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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Formal spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Formal spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol>
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<h1 id="formal-spec"><a class="header" href="#formal-spec">Formal spec</a></h1>
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<p><em><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/58/">RFC for RLN-V2</a></em></p>
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||||
<h1 id="formal-spec-of-circom-rln"><a class="header" href="#formal-spec-of-circom-rln">Formal spec of circom-rln</a></h1>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 id="how-to-use"><a class="header" href="#how-to-use">How to use</a></h1>
|
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<p>This section provides information on how to use <strong>RLN</strong> in your project:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>JavaScript RLN (for <a href="https://github.com/Rate-Limiting-Nullifier/rlnjs">rln-js</a>)</li>
|
||||
<li>Rust RLN (for <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/zerokit/tree/master/rln">zerokit-rln</a>)</li>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Formal spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Formal spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Formal spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol>
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||||
<li><strong>RLN</strong> uses.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="what-is-rate-limiting-nullifier"><a class="header" href="#what-is-rate-limiting-nullifier">What is Rate-Limiting Nullifier?</a></h1>
|
||||
<p><strong>RLN</strong> is a zero-knowledge gadget that enables spam prevention for anonymous environments.</p>
|
||||
<p>The anonymity property opens up the possibility for spam and Sybil attack vectors for certain applications, which could seriously degrade the user experience and the overall functioning of the application. For example, imagine a chat application where users are anonymous. Now, everyone can write an unlimited number of spam messages, but we don't have the ability to kick this member because the spammer is anonymous. </p>
|
||||
<p><strong>RLN</strong> is a zero-knowledge gadget that enables spam prevention in anonymous environments.</p>
|
||||
<p>The anonymity property opens up the possibility for spam, which could seriously degrade the user experience and the overall functioning of the application. For example, imagine a chat application where users are anonymous. Now, everyone can write an unlimited number of spam messages, but we don't have the ability to kick this member because the spammer is anonymous. </p>
|
||||
<p><strong>RLN</strong> helps us identify and "kick" the spammer.</p>
|
||||
<p>Moreover, <strong>RLN</strong> can be useful not only to prevent spam attacks but, in general, to limit users (in anonymous environments) in the number of actions (f.e. to vote or to make a bid).</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="how-it-works"><a class="header" href="#how-it-works">How it works</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The <strong>RLN</strong> construct's functionality consists of three parts, which, when integrated together, provide spam and Sybil attack protection. These parts should be integrated by the upstream applications, which require anonymity and spam protection. The applications can be centralized or decentralized. For decentralized applications, each user maintains separate storage and compute resources for the application. The three parts are:</p>
|
||||
<p>The <strong>RLN</strong> construct's functionality consists of three parts These parts should be integrated by the upstream applications, that require anonymity and spam protection. The applications can be centralized or decentralized. For decentralized applications, each user maintains separate storage and compute resources for the application. </p>
|
||||
<p>The three parts are:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>registration;</li>
|
||||
<li>interaction;</li>
|
||||
<li>withdrawal/slashing;</li>
|
||||
<li>withdrawal (or slashing);</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h3 id="user-registration"><a class="header" href="#user-registration">User registration</a></h3>
|
||||
<h3 id="registration"><a class="header" href="#registration">Registration</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>Before registering to the application, the user needs to generate a secret key and derive an identity commitment from the secret key using the Poseidon hash function: </p>
|
||||
<p>\[identityCommitment = Poseidon(secretKey)\]</p>
|
||||
<p>The user registers to the application by providing a form of stake and their identity commitment, which is derived from the secret key. The application maintains a Merkle tree data structure (in the latest iteration of <strong>RLN</strong>, we use an Incremental Merkle Tree algorithm for gas efficiency, but the Merkle tree does not have to be on-chain), which stores the identity commitments of the registered users. Upon successful registration, the user's identity commitment is stored in a leaf of the Merkle tree, and an index is given to them, representing their position in the tree.</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="user-interaction"><a class="header" href="#user-interaction">User interaction</a></h3>
|
||||
<h3 id="interaction"><a class="header" href="#interaction">Interaction</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>For each interaction that the user wants to make with the application, the user must generate a zero-knowledge proof ensuring that their identity commitment is part of the membership Merkle tree.</p>
|
||||
