add stream load cap

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+---
+title: PAYMENT-STREAMS
+name: Payment Streams Protocol for Logos Services
+status: raw
+category: Standards Track
+tags: logos, lssa, payment-streams
+editor: Sergei Tikhomirov <sergei@status.im>
+contributors: Akhil Peddireddy <akhil@status.im>
+---
+
+## Abstract
+
+This document provides a functional specification
+for a payment streams protocol for Logos services.
+
+A payment stream is an off-chain protocol
+where a payer's deposit releases gradually to a payee.
+The blockchain determines fund accrual based on elapsed time.
+
+The protocol targets Logos blockchain,
+which uses the Logos State-Separation Architecture (LSSA).
+This document clarifies MVP requirements
+and facilitates discussion with Logos developers
+on implementation feasibility and challenges.
+
+## Language
+
+The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
+"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL"
+in this document are to be interpreted as described in
+[RFC 2119](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119).
+
+## Change Process
+
+This document is governed by the [1/COSS](../1/coss.md) (COSS).
+
+## Motivation
+
+Logos is a privacy-focused tech stack that includes
+Logos Messaging, Logos Blockchain, and Logos Storage.
+
+Logos Messaging comprises a suite of communication protocols
+with both P2P and request-response structures.
+The backbone P2P protocols use tit-for-tat mechanisms.
+We plan to introduce incentivization
+for auxiliary request-response protocols
+where client and server roles are well defined.
+One such protocol is Store,
+which allows clients to query historical messages
+from Logos Messaging relay nodes.
+
+We target the following requirements:
+
+- Performance: Efficient payments with low latency and fees.
+- Security: Limited loss exposure through spending controls.
+- Privacy: Unlinkable payments across different providers.
+- Extendability: Simple initial design with room for enhancements.
+
+After reviewing prior work on payment channels, streams,
+e-cash, and tickets,
+we selected payment streams as the most suitable mechanism.
+
+Payment streams enable unidirectional time-based fund flows
+from payer to payee.
+Streams are simpler than alternatives
+and map well to use cases with distinct roles.
+Parties need not store old states or initiate disputes
+as required in payment channel protocols.
+Streams avoid relying on a centralized mint entity,
+typical for e-cash and ticket protocols,
+improving resilience and privacy.
+
+Different service patterns suit different payment mechanisms.
+Ongoing services align well with streams
+that provide time-based automatic fund accrual.
+One-time or on-demand services are better suited
+for payment channels with one-off payments.
+
+This specification targets streams
+for services with steady usage patterns.
+Addressing burst services with one-off payments
+remains future work.
+
+Logos blockchain uses the Logos State-Separation Architecture (LSSA),
+which enables both transparent and shielded execution.
+LSSA is a natural fit
+for the on-chain component of the payment protocol.
+
+This document provides clarity on MVP requirements
+and facilitates discussion with Logos developers on:
+whether the required functionality can be implemented,
+which parts are most challenging and how to simplify them,
+and other implementation considerations.
+
+## Theory and Semantics
+
+### Architecture Overview
+
+The protocol has two roles:
+
+- User: the party paying for services (payer).
+- Provider: the party delivering services and receiving payment (payee).
+
+The protocol uses a two-level architecture
+of vaults and streams.
+
+A vault holds a user's deposit and backs multiple streams.
+A user MAY have multiple vaults.
+One vault MAY back streams to different providers.
+To start using the protocol,
+the user MUST deposit funds into a vault.
+The user MAY withdraw unallocated funds from the vault at any time.
+Vault withdrawals send funds to addresses,
+which MAY be external addresses or other vaults.
+Allocating funds from a vault to a stream
+is not considered a withdrawal,
+as the funds remain within the protocol.
+
+A stream is an individual payment flow from a vault to one provider.
+When creating a stream,
+the user MUST allocate a portion of vault funds to that stream.
+Each stream MUST belong to exactly one vault.
+Each stream MUST specify an accrual rate (tokens per time unit).
+An allocation is the portion of vault funds committed to a stream.
+The sum of all stream allocations MUST NOT exceed vault balance.
+
+A claim is the operation
+where the provider retrieves accrued funds from a stream.
+The provider MAY claim accrued funds from a stream in any state.
+
+### Stream Lifecycle
+
+Stream states:
+
+- ACTIVE: Funds accrue to the provider at the agreed rate.
