update version to v1.2.0

* Refactor #1637

* Refactor #1637

* Refactor #1637

* Refactor #1637

* Refactor #1637

* Refactor #1637

* Update config.py

Co-authored-by: 鹤翔万里 <tonycrane@foxmail.com>

docs/example.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from manimlib.imports import *
+from manimlib import *
 
 class SquareToCircle(Scene):
     def construct(self):

docs/source/development/changelog.rst

@@ -1,10 +1,64 @@
 Changelog
 =========
 
-Unreleased
-----------
+v1.2.0
+------
+
+Fixed bugs
+^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- `#1592 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/pull/1592>`__: Fixed ``put_start_and_end_on`` in 3D
+- `#1601 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/pull/1601>`__: Fixed ``DecimalNumber``'s scaling issue
+- `56df154 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/56df15453f3e3837ed731581e52a1d76d5692077>`__: Fixed bug with common range array used for all coordinate systems
+- `8645894 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/86458942550c639a241267d04d57d0e909fcf252>`__: Fixed ``CoordinateSystem`` init bug
+- `0dc096b <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/0dc096bf576ea900b351e6f4a80c13a77676f89b>`__: Fixed bug for single-valued ``ValueTracker``
+- `54ad355 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/54ad3550ef0c0e2fda46b26700a43fa8cde0973f>`__: Fixed bug with SVG rectangles
+- `d45ea28 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/d45ea28dc1d92ab9c639a047c00c151382eb0131>`__: Fixed ``DotCloud.set_radii``
+- `b543cc0 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/b543cc0e32d45399ee81638b6d4fb631437664cd>`__: Temporarily fixed bug for ``PMobject`` array resizing
+- `5f878a2 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/5f878a2c1aa531b7682bd048468c72d2835c7fe5>`__: Fixed ``match_style``
+- `719c81d <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/719c81d72b00dcf49f148d7c146774b22e0fe348>`__: Fixed negative ``path_arc`` case
+- `c726eb7 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/c726eb7a180b669ee81a18555112de26a8aff6d6>`__: Fixed bug with ``CoordinateSystem.get_lines_parallel_to_axis``
+- `7732d2f <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/7732d2f0ee10449c5731499396d4911c03e89648>`__: Fixed ``ComplexPlane`` -i display bug
+
+New Features 
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+- `#1598 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/pull/1598>`__: Supported the elliptical arc command ``A`` for ``SVGMobject``
+- `#1607 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/pull/1607>`__: Added ``FlashyFadeIn``
+- `#1607 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/pull/1607>`__: Save triangulation 
+- `#1625 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/pull/1625>`__: Added new ``Code`` mobject
+- `#1637 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/pull/1637>`__: Add warnings and use rich to display log
+- `bd356da <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/bd356daa99bfe3134fcb192a5f72e0d76d853801>`__: Added ``VCube``
+- `6d72893 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/6d7289338234acc6658b9377c0f0084aa1fa7119>`__: Supported ``ValueTracker`` to track vectors
+- `3bb8f3f <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/3bb8f3f0422a5dfba0da6ef122dc0c01f31aff03>`__: Added ``set_max_width``, ``set_max_height``, ``set_max_depth`` to ``Mobject``
+- `a35dd5a <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/a35dd5a3cbdeffa3891d5aa5f80287c18dba2f7f>`__: Added ``TracgTail``
+- `acba13f <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/acba13f4991b78d54c0bf93cce7ca3b351c25476>`__: Added ``Scene.point_to_mobject``
+- `f84b8a6 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/f84b8a66fe9e8b3872e5c716c5c240c14bb555ee>`__: Added poly_fractal shader
+- `b24ba19 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/b24ba19dec48ba4e38acbde8eec6d3a308b6ab83>`__: Added kwargs to ``TipableVMobject.set_length``
+- `17c2772 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/17c2772b84abf6392a4170030e36e981de4737d0>`__: Added ``Mobject.replicate``
+- `33fa76d <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/33fa76dfac36e70bb5fad69dc6a336800c6dacce>`__: Added mandelbrot_fractal shader
+- `f22a341 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/f22a341e8411eae9331d4dd976b5e15bc6db08d9>`__: Saved state before each embed
+- `e10a752 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/e10a752c0001e8981038faa03be4de2603d3565f>`__: Allowed releasing of Textures
+- `14fbed7 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/14fbed76da4b493191136caebb8a955e2d41265b>`__: Consolidated and renamed newton_fractal shader
+- `6cdbe0d <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/6cdbe0d67a11ab14a6d84840a114ae6d3af10168>`__: Hade ``ImageMoject`` remember the filepath to the Image
+
+Refactor
+^^^^^^^^
+
+- `#1601 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/pull/1601>`__: Changed back to simpler ``Mobject.scale`` implementation
+- `b667db2 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/b667db2d311a11cbbca2a6ff511d2c3cf1675486>`__: Simplified ``Square``
+- `40290ad <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/40290ada8343f10901fa9151cbdf84689667786d>`__: Removed unused parameter ``triangulation_locked``
+- `8647a64 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/8647a6429dd0c52cba14e971b8c09194a93cfd87>`__: Reimplemented ``Arrow``
+- `d8378d8 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/d8378d8157040cd797cc47ef9576beffd8607863>`__: Used ``make_approximately_smooth`` for ``set_points_smoothly`` by default
+- `7b4199c <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/7b4199c674e291f1b84678828b63b6bd4fcc6b17>`__: Refactored to call ``_handle_scale_side_effects`` after scaling takes place
+- `7356a36 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/7356a36fa70a8279b43ae74e247cbd43b2bfd411>`__: Refactored to only call ``throw_error_if_no_points`` once for ``get_start_and_end``
+- `0787c4f <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/0787c4f36270a6560b50ce3e07b30b0ec5f2ba3e>`__: Made sure framerate is 30 for previewed scenes
+- `c635f19 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/c635f19f2a33e916509e53ded46f55e2afa8f5f2>`__: Pushed ``pixel_coords_to_space_coords`` to ``Window``
+- `d5a88d0 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/d5a88d0fa457cfcf4cb9db417a098c37c95c7051>`__: Refactored to pass tuples and not arrays to uniforms
+- `9483f26 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/9483f26a3b056de0e34f27acabd1a946f1adbdf9>`__: Refactored to copy uniform arrays in ``Mobject.copy``
+- `ed1fc4d <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/ed1fc4d5f94467d602a568466281ca2d0368b506>`__: Added ``bounding_box`` as exceptional key to point_cloud mobject
+- `329d2c6 <https://github.com/3b1b/manim/commit/329d2c6eaec3d88bfb754b555575a3ea7c97a7e0>`__: Made sure stroke width is always a float
 