<p>There are a number of use-cases for <strong>RLN</strong>, such as voting applications (1 vote per election), chat (one message per second), and rate-limiting cache access (CDN denial of service protection). The verifier can be a server for centralized applications or the other users for decentralized applications.</p>
|
||||
<p>The general anti-spam rule is usually in the form of:
|
||||
@@ -217,15 +218,8 @@
|
||||
<p>We can implement this using <em>Shamir's Secret Sharing</em> scheme (<a href="./sss.html"><em>read more</em></a>), which allows you to split a secret (f.e. to <code>n</code> parts) and recover it when any <code>m</code> of <code>n</code> parts <code>(m <= n)</code> are presented.</p>
|
||||
<p>Thus, users have to split their <code>secret_key</code> into <code>n</code> parts, and for every interaction, they have to reveal the new part of the <code>secret_key.</code> So, in addition to proving the membership in the <em>Merkle Tree</em>, users have to prove that the revealed part is truly the part of their <code>secret_key.</code></p>
|
||||
<p>If they make more interactions than allowed per epoch, their secret key can be fully reconstructed.</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="user-removal-slashing"><a class="header" href="#user-removal-slashing">User removal (slashing)</a></h3>
|
||||
<h3 id="withdrawal-or-slashing"><a class="header" href="#withdrawal-or-slashing">Withdrawal (or slashing)</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>The final property of the <strong>RLN</strong> mechanism is that it allows for the users to be removed from the membership tree by anyone that knows their secret key. The membership tree contains the identity commitments of all registered users. Users' identity commitment is derived from their secret key, and the secret key of the user is only revealed in a spam event (except for the scenarios where the original users want to remove themselves, which they can always do because they know their secret key). When an economic stake is present, the <strong>RLN</strong> mechanism can be implemented in a way that the spammer's stake is sent to the first user that correctly reports the spammer by providing the reconstructed secret key of the spammer as proof.</p>
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="under-the-hood"><a class="header" href="#under-the-hood">Under the hood</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>This section provides deep and technical <strong>RLN</strong> overview.</p>
|
||||
<p>We'll discuss:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Technical side of <strong>RLN</strong> (specification demo)</li>
|
||||
<li>How circuits are implemented</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="technical-side-of-rln"><a class="header" href="#technical-side-of-rln">Technical side of RLN</a></h1>
|
||||
<p><em>This topic is a less strict version of specifications. If you want a more formal description, you can find specs in the <a href="./references.html">references</a>. Also, if you're unfamiliar with Shamir's Secret Sharing scheme, you can <a href="./sss.html">read it here</a>.</em></p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
@@ -240,7 +234,7 @@
|
||||
<li>User removal (slashing) - additional part</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>Well, let's discuss them.</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="user-registration-1"><a class="header" href="#user-registration-1">User registration</a></h2>
|
||||
<h2 id="user-registration"><a class="header" href="#user-registration">User registration</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The first part of <strong>RLN</strong> is registration. There is nothing special in <strong>RLN</strong> registration; it's almost the same process as in other protocols/apps with anonymous environments: we need to create a Merkle Tree, and every participant must submit a <code>commitment</code> and place it in the Merkle Tree, and after that to interact with the app every participant will create a zkProof's, that they are a <em>member of the tree</em> (we use an <em>Incremental Merkle Tree</em>, as it more <em>GAS efficient</em>).</p>
|
||||
<p>So, each member generates a secret key, denoted by \(a_0\). Identity commitment \(q\) is the hash (Poseidon) of the secret key: \(q = Poseidon(a_0)\).</p>
|
||||
<p><strong>RLN</strong> wouldn't work if there were no punishment for spam; that's why to become a member, a user has to register and provide something at stake. So, whoever has our \(a_0\) can "slash" us. </p>
|
||||
@@ -329,8 +323,7 @@ We denote: \(x = Poseidon(message), y = A(x)\). </p>
|
||||
<p>Signaling will use other circuit, where your <code>limit</code> is private input, and the counter <code>k</code> is checked that it's in the range from 1 to <code>userMessageLimit</code>.</p>
|
||||
<hr />
|
||||
<p><em>This text is from @AtHeartEngineer <a href="https://zkresear.ch/t/rate-limit-nullifier-v2-circuits/102">post</a> on <a href="https://zkresear.ch">zkResear.ch</a></em>.</p>
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="formal-spec"><a class="header" href="#formal-spec">Formal spec</a></h1>
|
||||
<p><em><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/58/">RFC for RLN-V2</a></em></p>
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="formal-spec-of-circom-rln"><a class="header" href="#formal-spec-of-circom-rln">Formal spec of circom-rln</a></h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="formal_spec.html#utils-templates">Utils</a>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
@@ -509,21 +502,10 @@ Checked that <code>in[0] <= in[1] <= in[2]</code>. That's done by combinin
