := []struct {
 		name      string
@@ -250,7 +238,7 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_Ok_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)

-	fcs := protoarray.New(0, 0)
+	fcs := protoarray.New()
 	opts := []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
 		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
@@ -268,7 +256,11 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_Ok_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 	copied, err = transition.ProcessSlots(ctx, copied, 1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, copied, tRoot))
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 0, tRoot, tRoot, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 1, 1))
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: tRoot[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: tRoot[:]}
+	state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 0, tRoot, tRoot, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
 	require.NoError(t, service.OnAttestation(ctx, att[0]))
 }

@@ -276,7 +268,7 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_Ok_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)

-	fcs := doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0)
+	fcs := doublylinkedtree.New()
 	opts := []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
 		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
@@ -294,7 +286,11 @@ func TestStore_OnAttestation_Ok_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 	copied, err = transition.ProcessSlots(ctx, copied, 1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, copied, tRoot))
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 0, tRoot, tRoot, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 1, 1))
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: tRoot[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: tRoot[:]}
+	state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 0, tRoot, tRoot, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
 	require.NoError(t, service.OnAttestation(ctx, att[0]))
 }

@@ -324,12 +320,6 @@ func TestStore_SaveCheckpointState(t *testing.T) {
 	r := [32]byte{'g'}
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, s, r))

-	service.store.SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r[:]}, [32]byte{'a'})
-	service.store.SetBestJustifiedCheckpt(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r[:]})
-	service.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r[:]}, [32]byte{'b'})
-	service.store.SetPrevFinalizedCheckpt(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r[:]})
-
-	r = bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte{'A'})
 	cp1 := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'A'}, fieldparams.RootLength)}
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, s, bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte{'A'})))
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveStateSummary(ctx, &ethpb.StateSummary{Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'A'}, fieldparams.RootLength)}))
@@ -358,10 +348,6 @@ func TestStore_SaveCheckpointState(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 2*params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch, s2.Slot(), "Unexpected state slot")

 	require.NoError(t, s.SetSlot(params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch+1))
-	service.store.SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r[:]}, [32]byte{'a'})
-	service.store.SetBestJustifiedCheckpt(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r[:]})
-	service.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r[:]}, [32]byte{'b'})
-	service.store.SetPrevFinalizedCheckpt(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r[:]})
 	cp3 := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'C'}, fieldparams.RootLength)}
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, s, bytesutil.ToBytes32([]byte{'C'})))
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveStateSummary(ctx, &ethpb.StateSummary{Root: bytesutil.PadTo([]byte{'C'}, fieldparams.RootLength)}))
@@ -450,9 +436,7 @@ func TestVerifyBeaconBlock_futureBlock(t *testing.T) {

 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b.Block.Slot = 2
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b)
 	r, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	d := &ethpb.AttestationData{Slot: 1, BeaconBlockRoot: r[:]}
@@ -469,9 +453,7 @@ func TestVerifyBeaconBlock_OK(t *testing.T) {

 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b.Block.Slot = 2
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b)
 	r, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	d := &ethpb.AttestationData{Slot: 2, BeaconBlockRoot: r[:]}
@@ -483,7 +465,7 @@ func TestVerifyFinalizedConsistency_InconsistentRoot_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)

-	fcs := protoarray.New(0, 0)
+	fcs := protoarray.New()
 	opts := []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
 		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
@@ -494,19 +476,15 @@ func TestVerifyFinalizedConsistency_InconsistentRoot_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {

 	b32 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b32.Block.Slot = 32
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b32)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b32)
 	r32, err := b32.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	service.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1}, [32]byte{})
+	require.NoError(t, service.ForkChoicer().UpdateFinalizedCheckpoint(&forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1}))
 	b33 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b33.Block.Slot = 33
 	b33.Block.ParentRoot = r32[:]
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b33)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b33)
 	r33, err := b33.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

@@ -518,7 +496,7 @@ func TestVerifyFinalizedConsistency_InconsistentRoot_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)

-	fcs := doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0)
+	fcs := doublylinkedtree.New()
 	opts := []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
 		WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
@@ -529,19 +507,15 @@ func TestVerifyFinalizedConsistency_InconsistentRoot_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing

 	b32 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b32.Block.Slot = 32
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b32)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b32)
 	r32, err := b32.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	service.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1}, [32]byte{})
+	require.NoError(t, service.ForkChoicer().UpdateFinalizedCheckpoint(&forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1}))
 	b33 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b33.Block.Slot = 33
 	b33.Block.ParentRoot = r32[:]
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b33)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b33)
 	r33, err := b33.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

@@ -558,20 +532,15 @@ func TestVerifyFinalizedConsistency_OK(t *testing.T) {

 	b32 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b32.Block.Slot = 32
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b32)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b32)
 	r32, err := b32.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	service.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r32[:], Epoch: 1}, [32]byte{})
-
+	require.NoError(t, service.ForkChoicer().UpdateFinalizedCheckpoint(&forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: r32}))
 	b33 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b33.Block.Slot = 33
 	b33.Block.ParentRoot = r32[:]
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b33)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b33)
 	r33, err := b33.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

@@ -591,18 +560,24 @@ func TestVerifyFinalizedConsistency_IsCanonical(t *testing.T) {
 	r32, err := b32.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	service.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r32[:], Epoch: 1}, [32]byte{})
-
 	b33 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b33.Block.Slot = 33
 	b33.Block.ParentRoot = r32[:]
 	r33, err := b33.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, b32.Block.Slot, r32, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, b33.Block.Slot, r33, r32, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 0, 0))
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, b32.Block.Slot, r32, [32]byte{}, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
+	state, blkRoot, err = prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, b33.Block.Slot, r33, r32, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))

-	_, err = service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Head(ctx, r32, []uint64{})
+	jc := &forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: r32}
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.UpdateJustifiedCheckpoint(jc))
+	_, err = service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Head(ctx, []uint64{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	err = service.VerifyFinalizedConsistency(context.Background(), r33[:])
 	require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/async/event"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/feed"
 	statefeed "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/feed/state"
@@ -16,13 +17,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/features"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/forks/bellatrix"
+	consensusblocks "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/crypto/bls"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/monitoring/tracing"
+	enginev1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
 	ethpbv1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/eth/v1"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1/attestation"
@@ -94,8 +95,8 @@ var initialSyncBlockCacheSize = uint64(2 * params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch)
 func (s *Service) onBlock(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock, blockRoot [32]byte) error {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.onBlock")
 	defer span.End()
-	if err := wrapper.BeaconBlockIsNil(signed); err != nil {
-		return invalidBlock{err}
+	if err := consensusblocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(signed); err != nil {
+		return invalidBlock{error: err}
 	}
 	b := signed.Block()

@@ -104,13 +105,19 @@ func (s *Service) onBlock(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.SignedBeaconBlo
 		return err
 	}

+	// Save current justified and finalized epochs for future use.
+	currStoreJustifiedEpoch := s.ForkChoicer().JustifiedCheckpoint().Epoch
+	currStoreFinalizedEpoch := s.ForkChoicer().FinalizedCheckpoint().Epoch
+	preStateFinalizedEpoch := preState.FinalizedCheckpoint().Epoch
+	preStateJustifiedEpoch := preState.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint().Epoch
+
 	preStateVersion, preStateHeader, err := getStateVersionAndPayload(preState)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	postState, err := transition.ExecuteStateTransition(ctx, preState, signed)
 	if err != nil {
-		return invalidBlock{err}
+		return invalidBlock{error: err}
 	}
 	postStateVersion, postStateHeader, err := getStateVersionAndPayload(postState)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -118,7 +125,7 @@ func (s *Service) onBlock(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.SignedBeaconBlo
 	}
 	isValidPayload, err := s.notifyNewPayload(ctx, postStateVersion, postStateHeader, signed)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not verify new payload")
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not validate new payload")
 	}
 	if isValidPayload {
 		if err := s.validateMergeTransitionBlock(ctx, preStateVersion, preStateHeader, signed); err != nil {
@@ -128,6 +135,7 @@ func (s *Service) onBlock(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.SignedBeaconBlo
 	if err := s.savePostStateInfo(ctx, blockRoot, signed, postState); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+
 	if err := s.insertBlockAndAttestationsToForkChoiceStore(ctx, signed.Block(), blockRoot, postState); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrapf(err, "could not insert block %d to fork choice store", signed.Block().Slot())
 	}
@@ -138,18 +146,6 @@ func (s *Service) onBlock(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.SignedBeaconBlo
 		}
 	}

-	// We add a proposer score boost to fork choice for the block root if applicable, right after
-	// running a successful state transition for the block.
-	secondsIntoSlot := uint64(time.Since(s.genesisTime).Seconds()) % params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot
-	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.BoostProposerRoot(ctx, &forkchoicetypes.ProposerBoostRootArgs{
-		BlockRoot:       blockRoot,
-		BlockSlot:       signed.Block().Slot(),
-		CurrentSlot:     slots.SinceGenesis(s.genesisTime),
-		SecondsIntoSlot: secondsIntoSlot,
-	}); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	// If slasher is configured, forward the attestations in the block via
 	// an event feed for processing.
 	if features.Get().EnableSlasher {
@@ -177,68 +173,19 @@ func (s *Service) onBlock(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.SignedBeaconBlo
 		}()
 	}

-	// Update justified check point.
-	justified, err := s.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get justified checkpoint")
-	}
-	currJustifiedEpoch := justified.Epoch
-	psj := postState.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint()
-	if psj == nil {
-		return errNilJustifiedCheckpoint
-	}
-
-	if psj.Epoch > currJustifiedEpoch {
-		if err := s.updateJustified(ctx, postState); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	finalized, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized checkpoint")
-	}
-	if finalized == nil {
-		return errNilFinalizedInStore
-	}
-	psf := postState.FinalizedCheckpoint()
-	if psf == nil {
-		return errNilFinalizedCheckpoint
-	}
-
-	newFinalized := psf.Epoch > finalized.Epoch
-	if newFinalized {
-		s.store.SetPrevFinalizedCheckpt(finalized)
-		h, err := s.getPayloadHash(ctx, psf.Root)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(psf, h)
-		s.store.SetPrevJustifiedCheckpt(justified)
-		h, err = s.getPayloadHash(ctx, psj.Root)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		s.store.SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(postState.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint(), h)
-		// Update Forkchoice checkpoints
-		if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.UpdateJustifiedCheckpoint(psj); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.UpdateFinalizedCheckpoint(psf); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	balances, err := s.justifiedBalances.get(ctx, bytesutil.ToBytes32(justified.Root))
+	justified := s.ForkChoicer().JustifiedCheckpoint()
+	balances, err := s.justifiedBalances.get(ctx, justified.Root)
 	if err != nil {
 		msg := fmt.Sprintf("could not read balances for state w/ justified checkpoint %#x", justified.Root)
 		return errors.Wrap(err, msg)
 	}
-	headRoot, err := s.updateHead(ctx, balances)
+	headRoot, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Head(ctx, balances)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.WithError(err).Warn("Could not update head")
 	}
-	s.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, headRoot)
+	if err := s.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, headRoot); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}

 	if err := s.pruneCanonicalAttsFromPool(ctx, blockRoot, signed); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -268,22 +215,23 @@ func (s *Service) onBlock(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.SignedBeaconBlo
 	}()

 	// Save justified check point to db.
-	if postState.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint().Epoch > currJustifiedEpoch {
-		if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveJustifiedCheckpoint(ctx, postState.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint()); err != nil {
+	postStateJustifiedEpoch := postState.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint().Epoch
+	if justified.Epoch > currStoreJustifiedEpoch || (justified.Epoch == postStateJustifiedEpoch && justified.Epoch > preStateJustifiedEpoch) {
+		if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveJustifiedCheckpoint(ctx, &ethpb.Checkpoint{
+			Epoch: justified.Epoch, Root: justified.Root[:],
+		}); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}

-	// Update finalized check point.
-	if newFinalized {
-		if err := s.updateFinalized(ctx, postState.FinalizedCheckpoint()); err != nil {
+	// Save finalized check point to db and more.
+	postStateFinalizedEpoch := postState.FinalizedCheckpoint().Epoch
+	finalized := s.ForkChoicer().FinalizedCheckpoint()
+	if finalized.Epoch > currStoreFinalizedEpoch || (finalized.Epoch == postStateFinalizedEpoch && finalized.Epoch > preStateFinalizedEpoch) {
+		if err := s.updateFinalized(ctx, &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: finalized.Epoch, Root: finalized.Root[:]}); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		fRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32(postState.FinalizedCheckpoint().Root)
-		if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Prune(ctx, fRoot); err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not prune proto array fork choice nodes")
-		}
-		isOptimistic, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.IsOptimistic(fRoot)
+		isOptimistic, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.IsOptimistic(finalized.Root)
 		if err != nil {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not check if node is optimistically synced")
 		}
@@ -304,23 +252,21 @@ func (s *Service) onBlock(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.SignedBeaconBlo
 			// with a custom deadline, therefore using the background context instead.
 			depCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), depositDeadline)
 			defer cancel()
-			if err := s.insertFinalizedDeposits(depCtx, fRoot); err != nil {
+			if err := s.insertFinalizedDeposits(depCtx, finalized.Root); err != nil {
 				log.WithError(err).Error("Could not insert finalized deposits.")
 			}
 		}()

 	}
-
 	defer reportAttestationInclusion(b)
-
 	return s.handleEpochBoundary(ctx, postState)
 }

-func getStateVersionAndPayload(st state.BeaconState) (int, *ethpb.ExecutionPayloadHeader, error) {
+func getStateVersionAndPayload(st state.BeaconState) (int, *enginev1.ExecutionPayloadHeader, error) {
 	if st == nil {
 		return 0, nil, errors.New("nil state")
 	}
-	var preStateHeader *ethpb.ExecutionPayloadHeader
+	var preStateHeader *enginev1.ExecutionPayloadHeader
 	var err error
 	preStateVersion := st.Version()
 	switch preStateVersion {
@@ -335,33 +281,38 @@ func getStateVersionAndPayload(st state.BeaconState) (int, *ethpb.ExecutionPaylo
 }

 func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock,
-	blockRoots [][32]byte) ([]*ethpb.Checkpoint, []*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
+	blockRoots [][32]byte) error {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.onBlockBatch")
 	defer span.End()

 	if len(blks) == 0 || len(blockRoots) == 0 {
-		return nil, nil, errors.New("no blocks provided")
+		return errors.New("no blocks provided")
 	}

 	if len(blks) != len(blockRoots) {
-		return nil, nil, errWrongBlockCount
+		return errWrongBlockCount
 	}

-	if err := wrapper.BeaconBlockIsNil(blks[0]); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, invalidBlock{err}
+	if err := consensusblocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(blks[0]); err != nil {
+		return invalidBlock{error: err}
 	}
 	b := blks[0].Block()

 	// Retrieve incoming block's pre state.
 	if err := s.verifyBlkPreState(ctx, b); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
+		return err
 	}
 	preState, err := s.cfg.StateGen.StateByRootInitialSync(ctx, bytesutil.ToBytes32(b.ParentRoot()))
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
+		return err
 	}
 	if preState == nil || preState.IsNil() {
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("nil pre state for slot %d", b.Slot())
+		return fmt.Errorf("nil pre state for slot %d", b.Slot())
+	}
+
+	// Fill in missing blocks
+	if err := s.fillInForkChoiceMissingBlocks(ctx, blks[0].Block(), preState.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint(), preState.FinalizedCheckpoint()); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not fill in missing blocks to forkchoice")
 	}

 	jCheckpoints := make([]*ethpb.Checkpoint, len(blks))
@@ -373,7 +324,7 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []interfaces.SignedBeac
 	}
 	type versionAndHeader struct {
 		version int
-		header  *ethpb.ExecutionPayloadHeader
+		header  *enginev1.ExecutionPayloadHeader
 	}
 	preVersionAndHeaders := make([]*versionAndHeader, len(blks))
 	postVersionAndHeaders := make([]*versionAndHeader, len(blks))
@@ -382,7 +333,7 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []interfaces.SignedBeac
 	for i, b := range blks {
 		v, h, err := getStateVersionAndPayload(preState)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
+			return err
 		}
 		preVersionAndHeaders[i] = &versionAndHeader{
 			version: v,
@@ -391,7 +342,7 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []interfaces.SignedBeac

 		set, preState, err = transition.ExecuteStateTransitionNoVerifyAnySig(ctx, preState, b)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, invalidBlock{err}
+			return invalidBlock{error: err}
 		}
 		// Save potential boundary states.
 		if slots.IsEpochStart(preState.Slot()) {
@@ -402,7 +353,7 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []interfaces.SignedBeac

 		v, h, err = getStateVersionAndPayload(preState)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
+			return err
 		}
 		postVersionAndHeaders[i] = &versionAndHeader{
 			version: v,
@@ -412,52 +363,81 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []interfaces.SignedBeac
 	}
 	verify, err := sigSet.Verify()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, invalidBlock{err}
+		return invalidBlock{error: err}
 	}
 	if !verify {
-		return nil, nil, errors.New("batch block signature verification failed")
+		return errors.New("batch block signature verification failed")
 	}