-No changes
 
 v1.1.0
 -------

docs/source/getting_started/configuration.rst

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ flag                                                       abbr   function
 ``--finder``                                                      Show the output file in finder
 ``--config``                                                      Guide for automatic configuration
 ``--file_name FILE_NAME``                                         Name for the movie or image file
-``--start_at_animation_number START_AT_ANIMATION_NUMBER``  ``-n`` Start rendering not from the first animation, but from another, specified by its index. If you passin two comma separated values, e.g. "3,6", it will end the rendering at the second value.
+``--start_at_animation_number START_AT_ANIMATION_NUMBER``  ``-n`` Start rendering not from the first animation, but from another, specified by its index. If you passing two comma separated values, e.g. "3,6", it will end the rendering at the second value.
 ``--resolution RESOLUTION``                                ``-r`` Resolution, passed as "WxH", e.g. "1920x1080"
 ``--frame_rate FRAME_RATE``                                       Frame rate, as an integer
 ``--color COLOR``                                          ``-c`` Background color

docs/source/getting_started/example_scenes.rst

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ TexTransformExample
                 # Passing in muliple arguments to Tex will result
                 # in the same expression as if those arguments had
                 # been joined together, except that the submobject
-                # heirarchy of the resulting mobject ensure that the
+                # hierarchy of the resulting mobject ensure that the
                 # Tex mobject has a subject corresponding to
                 # each of these strings.  For example, the Tex mobject
                 # below will have 5 subjects, corresponding to the
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ UpdatersExample
             # If the argument itself might change, you can use f_always,
             # for which the arguments following the initial Mobject method
             # should be functions returning arguments to that method.
-            # The following line ensures thst decimal.set_value(square.get_y())
+            # The following line ensures that decimal.set_value(square.get_y())
             # is called every frame
             f_always(number.set_value, square.get_width)
             # You could also write the following equivalent line

example_scenes.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from manimlib import *
 import numpy as np
 
 # To watch one of these scenes, run the following:
-# python -m manim example_scenes.py SquareToCircle
+# manimgl example_scenes.py OpeningManimExample
 # Use -s to skip to the end and just save the final frame
 # Use -w to write the animation to a file
 # Use -o to write it to a file and open it once done
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class TexTransformExample(Scene):
             # Passing in muliple arguments to Tex will result
             # in the same expression as if those arguments had
             # been joined together, except that the submobject
-            # heirarchy of the resulting mobject ensure that the
+            # hierarchy of the resulting mobject ensure that the
             # Tex mobject has a subject corresponding to
             # each of these strings.  For example, the Tex mobject
             # below will have 5 subjects, corresponding to the

manimlib/__init__.py

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+import pkg_resources
+
+__version__ = pkg_resources.get_distribution("manimgl").version
+
 from manimlib.constants import *
 
 from manimlib.animation.animation import *

manimlib/__main__.py

@@ -2,10 +2,15 @@
 import manimlib.config
 import manimlib.extract_scene
 import manimlib.utils.init_config
+from manimlib import __version__
 
 
 def main():
+    print(f"ManimGL \033[32mv{__version__}\033[0m")
+
     args = manimlib.config.parse_cli()
+    if args.version and args.file == None:
+        return
 
     if args.config:
         manimlib.utils.init_config.init_customization()
@@ -16,5 +21,5 @@ def main():
         for scene in scenes:
             scene.run()
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

manimlib/animation/indication.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from manimlib.animation.composition import Succession
 from manimlib.animation.creation import ShowCreation
 from manimlib.animation.creation import ShowPartial
 from manimlib.animation.fading import FadeOut
+from manimlib.animation.fading import FadeIn
 from manimlib.animation.transform import Transform
 from manimlib.mobject.types.vectorized_mobject import VMobject
 from manimlib.mobject.geometry import Circle
@@ -21,6 +22,8 @@ from manimlib.utils.bezier import interpolate
 from manimlib.utils.config_ops import digest_config
 from manimlib.utils.rate_functions import there_and_back
 from manimlib.utils.rate_functions import wiggle
+from manimlib.utils.rate_functions import smooth
+from manimlib.utils.rate_functions import squish_rate_func
 
 
 class FocusOn(Transform):
@@ -361,3 +364,22 @@ class TurnInsideOut(Transform):
 
     def create_target(self):
         return self.mobject.copy().reverse_points()
+
+
+class FlashyFadeIn(AnimationGroup):
+    CONFIG = {
+        "fade_lag": 0,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, vmobject, stroke_width=2, **kwargs):
+        digest_config(self, kwargs)
+        outline = vmobject.copy()
+        outline.set_fill(opacity=0)
+        outline.set_stroke(width=stroke_width, opacity=1)
+
+        rate_func = kwargs.get("rate_func", smooth)
+        super().__init__(
+            FadeIn(vmobject, rate_func=squish_rate_func(rate_func, self.fade_lag, 1)),
+            VShowPassingFlash(outline, time_width=1),
+            **kwargs
+        )

manimlib/animation/transform.py

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class Transform(Animation):
         self.check_target_mobject_validity()
         # Use a copy of target_mobject for the align_data_and_family
         # call so that the actual target_mobject stays
-        # preserved, since calling allign_data will potentailly
+        # preserved, since calling allign_data will potentially
         # change the structure of both arguments
         self.target_copy = self.target_mobject.copy()
         self.mobject.align_data_and_family(self.target_copy)
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class ApplyMethod(Transform):
         method is a method of Mobject, *args are arguments for
         that method.  Key word arguments should be passed in
         as the last arg, as a dict, since **kwargs is for
-        configuration of the transform itslef
+        configuration of the transform itself
 
         Relies on the fact that mobject methods return the mobject
         """

manimlib/camera/camera.py

@@ -316,17 +316,6 @@ class Camera(object):
         self.frame.set_height(frame_height)
         self.frame.set_width(frame_width)
 
-    def pixel_coords_to_space_coords(self, px, py, relative=False):
-        pw, ph = self.fbo.size
-        fw, fh = self.get_frame_shape()
-        fc = self.get_frame_center()
-        if relative:
-            return 2 * np.array([px / pw, py / ph, 0])
-        else:
-            # Only scale wrt one axis
-            scale = fh / ph
-            return fc + scale * np.array([(px - pw / 2), (py - ph / 2), 0])
-
     # Rendering
     def capture(self, *mobjects, **kwargs):
         self.refresh_perspective_uniforms()
@@ -423,6 +412,8 @@ class Camera(object):
             shader[name].value = tid
         for name, value in it.chain(shader_wrapper.uniforms.items(), self.perspective_uniforms.items()):
             try:
+                if isinstance(value, np.ndarray):
+                    value = tuple(value)
                 shader[name].value = value
             except KeyError:
                 pass
@@ -449,12 +440,13 @@ class Camera(object):
         }
 
     def init_textures(self):
-        self.path_to_texture_id = {}
+        self.n_textures = 0
+        self.path_to_texture = {}
 
     def get_texture_id(self, path):
-        if path not in self.path_to_texture_id:
-            # A way to increase tid's sequentially
-            tid = len(self.path_to_texture_id)
+        if path not in self.path_to_texture:
+            tid = self.n_textures
+            self.n_textures += 1
             im = Image.open(path).convert("RGBA")
             texture = self.ctx.texture(
                 size=im.size,
@@ -462,8 +454,14 @@ class Camera(object):
                 data=im.tobytes(),
             )
             texture.use(location=tid)
-            self.path_to_texture_id[path] = tid
-        return self.path_to_texture_id[path]
+            self.path_to_texture[path] = (tid, texture)
+        return self.path_to_texture[path][0]
+
+    def release_texture(self, path):
+        tid_and_texture = self.path_to_texture.pop(path, None)
+        if tid_and_texture:
+            tid_and_texture[1].release()
+        return self
 
 
 # Mostly just defined so old scenes don't break

manimlib/config.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from screeninfo import get_monitors
 
 from manimlib.utils.config_ops import merge_dicts_recursively
 from manimlib.utils.init_config import init_customization
+from manimlib.logger import log
 
 
 def parse_cli():
@@ -136,10 +137,15 @@ def parse_cli():
             "--config_file",
             help="Path to the custom configuration file",
         )
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-v", "--version",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Display the version of manimgl"
+        )
         args = parser.parse_args()
         return args
     except argparse.ArgumentError as err:
-        print(str(err))
+        log.error(str(err))
         sys.exit(2)
 