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="uses"><a class="header" href="#uses">Uses</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>This section contains list of apps that use <strong>RLN</strong>:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/njofce/zk-chat">zk-chat</a> - A spam resistant instant messaging application for private and anonymous communication</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/b-d1/rln-anonymous-chat-app">rln-chat-app</a> - PoC app, created using rln-js</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/17/">waku-rln-relay</a> - Extension of <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/11/">waku-relay</a> (spam protection with <strong>RLN</strong>)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="how-to-use"><a class="header" href="#how-to-use">How to use</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>This section provides information on how to use <strong>RLN</strong> in your project:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>JavaScript RLN (for <a href="https://github.com/Rate-Limiting-Nullifier/rlnjs">rln-js</a>)</li>
|
||||
<li>Rust RLN (for <a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/zerokit/tree/master/rln">zerokit-rln</a>)</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="theory"><a class="header" href="#theory">Theory</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>This section provides theoretical information that underpins <strong>RLN</strong>.</p>
|
||||
<p>Here we'll discuss:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Shamir's Secret Sharing</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/Rate-Limiting-Nullifier/zk-chat-client-server">zk-chat</a> - a spam resistant instant messaging application for private and anonymous communication;</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/17/">waku-rln-relay</a> - extension of <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/11/">waku-relay</a> (spam protection with <strong>RLN</strong>);</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/nabladelta/lambdadelta">lambdadelta</a> - P2P event deed secured by RLN proofs;</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/nabladelta/bernkastel">bernkastel</a> - decentralized event feed, based on lambdadelta library.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="shamirs-secret-sharing-scheme"><a class="header" href="#shamirs-secret-sharing-scheme">Shamir's Secret Sharing Scheme</a></h1>
|
||||
<p><em>This topic is an explanation of <strong>Shamir's Secret Sharing</strong> scheme (<strong>SSS</strong>), also known as \((k, n)\) threshold secret sharing scheme. <strong>SSS</strong> is one of the critical parts of <strong>RLN</strong>.</em></p>
|
||||
@@ -573,65 +555,6 @@ So, the shares are: \((5, 55), (8, 70), (16, 110)\)</li>
|
||||
<p>We can take any two shares to recover (as described in the interpolation section) the "secret" polynomial. Zero coefficient (\(a_0\)) in the recovered polynomial is the secret \(S\).</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="important-notes"><a class="header" href="#important-notes">Important notes</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>Arithmetic in this topic is usual for us. However, in real life, <strong>SSS</strong> arithmetic is defined over some finite field. This means that all calculations are carried out modulo some big prime field. In fact, it happens by itself in Circom because the arithmetic there is defined over the finite field, too, so we don't need to do anything extra). </p>
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="appendix"><a class="header" href="#appendix">Appendix</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>The following sections contain reference material you may find useful:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>Terminology</li>
|
||||
<li>References</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="terminology"><a class="header" href="#terminology">Terminology</a></h1>
|
||||
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Term</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
|
||||
<tr><td>zkSNARK</td><td>Proof construction where one can prove possession of certain information, e.g. a secret key, without revealing that information, and without any interaction between the prover and verifier.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Circuit</td><td>A program, that describes constraints for the prover in zkSNARK (for more information read <a href="https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/quadratic-arithmetic-programs-from-zero-to-hero-f6d558cea649">this</a>).</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>zk-Gadget</td><td>Circuit, that can be used as a building block for another circuit, e.g. Poseidon hash function gadget.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Stake</td><td>Financial or social stake required for registering in the RLN applications. Common stake examples are: locking cryptocurrency (financial), linking reputable social identity.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Identity secret</td><td>Random number, which must be kept private by the user.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Identity commitment</td><td>The result of Poseidon(Identity secret) calculation. It is used by the users for registering in the protocol.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Signal</td><td>The message generated by a user. It is an arbitrary bit string that may represent a chat message, a URL request, protobuf message, etc.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Signal hash</td><td>Hash of the signal, used as an input in the RLN circuit.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>RLN Identifier</td><td>Random finite field value unique per RLN app. It is used for additional cross-application security. The role of the RLN identifier is protection of the user secrets being compromised if signals are being generated with the same credentials at different apps.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>RLN membership tree</td><td>Merkle tree data structure, filled with identity commitments of the users. Serves as a data structure that ensures user registrations.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Merkle proof</td><td>Proof that a user is member of the RLN membership tree.</td></tr>