-	// blocks have been verified, add them to forkchoice and call the engine
+	// blocks have been verified, save them and call the engine
+	pendingNodes := make([]*forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints, len(blks))
+	var isValidPayload bool
 	for i, b := range blks {
-		isValidPayload, err := s.notifyNewPayload(ctx,
+		isValidPayload, err = s.notifyNewPayload(ctx,
 			postVersionAndHeaders[i].version,
 			postVersionAndHeaders[i].header, b)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
+			return err
 		}
 		if isValidPayload {
 			if err := s.validateMergeTransitionBlock(ctx, preVersionAndHeaders[i].version,
 				preVersionAndHeaders[i].header, b); err != nil {
-				return nil, nil, err
+				return err
 			}
 		}
-
-		if err := s.insertBlockToForkChoiceStore(ctx, b.Block(), blockRoots[i], fCheckpoints[i], jCheckpoints[i]); err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
-		}
-		if isValidPayload {
-			if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetOptimisticToValid(ctx, blockRoots[i]); err != nil {
-				return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not set optimistic block to valid")
-			}
-		}
-		s.saveInitSyncBlock(blockRoots[i], b)
-		if err = s.handleBlockAfterBatchVerify(ctx, b, blockRoots[i], fCheckpoints[i], jCheckpoints[i]); err != nil {
+		args := &forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints{Block: b.Block(),
+			JustifiedCheckpoint: jCheckpoints[i],
+			FinalizedCheckpoint: fCheckpoints[i]}
+		pendingNodes[len(blks)-i-1] = args
+		if err := s.saveInitSyncBlock(ctx, blockRoots[i], b); err != nil {
 			tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
-			return nil, nil, err
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveStateSummary(ctx, &ethpb.StateSummary{
+			Slot: b.Block().Slot(),
+			Root: blockRoots[i][:],
+		}); err != nil {
+			tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+			return err
+		}
+		if i > 0 && jCheckpoints[i].Epoch > jCheckpoints[i-1].Epoch {
+			if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveJustifiedCheckpoint(ctx, jCheckpoints[i]); err != nil {
+				tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		if i > 0 && fCheckpoints[i].Epoch > fCheckpoints[i-1].Epoch {
+			if err := s.updateFinalized(ctx, fCheckpoints[i]); err != nil {
+				tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// Insert all nodes but the last one to forkchoice
+	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticChain(ctx, pendingNodes); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not insert batch to forkchoice")
+	}
+	// Insert the last block to forkchoice
+	lastBR := blockRoots[len(blks)-1]
+	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, preState, lastBR); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not insert last block in batch to forkchoice")
+	}
+	// Set their optimistic status
+	if isValidPayload {
+		if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetOptimisticToValid(ctx, lastBR); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set optimistic block to valid")
 		}
 	}

 	for r, st := range boundaries {
 		if err := s.cfg.StateGen.SaveState(ctx, r, st); err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, err
+			return err
 		}
 	}
 	// Also saves the last post state which to be used as pre state for the next batch.
 	lastB := blks[len(blks)-1]
-	lastBR := blockRoots[len(blockRoots)-1]
 	if err := s.cfg.StateGen.SaveState(ctx, lastBR, preState); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
+		return err
 	}
 	arg := &notifyForkchoiceUpdateArg{
 		headState: preState,
@@ -465,64 +445,9 @@ func (s *Service) onBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blks []interfaces.SignedBeac
 		headBlock: lastB.Block(),
 	}
 	if _, err := s.notifyForkchoiceUpdate(ctx, arg); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	if err := s.saveHeadNoDB(ctx, lastB, lastBR, preState); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	return fCheckpoints, jCheckpoints, nil
-}
-
-// handles a block after the block's batch has been verified, where we can save blocks
-// their state summaries and split them off to relative hot/cold storage.
-func (s *Service) handleBlockAfterBatchVerify(ctx context.Context, signed interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock,
-	blockRoot [32]byte, fCheckpoint, jCheckpoint *ethpb.Checkpoint) error {
-
-	if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveStateSummary(ctx, &ethpb.StateSummary{
-		Slot: signed.Block().Slot(),
-		Root: blockRoot[:],
-	}); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	// Rate limit how many blocks (2 epochs worth of blocks) a node keeps in the memory.
-	if uint64(len(s.getInitSyncBlocks())) > initialSyncBlockCacheSize {
-		if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlocks(ctx, s.getInitSyncBlocks()); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		s.clearInitSyncBlocks()
-	}
-
-	justified, err := s.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get justified checkpoint")
-	}
-	if jCheckpoint.Epoch > justified.Epoch {
-		if err := s.updateJustifiedInitSync(ctx, jCheckpoint); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	finalized, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized checkpoint")
-	}
-	if finalized == nil {
-		return errNilFinalizedInStore
-	}
-	// Update finalized check point. Prune the block cache and helper caches on every new finalized epoch.
-	if fCheckpoint.Epoch > finalized.Epoch {
-		if err := s.updateFinalized(ctx, fCheckpoint); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		s.store.SetPrevFinalizedCheckpt(finalized)
-		h, err := s.getPayloadHash(ctx, fCheckpoint.Root)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(fCheckpoint, h)
-	}
-	return nil
+	return s.saveHeadNoDB(ctx, lastB, lastBR, preState)
 }

 // Epoch boundary bookkeeping such as logging epoch summaries.
@@ -537,16 +462,20 @@ func (s *Service) handleEpochBoundary(ctx context.Context, postState state.Beaco
 			return err
 		}
 		// Update caches for the next epoch at epoch boundary slot - 1.
-		if err := helpers.UpdateCommitteeCache(copied, coreTime.CurrentEpoch(copied)); err != nil {
+		if err := helpers.UpdateCommitteeCache(ctx, copied, coreTime.CurrentEpoch(copied)); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		if err := helpers.UpdateProposerIndicesInCache(ctx, copied); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	} else if postState.Slot() >= s.nextEpochBoundarySlot {
-		if err := reportEpochMetrics(ctx, postState, s.head.state); err != nil {
+		s.headLock.RLock()
+		st := s.head.state
+		s.headLock.RUnlock()
+		if err := reportEpochMetrics(ctx, postState, st); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+
 		var err error
 		s.nextEpochBoundarySlot, err = slots.EpochStart(coreTime.NextEpoch(postState))
 		if err != nil {
@@ -555,7 +484,7 @@ func (s *Service) handleEpochBoundary(ctx context.Context, postState state.Beaco

 		// Update caches at epoch boundary slot.
 		// The following updates have short cut to return nil cheaply if fulfilled during boundary slot - 1.
-		if err := helpers.UpdateCommitteeCache(postState, coreTime.CurrentEpoch(postState)); err != nil {
+		if err := helpers.UpdateCommitteeCache(ctx, postState, coreTime.CurrentEpoch(postState)); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		if err := helpers.UpdateProposerIndicesInCache(ctx, postState); err != nil {
@@ -568,14 +497,19 @@ func (s *Service) handleEpochBoundary(ctx context.Context, postState state.Beaco

 // This feeds in the block and block's attestations to fork choice store. It's allows fork choice store
 // to gain information on the most current chain.
-func (s *Service) insertBlockAndAttestationsToForkChoiceStore(ctx context.Context, blk interfaces.BeaconBlock, root [32]byte,
-	st state.BeaconState) error {
+func (s *Service) insertBlockAndAttestationsToForkChoiceStore(ctx context.Context, blk interfaces.BeaconBlock, root [32]byte, st state.BeaconState) error {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.insertBlockAndAttestationsToForkChoiceStore")
 	defer span.End()

-	fCheckpoint := st.FinalizedCheckpoint()
-	jCheckpoint := st.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint()
-	if err := s.insertBlockToForkChoiceStore(ctx, blk, root, fCheckpoint, jCheckpoint); err != nil {
+	if !s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.HasNode(bytesutil.ToBytes32(blk.ParentRoot())) {
+		fCheckpoint := st.FinalizedCheckpoint()
+		jCheckpoint := st.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint()
+		if err := s.fillInForkChoiceMissingBlocks(ctx, blk, fCheckpoint, jCheckpoint); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, st, root); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Feed in block's attestations to fork choice store.
@@ -593,24 +527,7 @@ func (s *Service) insertBlockAndAttestationsToForkChoiceStore(ctx context.Contex
 	return nil
 }

-func (s *Service) insertBlockToForkChoiceStore(ctx context.Context, blk interfaces.BeaconBlock,
-	root [32]byte, fCheckpoint, jCheckpoint *ethpb.Checkpoint) error {
-	if err := s.fillInForkChoiceMissingBlocks(ctx, blk, fCheckpoint, jCheckpoint); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	// Feed in block to fork choice store.
-
-	payloadHash, err := getBlockPayloadHash(blk)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx,
-		blk.Slot(), root, bytesutil.ToBytes32(blk.ParentRoot()), payloadHash,
-		jCheckpoint.Epoch,
-		fCheckpoint.Epoch)
-}
-
-// Inserts attester slashing indices to fork choice store.
+// InsertSlashingsToForkChoiceStore inserts attester slashing indices to fork choice store.
 // To call this function, it's caller's responsibility to ensure the slashing object is valid.
 func (s *Service) InsertSlashingsToForkChoiceStore(ctx context.Context, slashings []*ethpb.AttesterSlashing) {
 	for _, slashing := range slashings {
@@ -621,18 +538,6 @@ func (s *Service) InsertSlashingsToForkChoiceStore(ctx context.Context, slashing
 	}
 }

-func getBlockPayloadHash(blk interfaces.BeaconBlock) ([32]byte, error) {
-	payloadHash := [32]byte{}
-	if blocks.IsPreBellatrixVersion(blk.Version()) {
-		return payloadHash, nil
-	}
-	payload, err := blk.Body().ExecutionPayload()
-	if err != nil {
-		return payloadHash, err
-	}
-	return bytesutil.ToBytes32(payload.BlockHash), nil
-}
-
 // This saves post state info to DB or cache. This also saves post state info to fork choice store.
 // Post state info consists of processed block and state. Do not call this method unless the block and state are verified.
 func (s *Service) savePostStateInfo(ctx context.Context, r [32]byte, b interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock, st state.BeaconState) error {
@@ -650,10 +555,6 @@ func (s *Service) savePostStateInfo(ctx context.Context, r [32]byte, b interface
 // This removes the attestations from the mem pool. It will only remove the attestations if input root `r` is canonical,
 // meaning the block `b` is part of the canonical chain.
 func (s *Service) pruneCanonicalAttsFromPool(ctx context.Context, r [32]byte, b interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock) error {
-	if !features.Get().CorrectlyPruneCanonicalAtts {
-		return nil
-	}
-
 	canonical, err := s.IsCanonical(ctx, r)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -678,18 +579,22 @@ func (s *Service) pruneCanonicalAttsFromPool(ctx context.Context, r [32]byte, b
 }

 // validateMergeTransitionBlock validates the merge transition block.
-func (s *Service) validateMergeTransitionBlock(ctx context.Context, stateVersion int, stateHeader *ethpb.ExecutionPayloadHeader, blk interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock) error {
+func (s *Service) validateMergeTransitionBlock(ctx context.Context, stateVersion int, stateHeader *enginev1.ExecutionPayloadHeader, blk interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock) error {
 	// Skip validation if block is older than Bellatrix.
 	if blocks.IsPreBellatrixVersion(blk.Block().Version()) {
 		return nil
 	}

 	// Skip validation if block has an empty payload.
-	payload, err := blk.Block().Body().ExecutionPayload()
+	payload, err := blk.Block().Body().Execution()
 	if err != nil {
-		return invalidBlock{err}
+		return invalidBlock{error: err}
 	}
-	if bellatrix.IsEmptyPayload(payload) {
+	isEmpty, err := consensusblocks.IsEmptyExecutionData(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if isEmpty {
 		return nil
 	}

@@ -700,12 +605,72 @@ func (s *Service) validateMergeTransitionBlock(ctx context.Context, stateVersion
 	}

 	// Skip validation if the block is not a merge transition block.
-	atTransition, err := blocks.IsMergeTransitionBlockUsingPreStatePayloadHeader(stateHeader, blk.Block().Body())
+	// To reach here. The payload must be non-empty. If the state header is empty then it's at transition.
+	wh, err := consensusblocks.WrappedExecutionPayloadHeader(stateHeader)
 	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not check if merge block is terminal")
+		return err
 	}
-	if !atTransition {
+	empty, err := consensusblocks.IsEmptyExecutionData(wh)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if !empty {
 		return nil
 	}
 	return s.validateMergeBlock(ctx, blk)
 }
+
+// This routine checks if there is a cached proposer payload ID available for the next slot proposer.
+// If there is not, it will call forkchoice updated with the correct payload attribute then cache the payload ID.
+func (s *Service) fillMissingPayloadIDRoutine(ctx context.Context, stateFeed *event.Feed) {
+	// Wait for state to be initialized.
+	stateChannel := make(chan *feed.Event, 1)
+	stateSub := stateFeed.Subscribe(stateChannel)
+	go func() {
+		select {
+		case <-s.ctx.Done():
+			stateSub.Unsubscribe()
+			return
+		case <-stateChannel:
+			stateSub.Unsubscribe()
+			break
+		}
+
+		ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
+		defer ticker.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case ti := <-ticker.C:
+				if !atHalfSlot(ti) {
+					continue
+				}
+				_, id, has := s.cfg.ProposerSlotIndexCache.GetProposerPayloadIDs(s.CurrentSlot() + 1)
+				// There exists proposer for next slot, but we haven't called fcu w/ payload attribute yet.
+				if has && id == [8]byte{} {
+					headBlock, err := s.headBlock()
+					if err != nil {
+						log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get head block")
+					} else {
+						if _, err := s.notifyForkchoiceUpdate(ctx, &notifyForkchoiceUpdateArg{
+							headState: s.headState(ctx),
+							headRoot:  s.headRoot(),
+							headBlock: headBlock.Block(),
+						}); err != nil {
+							log.WithError(err).Error("Could not prepare payload on empty ID")
+						}
+					}
+					missedPayloadIDFilledCount.Inc()
+				}
+			case <-s.ctx.Done():
+				log.Debug("Context closed, exiting routine")
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// Returns true if time `t` is halfway through the slot in sec.
+func atHalfSlot(t time.Time) bool {
+	s := params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot
+	return uint64(t.Second())%s == s/2
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block_helpers.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block_helpers.go
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ import (

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
+	doublylinkedtree "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/doubly-linked-tree"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray"
+	forkchoicetypes "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/types"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
@@ -92,17 +95,13 @@ func (s *Service) verifyBlkPreState(ctx context.Context, b interfaces.BeaconBloc
 func (s *Service) VerifyFinalizedBlkDescendant(ctx context.Context, root [32]byte) error {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.VerifyFinalizedBlkDescendant")
 	defer span.End()
-	finalized, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized checkpoint")
-	}
-	fRoot := s.ensureRootNotZeros(bytesutil.ToBytes32(finalized.Root))
-	finalizedBlkSigned, err := s.getBlock(ctx, fRoot)
+	finalized := s.ForkChoicer().FinalizedCheckpoint()
+	fRoot := s.ensureRootNotZeros(finalized.Root)
+	fSlot, err := slots.EpochStart(finalized.Epoch)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	finalizedBlk := finalizedBlkSigned.Block()
-	bFinalizedRoot, err := s.ancestor(ctx, root[:], finalizedBlk.Slot())
+	bFinalizedRoot, err := s.ancestor(ctx, root[:], fSlot)
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized block root")
 	}
@@ -112,10 +111,10 @@ func (s *Service) VerifyFinalizedBlkDescendant(ctx context.Context, root [32]byt