 
@@ -185,36 +191,45 @@ def get_custom_config():
     return config
 
 
+def check_temporary_storage(config):
+    if config["directories"]["temporary_storage"] == "" and sys.platform == "win32":
+        log.warning("You may be using Windows platform and have not specified the path of"
+            " `temporary_storage`, which may cause OSError. So it is recommended"
+            " to specify the `temporary_storage` in the config file (.yml)")
+
+
 def get_configuration(args):
     global __config_file__
 
     # ensure __config_file__ always exists
     if args.config_file is not None:
         if not os.path.exists(args.config_file):
-            print(f"Can't find {args.config_file}.")
+            log.error(f"Can't find {args.config_file}.")
             if sys.platform == 'win32':
-                print(f"Copying default configuration file to {args.config_file}...")
+                log.info(f"Copying default configuration file to {args.config_file}...")
                 os.system(f"copy default_config.yml {args.config_file}")
             elif sys.platform in ["linux2", "darwin"]:
-                print(f"Copying default configuration file to {args.config_file}...")
+                log.info(f"Copying default configuration file to {args.config_file}...")
                 os.system(f"cp default_config.yml {args.config_file}")
             else:
-                print("Please create the configuration file manually.")
-            print("Read configuration from default_config.yml.")
+                log.info("Please create the configuration file manually.")
+            log.info("Read configuration from default_config.yml.")
         else:
             __config_file__ = args.config_file
 
     global_defaults_file = os.path.join(get_manim_dir(), "manimlib", "default_config.yml")
 
     if not (os.path.exists(global_defaults_file) or os.path.exists(__config_file__)):
-        print("There is no configuration file detected. Initial configuration:\n")
+        log.info("There is no configuration file detected. Switch to the config file initializer:")
         init_customization()
 
     elif not os.path.exists(__config_file__):
-        print(f"Warning: Using the default configuration file, which you can modify in {global_defaults_file}")
-        print(f"If you want to create a local configuration file, you can create a file named {__config_file__}, or run manimgl --config")
+        log.info(f"Using the default configuration file, which you can modify in `{global_defaults_file}`")
+        log.info("If you want to create a local configuration file, you can create a file named"
+            f" `{__config_file__}`, or run `manimgl --config`")
 
     custom_config = get_custom_config()
+    check_temporary_storage(custom_config)
 
     write_file = any([args.write_file, args.open, args.finder])
     if args.transparent:
@@ -319,9 +334,9 @@ def get_camera_configuration(args, custom_config):
     try:
         bg_color = args.color or custom_config["style"]["background_color"]
         camera_config["background_color"] = colour.Color(bg_color)
-    except AttributeError as err:
-        print("Please use a valid color")
-        print(err)
+    except ValueError as err:
+        log.error("Please use a valid color")
+        log.error(err)
         sys.exit(2)
 
     # If rendering a transparent image/move, make sure the

manimlib/extract_scene.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import inspect
 import sys
-import logging
 
 from manimlib.scene.scene import Scene
 from manimlib.config import get_custom_config
+from manimlib.logger import log
 
 
 class BlankScene(Scene):
@@ -41,8 +41,11 @@ def prompt_user_for_choice(scene_classes):
             name_to_class[split_str] if not split_str.isnumeric() else scene_classes[int(split_str)-1]
             for split_str in user_input.replace(" ", "").split(",")
         ]
+    except IndexError:
+        log.error("Invalid scene number")
+        sys.exit(2)
     except KeyError:
-        logging.log(logging.ERROR, "Invalid scene")
+        log.error("Invalid scene name")
         sys.exit(2)
     except EOFError:
         sys.exit(1)
@@ -78,10 +81,7 @@ def get_scenes_to_render(scene_classes, scene_config, config):
                 found = True
                 break
         if not found and (scene_name != ""):
-            logging.log(
-                logging.ERROR,
-                f"No scene named {scene_name} found",
-            )
+            log.error(f"No scene named {scene_name} found")
     if result:
         return result
     if len(scene_classes) == 1:

manimlib/logger.py

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import logging
+from rich.logging import RichHandler
+
+__all__ = ["log"]
+
+
+FORMAT = "%(message)s"
+logging.basicConfig(
+    level="NOTSET", format=FORMAT, datefmt="[%X]", handlers=[RichHandler()]
+)
+
+log = logging.getLogger("rich")

manimlib/mobject/changing.py

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
-from manimlib.constants import *
+import numpy as np
+from manimlib.constants import BLUE_D
+from manimlib.constants import BLUE_B
+from manimlib.constants import BLUE_E
+from manimlib.constants import GREY_BROWN
+from manimlib.constants import WHITE
+from manimlib.mobject.mobject import Mobject
 from manimlib.mobject.types.vectorized_mobject import VMobject
 from manimlib.mobject.types.vectorized_mobject import VGroup
 from manimlib.utils.rate_functions import smooth
-from manimlib.utils.space_ops import get_norm
 
 
 class AnimatedBoundary(VGroup):
@@ -74,25 +79,63 @@ class TracedPath(VMobject):
     CONFIG = {
         "stroke_width": 2,
         "stroke_color": WHITE,
-        "min_distance_to_new_point": 0.1,
+        "time_traced": np.inf,
+        "fill_opacity": 0,
+        "time_per_anchor": 1 / 15,
     }
 
     def __init__(self, traced_point_func, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self.traced_point_func = traced_point_func
-        self.add_updater(lambda m: m.update_path())
+        self.time = 0
+        self.traced_points = []
+        self.add_updater(lambda m, dt: m.update_path(dt))
 
-    def update_path(self):
-        new_point = self.traced_point_func()
-        if not self.has_points():
-            self.start_new_path(new_point)
-            self.add_line_to(new_point)
+    def update_path(self, dt):
+        if dt == 0:
+            return self
+        point = self.traced_point_func().copy()
+        self.traced_points.append(point)
+
+        if self.time_traced < np.inf:
+            n_relevant_points = int(self.time_traced / dt + 0.5)
+            # n_anchors = int(self.time_traced / self.time_per_anchor)
+            n_tps = len(self.traced_points)
+            if n_tps < n_relevant_points:
+                points = self.traced_points + [point] * (n_relevant_points - n_tps)
+            else:
+                points = self.traced_points[n_tps - n_relevant_points:]
+            # points = [
+            #     self.traced_points[max(n_tps - int(alpha * n_relevant_points) - 1, 0)]
+            #     for alpha in np.linspace(1, 0, n_anchors)
+            # ]
+            # Every now and then refresh the list
+            if n_tps > 10 * n_relevant_points:
+                self.traced_points = self.traced_points[-n_relevant_points:]
         else:
-            # Set the end to be the new point
-            self.get_points()[-1] = new_point
+            # sparseness = max(int(self.time_per_anchor / dt), 1)
+            # points = self.traced_points[::sparseness]
+            # points[-1] = self.traced_points[-1]
+            points = self.traced_points
 