+- PAUSED: Accrual is stopped.
+  The stream transitions to PAUSED by user action
+  or automatically when allocated funds are fully accrued.
+  The user MAY resume the stream.
+- CLOSED: Stream is permanently terminated.
+  The stream MUST NOT transition to any other state.
+
+Stream state transitions:
+
+- Create: User creates a stream in ACTIVE state
+  by allocating funds from the vault.
+- Pause: User pauses an ACTIVE stream, stopping accrual.
+  The stream also transitions automatically from ACTIVE to PAUSED
+  when allocated funds are fully accrued.
+- Resume: User resumes a PAUSED stream, restarting accrual.
+  Resume MUST fail if remaining allocation is zero.
+- Top-Up: User MAY add funds to stream allocation.
+  Top-up MUST transition the stream to ACTIVE state.
+  If the user wants to add funds without resuming,
+  the user MUST pause the stream after top-up.
+- Close: Either user or provider MAY close the stream
+  from any non-CLOSED state.
+  When a stream is closed,
+  unaccrued funds MUST automatically return to the user's vault.
+  Accrued funds remain available for provider to claim.
+- Claim: Provider MAY claim accrued funds from a stream in any state.
+  A claim operation does not change stream state.
+
+### Stream State Transition Diagram
+
+```mermaid
+graph LR;
+    ACTIVE -->|pause / deplete| PAUSED;
+    PAUSED -->|resume / top-up| ACTIVE;
+    ACTIVE -->|close| CLOSED;
+    PAUSED -->|close| CLOSED;
+```
+
+### Assumptions
+
+Parties MUST agree on stream parameters before creation.
+A separate discovery protocol SHOULD enable
+providers to advertise services and expected payment,
+or enable users and providers to negotiate parameters.
+
+Users SHOULD monitor service delivery
+and take action when providers stop delivering service.
+Since users are typically online to receive service,
+monitoring quality and pausing or closing streams
+is a reasonable expectation.
+
+Providers SHOULD monitor the stream on-chain
+and SHOULD stop providing service when a stream is not ACTIVE.
+
+## Off-Chain Protocol
+
+This section describes off-chain communication
+for stream establishment, service delivery, and closure.
+
+### Design Rationale
+
+On-chain state is the source of truth for fund allocation and accrual.
+Off-chain communication coordinates lifecycle events
+and enables service delivery.
+
+Users MAY pause or close streams without prior notice.
+Providers SHOULD track on-chain state for their streams.
+
+If the provider stops serving the user,
+the provider MUST notify the user off-chain
+before closing the stream on-chain.
+
+### Message Types
+
+#### Stream Establishment
+
+StreamRequest:
+The user sends a StreamRequest to initiate a stream.
+This message MUST include:
+
+- service_type: identifier of the requested service
+- stream_rate: proposed accrual rate (tokens per time unit)
+- stream_allocation: proposed initial allocation
+- public_key: key for signing subsequent service requests
+
+StreamResponse:
+The provider responds with acceptance or rejection.
+This message MUST include:
+
+- status: ACCEPTED or REJECTED
+- reason: explanation if rejected (OPTIONAL)
+- load_cap: maximum load the provider will serve (REQUIRED if ACCEPTED)
+
+If accepted, the user creates the stream on-chain.
+Acceptance commits the provider to deliver the specified service
+while payment accrues at the agreed rate.
+The provider MAY later terminate service
+but MUST send a ServiceTermination message first.
+
+#### Service Request
+
+ServiceRequest:
+The user sends service requests during stream operation.
+Each request MUST include:
+
+- request_data: service-specific payload
+- signature: signature over request_data using the committed public key
+
+The signature proves the request originates from the stream owner.
+The provider tracks on-chain state to verify the stream remains active.
+
+This design assumes the underlying blockchain provides funding privacy.
+Stream creation MUST NOT reveal which vault funded the stream.
+Vault deposits MUST NOT reveal the depositor's identity.
+
+#### Service Termination
+
+ServiceTermination:
+The provider sends this message when stopping service.
+This message MUST include:
+
+- termination_type: TEMPORARY or PERMANENT
+- resume_after: timestamp after which service MAY resume
+  (REQUIRED for TEMPORARY, empty for PERMANENT)
+
+For temporary termination,
+the user MAY pause the stream until the resume_after time.