 	if !bytes.Equal(bFinalizedRoot, fRoot[:]) {
 		err := fmt.Errorf("block %#x is not a descendant of the current finalized block slot %d, %#x != %#x",
-			bytesutil.Trunc(root[:]), finalizedBlk.Slot(), bytesutil.Trunc(bFinalizedRoot),
+			bytesutil.Trunc(root[:]), fSlot, bytesutil.Trunc(bFinalizedRoot),
 			bytesutil.Trunc(fRoot[:]))
 		tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
-		return invalidBlock{err}
+		return invalidBlock{error: err}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -123,128 +122,20 @@ func (s *Service) VerifyFinalizedBlkDescendant(ctx context.Context, root [32]byt
 // verifyBlkFinalizedSlot validates input block is not less than or equal
 // to current finalized slot.
 func (s *Service) verifyBlkFinalizedSlot(b interfaces.BeaconBlock) error {
-	finalized, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized checkpoint")
-	}
+	finalized := s.ForkChoicer().FinalizedCheckpoint()
 	finalizedSlot, err := slots.EpochStart(finalized.Epoch)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if finalizedSlot >= b.Slot() {
 		err = fmt.Errorf("block is equal or earlier than finalized block, slot %d < slot %d", b.Slot(), finalizedSlot)
-		return invalidBlock{err}
+		return invalidBlock{error: err}
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-// shouldUpdateCurrentJustified prevents bouncing attack, by only update conflicting justified
-// checkpoints in the fork choice if in the early slots of the epoch.
-// Otherwise, delay incorporation of new justified checkpoint until next epoch boundary.
-//
-// Spec code:
-// def should_update_justified_checkpoint(store: Store, new_justified_checkpoint: Checkpoint) -> bool:
-//    """
-//    To address the bouncing attack, only update conflicting justified
-//    checkpoints in the fork choice if in the early slots of the epoch.
-//    Otherwise, delay incorporation of new justified checkpoint until next epoch boundary.
-//
-//    See https://ethresear.ch/t/prevention-of-bouncing-attack-on-ffg/6114 for more detailed analysis and discussion.
-//    """
-//    if compute_slots_since_epoch_start(get_current_slot(store)) < SAFE_SLOTS_TO_UPDATE_JUSTIFIED:
-//        return True
-//
-//    justified_slot = compute_start_slot_at_epoch(store.justified_checkpoint.epoch)
-//    if not get_ancestor(store, new_justified_checkpoint.root, justified_slot) == store.justified_checkpoint.root:
-//        return False
-//
-//    return True
-func (s *Service) shouldUpdateCurrentJustified(ctx context.Context, newJustifiedCheckpt *ethpb.Checkpoint) (bool, error) {
-	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.shouldUpdateCurrentJustified")
-	defer span.End()
-
-	if slots.SinceEpochStarts(s.CurrentSlot()) < params.BeaconConfig().SafeSlotsToUpdateJustified {
-		return true, nil
-	}
-	justified, err := s.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get justified checkpoint")
-	}
-	jSlot, err := slots.EpochStart(justified.Epoch)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	justifiedRoot := s.ensureRootNotZeros(bytesutil.ToBytes32(newJustifiedCheckpt.Root))
-	b, err := s.ancestor(ctx, justifiedRoot[:], jSlot)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(b, justified.Root) {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-
-	return true, nil
-}
-
-func (s *Service) updateJustified(ctx context.Context, state state.ReadOnlyBeaconState) error {
-	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.updateJustified")
-	defer span.End()
-
-	cpt := state.CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint()
-	bestJustified, err := s.store.BestJustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get best justified checkpoint")
-	}
-	if cpt.Epoch > bestJustified.Epoch {
-		s.store.SetBestJustifiedCheckpt(cpt)
-	}
-	canUpdate, err := s.shouldUpdateCurrentJustified(ctx, cpt)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if canUpdate {
-		justified, err := s.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get justified checkpoint")
-		}
-		s.store.SetPrevJustifiedCheckpt(justified)
-		h, err := s.getPayloadHash(ctx, cpt.Root)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		s.store.SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(cpt, h)
-		// Update forkchoice's justified checkpoint
-		if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.UpdateJustifiedCheckpoint(cpt); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// This caches input checkpoint as justified for the service struct. It rotates current justified to previous justified,
-// caches justified checkpoint balances for fork choice and save justified checkpoint in DB.
-// This method does not have defense against fork choice bouncing attack, which is why it's only recommend to be used during initial syncing.
-func (s *Service) updateJustifiedInitSync(ctx context.Context, cp *ethpb.Checkpoint) error {
-	justified, err := s.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get justified checkpoint")
-	}
-	s.store.SetPrevJustifiedCheckpt(justified)
-
-	if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveJustifiedCheckpoint(ctx, cp); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	h, err := s.getPayloadHash(ctx, cp.Root)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	s.store.SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(cp, h)
-
-	return nil
-}
-
+// updateFinalized saves the init sync blocks, finalized checkpoint, migrates
+// to cold old states and saves the last validated checkpoint to DB
 func (s *Service) updateFinalized(ctx context.Context, cp *ethpb.Checkpoint) error {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.updateFinalized")
 	defer span.End()
@@ -262,7 +153,7 @@ func (s *Service) updateFinalized(ctx context.Context, cp *ethpb.Checkpoint) err

 	fRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32(cp.Root)
 	optimistic, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.IsOptimistic(fRoot)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err != nil && err != protoarray.ErrUnknownNodeRoot && err != doublylinkedtree.ErrNilNode {
 		return err
 	}
 	if !optimistic {
@@ -317,7 +208,8 @@ func (s *Service) ancestorByForkChoiceStore(ctx context.Context, r [32]byte, slo
 	if !s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.HasParent(r) {
 		return nil, errors.New("could not find root in fork choice store")
 	}
-	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.AncestorRoot(ctx, r, slot)
+	root, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.AncestorRoot(ctx, r, slot)
+	return root[:], err
 }

 // This retrieves an ancestor root using DB. The look up is recursively looking up DB. Slower than `ancestorByForkChoiceStore`.
@@ -346,53 +238,39 @@ func (s *Service) ancestorByDB(ctx context.Context, r [32]byte, slot types.Slot)
 // This is useful for block tree visualizer and additional vote accounting.
 func (s *Service) fillInForkChoiceMissingBlocks(ctx context.Context, blk interfaces.BeaconBlock,
 	fCheckpoint, jCheckpoint *ethpb.Checkpoint) error {
-	pendingNodes := make([]interfaces.BeaconBlock, 0)
-	pendingRoots := make([][32]byte, 0)
+	pendingNodes := make([]*forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints, 0)

-	parentRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32(blk.ParentRoot())
-	slot := blk.Slot()
 	// Fork choice only matters from last finalized slot.
-	finalized, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	finalized := s.ForkChoicer().FinalizedCheckpoint()
 	fSlot, err := slots.EpochStart(finalized.Epoch)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	higherThanFinalized := slot > fSlot
+	pendingNodes = append(pendingNodes, &forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints{Block: blk,
+		JustifiedCheckpoint: jCheckpoint, FinalizedCheckpoint: fCheckpoint})
 	// As long as parent node is not in fork choice store, and parent node is in DB.
-	for !s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.HasNode(parentRoot) && s.cfg.BeaconDB.HasBlock(ctx, parentRoot) && higherThanFinalized {
-		b, err := s.getBlock(ctx, parentRoot)
+	root := bytesutil.ToBytes32(blk.ParentRoot())
+	for !s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.HasNode(root) && s.cfg.BeaconDB.HasBlock(ctx, root) {
+		b, err := s.getBlock(ctx, root)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-
-		pendingNodes = append(pendingNodes, b.Block())
-		copiedRoot := parentRoot
-		pendingRoots = append(pendingRoots, copiedRoot)
-		parentRoot = bytesutil.ToBytes32(b.Block().ParentRoot())
-		slot = b.Block().Slot()
-		higherThanFinalized = slot > fSlot
-	}
-
-	// Insert parent nodes to fork choice store in reverse order.
-	// Lower slots should be at the end of the list.
-	for i := len(pendingNodes) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
-		b := pendingNodes[i]
-		r := pendingRoots[i]
-		payloadHash, err := getBlockPayloadHash(blk)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx,
-			b.Slot(), r, bytesutil.ToBytes32(b.ParentRoot()), payloadHash,
-			jCheckpoint.Epoch,
-			fCheckpoint.Epoch); err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not process block for proto array fork choice")
+		if b.Block().Slot() <= fSlot {
+			break
 		}
+		root = bytesutil.ToBytes32(b.Block().ParentRoot())
+		args := &forkchoicetypes.BlockAndCheckpoints{Block: b.Block(),
+			JustifiedCheckpoint: jCheckpoint,
+			FinalizedCheckpoint: fCheckpoint}
+		pendingNodes = append(pendingNodes, args)
 	}
-	return nil
+	if len(pendingNodes) == 1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if root != s.ensureRootNotZeros(finalized.Root) {
+		return errNotDescendantOfFinalized
+	}
+	return s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticChain(ctx, pendingNodes)
 }

 // inserts finalized deposits into our finalized deposit trie.
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/process_block_test.go
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_attestation.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_attestation.go
@@ -71,10 +71,7 @@ func (s *Service) VerifyFinalizedConsistency(ctx context.Context, root []byte) e
 		return nil
 	}

-	f, err := s.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	f := s.FinalizedCheckpt()
 	ss, err := slots.EpochStart(f.Epoch)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -123,7 +120,7 @@ func (s *Service) spawnProcessAttestationsRoutine(stateFeed *event.Feed) {
 			case <-s.ctx.Done():
 				return
 			case <-st.C():
-				if err := s.NewSlot(s.ctx, s.CurrentSlot()); err != nil {
+				if err := s.ForkChoicer().NewSlot(s.ctx, s.CurrentSlot()); err != nil {
 					log.WithError(err).Error("Could not process new slot")
 					return
 				}
@@ -152,48 +149,52 @@ func (s *Service) UpdateHead(ctx context.Context) error {

 	s.processAttestations(ctx)

-	justified, err := s.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
+	justified := s.ForkChoicer().JustifiedCheckpoint()
+	balances, err := s.justifiedBalances.get(ctx, justified.Root)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	balances, err := s.justifiedBalances.get(ctx, bytesutil.ToBytes32(justified.Root))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	newHeadRoot, err := s.updateHead(ctx, balances)
+	newHeadRoot, err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.Head(ctx, balances)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.WithError(err).Warn("Resolving fork due to new attestation")
 	}
+	s.headLock.RLock()
 	if s.headRoot() != newHeadRoot {
 		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 			"oldHeadRoot": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", s.headRoot()),
 			"newHeadRoot": fmt.Sprintf("%#x", newHeadRoot),
 		}).Debug("Head changed due to attestations")
 	}
-	s.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, newHeadRoot)
+	s.headLock.RUnlock()
+	if err := s.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, newHeadRoot); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return nil
 }

 // This calls notify Forkchoice Update in the event that the head has changed
-func (s *Service) notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx context.Context, newHeadRoot [32]byte) {
+func (s *Service) notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx context.Context, newHeadRoot [32]byte) error {
+	s.headLock.RLock()
 	if newHeadRoot == [32]byte{} || s.headRoot() == newHeadRoot {
-		return
+		s.headLock.RUnlock()
+		return nil
 	}
+	s.headLock.RUnlock()

 	if !s.hasBlockInInitSyncOrDB(ctx, newHeadRoot) {
 		log.Debug("New head does not exist in DB. Do nothing")
-		return // We don't have the block, don't notify the engine and update head.
+		return nil // We don't have the block, don't notify the engine and update head.
 	}

 	newHeadBlock, err := s.getBlock(ctx, newHeadRoot)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get new head block")
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	headState, err := s.cfg.StateGen.StateByRoot(ctx, newHeadRoot)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not get state from db")
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	arg := &notifyForkchoiceUpdateArg{
 		headState: headState,
@@ -202,11 +203,12 @@ func (s *Service) notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx context.Context, newHeadRoot [32
 	}
 	_, err = s.notifyForkchoiceUpdate(s.ctx, arg)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.WithError(err).Error("could not notify forkchoice update")
+		return err
 	}
 	if err := s.saveHead(ctx, newHeadRoot, newHeadBlock, headState); err != nil {
 		log.WithError(err).Error("could not save head")
 	}
+	return nil
 }

 // This processes fork choice attestations from the pool to account for validator votes and fork choice.
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_attestation_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_attestation_test.go
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/transition"
 	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/operations/attestations"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
@@ -48,17 +49,13 @@ func TestVerifyLMDFFGConsistent_NotOK(t *testing.T) {

 	b32 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b32.Block.Slot = 32
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b32)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b32)
 	r32, err := b32.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	b33 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b33.Block.Slot = 33
 	b33.Block.ParentRoot = r32[:]
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b33)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b33)
 	r33, err := b33.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

@@ -79,17 +76,13 @@ func TestVerifyLMDFFGConsistent_OK(t *testing.T) {

 	b32 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b32.Block.Slot = 32
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b32)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b32)
 	r32, err := b32.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	b33 := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b33.Block.Slot = 33
 	b33.Block.ParentRoot = r32[:]
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b33)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b33)
 	r33, err := b33.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

@@ -120,7 +113,11 @@ func TestProcessAttestations_Ok(t *testing.T) {
 	copied, err = transition.ProcessSlots(ctx, copied, 1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, copied, tRoot))
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 0, tRoot, tRoot, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 1, 1))
+	ofc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 0, tRoot, tRoot, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, ojc, ofc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.AttPool.SaveForkchoiceAttestations(atts))
 	service.processAttestations(ctx)
 	require.Equal(t, 0, len(service.cfg.AttPool.ForkchoiceAttestations()))
@@ -135,15 +132,15 @@ func TestNotifyEngineIfChangedHead(t *testing.T) {
 	service, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	service.cfg.ProposerSlotIndexCache = cache.NewProposerPayloadIDsCache()
-	service.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, service.headRoot())
+	require.NoError(t, service.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, service.headRoot()))
 	hookErr := "could not notify forkchoice update"
 	invalidStateErr := "Could not get state from db"
 	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, hook, invalidStateErr)
 	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, hook, hookErr)
-	gb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	gb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	service.saveInitSyncBlock([32]byte{'a'}, gb)
-	service.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, [32]byte{'a'})
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveInitSyncBlock(ctx, [32]byte{'a'}, gb))
+	require.NoError(t, service.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, [32]byte{'a'}))
 	require.LogsContain(t, hook, invalidStateErr)

 	hook.Reset()
@@ -155,12 +152,11 @@ func TestNotifyEngineIfChangedHead(t *testing.T) {
 	// Block in Cache
 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b.Block.Slot = 2
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	r1, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	service.saveInitSyncBlock(r1, wsb)
-	finalized := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r1[:], Epoch: 0}
+	require.NoError(t, service.saveInitSyncBlock(ctx, r1, wsb))
 	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
 	service.head = &head{
 		slot:  1,
@@ -169,20 +165,16 @@ func TestNotifyEngineIfChangedHead(t *testing.T) {
 		state: st,
 	}
 	service.cfg.ProposerSlotIndexCache.SetProposerAndPayloadIDs(2, 1, [8]byte{1})
-	service.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(finalized, [32]byte{})
-	service.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, r1)
+	require.NoError(t, service.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, r1))
 	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, hook, invalidStateErr)
 	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, hook, hookErr)

 	// Block in DB
 	b = util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b.Block.Slot = 3
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b)
 	r1, err = b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	finalized = &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: r1[:], Epoch: 0}
 	st, _ = util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
 	service.head = &head{
 		slot:  1,
@@ -191,8 +183,7 @@ func TestNotifyEngineIfChangedHead(t *testing.T) {
 		state: st,
 	}
 	service.cfg.ProposerSlotIndexCache.SetProposerAndPayloadIDs(2, 1, [8]byte{1})
-	service.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(finalized, [32]byte{})
-	service.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, r1)
+	require.NoError(t, service.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, r1))
 	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, hook, invalidStateErr)
 	require.LogsDoNotContain(t, hook, hookErr)
 	vId, payloadID, has := service.cfg.ProposerSlotIndexCache.GetProposerPayloadIDs(2)
@@ -202,40 +193,63 @@ func TestNotifyEngineIfChangedHead(t *testing.T) {

 	// Test zero headRoot returns immediately.
 	headRoot := service.headRoot()
-	service.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, [32]byte{})
+	require.NoError(t, service.notifyEngineIfChangedHead(ctx, [32]byte{}))
 	require.Equal(t, service.headRoot(), headRoot)
 }

 func TestService_ProcessAttestationsAndUpdateHead(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	opts := testServiceOptsWithDB(t)
-	opts = append(opts, WithAttestationPool(attestations.NewPool()), WithStateNotifier(&mockBeaconNode{}))
+	fcs := protoarray.New()
+	opts = append(opts,
+		WithAttestationPool(attestations.NewPool()),
+		WithStateNotifier(&mockBeaconNode{}),
+		WithForkChoiceStore(fcs),
+	)

 	service, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	service.genesisTime = prysmTime.Now().Add(-1 * time.Duration(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot) * time.Second)
+	service.genesisTime = prysmTime.Now().Add(-2 * time.Duration(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot) * time.Second)
 	genesisState, pks := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 64)
-	require.NoError(t, genesisState.SetGenesisTime(uint64(prysmTime.Now().Unix())-params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot))
 	require.NoError(t, service.saveGenesisData(ctx, genesisState))
-	atts, err := util.GenerateAttestations(genesisState, pks, 1, 0, false)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	tRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32(atts[0].Data.Target.Root)
 	copied := genesisState.Copy()
-	copied, err = transition.ProcessSlots(ctx, copied, 1)
+	// Generate a new block for attesters to attest
+	blk, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(copied, pks, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 1)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	tRoot, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.onBlock(ctx, wsb, tRoot))
+	copied, err = service.cfg.StateGen.StateByRoot(ctx, tRoot)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, fcs.NodeCount())
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+
+	// Generate attestatios for this block in Slot 1
+	atts, err := util.GenerateAttestations(copied, pks, 1, 1, false)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveState(ctx, copied, tRoot))
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveStateSummary(ctx, &ethpb.StateSummary{Root: tRoot[:]}))
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx, 0, tRoot, tRoot, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash, 1, 1))
 	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.AttPool.SaveForkchoiceAttestations(atts))
-	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	wb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	// Verify the target is in forchoice
+	require.Equal(t, true, fcs.HasNode(bytesutil.ToBytes32(atts[0].Data.BeaconBlockRoot)))
+
+	// Insert a new block to forkchoice
+	ojc := &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}
+	b, err := util.GenerateFullBlock(genesisState, pks, util.DefaultBlockGenConfig(), 2)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
+	b.Block.ParentRoot = service.originBlockRoot[:]
 	r, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, service.cfg.BeaconDB, b)
+	state, blkRoot, err := prepareForkchoiceState(ctx, 2, r, service.originBlockRoot, [32]byte{'b'}, ojc, ojc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, service.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, state, blkRoot))
+	require.Equal(t, 3, fcs.NodeCount())
 	service.head.root = r // Old head
+
 	require.Equal(t, 1, len(service.cfg.AttPool.ForkchoiceAttestations()))
 	require.NoError(t, err, service.UpdateHead(ctx))
-	require.Equal(t, tRoot, service.head.root)                             // Validate head is the new one
+
 	require.Equal(t, 0, len(service.cfg.AttPool.ForkchoiceAttestations())) // Validate att pool is empty
+	require.Equal(t, tRoot, service.head.root)                             // Validate head is the new one
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_block.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_block.go
@@ -39,7 +39,10 @@ func (s *Service) ReceiveBlock(ctx context.Context, block interfaces.SignedBeaco
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "blockChain.ReceiveBlock")
 	defer span.End()
 	receivedTime := time.Now()
-	blockCopy := block.Copy()
+	blockCopy, err := block.Copy()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}