-            # Second to last point
-            nppcc = self.n_points_per_curve
-            dist = get_norm(new_point - self.get_points()[-nppcc])
-            if dist >= self.min_distance_to_new_point:
-                self.add_line_to(new_point)
+        if points:
+            self.set_points_smoothly(points)
+
+        self.time += dt
+        return self
+
+
+class TracingTail(TracedPath):
+    CONFIG = {
+        "stroke_width": (0, 3),
+        "stroke_opacity": (0, 1),
+        "stroke_color": WHITE,
+        "time_traced": 1.0,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, mobject_or_func, **kwargs):
+        if isinstance(mobject_or_func, Mobject):
+            func = mobject_or_func.get_center
+        else:
+            func = mobject_or_func
+        super().__init__(func, **kwargs)

manimlib/mobject/coordinate_systems.py

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ from manimlib.mobject.geometry import Rectangle
 from manimlib.mobject.number_line import NumberLine
 from manimlib.mobject.svg.tex_mobject import Tex
 from manimlib.mobject.types.vectorized_mobject import VGroup
+from manimlib.utils.config_ops import digest_config
 from manimlib.utils.config_ops import merge_dicts_recursively
 from manimlib.utils.simple_functions import binary_search
 from manimlib.utils.space_ops import angle_of_vector
@@ -25,13 +26,18 @@ class CoordinateSystem():
     """
     CONFIG = {
         "dimension": 2,
-        "x_range": np.array([-8.0, 8.0, 1.0]),
-        "y_range": np.array([-4.0, 4.0, 1.0]),
-        "width": None,
-        "height": None,
+        "default_x_range": [-8.0, 8.0, 1.0],
+        "default_y_range": [-4.0, 4.0, 1.0],
+        "width": FRAME_WIDTH,
+        "height": FRAME_HEIGHT,
         "num_sampled_graph_points_per_tick": 20,
     }
 
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        digest_config(self, kwargs)
+        self.x_range = np.array(self.default_x_range)
+        self.y_range = np.array(self.default_y_range)
+
     def coords_to_point(self, *coords):
         raise Exception("Not implemented")
 
@@ -127,6 +133,7 @@ class CoordinateSystem():
             **kwargs
         )
         graph.underlying_function = function
+        graph.x_range = x_range
         return graph
 
     def get_parametric_curve(self, function, **kwargs):
@@ -282,7 +289,9 @@ class Axes(VGroup, CoordinateSystem):
                  x_range=None,
                  y_range=None,
                  **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        CoordinateSystem.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        VGroup.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
         if x_range is not None:
             self.x_range[:len(x_range)] = x_range
         if y_range is not None:
@@ -441,7 +450,7 @@ class NumberPlane(Axes):
         return lines1, lines2
 
     def get_lines_parallel_to_axis(self, axis1, axis2):
-        freq = axis1.x_step
+        freq = axis2.x_step
         ratio = self.faded_line_ratio
         line = Line(axis1.get_start(), axis1.get_end())
         dense_freq = (1 + ratio)
@@ -501,15 +510,15 @@ class ComplexPlane(NumberPlane):
     def p2n(self, point):
         return self.point_to_number(point)
 
-    def get_default_coordinate_values(self):
+    def get_default_coordinate_values(self, skip_first=True):
         x_numbers = self.get_x_axis().get_tick_range()[1:]
         y_numbers = self.get_y_axis().get_tick_range()[1:]
         y_numbers = [complex(0, y) for y in y_numbers if y != 0]
         return [*x_numbers, *y_numbers]
 
-    def add_coordinate_labels(self, numbers=None, **kwargs):
+    def add_coordinate_labels(self, numbers=None, skip_first=True, **kwargs):
         if numbers is None:
-            numbers = self.get_default_coordinate_values()
+            numbers = self.get_default_coordinate_values(skip_first)
 
         self.coordinate_labels = VGroup()
         for number in numbers:
@@ -522,6 +531,15 @@ class ComplexPlane(NumberPlane):
                 axis = self.get_x_axis()
                 value = z.real
             number_mob = axis.get_number_mobject(value, **kwargs)
+            # For i and -i, remove the "1"
+            if z.imag == 1:
+                number_mob.remove(number_mob[0])
+            if z.imag == -1:
+                number_mob.remove(number_mob[1])
+                number_mob[0].next_to(
+                    number_mob[1], LEFT,
+                    buff=number_mob[0].get_width() / 4
+                )
             self.coordinate_labels.add(number_mob)
         self.add(self.coordinate_labels)
         return self

manimlib/mobject/geometry.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import numpy as np
+import math
+import numbers
 
 from manimlib.constants import *
 from manimlib.mobject.mobject import Mobject
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ DEFAULT_ARROW_TIP_LENGTH = 0.35
 DEFAULT_ARROW_TIP_WIDTH = 0.35
 
 
+# Deprecate?
 class TipableVMobject(VMobject):
     """
     Meant for shared functionality between Arc and Line.
@@ -404,32 +407,38 @@ class Line(TipableVMobject):
         self.set_points_by_ends(self.start, self.end, self.buff, self.path_arc)
 
     def set_points_by_ends(self, start, end, buff=0, path_arc=0):
-        if path_arc:
-            self.set_points(Arc.create_quadratic_bezier_points(path_arc))
-            self.put_start_and_end_on(start, end)
-        else:
+        vect = end - start
+        dist = get_norm(vect)
+        if np.isclose(dist, 0):
             self.set_points_as_corners([start, end])
-        self.account_for_buff(self.buff)
+            return self
+        if path_arc:
+            neg = path_arc < 0
+            if neg:
+                path_arc = -path_arc
+                start, end = end, start
+            radius = (dist / 2) / math.sin(path_arc / 2)
+            alpha = (PI - path_arc) / 2
+            center = start + radius * normalize(rotate_vector(end - start, alpha))
+
+            raw_arc_points = Arc.create_quadratic_bezier_points(
+                angle=path_arc - 2 * buff / radius,
+                start_angle=angle_of_vector(start - center) + buff / radius,
+            )
+            if neg:
+                raw_arc_points = raw_arc_points[::-1]
+            self.set_points(center + radius * raw_arc_points)
+        else:
+            if buff > 0 and dist > 0:
+                start = start + vect * (buff / dist)
+                end = end - vect * (buff / dist)
+            self.set_points_as_corners([start, end])
+        return self
 
     def set_path_arc(self, new_value):
         self.path_arc = new_value
         self.init_points()
 
-    def account_for_buff(self, buff):
-        if buff == 0:
-            return
-        #
-        if self.path_arc == 0:
-            length = self.get_length()
-        else:
-            length = self.get_arc_length()
-        #
-        if length < 2 * buff:
-            return
-        buff_prop = buff / length
-        self.pointwise_become_partial(self, buff_prop, 1 - buff_prop)
-        return self
-
     def set_start_and_end_attrs(self, start, end):
         # If either start or end are Mobjects, this
         # gives their centers
@@ -439,8 +448,8 @@ class Line(TipableVMobject):
         # Now that we know the direction between them,
         # we can find the appropriate boundary point from
         # start and end, if they're mobjects
-        self.start = self.pointify(start, vect) + self.buff * vect
-        self.end = self.pointify(end, -vect) - self.buff * vect
+        self.start = self.pointify(start, vect)
+        self.end = self.pointify(end, -vect)
 
     def pointify(self, mob_or_point, direction=None):
         """
@@ -461,8 +470,10 @@ class Line(TipableVMobject):
 
     def put_start_and_end_on(self, start, end):
         curr_start, curr_end = self.get_start_and_end()
-        if (curr_start == curr_end).all():
-            self.set_points_by_ends(start, end, self.path_arc)
+        if np.isclose(curr_start, curr_end).all():
+            # Handle null lines more gracefully
+            self.set_points_by_ends(start, end, buff=0, path_arc=self.path_arc)
+            return self
         return super().put_start_and_end_on(start, end)
 
     def get_vector(self):
@@ -494,8 +505,8 @@ class Line(TipableVMobject):
         )
         return self
 