|
||||
</tbody></table>
|
||||
</div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="references"><a class="header" href="#references">References</a></h1>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/32/">RFC V1</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/58/">RFC V2</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://zkresear.ch/t/rate-limit-nullifier-v2-circuits/102">zkResearch post</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/semaphore-rln-rate-limiting-nullifier-for-spam-prevention-in-anonymous-p2p-setting/5009">First Proposal/Idea of RLN by Barry WhiteHat</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://medium.com/privacy-scaling-explorations/rate-limiting-nullifier-a-spam-protection-mechanism-for-anonymous-environments-bbe4006a57d">RLN Overview by Blagoj</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://hackmd.io/@aeAuSD7mSCKofwwx445eAQ/BJcfDByNF">Demo RLN Spec</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/32/">VAC RLN Spec</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://vitalik.ca/general/2016/12/10/qap.html">Understand zkSNARK</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://docs.circom.io/">Circom Docs</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://github.com/Rate-Limiting-Nullifier/rlnjs">rln-js</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/zerokit">zerokit-rln</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.06009v1.pdf">Incremental Merkle Tree paper</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
||||
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Formal spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol>
|
||||
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|
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|
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@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ We denote: \(x = Poseidon(message), y = A(x)\). </p>
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@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ We denote: \(x = Poseidon(message), y = A(x)\). </p>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Formal spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 id="references"><a class="header" href="#references">References</a></h1>
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<li>
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<p><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/32/">RFC V1</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/58/">RFC V2</a></p>
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<li>
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<p><a href="https://zkresear.ch/t/rate-limit-nullifier-v2-circuits/102">zkResearch post</a></p>
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|
||||
<p><a href="https://ethresear.ch/t/semaphore-rln-rate-limiting-nullifier-for-spam-prevention-in-anonymous-p2p-setting/5009">First Proposal/Idea of RLN by Barry WhiteHat</a></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<p><a href="https://medium.com/privacy-scaling-explorations/rate-limiting-nullifier-a-spam-protection-mechanism-for-anonymous-environments-bbe4006a57d">RLN Overview by Blagoj</a></p>
|
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||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://hackmd.io/@aeAuSD7mSCKofwwx445eAQ/BJcfDByNF">Demo RLN Spec</a></p>
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</li>
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||||
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||||
<p><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/32/">VAC RLN Spec</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://vitalik.ca/general/2016/12/10/qap.html">Understand zkSNARK</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://docs.circom.io/">Circom Docs</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/Rate-Limiting-Nullifier/rlnjs">rln-js</a></p>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<p><a href="https://github.com/vacp2p/zerokit">zerokit-rln</a></p>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.06009v1.pdf">Incremental Merkle Tree paper</a></p>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Formal spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol>
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<h1 id="terminology"><a class="header" href="#terminology">Terminology</a></h1>
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<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Term</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody>
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<tr><td>zkSNARK</td><td>Proof construction where one can prove possession of certain information, e.g. a secret key, without revealing that information, and without any interaction between the prover and verifier.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Circuit</td><td>A program, that describes constraints for the prover in zkSNARK (for more information read <a href="https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/quadratic-arithmetic-programs-from-zero-to-hero-f6d558cea649">this</a>).</td></tr>
|