 	// Apply state transition on the new block.
 	if err := s.onBlock(ctx, blockCopy, blockRoot); err != nil {
@@ -59,23 +62,21 @@ func (s *Service) ReceiveBlock(ctx context.Context, block interfaces.SignedBeaco
 	}

 	// Reports on block and fork choice metrics.
-	justified, err := s.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	finalized, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errNilFinalizedInStore
-	}
+	finalized := s.FinalizedCheckpt()
 	reportSlotMetrics(blockCopy.Block().Slot(), s.HeadSlot(), s.CurrentSlot(), finalized)

 	// Log block sync status.
+	justified := s.CurrentJustifiedCheckpt()
 	if err := logBlockSyncStatus(blockCopy.Block(), blockRoot, justified, finalized, receivedTime, uint64(s.genesisTime.Unix())); err != nil {
-		return err
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Unable to log block sync status")
+	}
+	// Log payload data
+	if err := logPayload(blockCopy.Block()); err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Unable to log debug block payload data")
 	}
 	// Log state transition data.
 	if err := logStateTransitionData(blockCopy.Block()); err != nil {
-		return err
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Unable to log state transition data")
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -89,15 +90,17 @@ func (s *Service) ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blocks []interfaces.Sig
 	defer span.End()

 	// Apply state transition on the incoming newly received block batches, one by one.
-	_, _, err := s.onBlockBatch(ctx, blocks, blkRoots)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := s.onBlockBatch(ctx, blocks, blkRoots); err != nil {
 		err := errors.Wrap(err, "could not process block in batch")
 		tracing.AnnotateError(span, err)
 		return err
 	}

 	for i, b := range blocks {
-		blockCopy := b.Copy()
+		blockCopy, err := b.Copy()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		// Send notification of the processed block to the state feed.
 		s.cfg.StateNotifier.StateFeed().Send(&feed.Event{
 			Type: statefeed.BlockProcessed,
@@ -110,20 +113,14 @@ func (s *Service) ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blocks []interfaces.Sig
 		})

 		// Reports on blockCopy and fork choice metrics.
-		finalized, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-		if err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized checkpoint")
-		}
+		finalized := s.FinalizedCheckpt()
 		reportSlotMetrics(blockCopy.Block().Slot(), s.HeadSlot(), s.CurrentSlot(), finalized)
 	}

 	if err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlocks(ctx, s.getInitSyncBlocks()); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	finalized, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized checkpoint")
-	}
+	finalized := s.FinalizedCheckpt()
 	if finalized == nil {
 		return errNilFinalizedInStore
 	}
@@ -131,7 +128,7 @@ func (s *Service) ReceiveBlockBatch(ctx context.Context, blocks []interfaces.Sig
 		// log.Fatalf will prevent defer from being called
 		span.End()
 		// Exit run time if the node failed to verify weak subjectivity checkpoint.
-		log.Fatalf("Could not verify weak subjectivity checkpoint: %v", err)
+		log.WithError(err).Fatal("Could not verify weak subjectivity checkpoint")
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -155,7 +152,7 @@ func (s *Service) handlePostBlockOperations(b interfaces.BeaconBlock) error {

 	// Add block attestations to the fork choice pool to compute head.
 	if err := s.cfg.AttPool.SaveBlockAttestations(b.Body().Attestations()); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("Could not save block attestations for fork choice: %v", err)
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not save block attestations for fork choice")
 		return nil
 	}
 	// Mark block exits as seen so we don't include same ones in future blocks.
@@ -176,10 +173,7 @@ func (s *Service) checkSaveHotStateDB(ctx context.Context) error {
 	currentEpoch := slots.ToEpoch(s.CurrentSlot())
 	// Prevent `sinceFinality` going underflow.
 	var sinceFinality types.Epoch
-	finalized, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
+	finalized := s.FinalizedCheckpt()
 	if finalized == nil {
 		return errNilFinalizedInStore
 	}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_block_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/receive_block_test.go
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/operations/voluntaryexits"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/stategen"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/assert"
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func TestService_ReceiveBlock(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		return blk
 	}
-	params.SetupTestConfigCleanup(t)
+	params.SetupTestConfigCleanupWithLock(t)
 	bc := params.BeaconConfig().Copy()
 	bc.ShardCommitteePeriod = 0 // Required for voluntary exits test in reasonable time.
 	params.OverrideBeaconConfig(bc)
@@ -119,7 +119,9 @@ func TestService_ReceiveBlock(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}

+	wg := new(sync.WaitGroup)
 	for _, tt := range tests {
+		wg.Add(1)
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 			genesisBlockRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32(nil)
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ func TestService_ReceiveBlock(t *testing.T) {

 			opts := []Option{
 				WithDatabase(beaconDB),
-				WithForkChoiceStore(protoarray.New(0, 0)),
+				WithForkChoiceStore(protoarray.New()),
 				WithAttestationPool(attestations.NewPool()),
 				WithExitPool(voluntaryexits.NewPool()),
 				WithStateNotifier(&blockchainTesting.MockStateNotifier{RecordEvents: true}),
@@ -136,16 +138,12 @@ func TestService_ReceiveBlock(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			s, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
+			// Initialize it here.
+			_ = s.cfg.StateNotifier.StateFeed()
 			require.NoError(t, s.saveGenesisData(ctx, genesis))
-			gBlk, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.GenesisBlock(ctx)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			gRoot, err := gBlk.Block().HashTreeRoot()
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			h := [32]byte{'a'}
-			s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: gRoot[:]}, h)
 			root, err := tt.args.block.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(tt.args.block)
+			wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(tt.args.block)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			err = s.ReceiveBlock(ctx, wsb, root)
 			if tt.wantedErr != "" {
@@ -154,8 +152,10 @@ func TestService_ReceiveBlock(t *testing.T) {
 				assert.NoError(t, err)
 				tt.check(t, s)
 			}
+			wg.Done()
 		})
 	}
+	wg.Wait()
 }

 func TestService_ReceiveBlockUpdateHead(t *testing.T) {
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ func TestService_ReceiveBlockUpdateHead(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveState(ctx, genesis, genesisBlockRoot))
 	opts := []Option{
 		WithDatabase(beaconDB),
-		WithForkChoiceStore(protoarray.New(0, 0)),
+		WithForkChoiceStore(protoarray.New()),
 		WithAttestationPool(attestations.NewPool()),
 		WithExitPool(voluntaryexits.NewPool()),
 		WithStateNotifier(&blockchainTesting.MockStateNotifier{RecordEvents: true}),
@@ -177,18 +177,15 @@ func TestService_ReceiveBlockUpdateHead(t *testing.T) {

 	s, err := NewService(ctx, opts...)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// Initialize it here.
+	_ = s.cfg.StateNotifier.StateFeed()
 	require.NoError(t, s.saveGenesisData(ctx, genesis))
-	gBlk, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.GenesisBlock(ctx)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	gRoot, err := gBlk.Block().HashTreeRoot()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: gRoot[:]}, [32]byte{'a'})
 	root, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
 	wg.Add(1)
 	go func() {
-		wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+		wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NoError(t, s.ReceiveBlock(ctx, wsb, root))
 		wg.Done()
@@ -248,7 +245,7 @@ func TestService_ReceiveBlockBatch(t *testing.T) {
 			beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 			opts := []Option{
 				WithDatabase(beaconDB),
-				WithForkChoiceStore(protoarray.New(0, 0)),
+				WithForkChoiceStore(protoarray.New()),
 				WithStateNotifier(&blockchainTesting.MockStateNotifier{RecordEvents: true}),
 				WithStateGen(stategen.New(beaconDB)),
 			}
@@ -256,15 +253,9 @@ func TestService_ReceiveBlockBatch(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			err = s.saveGenesisData(ctx, genesis)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			gBlk, err := s.cfg.BeaconDB.GenesisBlock(ctx)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			gRoot, err := gBlk.Block().HashTreeRoot()
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: gRoot[:]}, [32]byte{'a'})
 			root, err := tt.args.block.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 			require.NoError(t, err)
-			wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(tt.args.block)
+			wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(tt.args.block)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			blks := []interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock{wsb}
 			roots := [][32]byte{root}
@@ -288,19 +279,17 @@ func TestService_HasBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	if s.HasBlock(context.Background(), r) {
 		t.Error("Should not have block")
 	}
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	s.saveInitSyncBlock(r, wsb)
+	require.NoError(t, s.saveInitSyncBlock(context.Background(), r, wsb))
 	if !s.HasBlock(context.Background(), r) {
 		t.Error("Should have block")
 	}
 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b.Block.Slot = 1
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), s.cfg.BeaconDB, b)
 	r, err = b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
 	require.Equal(t, true, s.HasBlock(context.Background(), r))
 }

@@ -311,7 +300,6 @@ func TestCheckSaveHotStateDB_Enabling(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	st := params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch.Mul(uint64(epochsSinceFinalitySaveHotStateDB))
 	s.genesisTime = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-1*int64(st)*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot)) * time.Second)
-	s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{}, [32]byte{})

 	require.NoError(t, s.checkSaveHotStateDB(context.Background()))
 	assert.LogsContain(t, hook, "Entering mode to save hot states in DB")
@@ -322,7 +310,8 @@ func TestCheckSaveHotStateDB_Disabling(t *testing.T) {
 	opts := testServiceOptsWithDB(t)
 	s, err := NewService(context.Background(), opts...)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{}, [32]byte{})
+	st := params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch.Mul(uint64(epochsSinceFinalitySaveHotStateDB))
+	s.genesisTime = time.Now().Add(time.Duration(-1*int64(st)*int64(params.BeaconConfig().SecondsPerSlot)) * time.Second)
 	require.NoError(t, s.checkSaveHotStateDB(context.Background()))
 	s.genesisTime = time.Now()

@@ -335,7 +324,6 @@ func TestCheckSaveHotStateDB_Overflow(t *testing.T) {
 	opts := testServiceOptsWithDB(t)
 	s, err := NewService(context.Background(), opts...)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{}, [32]byte{})
 	s.genesisTime = time.Now()

 	require.NoError(t, s.checkSaveHotStateDB(context.Background()))
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/service.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/service.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/async/event"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/blockchain/store"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/cache"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/cache/depositcache"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/feed"
@@ -20,27 +19,27 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/transition"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/execution"
 	f "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice"
 	doublylinkedtree "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/doubly-linked-tree"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray"
+	forkchoicetypes "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/types"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/operations/attestations"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/operations/slashings"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/operations/voluntaryexits"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/p2p"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/powchain"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/stategen"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/cmd/beacon-chain/flags"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/features"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	prysmTime "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/time"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/time/slots"
-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
 )

@@ -65,14 +64,13 @@ type Service struct {
 	initSyncBlocksLock      sync.RWMutex
 	justifiedBalances       *stateBalanceCache
 	wsVerifier              *WeakSubjectivityVerifier
-	store                   *store.Store
 	processAttestationsLock sync.Mutex
 }

 // config options for the service.
 type config struct {
 	BeaconBlockBuf          int
-	ChainStartFetcher       powchain.ChainStartFetcher
+	ChainStartFetcher       execution.ChainStartFetcher
 	BeaconDB                db.HeadAccessDatabase
 	DepositCache            *depositcache.DepositCache
 	ProposerSlotIndexCache  *cache.ProposerPayloadIDsCache
@@ -87,9 +85,9 @@ type config struct {
 	StateGen                *stategen.State
 	SlasherAttestationsFeed *event.Feed
 	WeakSubjectivityCheckpt *ethpb.Checkpoint
-	BlockFetcher            powchain.POWBlockFetcher
+	BlockFetcher            execution.POWBlockFetcher
 	FinalizedStateAtStartUp state.BeaconState
-	ExecutionEngineCaller   powchain.EngineCaller
+	ExecutionEngineCaller   execution.EngineCaller
 }

 // NewService instantiates a new block service instance that will
@@ -103,7 +101,6 @@ func NewService(ctx context.Context, opts ...Option) (*Service, error) {
 		checkpointStateCache: cache.NewCheckpointStateCache(),
 		initSyncBlocks:       make(map[[32]byte]interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock),
 		cfg:                  &config{},
-		store:                &store.Store{},
 	}
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		if err := opt(srv); err != nil {
@@ -133,24 +130,30 @@ func (s *Service) Start() {
 			log.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	} else {
-		if err := s.startFromPOWChain(); err != nil {
+		if err := s.startFromExecutionChain(); err != nil {
 			log.Fatal(err)
 		}
 	}
 	s.spawnProcessAttestationsRoutine(s.cfg.StateNotifier.StateFeed())
+	s.fillMissingPayloadIDRoutine(s.ctx, s.cfg.StateNotifier.StateFeed())
 }

 // Stop the blockchain service's main event loop and associated goroutines.
 func (s *Service) Stop() error {
 	defer s.cancel()

+	// lock before accessing s.head, s.head.state, s.head.state.FinalizedCheckpoint().Root
+	s.headLock.RLock()
 	if s.cfg.StateGen != nil && s.head != nil && s.head.state != nil {
+		r := s.head.state.FinalizedCheckpoint().Root
+		s.headLock.RUnlock()
 		// Save the last finalized state so that starting up in the following run will be much faster.
-		if err := s.cfg.StateGen.ForceCheckpoint(s.ctx, s.head.state.FinalizedCheckpoint().Root); err != nil {
+		if err := s.cfg.StateGen.ForceCheckpoint(s.ctx, r); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+	} else {
+		s.headLock.RUnlock()
 	}
-
 	// Save initial sync cached blocks to the DB before stop.
 	return s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlocks(s.ctx, s.getInitSyncBlocks())
 }
@@ -198,27 +201,30 @@ func (s *Service) StartFromSavedState(saved state.BeaconState) error {
 	if finalized == nil {
 		return errNilFinalizedCheckpoint
 	}
-	s.store = store.New(justified, finalized)

 	var forkChoicer f.ForkChoicer
-	fRoot := bytesutil.ToBytes32(finalized.Root)
+	fRoot := s.ensureRootNotZeros(bytesutil.ToBytes32(finalized.Root))
 	if features.Get().EnableForkChoiceDoublyLinkedTree {
-		forkChoicer = doublylinkedtree.New(justified.Epoch, finalized.Epoch)
+		forkChoicer = doublylinkedtree.New()
 	} else {
-		forkChoicer = protoarray.New(justified.Epoch, finalized.Epoch)
+		forkChoicer = protoarray.New()
 	}
 	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore = forkChoicer
-	fb, err := s.getBlock(s.ctx, s.ensureRootNotZeros(fRoot))
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized checkpoint block")
+	if err := forkChoicer.UpdateJustifiedCheckpoint(&forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: justified.Epoch,
+		Root: bytesutil.ToBytes32(justified.Root)}); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not update forkchoice's justified checkpoint")
 	}
-	payloadHash, err := getBlockPayloadHash(fb.Block())
-	if err != nil {
-		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get execution payload hash")
+	if err := forkChoicer.UpdateFinalizedCheckpoint(&forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: finalized.Epoch,
+		Root: bytesutil.ToBytes32(finalized.Root)}); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not update forkchoice's finalized checkpoint")
 	}
-	fSlot := fb.Block().Slot()
-	if err := forkChoicer.InsertOptimisticBlock(s.ctx, fSlot, fRoot, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash,
-		payloadHash, justified.Epoch, finalized.Epoch); err != nil {
+	forkChoicer.SetGenesisTime(uint64(s.genesisTime.Unix()))
+
+	st, err := s.cfg.StateGen.StateByRoot(s.ctx, fRoot)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized checkpoint state")
+	}
+	if err := forkChoicer.InsertNode(s.ctx, st, fRoot); err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not insert finalized block to forkchoice")
 	}