-    def set_length(self, length):
-        self.scale(length / self.get_length())
+    def set_length(self, length, **kwargs):
+        self.scale(length / self.get_length(), **kwargs)
 
 
 class DashedLine(Line):
@@ -578,6 +589,80 @@ class Elbow(VMobject):
 
 
 class Arrow(Line):
+    CONFIG = {
+        "stroke_color": GREY_A,
+        "stroke_width": 5,
+        "tip_width_ratio": 4,
+        "width_to_tip_len": 0.0075,
+        "max_tip_length_to_length_ratio": 0.3,
+        "max_width_to_length_ratio": 10,
+        "buff": 0.25,
+    }
+
+    def set_points_by_ends(self, start, end, buff=0, path_arc=0):
+        super().set_points_by_ends(start, end, buff, path_arc)
+        self.insert_tip_anchor()
+        return self
+
+    def init_colors(self):
+        super().init_colors()
+        self.create_tip_with_stroke_width()
+
+    def get_arc_length(self):
+        # Push up into Line?
+        arc_len = get_norm(self.get_vector())
+        if self.path_arc > 0:
+            arc_len *= self.path_arc / (2 * math.sin(self.path_arc / 2))
+        return arc_len
+
+    def insert_tip_anchor(self):
+        prev_end = self.get_end()
+        arc_len = self.get_arc_length()
+        tip_len = self.get_stroke_width() * self.width_to_tip_len * self.tip_width_ratio
+        if tip_len >= self.max_tip_length_to_length_ratio * arc_len:
+            alpha = self.max_tip_length_to_length_ratio
+        else:
+            alpha = tip_len / arc_len
+        self.pointwise_become_partial(self, 0, 1 - alpha)
+        self.add_line_to(prev_end)
+        return self
+
+    def create_tip_with_stroke_width(self):
+        width = min(
+            self.max_stroke_width,
+            self.max_width_to_length_ratio * self.get_length(),
+        )
+        widths_array = np.full(self.get_num_points(), width)
+        nppc = self.n_points_per_curve
+        if len(widths_array) > nppc:
+            widths_array[-nppc:] = [
+                a * self.tip_width_ratio * width
+                for a in np.linspace(1, 0, nppc)
+            ]
+            self.set_stroke(width=widths_array)
+        return self
+
+    def reset_tip(self):
+        self.set_points_by_ends(
+            self.get_start(),
+            self.get_end(),
+            path_arc=self.path_arc,
+        )
+        self.create_tip_with_stroke_width()
+        return self
+
+    def set_stroke(self, color=None, width=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().set_stroke(color=color, width=width, *args, **kwargs)
+        if isinstance(width, numbers.Number):
+            self.max_stroke_width = width
+            self.reset_tip()
+        return self
+
+    def _handle_scale_side_effects(self, scale_factor):
+        return self.reset_tip()
+
+
+class FillArrow(Line):
     CONFIG = {
         "fill_color": GREY_A,
         "fill_opacity": 1,
@@ -842,16 +927,8 @@ class Rectangle(Polygon):
 
 
 class Square(Rectangle):
-    CONFIG = {
-        "side_length": 2.0,
-    }
-
-    def __init__(self, side_length=None, **kwargs):
-        digest_config(self, kwargs)
-
-        if side_length is None:
-            side_length = self.side_length
-
+    def __init__(self, side_length=2.0, **kwargs):
+        self.side_length = side_length
         super().__init__(side_length, side_length, **kwargs)
 
 

manimlib/mobject/matrix.py

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class Matrix(VMobject):
 
     def __init__(self, matrix, **kwargs):
         """
-        Matrix can either either include numbres, tex_strings,
+        Matrix can either include numbers, tex_strings,
         or mobjects
         """
         VMobject.__init__(self, **kwargs)

manimlib/mobject/mobject.py

@@ -365,14 +365,17 @@ class Mobject(object):
         self.center()
         return self
 
+    def replicate(self, n):
+        return self.get_group_class()(
+            *(self.copy() for x in range(n))
+        )
+
     def get_grid(self, n_rows, n_cols, height=None, **kwargs):
         """
         Returns a new mobject containing multiple copies of this one
         arranged in a grid
         """
-        grid = self.get_group_class()(
-            *(self.copy() for n in range(n_rows * n_cols))
-        )
+        grid = self.replicate(n_rows * n_cols)
         grid.arrange_in_grid(n_rows, n_cols, **kwargs)
         if height is not None:
             grid.set_height(height)
@@ -408,8 +411,10 @@ class Mobject(object):
         for key in self.data:
             copy_mobject.data[key] = self.data[key].copy()
 
-        # TODO, are uniforms ever numpy arrays?
         copy_mobject.uniforms = dict(self.uniforms)
+        for key in self.uniforms:
+            if isinstance(self.uniforms[key], np.ndarray):
+                copy_mobject.uniforms[key] = self.uniforms[key].copy()
 
         copy_mobject.submobjects = []
         copy_mobject.add(*[sm.copy() for sm in self.submobjects])
@@ -561,7 +566,7 @@ class Mobject(object):
         )
         return self
 
-    def scale(self, scale_factor, min_scale_factor=1e-8, **kwargs):
+    def scale(self, scale_factor, min_scale_factor=1e-8, about_point=None, about_edge=ORIGIN):
         """
         Default behavior is to scale about the center of the mobject.
         The argument about_edge can be a vector, indicating which side of
@@ -574,11 +579,19 @@ class Mobject(object):
         scale_factor = max(scale_factor, min_scale_factor)
         self.apply_points_function(
             lambda points: scale_factor * points,
+            about_point=about_point,
+            about_edge=about_edge,
             works_on_bounding_box=True,
-            **kwargs
         )
+        for mob in self.get_family():
+            mob._handle_scale_side_effects(scale_factor)
         return self
 
+    def _handle_scale_side_effects(self, scale_factor):
+        # In case subclasses, such as DecimalNumber, need to make
+        # any other changes when the size gets altered
+        pass
+
     def stretch(self, factor, dim, **kwargs):
         def func(points):
             points[:, dim] *= factor
@@ -765,6 +778,21 @@ class Mobject(object):
     def set_depth(self, depth, stretch=False, **kwargs):
         return self.rescale_to_fit(depth, 2, stretch=stretch, **kwargs)
 
+    def set_max_width(self, max_width, **kwargs):
+        if self.get_width() > max_width:
+            self.set_width(max_width, **kwargs)
+        return self
+
+    def set_max_height(self, max_height, **kwargs):
+        if self.get_height() > max_height:
+            self.set_height(max_height, **kwargs)
+        return self
+
+    def set_max_depth(self, max_depth, **kwargs):
+        if self.get_depth() > max_depth:
+            self.set_depth(max_depth, **kwargs)
+        return self
+
     def set_coord(self, value, dim, direction=ORIGIN):
         curr = self.get_coord(dim, direction)
         shift_vect = np.zeros(self.dim)
@@ -823,7 +851,6 @@ class Mobject(object):
         return self
 
     def put_start_and_end_on(self, start, end):
-        # TODO, this doesn't currently work in 3d
         curr_start, curr_end = self.get_start_and_end()
         curr_vect = curr_end - curr_start
         if np.all(curr_vect == 0):
@@ -835,9 +862,12 @@ class Mobject(object):
         )
         self.rotate(
             angle_of_vector(target_vect) - angle_of_vector(curr_vect),
-            about_point=curr_start
         )
-        self.shift(start - curr_start)
+        self.rotate(
+            np.arctan2(curr_vect[2], get_norm(curr_vect[:2])) - np.arctan2(target_vect[2], get_norm(target_vect[:2])),
+            axis=np.array([-target_vect[1], target_vect[0], 0]),
+        )
+        self.shift(start - self.get_start())
         return self
 