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<tr><td>zk-Gadget</td><td>Circuit, that can be used as a building block for another circuit, e.g. Poseidon hash function gadget.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Stake</td><td>Financial or social stake required for registering in the RLN applications. Common stake examples are: locking cryptocurrency (financial), linking reputable social identity.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Identity secret</td><td>Random number, which must be kept private by the user.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Identity commitment</td><td>The result of Poseidon(Identity secret) calculation. It is used by the users for registering in the protocol.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Signal</td><td>The message generated by a user. It is an arbitrary bit string that may represent a chat message, a URL request, protobuf message, etc.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>Signal hash</td><td>Hash of the signal, used as an input in the RLN circuit.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>RLN Identifier</td><td>Random finite field value unique per RLN app. It is used for additional cross-application security. The role of the RLN identifier is protection of the user secrets being compromised if signals are being generated with the same credentials at different apps.</td></tr>
|
||||
<tr><td>RLN membership tree</td><td>Merkle tree data structure, filled with identity commitments of the users. Serves as a data structure that ensures user registrations.</td></tr>
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||||
<tr><td>Merkle proof</td><td>Proof that a user is member of the RLN membership tree.</td></tr>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Formal spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol>
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||||
<h1 id="uses"><a class="header" href="#uses">Uses</a></h1>
|
||||
<p>This section contains list of apps that use <strong>RLN</strong>:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/njofce/zk-chat">zk-chat</a> - A spam resistant instant messaging application for private and anonymous communication</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/b-d1/rln-anonymous-chat-app">rln-chat-app</a> - PoC app, created using rln-js</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/17/">waku-rln-relay</a> - Extension of <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/11/">waku-relay</a> (spam protection with <strong>RLN</strong>)</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/Rate-Limiting-Nullifier/zk-chat-client-server">zk-chat</a> - a spam resistant instant messaging application for private and anonymous communication;</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/17/">waku-rln-relay</a> - extension of <a href="https://rfc.vac.dev/spec/11/">waku-relay</a> (spam protection with <strong>RLN</strong>);</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/nabladelta/lambdadelta">lambdadelta</a> - P2P event deed secured by RLN proofs;</li>
|
||||
<li><a href="https://github.com/nabladelta/bernkastel">bernkastel</a> - decentralized event feed, based on lambdadelta library.</li>
|
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</ul>
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</main>
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<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
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<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="under_the_hood.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Under the hood</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.1.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.3.</strong> Formal spec</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="how_to_use.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> How to use</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> JavaScript RLN</div></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><div><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Rust RLN</div></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="theory.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Theory</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Appendix</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="terminology.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> A - Terminology</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="references.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> B - References</a></li></ol></li></ol>
|
||||
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="rln.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="overview.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Overview</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="what_is_rln.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> What is RLN</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Protocol spec V1</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="protocol_spec_v2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Protocol spec V2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="formal_spec.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Formal spec</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="uses.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Uses</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="sss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Shamir's Secret Sharing</a></li></ol>
|
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||||
<div id="content" class="content">
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||||
<main>
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<h1 id="what-is-rate-limiting-nullifier"><a class="header" href="#what-is-rate-limiting-nullifier">What is Rate-Limiting Nullifier?</a></h1>
|
||||
<p><strong>RLN</strong> is a zero-knowledge gadget that enables spam prevention for anonymous environments.</p>
|
||||
<p>The anonymity property opens up the possibility for spam and Sybil attack vectors for certain applications, which could seriously degrade the user experience and the overall functioning of the application. For example, imagine a chat application where users are anonymous. Now, everyone can write an unlimited number of spam messages, but we don't have the ability to kick this member because the spammer is anonymous. </p>
|
||||