@@ -231,18 +237,6 @@ func (s *Service) StartFromSavedState(saved state.BeaconState) error {
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set finalized block as validated")
 		}
 	}
-
-	h := s.headBlock().Block()
-	if h.Slot() > fSlot {
-		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-			"startSlot": fSlot,
-			"endSlot":   h.Slot(),
-		}).Info("Loading blocks to fork choice store, this may take a while.")
-		if err := s.fillInForkChoiceMissingBlocks(s.ctx, h, finalized, justified); err != nil {
-			return errors.Wrap(err, "could not fill in fork choice store missing blocks")
-		}
-	}
-
 	// not attempting to save initial sync blocks here, because there shouldn't be any until
 	// after the statefeed.Initialized event is fired (below)
 	if err := s.wsVerifier.VerifyWeakSubjectivity(s.ctx, finalized.Epoch); err != nil {
@@ -277,7 +271,7 @@ func (s *Service) originRootFromSavedState(ctx context.Context) ([32]byte, error
 	if err != nil {
 		return originRoot, errors.Wrap(err, "could not get genesis block from db")
 	}
-	if err := wrapper.BeaconBlockIsNil(genesisBlock); err != nil {
+	if err := blocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(genesisBlock); err != nil {
 		return originRoot, err
 	}
 	genesisBlkRoot, err := genesisBlock.Block().HashTreeRoot()
@@ -335,7 +329,9 @@ func (s *Service) initializeHeadFromDB(ctx context.Context) error {
 			if err != nil {
 				return errors.Wrap(err, "could not retrieve head state")
 			}
-			s.setHead(headRoot, headBlock, headState)
+			if err := s.setHead(headRoot, headBlock, headState); err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set head")
+			}
 			return nil
 		} else {
 			log.Warnf("Finalized checkpoint at slot %d is too close to the current head slot, "+
@@ -351,15 +347,17 @@ func (s *Service) initializeHeadFromDB(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not get finalized block")
 	}
-	s.setHead(finalizedRoot, finalizedBlock, finalizedState)
+	if err := s.setHead(finalizedRoot, finalizedBlock, finalizedState); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not set head")
+	}

 	return nil
 }

-func (s *Service) startFromPOWChain() error {
+func (s *Service) startFromExecutionChain() error {
 	log.Info("Waiting to reach the validator deposit threshold to start the beacon chain...")
 	if s.cfg.ChainStartFetcher == nil {
-		return errors.New("not configured web3Service for POW chain")
+		return errors.New("not configured execution chain")
 	}
 	go func() {
 		stateChannel := make(chan *feed.Event, 1)
@@ -375,7 +373,7 @@ func (s *Service) startFromPOWChain() error {
 						return
 					}
 					log.WithField("starttime", data.StartTime).Debug("Received chain start event")
-					s.onPowchainStart(s.ctx, data.StartTime)
+					s.onExecutionChainStart(s.ctx, data.StartTime)
 					return
 				}
 			case <-s.ctx.Done():
@@ -391,18 +389,18 @@ func (s *Service) startFromPOWChain() error {
 	return nil
 }

-// onPowchainStart initializes a series of deposits from the ChainStart deposits in the eth1
+// onExecutionChainStart initializes a series of deposits from the ChainStart deposits in the eth1
 // deposit contract, initializes the beacon chain's state, and kicks off the beacon chain.
-func (s *Service) onPowchainStart(ctx context.Context, genesisTime time.Time) {
+func (s *Service) onExecutionChainStart(ctx context.Context, genesisTime time.Time) {
 	preGenesisState := s.cfg.ChainStartFetcher.PreGenesisState()
 	initializedState, err := s.initializeBeaconChain(ctx, genesisTime, preGenesisState, s.cfg.ChainStartFetcher.ChainStartEth1Data())
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Could not initialize beacon chain: %v", err)
+		log.WithError(err).Fatal("Could not initialize beacon chain")
 	}
 	// We start a counter to genesis, if needed.
 	gRoot, err := initializedState.HashTreeRoot(s.ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Could not hash tree root genesis state: %v", err)
+		log.WithError(err).Fatal("Could not hash tree root genesis state")
 	}
 	go slots.CountdownToGenesis(ctx, genesisTime, uint64(initializedState.NumValidators()), gRoot)

@@ -445,7 +443,7 @@ func (s *Service) initializeBeaconChain(
 	s.cfg.ChainStartFetcher.ClearPreGenesisData()

 	// Update committee shuffled indices for genesis epoch.
-	if err := helpers.UpdateCommitteeCache(genesisState, 0 /* genesis epoch */); err != nil {
+	if err := helpers.UpdateCommitteeCache(ctx, genesisState, 0); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if err := helpers.UpdateProposerIndicesInCache(ctx, genesisState); err != nil {
@@ -474,28 +472,19 @@ func (s *Service) saveGenesisData(ctx context.Context, genesisState state.Beacon
 	s.originBlockRoot = genesisBlkRoot
 	s.cfg.StateGen.SaveFinalizedState(0 /*slot*/, genesisBlkRoot, genesisState)

-	// Finalized checkpoint at genesis is a zero hash.
-	genesisCheckpoint := genesisState.FinalizedCheckpoint()
-	s.store = store.New(genesisCheckpoint, genesisCheckpoint)
-
-	payloadHash, err := getBlockPayloadHash(genesisBlk.Block())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertOptimisticBlock(ctx,
-		genesisBlk.Block().Slot(),
-		genesisBlkRoot,
-		params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash,
-		payloadHash,
-		genesisCheckpoint.Epoch,
-		genesisCheckpoint.Epoch); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Could not process genesis block for fork choice: %v", err)
+	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.InsertNode(ctx, genesisState, genesisBlkRoot); err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Fatal("Could not process genesis block for fork choice")
 	}
+	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetOriginRoot(genesisBlkRoot)
+	// Set genesis as fully validated
 	if err := s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetOptimisticToValid(ctx, genesisBlkRoot); err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Could not set optimistic status of genesis block to false: %v", err)
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "Could not set optimistic status of genesis block to false")
 	}
+	s.cfg.ForkChoiceStore.SetGenesisTime(uint64(s.genesisTime.Unix()))

-	s.setHead(genesisBlkRoot, genesisBlk, genesisState)
+	if err := s.setHead(genesisBlkRoot, genesisBlk, genesisState); err != nil {
+		log.WithError(err).Fatal("Could not set head")
+	}
 	return nil
 }

@@ -519,11 +508,11 @@ func spawnCountdownIfPreGenesis(ctx context.Context, genesisTime time.Time, db d

 	gState, err := db.GenesisState(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Could not retrieve genesis state: %v", err)
+		log.WithError(err).Fatal("Could not retrieve genesis state")
 	}
 	gRoot, err := gState.HashTreeRoot(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatalf("Could not hash tree root genesis state: %v", err)
+		log.WithError(err).Fatal("Could not hash tree root genesis state")
 	}
 	go slots.CountdownToGenesis(ctx, genesisTime, uint64(gState.NumValidators()), gRoot)
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/service_norace_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/service_norace_test.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/util"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func TestChainService_SaveHead_DataRace(t *testing.T) {
 	s := &Service{
 		cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB},
 	}
-	b, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
+	b, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(util.NewBeaconBlock())
 	st, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisState(t, 1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	go func() {
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/service_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/service_test.go
@@ -9,28 +9,27 @@ import (

 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/async/event"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/blockchain/store"
 	mock "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/blockchain/testing"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/cache/depositcache"
-	b "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/blocks"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/feed"
 	statefeed "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/feed/state"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/transition"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db"
 	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/execution"
+	mockExecution "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/execution/testing"
 	doublylinkedtree "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/doubly-linked-tree"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/operations/attestations"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/p2p"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/powchain"
-	mockPOW "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/powchain/testing"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/stategen"
 	v1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/v1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/cmd/beacon-chain/flags"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	consensusblocks "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/container/trie"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
@@ -77,9 +76,9 @@ var _ p2p.Broadcaster = (*mockBroadcaster)(nil)

 func setupBeaconChain(t *testing.T, beaconDB db.Database) *Service {
 	ctx := context.Background()
-	var web3Service *powchain.Service
+	var web3Service *execution.Service
 	var err error
-	srv, endpoint, err := mockPOW.SetupRPCServer()
+	srv, endpoint, err := mockExecution.SetupRPCServer()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	t.Cleanup(func() {
 		srv.Stop()
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ func setupBeaconChain(t *testing.T, beaconDB db.Database) *Service {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	mockTrie, err := trie.NewTrie(0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	err = beaconDB.SavePowchainData(ctx, &ethpb.ETH1ChainData{
+	err = beaconDB.SaveExecutionChainData(ctx, &ethpb.ETH1ChainData{
 		BeaconState: pbState,
 		Trie:        mockTrie.ToProto(),
 		CurrentEth1Data: &ethpb.LatestETH1Data{
@@ -105,11 +104,11 @@ func setupBeaconChain(t *testing.T, beaconDB db.Database) *Service {
 		DepositContainers: []*ethpb.DepositContainer{},
 	})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	web3Service, err = powchain.NewService(
+	web3Service, err = execution.NewService(
 		ctx,
-		powchain.WithDatabase(beaconDB),
-		powchain.WithHttpEndpoints([]string{endpoint}),
-		powchain.WithDepositContractAddress(common.Address{}),
+		execution.WithDatabase(beaconDB),
+		execution.WithHttpEndpoints([]string{endpoint}),
+		execution.WithDepositContractAddress(common.Address{}),
 	)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "Unable to set up web3 service")

@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ func setupBeaconChain(t *testing.T, beaconDB db.Database) *Service {
 		WithAttestationPool(attestations.NewPool()),
 		WithP2PBroadcaster(&mockBroadcaster{}),
 		WithStateNotifier(&mockBeaconNode{}),
-		WithForkChoiceStore(protoarray.New(0, 0)),
+		WithForkChoiceStore(protoarray.New()),
 		WithAttestationService(attService),
 		WithStateGen(stateGen),
 	}
@@ -152,9 +151,7 @@ func TestChainStartStop_Initialized(t *testing.T) {
 	genesisBlk := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	blkRoot, err := genesisBlk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(genesisBlk)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, genesisBlk)
 	s, err := util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, s.SetSlot(1))
@@ -189,9 +186,7 @@ func TestChainStartStop_GenesisZeroHashes(t *testing.T) {
 	genesisBlk := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	blkRoot, err := genesisBlk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(genesisBlk)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	wsb := util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, genesisBlk)
 	s, err := util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveState(ctx, s, blkRoot))
@@ -222,9 +217,9 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeBeaconChain(t *testing.T) {
 	count := uint64(10)
 	deposits, _, err := util.DeterministicDepositsAndKeys(count)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	trie, _, err := util.DepositTrieFromDeposits(deposits)
+	dt, _, err := util.DepositTrieFromDeposits(deposits)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	hashTreeRoot, err := trie.HashTreeRoot()
+	hashTreeRoot, err := dt.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	genState, err := transition.EmptyGenesisState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -234,7 +229,7 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeBeaconChain(t *testing.T) {
 		BlockHash:    make([]byte, 32),
 	})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	genState, err = b.ProcessPreGenesisDeposits(ctx, genState, deposits)
+	genState, err = blocks.ProcessPreGenesisDeposits(ctx, genState, deposits)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	_, err = bc.initializeBeaconChain(ctx, time.Unix(0, 0), genState, &ethpb.Eth1Data{DepositRoot: hashTreeRoot[:], BlockHash: make([]byte, 32)})
@@ -263,9 +258,7 @@ func TestChainService_CorrectGenesisRoots(t *testing.T) {
 	genesisBlk := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	blkRoot, err := genesisBlk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(genesisBlk)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, genesisBlk)
 	s, err := util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, s.SetSlot(0))
@@ -277,10 +270,9 @@ func TestChainService_CorrectGenesisRoots(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test the start function.
 	chainService.Start()

-	cp, err := chainService.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	cp := chainService.FinalizedCheckpt()
 	require.DeepEqual(t, blkRoot[:], cp.Root, "Finalize Checkpoint root is incorrect")
-	cp, err = chainService.store.JustifiedCheckpt()
+	cp = chainService.CurrentJustifiedCheckpt()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.DeepEqual(t, params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:], cp.Root, "Justified Checkpoint root is incorrect")

@@ -296,9 +288,7 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	genesisRoot, err := genesis.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveGenesisBlockRoot(ctx, genesisRoot))
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(genesis)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, genesis)

 	finalizedSlot := params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch*2 + 1
 	headBlock := util.NewBeaconBlock()
@@ -312,9 +302,7 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveState(ctx, headState, headRoot))
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveState(ctx, headState, genesisRoot))
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(headBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, headBlock)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveFinalizedCheckpoint(ctx, &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: slots.ToEpoch(finalizedSlot), Root: headRoot[:]}))
 	attSrv, err := attestations.NewService(ctx, &attestations.Config{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -325,7 +313,9 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, c.StartFromSavedState(headState))
 	headBlk, err := c.HeadBlock(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.DeepEqual(t, headBlock, headBlk.Proto(), "Head block incorrect")
+	pb, err := headBlk.Proto()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, headBlock, pb, "Head block incorrect")
 	s, err := c.HeadState(ctx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.DeepSSZEqual(t, headState.InnerStateUnsafe(), s.InnerStateUnsafe(), "Head state incorrect")
@@ -346,9 +336,7 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo_SetHeadAtGenesis(t *testing.T) {
 	genesisRoot, err := genesis.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveGenesisBlockRoot(ctx, genesisRoot))
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(genesis)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, genesis)

 	finalizedSlot := params.BeaconConfig().SlotsPerEpoch*2 + 1
 	headBlock := util.NewBeaconBlock()
@@ -362,9 +350,7 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo_SetHeadAtGenesis(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveState(ctx, headState, headRoot))
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveState(ctx, headState, genesisRoot))
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(headBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, headBlock)
 	attSrv, err := attestations.NewService(ctx, &attestations.Config{})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	ss := &ethpb.StateSummary{
@@ -382,7 +368,9 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo_SetHeadAtGenesis(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.DeepSSZEqual(t, headState.InnerStateUnsafe(), s.InnerStateUnsafe(), "Head state incorrect")
 	assert.Equal(t, genesisRoot, c.originBlockRoot, "Genesis block root incorrect")
-	assert.DeepEqual(t, headBlock, c.head.block.Proto())
+	pb, err := c.head.block.Proto()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, headBlock, pb)
 }

 func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo_HeadSync(t *testing.T) {
@@ -403,18 +391,14 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo_HeadSync(t *testing.T) {
 	genesisRoot, err := genesisBlock.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveGenesisBlockRoot(ctx, genesisRoot))
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(genesisBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, genesisBlock)

 	finalizedBlock := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	finalizedBlock.Block.Slot = finalizedSlot
 	finalizedBlock.Block.ParentRoot = genesisRoot[:]
 	finalizedRoot, err := finalizedBlock.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(finalizedBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, finalizedBlock)

 	// Set head slot close to the finalization point, no head sync is triggered.
 	headBlock := util.NewBeaconBlock()
@@ -422,9 +406,7 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo_HeadSync(t *testing.T) {
 	headBlock.Block.ParentRoot = finalizedRoot[:]
 	headRoot, err := headBlock.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(headBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, headBlock)

 	headState, err := util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -449,7 +431,9 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo_HeadSync(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.DeepSSZEqual(t, headState.InnerStateUnsafe(), s.InnerStateUnsafe(), "Head state incorrect")
 	assert.Equal(t, genesisRoot, c.originBlockRoot, "Genesis block root incorrect")
 	// Since head sync is not triggered, chain is initialized to the last finalization checkpoint.
-	assert.DeepEqual(t, finalizedBlock, c.head.block.Proto())
+	pb, err := c.head.block.Proto()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, finalizedBlock, pb)
 	assert.LogsContain(t, hook, "resetting head from the checkpoint ('--head-sync' flag is ignored)")
 	assert.LogsDoNotContain(t, hook, "Regenerating state from the last checkpoint at slot")

@@ -459,9 +443,7 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo_HeadSync(t *testing.T) {
 	headBlock.Block.ParentRoot = finalizedRoot[:]
 	headRoot, err = headBlock.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(headBlock)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, ctx, beaconDB, headBlock)
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveState(ctx, headState, headRoot))
 	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveHeadBlockRoot(ctx, headRoot))

@@ -472,7 +454,9 @@ func TestChainService_InitializeChainInfo_HeadSync(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.DeepSSZEqual(t, headState.InnerStateUnsafe(), s.InnerStateUnsafe(), "Head state incorrect")
 	assert.Equal(t, genesisRoot, c.originBlockRoot, "Genesis block root incorrect")
 	// Head slot is far beyond the latest finalized checkpoint, head sync is triggered.
-	assert.DeepEqual(t, headBlock, c.head.block.Proto())
+	pb, err = c.head.block.Proto()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.DeepEqual(t, headBlock, pb)
 	assert.LogsContain(t, hook, "Regenerating state from the last checkpoint at slot 225")
 	assert.LogsDoNotContain(t, hook, "resetting head from the checkpoint ('--head-sync' flag is ignored)")
 }
@@ -481,7 +465,7 @@ func TestChainService_SaveHeadNoDB(t *testing.T) {
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	s := &Service{
-		cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, StateGen: stategen.New(beaconDB)},
+		cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, StateGen: stategen.New(beaconDB), ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New()},
 	}
 	blk := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	blk.Block.Slot = 1
@@ -490,7 +474,7 @@ func TestChainService_SaveHeadNoDB(t *testing.T) {
 	newState, err := util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, s.cfg.StateGen.SaveState(ctx, r, newState))
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+	wsb, err := consensusblocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, s.saveHeadNoDB(ctx, wsb, r, newState))

@@ -505,16 +489,14 @@ func TestHasBlock_ForkChoiceAndDB_ProtoArray(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	s := &Service{
-		cfg:   &config{ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New(0, 0), BeaconDB: beaconDB},
-		store: &store.Store{},
+		cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New(), BeaconDB: beaconDB},
 	}
-	s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}, [32]byte{})
 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	r, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	beaconState, err := util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := consensusblocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, s.insertBlockAndAttestationsToForkChoiceStore(ctx, wsb.Block(), r, beaconState))

@@ -526,16 +508,14 @@ func TestHasBlock_ForkChoiceAndDB_DoublyLinkedTree(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(t)
 	s := &Service{
-		cfg:   &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0), BeaconDB: beaconDB},
-		store: &store.Store{},
+		cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New(), BeaconDB: beaconDB},
 	}
-	s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}, [32]byte{})
 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	r, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	beaconState, err := util.NewBeaconState()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := consensusblocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, s.insertBlockAndAttestationsToForkChoiceStore(ctx, wsb.Block(), r, beaconState))