     # Color functions
@@ -1063,14 +1093,16 @@ class Mobject(object):
 
     def get_start(self):
         self.throw_error_if_no_points()
-        return np.array(self.get_points()[0])
+        return self.get_points()[0].copy()
 
     def get_end(self):
         self.throw_error_if_no_points()
-        return np.array(self.get_points()[-1])
+        return self.get_points()[-1].copy()
 
     def get_start_and_end(self):
-        return self.get_start(), self.get_end()
+        self.throw_error_if_no_points()
+        points = self.get_points()
+        return (points[0].copy(), points[-1].copy())
 
     def point_from_proportion(self, alpha):
         points = self.get_points()
@@ -1436,7 +1468,7 @@ class Mobject(object):
         return result
 
     def check_data_alignment(self, array, data_key):
-        # Makes sure that self.data[key] can be brodcast into
+        # Makes sure that self.data[key] can be broadcast into
         # the given array, meaning its length has to be either 1
         # or the length of the array
         d_len = len(self.data[data_key])

manimlib/mobject/mobject_update_utils.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def always(method, *args, **kwargs):
 def f_always(method, *arg_generators, **kwargs):
     """
     More functional version of always, where instead
-    of taking in args, it takes in functions which ouput
+    of taking in args, it takes in functions which output
     the relevant arguments.
     """
     assert_is_mobject_method(method)

manimlib/mobject/number_line.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from manimlib.utils.bezier import interpolate
 from manimlib.utils.config_ops import digest_config
 from manimlib.utils.config_ops import merge_dicts_recursively
 from manimlib.utils.simple_functions import fdiv
-from manimlib.utils.space_ops import normalize
 
 
 class NumberLine(Line):
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ class NumberLine(Line):
         ticks = VGroup()
         for x in self.get_tick_range():
             size = self.tick_size
-            if x in self.numbers_with_elongated_ticks:
+            if np.isclose(self.numbers_with_elongated_ticks, x).any():
                 size *= self.longer_tick_multiple
             ticks.add(self.get_tick(x, size))
         self.add(ticks)
@@ -106,11 +105,13 @@ class NumberLine(Line):
         return interpolate(self.get_start(), self.get_end(), alpha)
 
     def point_to_number(self, point):
-        start, end = self.get_start_and_end()
-        unit_vect = normalize(end - start)
+        points = self.get_points()
+        start = points[0]
+        end = points[-1]
+        vect = end - start
         proportion = fdiv(
-            np.dot(point - start, unit_vect),
-            np.dot(end - start, unit_vect),
+            np.dot(point - start, vect),
+            np.dot(end - start, vect),
         )
         return interpolate(self.x_min, self.x_max, proportion)
 

manimlib/mobject/numbers.py

@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ class DecimalNumber(VMobject):
 
         # Add non-numerical bits
         if self.show_ellipsis:
-            self.add(self.string_to_mob("..."))
+            dots = self.string_to_mob("...")
+            dots.arrange(RIGHT, buff=2 * dots[0].get_width())
+            self.add(dots)
         if self.unit is not None:
             self.unit_sign = self.string_to_mob(self.unit, SingleStringTex)
             self.add(self.unit_sign)
@@ -128,17 +130,15 @@ class DecimalNumber(VMobject):
 
     def set_value(self, number):
         move_to_point = self.get_edge_center(self.edge_to_fix)
-        old_submobjects = self.submobjects
+        old_submobjects = list(self.submobjects)
         self.set_submobjects_from_number(number)
         self.move_to(move_to_point, self.edge_to_fix)
         for sm1, sm2 in zip(self.submobjects, old_submobjects):
             sm1.match_style(sm2)
         return self
 
-    def scale(self, scale_factor, **kwargs):
-        super().scale(scale_factor, **kwargs)
+    def _handle_scale_side_effects(self, scale_factor):
         self.data["font_size"] *= scale_factor
-        return self
 
     def get_value(self):
         return self.number

manimlib/mobject/shape_matchers.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class BackgroundRectangle(SurroundingRectangle):
                        fill_opacity=None,
                        family=True
                        ):
-        # Unchangable style, except for fill_opacity
+        # Unchangeable style, except for fill_opacity
         VMobject.set_style_data(
             self,
             stroke_color=BLACK,

manimlib/mobject/svg/svg_mobject.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from manimlib.constants import DEFAULT_STROKE_WIDTH
 from manimlib.constants import ORIGIN, UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT
 from manimlib.constants import BLACK
 from manimlib.constants import WHITE
+from manimlib.constants import DEGREES, PI
 
 from manimlib.mobject.geometry import Circle
 from manimlib.mobject.geometry import Rectangle
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ from manimlib.utils.color import *
 from manimlib.utils.config_ops import digest_config
 from manimlib.utils.directories import get_mobject_data_dir
 from manimlib.utils.images import get_full_vector_image_path
+from manimlib.utils.simple_functions import clip
 
 
 def string_to_numbers(num_string):
@@ -86,10 +88,10 @@ class SVGMobject(VMobject):
         elif element.tagName == 'style':
             pass  # TODO, handle style
         elif element.tagName in ['g', 'svg', 'symbol']:
-            result += it.chain(*[
+            result += it.chain(*(
                 self.get_mobjects_from(child)
                 for child in element.childNodes
-            ])
+            ))
         elif element.tagName == 'path':
             result.append(self.path_string_to_mobject(
                 element.getAttribute('d')
@@ -182,8 +184,9 @@ class SVGMobject(VMobject):
         corner_radius = rect_element.getAttribute("rx")
 
         # input preprocessing
+        fill_opacity = 1
         if fill_color in ["", "none", "#FFF", "#FFFFFF"] or Color(fill_color) == Color(WHITE):
-            opacity = 0
+            fill_opacity = 0
             fill_color = BLACK  # shdn't be necessary but avoids error msgs
         if fill_color in ["#000", "#000000"]:
             fill_color = WHITE
@@ -211,7 +214,7 @@ class SVGMobject(VMobject):
                 stroke_width=stroke_width,
                 stroke_color=stroke_color,
                 fill_color=fill_color,
-                fill_opacity=opacity
+                fill_opacity=fill_opacity
             )
         else:
             mob = RoundedRectangle(
@@ -319,7 +322,7 @@ class SVGMobject(VMobject):
 
 class VMobjectFromSVGPathstring(VMobject):
     CONFIG = {
-        "long_lines": True,
+        "long_lines": False,
         "should_subdivide_sharp_curves": False,
         "should_remove_null_curves": False,
     }
@@ -339,6 +342,8 @@ class VMobjectFromSVGPathstring(VMobject):
 
         if os.path.exists(points_filepath) and os.path.exists(tris_filepath):
             self.set_points(np.load(points_filepath))
+            self.triangulation = np.load(tris_filepath)
+            self.needs_new_triangulation = False
         else:
             self.relative_point = np.array(ORIGIN)
             for command, coord_string in self.get_commands_and_coord_strings():
@@ -354,6 +359,7 @@ class VMobjectFromSVGPathstring(VMobject):
             self.stretch(-1, 1, about_point=ORIGIN)
             # Save to a file for future use
             np.save(points_filepath, self.get_points())
+            np.save(tris_filepath, self.get_triangulation())
 
     def get_commands_and_coord_strings(self):
         all_commands = list(self.get_command_to_function_map().keys())
@@ -367,10 +373,18 @@ class VMobjectFromSVGPathstring(VMobject):
     def handle_command(self, command, new_points):
         if command.islower():
             # Treat it as a relative command
-            new_points += self.relative_point
+            if command == "a":
+                # Only the last `self.dim` columns refer to points
+                new_points[:, -self.dim:] += self.relative_point
+            else:
+                new_points += self.relative_point
 
         func, n_points = self.command_to_function(command)
-        func(*new_points[:n_points])
+        command_points = new_points[:n_points]
+        if command.upper() == "A":
+            func(*command_points[0][:-self.dim], np.array(command_points[0][-self.dim:]))
+        else:
+            func(*command_points)
         leftover_points = new_points[n_points:]
 