+For permanent termination,
+the user SHOULD close the stream to recover unaccrued funds.
+
+## Protocol Extensions
+
+This section describes optional modifications
+that MAY be applied to the base protocol.
+Each extension is independent.
+
+### Auto-Pause
+
+The user MAY specify an auto-pause duration when creating a stream.
+When the specified duration elapses since stream creation or last resume,
+the stream MUST automatically transition to PAUSED state.
+The user MAY resume the stream, resetting the auto-pause timer.
+
+Auto-pause limits loss if service stops and the user is offline.
+Per-stream allocation already bounds total risk;
+auto-pause adds periodic check-ins for long-running streams.
+
+### Delivery Receipts
+
+The claim operation MAY require delivery receipts as proof of service.
+A delivery receipt is a user-signed message that MUST include
+stream identifier, service delivery details, and signature.
+If a stream has delivery receipts enabled,
+the protocol MUST only allow claims with valid receipts.
+
+Receipt granularity presents a trade-off.
+Per-message receipts allow the user to approve each message individually
+but require signing each receipt, increasing interaction overhead.
+Batched receipts reduce signing overhead
+but require the user to approve multiple messages at once.
+
+### Automatic Claim on Closure
+
+This extension adds an optional auto-claim flag.
+When auto-claim is enabled,
+closing the stream MUST automatically claim accrued funds for the provider.
+
+Auto-claim simplifies the protocol
+by ensuring closed streams hold no funds,
+eliminating the need to track balances in closed streams.
+
+However, auto-claim has potential issues:
+
+- Prevents provider from batching claims.
+- May create timing correlations that leak privacy.
+- Requires user to pay for provider's claim operation.
+- May cause the entire close operation to fail if claim fails.
+
+Assessing these trade-offs requires clarity on LSSA,
+particularly gas model, batching techniques, and timing privacy.
+
+### Activation Fee
+
+A user can exploit the pause/resume mechanism
+by keeping a stream paused
+and resuming briefly only when querying a service.
+This results in minimal payment for actual service usage.
+
+The activation fee extension addresses this attack.
+When enabled, the stream MUST accrue a fixed activation fee
+immediately upon entering ACTIVE state.
+The fee applies to stream creation, resume, and top-up operations,
+as only user actions transition a stream to ACTIVE state.
+
+The activation fee SHOULD reflect
+the minimum acceptable payment for a service session.
+If the fee exceeds the value of a single query,
+the attack becomes economically unviable.
+
+Providers MAY alternatively address this attack via off-chain policy
+by refusing service to users who pause and resume excessively.
+
+### Load Cap
+
+The provider MAY advertise a load cap
+(requests per unit time or another service-dependent metric)
+representing the maximum load the provider is willing to serve.
+A separate discovery protocol SHOULD enable providers
+to advertise their load caps (out of scope for this spec).
+
+When responding to StreamRequest with ACCEPTED status,
+the provider MUST include the load cap in StreamResponse.
+The user MUST NOT exceed the load cap.
+
+If the user exceeds the load cap during stream operation,
+the provider SHOULD terminate service.
+The provider MUST send a ServiceTermination message
+before closing the stream on-chain.
+
+A user who requires a higher load cap
+SHOULD open multiple streams to the same provider.
+
+## Implementation Considerations
+
+This section captures implementation questions:
+
+- Mapping streams to LSSA:
+  How does the stream protocol map onto LSSA?
+- Timestamp-based accrual calculation:
+  Can shielded execution access block timestamps
+  to calculate accrued amounts based on elapsed time?
+- Encoding and enforcing state transitions:
+  How to encode and enforce state machine transition rules
+  for the stream lifecycle states?
+
+## Security and Privacy Considerations
+
+This section captures security and privacy questions:
+
+- Can or should all protocol operations be within shielded execution?
+- If not, where is the boundary
+  between transparent and shielded execution?
+- Who decides whether to use transparent or shielded execution:
+  user, provider, both, or fixed by protocol design?
+- What data is stored in the user's account
+  and who can see it in transparent vs shielded execution?
+- How to ensure external observers cannot correlate
+  streams from the same vault across different providers?
+- How to ensure providers cannot see
+  streams from the same user to other providers,
+  while still being able to verify balance constraints?