@@ -552,12 +532,12 @@ func TestServiceStop_SaveCachedBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 		cancel:         cancel,
 		initSyncBlocks: make(map[[32]byte]interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock),
 	}
-	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	r, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
+	bb := util.NewBeaconBlock()
+	r, err := bb.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := consensusblocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(bb)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	s.saveInitSyncBlock(r, wsb)
+	require.NoError(t, s.saveInitSyncBlock(ctx, r, wsb))
 	require.NoError(t, s.Stop())
 	require.Equal(t, true, s.cfg.BeaconDB.HasBlock(ctx, r))
 }
@@ -568,7 +548,7 @@ func TestProcessChainStartTime_ReceivedFeed(t *testing.T) {
 	stateChannel := make(chan *feed.Event, 1)
 	stateSub := service.cfg.StateNotifier.StateFeed().Subscribe(stateChannel)
 	defer stateSub.Unsubscribe()
-	service.onPowchainStart(context.Background(), time.Now())
+	service.onExecutionChainStart(context.Background(), time.Now())

 	stateEvent := <-stateChannel
 	require.Equal(t, int(stateEvent.Type), statefeed.Initialized)
@@ -583,7 +563,7 @@ func BenchmarkHasBlockDB(b *testing.B) {
 		cfg: &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB},
 	}
 	blk := util.NewBeaconBlock()
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+	wsb, err := consensusblocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
 	require.NoError(b, err)
 	require.NoError(b, s.cfg.BeaconDB.SaveBlock(ctx, wsb))
 	r, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
@@ -599,17 +579,15 @@ func BenchmarkHasBlockForkChoiceStore_ProtoArray(b *testing.B) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(b)
 	s := &Service{
-		cfg:   &config{ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New(0, 0), BeaconDB: beaconDB},
-		store: &store.Store{},
+		cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: protoarray.New(), BeaconDB: beaconDB},
 	}
-	s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}, [32]byte{})
 	blk := &ethpb.SignedBeaconBlock{Block: &ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{}}}
 	r, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(b, err)
 	bs := &ethpb.BeaconState{FinalizedCheckpoint: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)}, CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)}}
 	beaconState, err := v1.InitializeFromProto(bs)
 	require.NoError(b, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+	wsb, err := consensusblocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
 	require.NoError(b, err)
 	require.NoError(b, s.insertBlockAndAttestationsToForkChoiceStore(ctx, wsb.Block(), r, beaconState))

@@ -622,17 +600,15 @@ func BenchmarkHasBlockForkChoiceStore_DoublyLinkedTree(b *testing.B) {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	beaconDB := testDB.SetupDB(b)
 	s := &Service{
-		cfg:   &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New(0, 0), BeaconDB: beaconDB},
-		store: &store.Store{},
+		cfg: &config{ForkChoiceStore: doublylinkedtree.New(), BeaconDB: beaconDB},
 	}
-	s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 0, Root: params.BeaconConfig().ZeroHash[:]}, [32]byte{})
 	blk := &ethpb.SignedBeaconBlock{Block: &ethpb.BeaconBlock{Body: &ethpb.BeaconBlockBody{}}}
 	r, err := blk.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(b, err)
 	bs := &ethpb.BeaconState{FinalizedCheckpoint: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)}, CurrentJustifiedCheckpoint: &ethpb.Checkpoint{Root: make([]byte, 32)}}
 	beaconState, err := v1.InitializeFromProto(bs)
 	require.NoError(b, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
+	wsb, err := consensusblocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(blk)
 	require.NoError(b, err)
 	require.NoError(b, s.insertBlockAndAttestationsToForkChoiceStore(ctx, wsb.Block(), r, beaconState))

--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/state_balance_cache_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/state_balance_cache_test.go
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func TestStateBalanceCache(t *testing.T) {
 		balances []uint64
 		name     string
 	}
-	sentinelCacheMiss := errors.New("Cache missed, as expected!")
+	sentinelCacheMiss := errors.New("cache missed, as expected")
 	sentinelBalances := []uint64{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 	halfExpiredValidators, halfExpiredBalances := testHalfExpiredValidators()
 	halfQueuedValidators, halfQueuedBalances := testHalfQueuedValidators()
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/BUILD.bazel
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-load("@prysm//tools/go:def.bzl", "go_library", "go_test")
-
-go_library(
-    name = "go_default_library",
-    srcs = [
-        "doc.go",
-        "new.go",
-        "setter_getter.go",
-        "type.go",
-    ],
-    importpath = "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/blockchain/store",
-    visibility = ["//beacon-chain:__subpackages__"],
-    deps = [
-        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
-        "@com_github_pkg_errors//:go_default_library",
-    ],
-)
-
-go_test(
-    name = "go_default_test",
-    srcs = [
-        "new_test.go",
-        "setter_getter_test.go",
-    ],
-    embed = [":go_default_library"],
-    deps = [
-        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
-        "//testing/require:go_default_library",
-    ],
-)
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/doc.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/doc.go
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-// Package store implements the store object defined in the phase0 fork choice spec.
-// It serves as a helpful middleware layer in between blockchain pkg and fork choice protoarray pkg.
-// All the getters and setters are concurrent thread safe
-package store
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/new.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/new.go
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-package store
-
-import (
-	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
-)
-
-// New creates a store object.
-func New(justifiedCheckpt *ethpb.Checkpoint, finalizedCheckpt *ethpb.Checkpoint) *Store {
-	return &Store{
-		justifiedCheckpt:     justifiedCheckpt,
-		prevJustifiedCheckpt: justifiedCheckpt,
-		bestJustifiedCheckpt: justifiedCheckpt,
-		finalizedCheckpt:     finalizedCheckpt,
-		prevFinalizedCheckpt: finalizedCheckpt,
-	}
-}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/new_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/new_test.go
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-package store
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
-)
-
-func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
-	j := &ethpb.Checkpoint{
-		Epoch: 0,
-		Root:  []byte("hi"),
-	}
-	f := &ethpb.Checkpoint{
-		Epoch: 0,
-		Root:  []byte("hello"),
-	}
-	s := New(j, f)
-	cp, err := s.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.DeepSSZEqual(t, j, cp)
-	cp, err = s.BestJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.DeepSSZEqual(t, j, cp)
-	cp, err = s.PrevJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.DeepSSZEqual(t, j, cp)
-	cp, err = s.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.DeepSSZEqual(t, f, cp)
-	cp, err = s.PrevFinalizedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.DeepSSZEqual(t, f, cp)
-}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/setter_getter.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/setter_getter.go
@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-package store
-
-import (
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
-)
-
-var (
-	ErrNilCheckpoint = errors.New("nil checkpoint")
-)
-
-// PrevJustifiedCheckpt returns the previous justified checkpoint in the Store.
-func (s *Store) PrevJustifiedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	s.RLock()
-	defer s.RUnlock()
-	if s.prevJustifiedCheckpt == nil {
-		return nil, ErrNilCheckpoint
-	}
-	return s.prevJustifiedCheckpt, nil
-}
-
-// BestJustifiedCheckpt returns the best justified checkpoint in the Store.
-func (s *Store) BestJustifiedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	s.RLock()
-	defer s.RUnlock()
-	if s.bestJustifiedCheckpt == nil {
-		return nil, ErrNilCheckpoint
-	}
-	return s.bestJustifiedCheckpt, nil
-}
-
-// JustifiedCheckpt returns the justified checkpoint in the Store.
-func (s *Store) JustifiedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	s.RLock()
-	defer s.RUnlock()
-	if s.justifiedCheckpt == nil {
-		return nil, ErrNilCheckpoint
-	}
-	return s.justifiedCheckpt, nil
-}
-
-// JustifiedPayloadBlockHash returns the justified payload block hash reflecting justified check point.
-func (s *Store) JustifiedPayloadBlockHash() [32]byte {
-	s.RLock()
-	defer s.RUnlock()
-	return s.justifiedPayloadBlockHash
-}
-
-// PrevFinalizedCheckpt returns the previous finalized checkpoint in the Store.
-func (s *Store) PrevFinalizedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	s.RLock()
-	defer s.RUnlock()
-	if s.prevFinalizedCheckpt == nil {
-		return nil, ErrNilCheckpoint
-	}
-	return s.prevFinalizedCheckpt, nil
-}
-
-// FinalizedCheckpt returns the finalized checkpoint in the Store.
-func (s *Store) FinalizedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	s.RLock()
-	defer s.RUnlock()
-	if s.finalizedCheckpt == nil {
-		return nil, ErrNilCheckpoint
-	}
-	return s.finalizedCheckpt, nil
-}
-
-// FinalizedPayloadBlockHash returns the finalized payload block hash reflecting finalized check point.
-func (s *Store) FinalizedPayloadBlockHash() [32]byte {
-	s.RLock()
-	defer s.RUnlock()
-	return s.finalizedPayloadBlockHash
-}
-
-// SetPrevJustifiedCheckpt sets the previous justified checkpoint in the Store.
-func (s *Store) SetPrevJustifiedCheckpt(cp *ethpb.Checkpoint) {
-	s.Lock()
-	defer s.Unlock()
-	s.prevJustifiedCheckpt = cp
-}
-
-// SetBestJustifiedCheckpt sets the best justified checkpoint in the Store.
-func (s *Store) SetBestJustifiedCheckpt(cp *ethpb.Checkpoint) {
-	s.Lock()
-	defer s.Unlock()
-	s.bestJustifiedCheckpt = cp
-}
-
-// SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash sets the justified checkpoint and blockhash in the Store.
-func (s *Store) SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(cp *ethpb.Checkpoint, h [32]byte) {
-	s.Lock()
-	defer s.Unlock()
-	s.justifiedCheckpt = cp
-	s.justifiedPayloadBlockHash = h
-}
-
-// SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash sets the finalized checkpoint and blockhash in the Store.
-func (s *Store) SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(cp *ethpb.Checkpoint, h [32]byte) {
-	s.Lock()
-	defer s.Unlock()
-	s.finalizedCheckpt = cp
-	s.finalizedPayloadBlockHash = h
-}
-
-// SetPrevFinalizedCheckpt sets the previous finalized checkpoint in the Store.
-func (s *Store) SetPrevFinalizedCheckpt(cp *ethpb.Checkpoint) {
-	s.Lock()
-	defer s.Unlock()
-	s.prevFinalizedCheckpt = cp
-}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/setter_getter_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/setter_getter_test.go
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-package store
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
-)
-
-func Test_store_PrevJustifiedCheckpt(t *testing.T) {
-	s := &Store{}
-	var cp *ethpb.Checkpoint
-	_, err := s.PrevJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.ErrorIs(t, ErrNilCheckpoint, err)
-	cp = &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: []byte{'a'}}
-	s.SetPrevJustifiedCheckpt(cp)
-	got, err := s.PrevJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, cp, got)
-}
-
-func Test_store_BestJustifiedCheckpt(t *testing.T) {
-	s := &Store{}
-	var cp *ethpb.Checkpoint
-	_, err := s.BestJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.ErrorIs(t, ErrNilCheckpoint, err)
-	cp = &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: []byte{'a'}}
-	s.SetBestJustifiedCheckpt(cp)
-	got, err := s.BestJustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, cp, got)
-}
-
-func Test_store_JustifiedCheckpt(t *testing.T) {
-	s := &Store{}
-	var cp *ethpb.Checkpoint
-	_, err := s.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.ErrorIs(t, ErrNilCheckpoint, err)
-	cp = &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: []byte{'a'}}
-	h := [32]byte{'b'}
-	s.SetJustifiedCheckptAndPayloadHash(cp, h)
-	got, err := s.JustifiedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, cp, got)
-	require.Equal(t, h, s.JustifiedPayloadBlockHash())
-}
-
-func Test_store_FinalizedCheckpt(t *testing.T) {
-	s := &Store{}
-	var cp *ethpb.Checkpoint
-	_, err := s.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	require.ErrorIs(t, ErrNilCheckpoint, err)
-	cp = &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: []byte{'a'}}
-	h := [32]byte{'b'}
-	s.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(cp, h)
-	got, err := s.FinalizedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, cp, got)
-	require.Equal(t, h, s.FinalizedPayloadBlockHash())
-}
-
-func Test_store_PrevFinalizedCheckpt(t *testing.T) {
-	s := &Store{}
-	var cp *ethpb.Checkpoint
-	_, err := s.PrevFinalizedCheckpt()
-	require.ErrorIs(t, ErrNilCheckpoint, err)
-	cp = &ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: 1, Root: []byte{'a'}}
-	s.SetPrevFinalizedCheckpt(cp)
-	got, err := s.PrevFinalizedCheckpt()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, cp, got)
-}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/type.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/store/type.go
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-package store
-
-import (
-	"sync"
-
-	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
-)
-
-// Store is defined in the fork choice consensus spec for tracking current time and various versions of checkpoints.
-//
-// Spec code:
-// class Store(object):
-//    time: uint64
-//    genesis_time: uint64
-//    justified_checkpoint: Checkpoint
-//    finalized_checkpoint: Checkpoint
-//    best_justified_checkpoint: Checkpoint
-//    proposerBoostRoot: Root
-type Store struct {
-	justifiedCheckpt          *ethpb.Checkpoint
-	justifiedPayloadBlockHash [32]byte
-	finalizedCheckpt          *ethpb.Checkpoint
-	finalizedPayloadBlockHash [32]byte
-	bestJustifiedCheckpt      *ethpb.Checkpoint
-	sync.RWMutex
-	// These are not part of the consensus spec, but we do use them to return gRPC API requests.
-	// TODO(10094): Consider removing in v3.
-	prevFinalizedCheckpt *ethpb.Checkpoint
-	prevJustifiedCheckpt *ethpb.Checkpoint
-}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/testing/mock.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/testing/mock.go
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ type ChainService struct {
 	Genesis                     time.Time
 	ForkChoiceStore             forkchoice.ForkChoicer
 	ReceiveBlockMockErr         error
+	OptimisticCheckRootReceived [32]byte
+	FinalizedRoots              map[[32]byte]bool
 }

 // ForkChoicer mocks the same method in the chain service
@@ -129,13 +131,16 @@ func (msn *MockStateNotifier) StateFeed() *event.Feed {
 			sub := msn.feed.Subscribe(msn.recvCh)

 			go func() {
-				select {
-				case evt := <-msn.recvCh:
-					msn.recvLock.Lock()
-					msn.recv = append(msn.recv, evt)
-					msn.recvLock.Unlock()
-				case <-sub.Err():
-					sub.Unsubscribe()
+				for {
+					select {
+					case evt := <-msn.recvCh:
+						msn.recvLock.Lock()
+						msn.recv = append(msn.recv, evt)
+						msn.recvLock.Unlock()
+					case <-sub.Err():
+						sub.Unsubscribe()
+						return
+					}
 				}
 			}()
 		}
@@ -282,18 +287,18 @@ func (s *ChainService) CurrentFork() *ethpb.Fork {
 }

 // FinalizedCheckpt mocks FinalizedCheckpt method in chain service.
-func (s *ChainService) FinalizedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	return s.FinalizedCheckPoint, nil
+func (s *ChainService) FinalizedCheckpt() *ethpb.Checkpoint {
+	return s.FinalizedCheckPoint
 }

 // CurrentJustifiedCheckpt mocks CurrentJustifiedCheckpt method in chain service.
-func (s *ChainService) CurrentJustifiedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	return s.CurrentJustifiedCheckPoint, nil
+func (s *ChainService) CurrentJustifiedCheckpt() *ethpb.Checkpoint {
+	return s.CurrentJustifiedCheckPoint
 }

 // PreviousJustifiedCheckpt mocks PreviousJustifiedCheckpt method in chain service.
-func (s *ChainService) PreviousJustifiedCheckpt() (*ethpb.Checkpoint, error) {
-	return s.PreviousJustifiedCheckPoint, nil
+func (s *ChainService) PreviousJustifiedCheckpt() *ethpb.Checkpoint {
+	return s.PreviousJustifiedCheckPoint
 }

 // ReceiveAttestation mocks ReceiveAttestation method in chain service.
@@ -447,7 +452,8 @@ func (s *ChainService) IsOptimistic(_ context.Context) (bool, error) {
 }

 // IsOptimisticForRoot mocks the same method in the chain service.
-func (s *ChainService) IsOptimisticForRoot(_ context.Context, _ [32]byte) (bool, error) {
+func (s *ChainService) IsOptimisticForRoot(_ context.Context, root [32]byte) (bool, error) {
+	s.OptimisticCheckRootReceived = root
 	return s.Optimistic, nil
 }

@@ -456,3 +462,8 @@ func (s *ChainService) UpdateHead(_ context.Context) error { return nil }