         # Recursively handle the rest of the points
@@ -379,7 +393,10 @@ class VMobjectFromSVGPathstring(VMobject):
                 # Treat following points as relative line coordinates
                 command = "l"
             if command.islower():
-                leftover_points -= self.relative_point
+                if command == "a":
+                    leftover_points[:, -self.dim:] -= self.relative_point
+                else:
+                    leftover_points -= self.relative_point
                 self.relative_point = self.get_last_point()
             self.handle_command(command, leftover_points)
         else:
@@ -388,20 +405,131 @@ class VMobjectFromSVGPathstring(VMobject):
 
     def string_to_points(self, command, coord_string):
         numbers = string_to_numbers(coord_string)
+        if command.upper() == "A":
+            # Only the last `self.dim` columns refer to points
+            # Each "point" returned here has a size of `(5 + self.dim)`
+            params = np.array(numbers).reshape((-1, 7))
+            result = np.zeros((params.shape[0], 5 + self.dim))
+            result[:, :7] = params
+            return result
         if command.upper() in ["H", "V"]:
             i = {"H": 0, "V": 1}[command.upper()]
             xy = np.zeros((len(numbers), 2))
             xy[:, i] = numbers
             if command.isupper():
                 xy[:, 1 - i] = self.relative_point[1 - i]
-        elif command.upper() == "A":
-            raise Exception("Not implemented")
         else:
-            xy = np.array(numbers).reshape((len(numbers) // 2, 2))
+            xy = np.array(numbers).reshape((-1, 2))
         result = np.zeros((xy.shape[0], self.dim))
         result[:, :2] = xy
         return result
 
+    def add_elliptical_arc_to(self, rx, ry, x_axis_rotation, large_arc_flag, sweep_flag, point):
+        """
+        In fact, this method only suits 2d VMobjects.
+        """
+        def close_to_zero(a, threshold=1e-5):
+            return abs(a) < threshold
+
+        def solve_2d_linear_equation(a, b, c):
+            """
+            Using Crammer's rule to solve the linear equation `[a b]x = c`
+            where `a`, `b` and `c` are all 2d vectors.
+            """
+            def det(a, b):
+                return a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0]
+            d = det(a, b)
+            if close_to_zero(d):
+                raise Exception("Cannot handle 0 determinant.")
+            return [det(c, b) / d, det(a, c) / d]
+
+        def get_arc_center_and_angles(x0, y0, rx, ry, phi, large_arc_flag, sweep_flag, x1, y1):
+            """
+            The parameter functions of an ellipse rotated `phi` radians counterclockwise is (on `alpha`):
+                x = cx + rx * cos(alpha) * cos(phi) + ry * sin(alpha) * sin(phi),
+                y = cy + rx * cos(alpha) * sin(phi) - ry * sin(alpha) * cos(phi).
+            Now we have two points sitting on the ellipse: `(x0, y0)`, `(x1, y1)`, corresponding to 4 equations,
+            and we want to hunt for 4 variables: `cx`, `cy`, `alpha0` and `alpha_1`.
+            Let `d_alpha = alpha1 - alpha0`, then:
+            if `sweep_flag = 0` and `large_arc_flag = 1`, then `PI <= d_alpha < 2 * PI`;
+            if `sweep_flag = 0` and `large_arc_flag = 0`, then `0 < d_alpha <= PI`;
+            if `sweep_flag = 1` and `large_arc_flag = 0`, then `-PI <= d_alpha < 0`;
+            if `sweep_flag = 1` and `large_arc_flag = 1`, then `-2 * PI < d_alpha <= -PI`.
+            """
+            xd = x1 - x0
+            yd = y1 - y0
+            if close_to_zero(xd) and close_to_zero(yd):
+                raise Exception("Cannot find arc center since the start point and the end point meet.")
+            # Find `p = cos(alpha1) - cos(alpha0)`, `q = sin(alpha1) - sin(alpha0)`
+            eq0 = [rx * np.cos(phi), ry * np.sin(phi), xd]
+            eq1 = [rx * np.sin(phi), -ry * np.cos(phi), yd]
+            p, q = solve_2d_linear_equation(*zip(eq0, eq1))
+            # Find `s = (alpha1 - alpha0) / 2`, `t = (alpha1 + alpha0) / 2`
+            # If `sin(s) = 0`, this requires `p = q = 0`,
+            # implying `xd = yd = 0`, which is impossible.
+            sin_s = (p ** 2 + q ** 2) ** 0.5 / 2
+            if sweep_flag:
+                sin_s = -sin_s
+            sin_s = clip(sin_s, -1, 1)
+            s = np.arcsin(sin_s)
+            if large_arc_flag:
+                if not sweep_flag:
+                    s = PI - s
+                else:
+                    s = -PI - s
+            sin_t = -p / (2 * sin_s)
+            cos_t = q / (2 * sin_s)
+            cos_t = clip(cos_t, -1, 1)
+            t = np.arccos(cos_t)
+            if sin_t <= 0:
+                t = -t
+            # We can make sure `0 < abs(s) < PI`, `-PI <= t < PI`.
+            alpha0 = t - s
+            alpha_1 = t + s
+            cx = x0 - rx * np.cos(alpha0) * np.cos(phi) - ry * np.sin(alpha0) * np.sin(phi)
+            cy = y0 - rx * np.cos(alpha0) * np.sin(phi) + ry * np.sin(alpha0) * np.cos(phi)
+            return cx, cy, alpha0, alpha_1
+
+        def get_point_on_ellipse(cx, cy, rx, ry, phi, angle):
+            return np.array([
+                cx + rx * np.cos(angle) * np.cos(phi) + ry * np.sin(angle) * np.sin(phi),
+                cy + rx * np.cos(angle) * np.sin(phi) - ry * np.sin(angle) * np.cos(phi),
+                0
+            ])
+
+        def convert_elliptical_arc_to_quadratic_bezier_curve(
+            cx, cy, rx, ry, phi, start_angle, end_angle, n_components=8
+        ):
+            theta = (end_angle - start_angle) / n_components / 2
+            handles = np.array([
+                get_point_on_ellipse(cx, cy, rx / np.cos(theta), ry / np.cos(theta), phi, a)
+                for a in np.linspace(
+                    start_angle + theta,
+                    end_angle - theta,
+                    n_components,
+                )
+            ])
+            anchors = np.array([
+                get_point_on_ellipse(cx, cy, rx, ry, phi, a)
+                for a in np.linspace(
+                    start_angle + theta * 2,
+                    end_angle,
+                    n_components,
+                )
+            ])
+            return handles, anchors
+
+        phi = x_axis_rotation * DEGREES
+        x0, y0 = self.get_last_point()[:2]
+        cx, cy, start_angle, end_angle = get_arc_center_and_angles(
+            x0, y0, rx, ry, phi, large_arc_flag, sweep_flag, point[0], point[1]
+        )
+        handles, anchors = convert_elliptical_arc_to_quadratic_bezier_curve(
+            cx, cy, rx, ry, phi, start_angle, end_angle
+        )
+        for handle, anchor in zip(handles, anchors):
+            self.add_quadratic_bezier_curve_to(handle, anchor)
+
     def command_to_function(self, command):
         return self.get_command_to_function_map()[command.upper()]
 