<p><strong>RLN</strong> is a zero-knowledge gadget that enables spam prevention in anonymous environments.</p>
|
||||
<p>The anonymity property opens up the possibility for spam, which could seriously degrade the user experience and the overall functioning of the application. For example, imagine a chat application where users are anonymous. Now, everyone can write an unlimited number of spam messages, but we don't have the ability to kick this member because the spammer is anonymous. </p>
|
||||
<p><strong>RLN</strong> helps us identify and "kick" the spammer.</p>
|
||||
<p>Moreover, <strong>RLN</strong> can be useful not only to prevent spam attacks but, in general, to limit users (in anonymous environments) in the number of actions (f.e. to vote or to make a bid).</p>
|
||||
<h2 id="how-it-works"><a class="header" href="#how-it-works">How it works</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>The <strong>RLN</strong> construct's functionality consists of three parts, which, when integrated together, provide spam and Sybil attack protection. These parts should be integrated by the upstream applications, which require anonymity and spam protection. The applications can be centralized or decentralized. For decentralized applications, each user maintains separate storage and compute resources for the application. The three parts are:</p>
|
||||
<p>The <strong>RLN</strong> construct's functionality consists of three parts These parts should be integrated by the upstream applications, that require anonymity and spam protection. The applications can be centralized or decentralized. For decentralized applications, each user maintains separate storage and compute resources for the application. </p>
|
||||
<p>The three parts are:</p>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li>registration;</li>
|
||||
<li>interaction;</li>
|
||||
<li>withdrawal/slashing;</li>
|
||||
<li>withdrawal (or slashing);</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<h3 id="user-registration"><a class="header" href="#user-registration">User registration</a></h3>
|
||||
<h3 id="registration"><a class="header" href="#registration">Registration</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>Before registering to the application, the user needs to generate a secret key and derive an identity commitment from the secret key using the Poseidon hash function: </p>
|
||||
<p>\[identityCommitment = Poseidon(secretKey)\]</p>
|
||||
<p>The user registers to the application by providing a form of stake and their identity commitment, which is derived from the secret key. The application maintains a Merkle tree data structure (in the latest iteration of <strong>RLN</strong>, we use an Incremental Merkle Tree algorithm for gas efficiency, but the Merkle tree does not have to be on-chain), which stores the identity commitments of the registered users. Upon successful registration, the user's identity commitment is stored in a leaf of the Merkle tree, and an index is given to them, representing their position in the tree.</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="user-interaction"><a class="header" href="#user-interaction">User interaction</a></h3>
|
||||
<h3 id="interaction"><a class="header" href="#interaction">Interaction</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>For each interaction that the user wants to make with the application, the user must generate a zero-knowledge proof ensuring that their identity commitment is part of the membership Merkle tree.</p>
|
||||
<p>There are a number of use-cases for <strong>RLN</strong>, such as voting applications (1 vote per election), chat (one message per second), and rate-limiting cache access (CDN denial of service protection). The verifier can be a server for centralized applications or the other users for decentralized applications.</p>
|
||||
<p>The general anti-spam rule is usually in the form of:
|
||||
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@
|
||||
<p>We can implement this using <em>Shamir's Secret Sharing</em> scheme (<a href="./sss.html"><em>read more</em></a>), which allows you to split a secret (f.e. to <code>n</code> parts) and recover it when any <code>m</code> of <code>n</code> parts <code>(m <= n)</code> are presented.</p>
|
||||
<p>Thus, users have to split their <code>secret_key</code> into <code>n</code> parts, and for every interaction, they have to reveal the new part of the <code>secret_key.</code> So, in addition to proving the membership in the <em>Merkle Tree</em>, users have to prove that the revealed part is truly the part of their <code>secret_key.</code></p>
|
||||
<p>If they make more interactions than allowed per epoch, their secret key can be fully reconstructed.</p>
|
||||
<h3 id="user-removal-slashing"><a class="header" href="#user-removal-slashing">User removal (slashing)</a></h3>
|
||||
<h3 id="withdrawal-or-slashing"><a class="header" href="#withdrawal-or-slashing">Withdrawal (or slashing)</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>The final property of the <strong>RLN</strong> mechanism is that it allows for the users to be removed from the membership tree by anyone that knows their secret key. The membership tree contains the identity commitments of all registered users. Users' identity commitment is derived from their secret key, and the secret key of the user is only revealed in a spam event (except for the scenarios where the original users want to remove themselves, which they can always do because they know their secret key). When an economic stake is present, the <strong>RLN</strong> mechanism can be implemented in a way that the spammer's stake is sent to the first user that correctly reports the spammer by providing the reconstructed secret key of the spammer as proof.</p>
|
||||
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@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@
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