+
+## Copyright
+
+Copyright and related rights waived via [CC0](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).
+
+## References
+
+### Informative
+
+#### Related Work
+
+- [Off-Chain Payment Protocols: Classification and Architectural Choice](https://forum.vac.dev/t/off-chain-payment-protocols-classification-and-architectural-choice/596)
+- [LSSA](https://github.com/logos-blockchain/lssa)
+
+#### Payment Streaming Protocols
+
+Existing payment streaming protocols
+(Sablier Flow, Sablier Lockup, LlamaPay V2, Superfluid)
+target EVM-like state architectures.
+They use time-based accrual with ERC-20 tokens.
+Protocols differ in stream duration.
+Some support fixed-duration streams (Sablier Lockup),
+while others allow open-ended streams (Sablier Flow).
+Deposit architecture also varies.
+Singleton managers (Sablier Flow, Sablier Lockup)
+require separate deposits per stream.
+Per-payer vaults (LlamaPay V2)
+allow one deposit to back multiple streams.
+
+- [Sablier Flow](https://github.com/sablier-labs/flow)
+- [Sablier Lockup](https://github.com/sablier-labs/lockup)
+- [LlamaPay V2](https://github.com/LlamaPay/llamapay-v2)
+- [Superfluid Protocol](https://github.com/superfluid-org/protocol-monorepo)
+
+## Appendix A: Illustrative EVM Implementation
+
+This appendix provides an illustrative EVM-based implementation outline.
+The actual implementation will target Logos with LSSA.
+
+### A.1 Contract Structure
+
+```solidity
+contract PaymentVault {
+    enum StreamState { ACTIVE, PAUSED, CLOSED }
+
+    struct Stream {
+        address token;
+        address provider;
+        uint128 ratePerSecond;
+        uint128 allocation;
+        uint64  lastUpdatedAt;
+        uint128 accruedBalance;
+        StreamState state;
+    }
+
+    address public user;
+    mapping(address token => uint256) public vaultBalance;
+    uint256 public nextStreamId;
+    mapping(uint256 => Stream) public streams;
+}
+```
+
+### A.2 Vault Operations
+
+```solidity
+event Deposited(address indexed token, uint256 amount);
+event Withdrawn(address indexed token, uint256 amount, address indexed to);
+
+function deposit(address token, uint256 amount) external;
+function withdraw(address token, uint256 amount, address to) external;
+```
+
+### A.3 Stream Lifecycle
+
+```solidity
+event StreamCreated(
+    uint256 indexed streamId,
+    address indexed provider,
+    address indexed token,
+    uint128 ratePerSecond,
+    uint128 allocation
+);
+event StreamPaused(uint256 indexed streamId);
+event StreamResumed(uint256 indexed streamId);
+event StreamToppedUp(uint256 indexed streamId, uint128 additionalAllocation);
+event StreamClosed(uint256 indexed streamId, uint128 refundedToVault);
+event Claimed(uint256 indexed streamId, address indexed provider, uint128 amount);
+
+/// @notice Create a new stream in ACTIVE state (user only)
+function createStream(
+    address provider,
+    address token,
+    uint128 ratePerSecond,
+    uint128 allocation
+) external returns (uint256 streamId);
+
+/// @notice Pause an ACTIVE stream (user only)
+function pauseStream(uint256 streamId) external;
+
+/// @notice Resume a PAUSED stream (user only)
+function resumeStream(uint256 streamId) external;
+
+/// @notice Add funds to stream allocation; transitions to ACTIVE (user only)
+function topUpStream(uint256 streamId, uint128 additionalAllocation) external;
+
+/// @notice Close stream permanently; refunds unaccrued funds to vault
+/// @dev Callable by user or provider
+function closeStream(uint256 streamId) external;
+
+/// @notice Provider claims accrued funds from a stream
+function claim(uint256 streamId) external;
+```
+
+### A.4 Internal Accrual
+
+```solidity
+/// @notice Update accruedBalance based on elapsed time since lastUpdatedAt
+/// @dev Called by pauseStream, topUpStream, closeStream, and claim
+///      before modifying stream state. Caps accrual at allocation and
+///      transitions to PAUSED when fully accrued (lazy evaluation:
+///      state updates on next interaction, not at exact depletion time).
+function _accrue(uint256 streamId) internal;
+```