 // ReceiveAttesterSlashing mocks the same method in the chain service.
 func (s *ChainService) ReceiveAttesterSlashing(context.Context, *ethpb.AttesterSlashing) {}
+
+// IsFinalized mocks the same method in the chain service.
+func (s *ChainService) IsFinalized(_ context.Context, blockRoot [32]byte) bool {
+	return s.FinalizedRoots[blockRoot]
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/weak_subjectivity_checks.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/weak_subjectivity_checks.go
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ type WeakSubjectivityVerifier struct {
 // NewWeakSubjectivityVerifier validates a checkpoint, and if valid, uses it to initialize a weak subjectivity verifier.
 func NewWeakSubjectivityVerifier(wsc *ethpb.Checkpoint, db weakSubjectivityDB) (*WeakSubjectivityVerifier, error) {
 	if wsc == nil || len(wsc.Root) == 0 || wsc.Epoch == 0 {
-		log.Info("No checkpoint for syncing provided, node will begin syncing from genesis. Checkpoint Sync is an optional feature that allows your node to sync from a more recent checkpoint, " +
-			"which enhances the security of your local beacon node and the broader network. See https://docs.prylabs.network/docs/next/prysm-usage/checkpoint-sync/ to learn how to configure Checkpoint Sync.")
+		log.Info("--weak-subjectivity-checkpoint not provided. Prysm recommends providing a weak subjectivity checkpoint" +
+			"for nodes synced from genesis, or manual verification of block and state roots for checkpoint sync nodes.")
 		return &WeakSubjectivityVerifier{
 			enabled: false,
 		}, nil
--- a/beacon-chain/blockchain/weak_subjectivity_checks_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/blockchain/weak_subjectivity_checks_test.go
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/blockchain/store"
 	testDB "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db/testing"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/protoarray"
+	forkchoicetypes "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/forkchoice/types"
 	fieldparams "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/fieldparams"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/testing/require"
@@ -22,9 +22,7 @@ func TestService_VerifyWeakSubjectivityRoot(t *testing.T) {

 	b := util.NewBeaconBlock()
 	b.Block.Slot = 1792480
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, beaconDB.SaveBlock(context.Background(), wsb))
+	util.SaveBlock(t, context.Background(), beaconDB, b)
 	r, err := b.Block.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

@@ -74,14 +72,13 @@ func TestService_VerifyWeakSubjectivityRoot(t *testing.T) {
 			wv, err := NewWeakSubjectivityVerifier(tt.checkpt, beaconDB)
 			require.Equal(t, !tt.disabled, wv.enabled)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
+			fcs := protoarray.New()
 			s := &Service{
-				cfg:        &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, WeakSubjectivityCheckpt: tt.checkpt},
-				store:      &store.Store{},
+				cfg:        &config{BeaconDB: beaconDB, WeakSubjectivityCheckpt: tt.checkpt, ForkChoiceStore: fcs},
 				wsVerifier: wv,
 			}
-			s.store.SetFinalizedCheckptAndPayloadHash(&ethpb.Checkpoint{Epoch: tt.finalizedEpoch}, [32]byte{})
-			cp, err := s.store.FinalizedCheckpt()
-			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.NoError(t, fcs.UpdateFinalizedCheckpoint(&forkchoicetypes.Checkpoint{Epoch: tt.finalizedEpoch}))
+			cp := s.ForkChoicer().FinalizedCheckpoint()
 			err = s.wsVerifier.VerifyWeakSubjectivity(context.Background(), cp.Epoch)
 			if tt.wantErr == nil {
 				require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/beacon-chain/builder/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/builder/BUILD.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+load("@prysm//tools/go:def.bzl", "go_library")
+
+go_library(
+    name = "go_default_library",
+    srcs = [
+        "metric.go",
+        "option.go",
+        "service.go",
+    ],
+    importpath = "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/builder",
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = [
+        "//api/client/builder:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/blockchain:go_default_library",
+        "//beacon-chain/db:go_default_library",
+        "//cmd/beacon-chain/flags:go_default_library",
+        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
+        "//encoding/bytesutil:go_default_library",
+        "//network:go_default_library",
+        "//network/authorization:go_default_library",
+        "//proto/engine/v1:go_default_library",
+        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_pkg_errors//:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_prometheus_client_golang//prometheus:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_prometheus_client_golang//prometheus/promauto:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_sirupsen_logrus//:go_default_library",
+        "@com_github_urfave_cli_v2//:go_default_library",
+        "@io_opencensus_go//trace:go_default_library",
+    ],
+)
--- a/beacon-chain/builder/metric.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/builder/metric.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package builder
+
+import (
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
+)
+
+var (
+	submitBlindedBlockLatency = promauto.NewHistogram(
+		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+			Name:    "submit_blinded_block_latency_milliseconds",
+			Help:    "Captures RPC latency for submitting blinded block in milliseconds",
+			Buckets: []float64{1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000},
+		},
+	)
+	getHeaderLatency = promauto.NewHistogram(
+		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+			Name:    "get_header_latency_milliseconds",
+			Help:    "Captures RPC latency for get header in milliseconds",
+			Buckets: []float64{1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000},
+		},
+	)
+	getStatusLatency = promauto.NewHistogram(
+		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+			Name:    "get_status_latency_milliseconds",
+			Help:    "Captures RPC latency for get status in milliseconds",
+			Buckets: []float64{1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000},
+		},
+	)
+	registerValidatorLatency = promauto.NewHistogram(
+		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+			Name:    "register_validator_latency_milliseconds",
+			Help:    "Captures RPC latency for register validator in milliseconds",
+			Buckets: []float64{1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000},
+		},
+	)
+)
--- a/beacon-chain/builder/option.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/builder/option.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package builder
+
+import (
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/blockchain"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/cmd/beacon-chain/flags"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/network"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/network/authorization"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
+)
+
+type Option func(s *Service) error
+
+// FlagOptions for builder service flag configurations.
+func FlagOptions(c *cli.Context) ([]Option, error) {
+	endpoint := c.String(flags.MevRelayEndpoint.Name)
+	opts := []Option{
+		WithBuilderEndpoints(endpoint),
+	}
+	return opts, nil
+}
+
+// WithBuilderEndpoints sets the endpoint for the beacon chain builder service.
+func WithBuilderEndpoints(endpoint string) Option {
+	return func(s *Service) error {
+		s.cfg.builderEndpoint = covertEndPoint(endpoint)
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// WithHeadFetcher gets the head info from chain service.
+func WithHeadFetcher(svc *blockchain.Service) Option {
+	return func(s *Service) error {
+		s.cfg.headFetcher = svc
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// WithDatabase for head access.
+func WithDatabase(beaconDB db.HeadAccessDatabase) Option {
+	return func(s *Service) error {
+		s.cfg.beaconDB = beaconDB
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func covertEndPoint(ep string) network.Endpoint {
+	return network.Endpoint{
+		Url: ep,
+		Auth: network.AuthorizationData{ // Auth is not used for builder.
+			Method: authorization.None,
+			Value:  "",
+		}}
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/builder/service.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/builder/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+package builder
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/api/client/builder"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/blockchain"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/db"
+	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/encoding/bytesutil"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/network"
+	v1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
+	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
+)
+
+// BlockBuilder defines the interface for interacting with the block builder
+type BlockBuilder interface {
+	SubmitBlindedBlock(ctx context.Context, block *ethpb.SignedBlindedBeaconBlockBellatrix) (*v1.ExecutionPayload, error)
+	GetHeader(ctx context.Context, slot types.Slot, parentHash [32]byte, pubKey [48]byte) (*ethpb.SignedBuilderBid, error)
+	RegisterValidator(ctx context.Context, reg []*ethpb.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1) error
+	Configured() bool
+}
+
+// config defines a config struct for dependencies into the service.
+type config struct {
+	builderEndpoint network.Endpoint
+	beaconDB        db.HeadAccessDatabase
+	headFetcher     blockchain.HeadFetcher
+}
+
+// Service defines a service that provides a client for interacting with the beacon chain and MEV relay network.
+type Service struct {
+	cfg    *config
+	c      *builder.Client
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+}
+
+// NewService instantiates a new service.
+func NewService(ctx context.Context, opts ...Option) (*Service, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	s := &Service{
+		ctx:    ctx,
+		cancel: cancel,
+		cfg:    &config{},
+	}
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		if err := opt(s); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if s.cfg.builderEndpoint.Url != "" {
+		c, err := builder.NewClient(s.cfg.builderEndpoint.Url)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		s.c = c
+
+		// Is the builder up?
+		if err := s.c.Status(ctx); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not connect to builder: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		log.WithField("endpoint", c.NodeURL()).Info("Builder has been configured")
+	}
+	return s, nil
+}
+
+// Start initializes the service.
+func (*Service) Start() {}
+
+// Stop halts the service.
+func (*Service) Stop() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SubmitBlindedBlock submits a blinded block to the builder relay network.
+func (s *Service) SubmitBlindedBlock(ctx context.Context, b *ethpb.SignedBlindedBeaconBlockBellatrix) (*v1.ExecutionPayload, error) {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "builder.SubmitBlindedBlock")
+	defer span.End()
+	start := time.Now()
+	defer func() {
+		submitBlindedBlockLatency.Observe(float64(time.Since(start).Milliseconds()))
+	}()
+
+	return s.c.SubmitBlindedBlock(ctx, b)
+}
+
+// GetHeader retrieves the header for a given slot and parent hash from the builder relay network.
+func (s *Service) GetHeader(ctx context.Context, slot types.Slot, parentHash [32]byte, pubKey [48]byte) (*ethpb.SignedBuilderBid, error) {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "builder.GetHeader")
+	defer span.End()
+	start := time.Now()
+	defer func() {
+		getHeaderLatency.Observe(float64(time.Since(start).Milliseconds()))
+	}()
+
+	return s.c.GetHeader(ctx, slot, parentHash, pubKey)
+}
+
+// Status retrieves the status of the builder relay network.
+func (s *Service) Status() error {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(context.Background(), "builder.Status")
+	defer span.End()
+	start := time.Now()
+	defer func() {
+		getStatusLatency.Observe(float64(time.Since(start).Milliseconds()))
+	}()
+
+	// Return early if builder isn't initialized in service.
+	if s.c == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return s.c.Status(ctx)
+}
+
+// RegisterValidator registers a validator with the builder relay network.
+// It also saves the registration object to the DB.
+func (s *Service) RegisterValidator(ctx context.Context, reg []*ethpb.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1) error {
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "builder.RegisterValidator")
+	defer span.End()
+	start := time.Now()
+	defer func() {
+		registerValidatorLatency.Observe(float64(time.Since(start).Milliseconds()))
+	}()
+
+	idxs := make([]types.ValidatorIndex, 0)
+	msgs := make([]*ethpb.ValidatorRegistrationV1, 0)
+	valid := make([]*ethpb.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1, 0)
+	for i := 0; i < len(reg); i++ {
+		r := reg[i]
+		nx, exists := s.cfg.headFetcher.HeadPublicKeyToValidatorIndex(bytesutil.ToBytes48(r.Message.Pubkey))
+		if !exists {
+			// we want to allow validators to set up keys that haven't been added to the beaconstate validator list yet,
+			// so we should tolerate keys that do not seem to be valid by skipping past them.
+			log.Warnf("Skipping validator registration for pubkey=%#x - not in current validator set.", r.Message.Pubkey)
+			continue
+		}
+		idxs = append(idxs, nx)
+		msgs = append(msgs, r.Message)
+		valid = append(valid, r)
+	}
+	if err := s.c.RegisterValidator(ctx, valid); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "could not register validator(s)")
+	}
+
+	return s.cfg.beaconDB.SaveRegistrationsByValidatorIDs(ctx, idxs, msgs)
+}
+
+// Configured returns true if the user has input a builder URL.
+func (s *Service) Configured() bool {
+	return s.cfg.builderEndpoint.Url != ""
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/builder/testing/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/builder/testing/BUILD.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+load("@prysm//tools/go:def.bzl", "go_library")
+
+go_library(
+    name = "go_default_library",
+    testonly = True,
+    srcs = ["mock.go"],
+    importpath = "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/builder/testing",
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = [
+        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
+        "//proto/engine/v1:go_default_library",
+        "//proto/prysm/v1alpha1:go_default_library",
+    ],
+)
--- a/beacon-chain/builder/testing/mock.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/builder/testing/mock.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package testing
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
+	v1 "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/engine/v1"
+	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
+)
+
+// MockBuilderService to mock builder.
+type MockBuilderService struct {
+	HasConfigured         bool
+	Payload               *v1.ExecutionPayload
+	ErrSubmitBlindedBlock error
+	Bid                   *ethpb.SignedBuilderBid
+	ErrGetHeader          error
+	ErrRegisterValidator  error
+}
+
+// Configured for mocking.
+func (s *MockBuilderService) Configured() bool {
+	return s.HasConfigured
+}
+
+// SubmitBlindedBlock for mocking.
+func (s *MockBuilderService) SubmitBlindedBlock(context.Context, *ethpb.SignedBlindedBeaconBlockBellatrix) (*v1.ExecutionPayload, error) {
+	return s.Payload, s.ErrSubmitBlindedBlock
+}
+
+// GetHeader for mocking.
+func (s *MockBuilderService) GetHeader(context.Context, types.Slot, [32]byte, [48]byte) (*ethpb.SignedBuilderBid, error) {
+	return s.Bid, s.ErrGetHeader
+}
+
+// RegisterValidator for mocking.
+func (s *MockBuilderService) RegisterValidator(context.Context, []*ethpb.SignedValidatorRegistrationV1) error {
+	return s.ErrRegisterValidator
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/active_balance.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/active_balance.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !fuzz
-// +build !fuzz

 package cache

--- a/beacon-chain/cache/active_balance_disabled.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/active_balance_disabled.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build fuzz
-// +build fuzz

 package cache

--- a/beacon-chain/cache/active_balance_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/active_balance_test.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !fuzz
-// +build !fuzz

 package cache

--- a/beacon-chain/cache/committee.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/committee.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !fuzz
-// +build !fuzz

 package cache

@@ -103,9 +102,12 @@ func (c *CommitteeCache) Committee(ctx context.Context, slot types.Slot, seed [3

 // AddCommitteeShuffledList adds Committee shuffled list object to the cache. T
 // his method also trims the least recently list if the cache size has ready the max cache size limit.
-func (c *CommitteeCache) AddCommitteeShuffledList(committees *Committees) error {
+func (c *CommitteeCache) AddCommitteeShuffledList(ctx context.Context, committees *Committees) error {
 	c.lock.Lock()
 	defer c.lock.Unlock()
+	if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	key, err := committeeKeyFn(committees)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/committee_disabled.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/committee_disabled.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build fuzz
-// +build fuzz

 // This file is used in fuzzer builds to bypass global committee caches.
 package cache
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ func (c *FakeCommitteeCache) Committee(ctx context.Context, slot types.Slot, see

 // AddCommitteeShuffledList adds Committee shuffled list object to the cache. T
 // his method also trims the least recently list if the cache size has ready the max cache size limit.
-func (c *FakeCommitteeCache) AddCommitteeShuffledList(committees *Committees) error {
+func (c *FakeCommitteeCache) AddCommitteeShuffledList(ctx context.Context, committees *Committees) error {
 	return nil
 }

--- a/beacon-chain/cache/committee_fuzz_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/committee_fuzz_test.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !fuzz
-// +build !fuzz

 package cache

@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ func TestCommitteeCache_FuzzCommitteesByEpoch(t *testing.T) {

 	for i := 0; i < 100000; i++ {
 		fuzzer.Fuzz(c)
-		require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(c))
+		require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(context.Background(), c))
 		_, err := cache.Committee(context.Background(), 0, c.Seed, 0)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 	}
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ func TestCommitteeCache_FuzzActiveIndices(t *testing.T) {

 	for i := 0; i < 100000; i++ {
 		fuzzer.Fuzz(c)
-		require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(c))
+		require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(context.Background(), c))

 		indices, err := cache.ActiveIndices(context.Background(), c.Seed)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/committee_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/committee_test.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !fuzz
-// +build !fuzz

 package cache

@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ func TestCommitteeCache_CommitteesByEpoch(t *testing.T) {
 	if indices != nil {
 		t.Error("Expected committee not to exist in empty cache")
 	}
-	require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(item))
+	require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(context.Background(), item))

 	wantedIndex := types.CommitteeIndex(0)
 	indices, err = cache.Committee(context.Background(), slot, item.Seed, wantedIndex)
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ func TestCommitteeCache_ActiveIndices(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("Expected committee not to exist in empty cache")
 	}

-	require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(item))
+	require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(context.Background(), item))

 	indices, err = cache.ActiveIndices(context.Background(), item.Seed)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ func TestCommitteeCache_ActiveCount(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, count, "Expected active count not to exist in empty cache")

-	require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(item))
+	require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(context.Background(), item))

 	count, err = cache.ActiveIndicesCount(context.Background(), item.Seed)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ func TestCommitteeCache_CanRotate(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := start; i < end; i++ {
 		s := []byte(strconv.Itoa(i))
 		item := &Committees{Seed: bytesutil.ToBytes32(s)}
-		require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(item))
+		require.NoError(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(context.Background(), item))
 	}

 	k := cache.CommitteeCache.Keys()
@@ -134,3 +133,20 @@ func TestCommitteeCacheOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err = cache.Committee(context.Background(), 0, seed, math.MaxUint64) // Overflow!
 	require.NotNil(t, err, "Did not fail as expected")
 }
+
+func TestCommitteeCache_DoesNothingWhenCancelledContext(t *testing.T) {
+	cache := NewCommitteesCache()
+
+	item := &Committees{Seed: [32]byte{'A'}, SortedIndices: []types.ValidatorIndex{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}}
+	count, err := cache.ActiveIndicesCount(context.Background(), item.Seed)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, count, "Expected active count not to exist in empty cache")
+
+	cancelled, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cancel()
+	require.ErrorIs(t, cache.AddCommitteeShuffledList(cancelled, item), context.Canceled)
+
+	count, err = cache.ActiveIndicesCount(context.Background(), item.Seed)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, count)
+}
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/depositcache/deposits_cache.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/depositcache/deposits_cache.go
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func New() (*DepositCache, error) {
 // InsertDeposit into the database. If deposit or block number are nil
 // then this method does nothing.
 func (dc *DepositCache) InsertDeposit(ctx context.Context, d *ethpb.Deposit, blockNum uint64, index int64, depositRoot [32]byte) error {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.InsertDeposit")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.InsertDeposit")
 	defer span.End()
 	if d == nil {
 		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) InsertDeposit(ctx context.Context, d *ethpb.Deposit, blo

 // InsertDepositContainers inserts a set of deposit containers into our deposit cache.
 func (dc *DepositCache) InsertDepositContainers(ctx context.Context, ctrs []*ethpb.DepositContainer) {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.InsertDepositContainers")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.InsertDepositContainers")
 	defer span.End()
 	dc.depositsLock.Lock()
 	defer dc.depositsLock.Unlock()
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) InsertDepositContainers(ctx context.Context, ctrs []*eth

 // InsertFinalizedDeposits inserts deposits up to eth1DepositIndex (inclusive) into the finalized deposits cache.
 func (dc *DepositCache) InsertFinalizedDeposits(ctx context.Context, eth1DepositIndex int64) {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.InsertFinalizedDeposits")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.InsertFinalizedDeposits")
 	defer span.End()
 	dc.depositsLock.Lock()
 	defer dc.depositsLock.Unlock()
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) InsertFinalizedDeposits(ctx context.Context, eth1Deposit

 // AllDepositContainers returns all historical deposit containers.
 func (dc *DepositCache) AllDepositContainers(ctx context.Context) []*ethpb.DepositContainer {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.AllDepositContainers")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.AllDepositContainers")
 	defer span.End()
 	dc.depositsLock.RLock()
 	defer dc.depositsLock.RUnlock()
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) AllDepositContainers(ctx context.Context) []*ethpb.Depos
 // AllDeposits returns a list of historical deposits until the given block number
 // (inclusive). If no block is specified then this method returns all historical deposits.
 func (dc *DepositCache) AllDeposits(ctx context.Context, untilBlk *big.Int) []*ethpb.Deposit {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.AllDeposits")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.AllDeposits")
 	defer span.End()
 	dc.depositsLock.RLock()
 	defer dc.depositsLock.RUnlock()
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) allDeposits(untilBlk *big.Int) []*ethpb.Deposit {
 // DepositsNumberAndRootAtHeight returns number of deposits made up to blockheight and the
 // root that corresponds to the latest deposit at that blockheight.
 func (dc *DepositCache) DepositsNumberAndRootAtHeight(ctx context.Context, blockHeight *big.Int) (uint64, [32]byte) {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.DepositsNumberAndRootAtHeight")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.DepositsNumberAndRootAtHeight")
 	defer span.End()
 	dc.depositsLock.RLock()
 	defer dc.depositsLock.RUnlock()
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) DepositsNumberAndRootAtHeight(ctx context.Context, block
 // DepositByPubkey looks through historical deposits and finds one which contains
 // a certain public key within its deposit data.
 func (dc *DepositCache) DepositByPubkey(ctx context.Context, pubKey []byte) (*ethpb.Deposit, *big.Int) {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.DepositByPubkey")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.DepositByPubkey")
 	defer span.End()
 	dc.depositsLock.RLock()
 	defer dc.depositsLock.RUnlock()
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) DepositByPubkey(ctx context.Context, pubKey []byte) (*et

 // FinalizedDeposits returns the finalized deposits trie.
 func (dc *DepositCache) FinalizedDeposits(ctx context.Context) *FinalizedDeposits {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.FinalizedDeposits")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.FinalizedDeposits")
 	defer span.End()
 	dc.depositsLock.RLock()
 	defer dc.depositsLock.RUnlock()
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/depositcache/deposits_cache_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/depositcache/deposits_cache_test.go
@@ -428,9 +428,9 @@ func TestFinalizedDeposits_DepositsCachedCorrectly(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Could not hash deposit data")
 		deps = append(deps, hash[:])
 	}
-	trie, err := trie.GenerateTrieFromItems(deps, params.BeaconConfig().DepositContractTreeDepth)
+	generatedTrie, err := trie.GenerateTrieFromItems(deps, params.BeaconConfig().DepositContractTreeDepth)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "Could not generate deposit trie")
-	rootA, err := trie.HashTreeRoot()
+	rootA, err := generatedTrie.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	rootB, err := cachedDeposits.Deposits.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -490,9 +490,9 @@ func TestFinalizedDeposits_UtilizesPreviouslyCachedDeposits(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, err, "Could not hash deposit data")
 		deps = append(deps, hash[:])
 	}
-	trie, err := trie.GenerateTrieFromItems(deps, params.BeaconConfig().DepositContractTreeDepth)
+	generatedTrie, err := trie.GenerateTrieFromItems(deps, params.BeaconConfig().DepositContractTreeDepth)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "Could not generate deposit trie")
-	rootA, err := trie.HashTreeRoot()
+	rootA, err := generatedTrie.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	rootB, err := cachedDeposits.Deposits.HashTreeRoot()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/depositcache/pending_deposits.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/depositcache/pending_deposits.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ type PendingDepositsFetcher interface {
 // InsertPendingDeposit into the database. If deposit or block number are nil
 // then this method does nothing.
 func (dc *DepositCache) InsertPendingDeposit(ctx context.Context, d *ethpb.Deposit, blockNum uint64, index int64, depositRoot [32]byte) {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.InsertPendingDeposit")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.InsertPendingDeposit")
 	defer span.End()
 	if d == nil {
 		log.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) PendingDeposits(ctx context.Context, untilBlk *big.Int)
 // PendingContainers returns a list of deposit containers until the given block number
 // (inclusive).
 func (dc *DepositCache) PendingContainers(ctx context.Context, untilBlk *big.Int) []*ethpb.DepositContainer {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.PendingDeposits")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.PendingDeposits")
 	defer span.End()
 	dc.depositsLock.RLock()
 	defer dc.depositsLock.RUnlock()
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) PendingContainers(ctx context.Context, untilBlk *big.Int
 // RemovePendingDeposit from the database. The deposit is indexed by the
 // Index. This method does nothing if deposit ptr is nil.
 func (dc *DepositCache) RemovePendingDeposit(ctx context.Context, d *ethpb.Deposit) {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.RemovePendingDeposit")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.RemovePendingDeposit")
 	defer span.End()

 	if d == nil {
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) RemovePendingDeposit(ctx context.Context, d *ethpb.Depos

 	depRoot, err := hash.HashProto(d)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("Could not remove deposit %v", err)
+		log.WithError(err).Error("Could not remove deposit")
 		return
 	}

@@ -109,12 +109,12 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) RemovePendingDeposit(ctx context.Context, d *ethpb.Depos

 	idx := -1
 	for i, ctnr := range dc.pendingDeposits {
-		hash, err := hash.HashProto(ctnr.Deposit)
+		h, err := hash.HashProto(ctnr.Deposit)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("Could not hash deposit %v", err)
+			log.WithError(err).Error("Could not hash deposit")
 			continue
 		}
-		if hash == depRoot {
+		if h == depRoot {
 			idx = i
 			break
 		}
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func (dc *DepositCache) RemovePendingDeposit(ctx context.Context, d *ethpb.Depos

 // PrunePendingDeposits removes any deposit which is older than the given deposit merkle tree index.
 func (dc *DepositCache) PrunePendingDeposits(ctx context.Context, merkleTreeIndex int64) {
-	_, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.PrunePendingDeposits")
+	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(ctx, "DepositsCache.PrunePendingDeposits")
 	defer span.End()

 	if merkleTreeIndex == 0 {
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/proposer_indices.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/proposer_indices.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !fuzz
-// +build !fuzz

 package cache

--- a/beacon-chain/cache/proposer_indices_disabled.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/proposer_indices_disabled.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build fuzz
-// +build fuzz

 // This file is used in fuzzer builds to bypass proposer indices caches.
 package cache
--- a/beacon-chain/cache/proposer_indices_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/proposer_indices_test.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !fuzz
-// +build !fuzz

 package cache

--- a/beacon-chain/cache/sync_committee.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/sync_committee.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !fuzz
-// +build !fuzz

 package cache

--- a/beacon-chain/cache/sync_committee_disabled.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/sync_committee_disabled.go
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build fuzz
-// +build fuzz

 package cache

--- a/beacon-chain/cache/sync_committee_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/cache/sync_committee_test.go
@@ -161,16 +161,16 @@ func TestSyncCommitteeCache_CanUpdateAndRetrieve(t *testing.T) {
 			s, _ := util.DeterministicGenesisStateAltair(t, uint64(numValidators))
 			require.NoError(t, s.SetCurrentSyncCommittee(tt.currentSyncCommittee))
 			require.NoError(t, s.SetNextSyncCommittee(tt.nextSyncCommittee))
-			cache := cache.NewSyncCommittee()
+			c := cache.NewSyncCommittee()
 			r := [32]byte{'a'}
-			require.NoError(t, cache.UpdatePositionsInCommittee(r, s))
+			require.NoError(t, c.UpdatePositionsInCommittee(r, s))
 			for key, indices := range tt.currentSyncMap {
-				pos, err := cache.CurrentPeriodIndexPosition(r, key)
+				pos, err := c.CurrentPeriodIndexPosition(r, key)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				require.DeepEqual(t, indices, pos)
 			}
 			for key, indices := range tt.nextSyncMap {
-				pos, err := cache.NextPeriodIndexPosition(r, key)
+				pos, err := c.NextPeriodIndexPosition(r, key)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				require.DeepEqual(t, indices, pos)
 			}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/altair/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/altair/BUILD.bazel
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ go_library(
        "//beacon-chain/state/v2:go_default_library",
        "//config/fieldparams:go_default_library",
        "//config/params:go_default_library",
+        "//consensus-types/blocks:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/interfaces:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
-        "//consensus-types/wrapper:go_default_library",
        "//crypto/bls:go_default_library",
        "//crypto/hash:go_default_library",
        "//encoding/bytesutil:go_default_library",
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ go_test(
        "//beacon-chain/state/v3:go_default_library",
        "//config/fieldparams:go_default_library",
        "//config/params:go_default_library",
+        "//consensus-types/blocks:go_default_library",
        "//consensus-types/primitives:go_default_library",
-        "//consensus-types/wrapper:go_default_library",
        "//container/trie:go_default_library",
        "//crypto/bls:go_default_library",
        "//encoding/bytesutil:go_default_library",
--- a/beacon-chain/core/altair/attestation.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/altair/attestation.go
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/time"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	consensusblocks "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/interfaces"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1/attestation"
 	"go.opencensus.io/trace"
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(
 	beaconState state.BeaconState,
 	b interfaces.SignedBeaconBlock,
 ) (state.BeaconState, error) {
-	if err := wrapper.BeaconBlockIsNil(b); err != nil {
+	if err := consensusblocks.BeaconBlockIsNil(b); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	body := b.Block().Body()
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ func ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	for idx, attestation := range body.Attestations() {
-		beaconState, err = ProcessAttestationNoVerifySignature(ctx, beaconState, attestation, totalBalance)
+	for idx, att := range body.Attestations() {
+		beaconState, err = ProcessAttestationNoVerifySignature(ctx, beaconState, att, totalBalance)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "could not verify attestation at index %d in block", idx)
 		}
--- a/beacon-chain/core/altair/attestation_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/altair/attestation_test.go
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import (
 	stateAltair "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/state/v2"
 	fieldparams "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/fieldparams"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/config/params"
+	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/blocks"
 	types "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/primitives"
-	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/consensus-types/wrapper"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/crypto/bls"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/math"
 	ethpb "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/proto/prysm/v1alpha1"
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func TestProcessAttestations_InclusionDelayFailure(t *testing.T) {
 		params.BeaconConfig().MinAttestationInclusionDelay,
 		beaconState.Slot(),
 	)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	_, err = altair.ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(context.Background(), beaconState, wsb)
 	require.ErrorContains(t, want, err)
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func TestProcessAttestations_NeitherCurrentNorPrevEpoch(t *testing.T) {
 		time.PrevEpoch(beaconState),
 		time.CurrentEpoch(beaconState),
 	)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	_, err = altair.ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(context.Background(), beaconState, wsb)
 	require.ErrorContains(t, want, err)
@@ -108,13 +108,13 @@ func TestProcessAttestations_CurrentEpochFFGDataMismatches(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, beaconState.SetCurrentJustifiedCheckpoint(cfc))

 	want := "source check point not equal to current justified checkpoint"
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	_, err = altair.ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(context.Background(), beaconState, wsb)
 	require.ErrorContains(t, want, err)
 	b.Block.Body.Attestations[0].Data.Source.Epoch = time.CurrentEpoch(beaconState)
 	b.Block.Body.Attestations[0].Data.Source.Root = []byte{}
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err = blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	_, err = altair.ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(context.Background(), beaconState, wsb)
 	require.ErrorContains(t, want, err)
@@ -149,14 +149,14 @@ func TestProcessAttestations_PrevEpochFFGDataMismatches(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, beaconState.SetPreviousJustifiedCheckpoint(pfc))

 	want := "source check point not equal to previous justified checkpoint"
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	_, err = altair.ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(context.Background(), beaconState, wsb)
 	require.ErrorContains(t, want, err)
 	b.Block.Body.Attestations[0].Data.Source.Epoch = time.PrevEpoch(beaconState)
 	b.Block.Body.Attestations[0].Data.Target.Epoch = time.PrevEpoch(beaconState)
 	b.Block.Body.Attestations[0].Data.Source.Root = []byte{}
-	wsb, err = wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err = blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	_, err = altair.ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(context.Background(), beaconState, wsb)
 	require.ErrorContains(t, want, err)
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ func TestProcessAttestations_InvalidAggregationBitsLength(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, beaconState.SetCurrentJustifiedCheckpoint(cfc))

 	expected := "failed to verify aggregation bitfield: wanted participants bitfield length 3, got: 4"
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	_, err = altair.ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(context.Background(), beaconState, wsb)
 	require.ErrorContains(t, expected, err)
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func TestProcessAttestations_OK(t *testing.T) {

 	err = beaconState.SetSlot(beaconState.Slot() + params.BeaconConfig().MinAttestationInclusionDelay)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(block)
+	wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(block)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	_, err = altair.ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(context.Background(), beaconState, wsb)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -411,21 +411,24 @@ func TestValidatorFlag_Add_ExceedsLength(t *testing.T) {

 func TestFuzzProcessAttestationsNoVerify_10000(t *testing.T) {
 	fuzzer := fuzz.NewWithSeed(0)
-	state := &ethpb.BeaconStateAltair{}
+	st := &ethpb.BeaconStateAltair{}
 	b := &ethpb.SignedBeaconBlockAltair{Block: &ethpb.BeaconBlockAltair{}}
 	for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
-		fuzzer.Fuzz(state)
+		fuzzer.Fuzz(st)
 		fuzzer.Fuzz(b)
 		if b.Block == nil {
 			b.Block = &ethpb.BeaconBlockAltair{}
 		}
-		s, err := stateAltair.InitializeFromProtoUnsafe(state)
+		s, err := stateAltair.InitializeFromProtoUnsafe(st)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		wsb, err := wrapper.WrappedSignedBeaconBlock(b)
+		if b.Block == nil || b.Block.Body == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		wsb, err := blocks.NewSignedBeaconBlock(b)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		r, err := altair.ProcessAttestationsNoVerifySignature(context.Background(), s, wsb)
 		if err != nil && r != nil {
-			t.Fatalf("return value should be nil on err. found: %v on error: %v for state: %v and block: %v", r, err, state, b)
+			t.Fatalf("return value should be nil on err. found: %v on error: %v for state: %v and block: %v", r, err, s, b)
 		}
 	}
 }
--- a/beacon-chain/core/altair/block.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/altair/block.go
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ package altair

 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"

+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/helpers"
 	"github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/core/signing"
 	p2pType "github.com/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain/p2p/types"
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ import (
 func ProcessSyncAggregate(ctx context.Context, s state.BeaconState, sync *ethpb.SyncAggregate) (state.BeaconState, error) {
 	votedKeys, votedIndices, didntVoteIndices, err := FilterSyncCommitteeVotes(s, sync)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not filter sync committee votes")
 	}

 	if err := VerifySyncCommitteeSig(s, votedKeys, sync.SyncCommitteeSignature); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "could not verify sync committee signature")
 	}

 	return ApplySyncRewardsPenalties(ctx, s, votedIndices, didntVoteIndices)
--- a/beacon-chain/core/altair/block_test.go
+++ b/beacon-chain/core/altair/block_test.go
@@ -309,13 +309,13 @@ func Test_SyncRewards(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			proposerReward, participarntReward, err := altair.SyncRewards(tt.activeBalance)
+			proposerReward, participantReward, err := altair.SyncRewards(tt.activeBalance)
 			if (err != nil) && (tt.errString != "") {
 				require.ErrorContains(t, tt.errString, err)
 				return
 			}
 			require.Equal(t, tt.wantProposerReward, proposerReward)
-			require.Equal(t, tt.wantParticipantReward, participarntReward)
+			require.Equal(t, tt.wantParticipantReward, participantReward)
 		})
 	}
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More