@@ -419,7 +547,7 @@ class VMobjectFromSVGPathstring(VMobject):
             "S": (self.add_smooth_cubic_curve_to, 2),
             "Q": (self.add_quadratic_bezier_curve_to, 2),
             "T": (self.add_smooth_curve_to, 1),
-            "A": (self.add_quadratic_bezier_curve_to, 2),  # TODO
+            "A": (self.add_elliptical_arc_to, 1),
             "Z": (self.close_path, 0),
         }
 

manimlib/mobject/svg/tex_mobject.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from functools import reduce
 import operator as op
 import re
-import itertools as it
 
 from manimlib.constants import *
 from manimlib.mobject.geometry import Line

manimlib/mobject/svg/text_mobject.py

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ import typing
 import warnings
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
 import functools
+import pygments
+import pygments.lexers
+import pygments.styles
 
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -22,7 +25,8 @@ from manimlib.utils.directories import get_downloads_dir, get_text_dir
 from manimpango import PangoUtils, TextSetting, MarkupUtils
 
 TEXT_MOB_SCALE_FACTOR = 0.0076
-DEFAULT_LINE_SPACING_SCALE = 0.3
+DEFAULT_LINE_SPACING_SCALE = 0.6
+
 
 class Text(SVGMobject):
     CONFIG = {
@@ -47,9 +51,9 @@ class Text(SVGMobject):
         "disable_ligatures": True,
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, text, **config):
-        self.full2short(config)
-        digest_config(self, config)
+    def __init__(self, text, **kwargs):
+        self.full2short(kwargs)
+        digest_config(self, kwargs)
         if self.size:
             warnings.warn(
                 "self.size has been deprecated and will "
@@ -68,7 +72,7 @@ class Text(SVGMobject):
         file_name = self.text2svg()
         PangoUtils.remove_last_M(file_name)
         self.remove_empty_path(file_name)
-        SVGMobject.__init__(self, file_name, **config)
+        SVGMobject.__init__(self, file_name, **kwargs)
         self.text = text
         if self.disable_ligatures:
             self.apply_space_chars()
@@ -145,13 +149,13 @@ class Text(SVGMobject):
 
     def set_color_by_t2c(self, t2c=None):
         t2c = t2c if t2c else self.t2c
-        for word, color in list(t2c.items()):
+        for word, color in t2c.items():
             for start, end in self.find_indexes(word):
                 self[start:end].set_color(color)
 
     def set_color_by_t2g(self, t2g=None):
         t2g = t2g if t2g else self.t2g
-        for word, gradient in list(t2g.items()):
+        for word, gradient in t2g.items():
             for start, end in self.find_indexes(word):
                 self[start:end].set_color_by_gradient(*gradient)
 
@@ -165,49 +169,62 @@ class Text(SVGMobject):
         return hasher.hexdigest()[:16]
 
     def text2settings(self):
+        """
+        Substrings specified in t2f, t2s, t2w can occupy each other.
+        For each category of style, a stack following first-in-last-out is constructed,
+        and the last value in each stack takes effect.
+        """
         settings = []
-        t2x = [self.t2f, self.t2s, self.t2w]
-        for i in range(len(t2x)):
-            fsw = [self.font, self.slant, self.weight]
-            if t2x[i]:
-                for word, x in list(t2x[i].items()):
-                    for start, end in self.find_indexes(word):
-                        fsw[i] = x
-                        settings.append(TextSetting(start, end, *fsw))
+        self.line_num = 0
+        def add_text_settings(start, end, style_stacks):
+            if start == end:
+                return
+            breakdown_indices = [start, *[
+                i + start + 1 for i, char in enumerate(self.text[start:end]) if char == "\n"
+            ], end]
+            style = [stack[-1] for stack in style_stacks]
+            for atom_start, atom_end in zip(breakdown_indices[:-1], breakdown_indices[1:]):
+                if atom_start < atom_end:
+                    settings.append(TextSetting(atom_start, atom_end, *style, self.line_num))
+                self.line_num += 1
+            self.line_num -= 1
 
-        # Set All text settings(default font slant weight)
-        fsw = [self.font, self.slant, self.weight]
-        settings.sort(key=lambda setting: setting.start)
-        temp_settings = settings.copy()
-        start = 0
-        for setting in settings:
-            if setting.start != start:
-                temp_settings.append(TextSetting(start, setting.start, *fsw))
-            start = setting.end
-        if start != len(self.text):
-            temp_settings.append(TextSetting(start, len(self.text), *fsw))
-        settings = sorted(temp_settings, key=lambda setting: setting.start)
+        # Set all the default and specified values.
+        len_text = len(self.text)
+        t2x_items = sorted([
+            *[
+                (0, len_text, t2x_index, value)
+                for t2x_index, value in enumerate([self.font, self.slant, self.weight])
+            ],
+            *[
+                (start, end, t2x_index, value)
+                for t2x_index, t2x in enumerate([self.t2f, self.t2s, self.t2w])
+                for word, value in t2x.items()
+                for start, end in self.find_indexes(word)
+            ]
+        ], key=lambda item: item[0])
 
-        if re.search(r'\n', self.text):
-            line_num = 0
-            for start, end in self.find_indexes('\n'):
-                for setting in settings:
-                    if setting.line_num == -1:
-                        setting.line_num = line_num
-                    if start < setting.end:
-                        line_num += 1
-                        new_setting = copy.copy(setting)
-                        setting.end = end
-                        new_setting.start = end
-                        new_setting.line_num = line_num
-                        settings.append(new_setting)
-                        settings.sort(key=lambda setting: setting.start)
-                        break
-
-        for setting in settings:
-            if setting.line_num == -1:
-                setting.line_num = 0
+        # Break down ranges and construct settings separately.
+        active_items = []
+        style_stacks = [[] for _ in range(3)]
+        for item, next_start in zip(t2x_items, [*[item[0] for item in t2x_items[1:]], len_text]):
+            active_items.append(item)
+            start, end, t2x_index, value = item
+            style_stacks[t2x_index].append(value)
+            halting_items = sorted(filter(
+                lambda item: item[1] <= next_start,
+                active_items
+            ), key=lambda item: item[1])
+            atom_start = start
+            for halting_item in halting_items:
+                active_items.remove(halting_item)
+                _, atom_end, t2x_index, _ = halting_item
+                add_text_settings(atom_start, atom_end, style_stacks)
+                style_stacks[t2x_index].pop()
+                atom_start = atom_end
+            add_text_settings(atom_start, next_start, style_stacks)
 
+        del self.line_num
         return settings
 
     def text2svg(self):
@@ -257,6 +274,7 @@ class MarkupText(SVGMobject):
         "gradient": None,
         "disable_ligatures": True,
     }
+
     def __init__(self, text, **config):
         digest_config(self, config)
         self.text = f'<span>{text}</span>'
@@ -303,6 +321,7 @@ class MarkupText(SVGMobject):
         # anti-aliasing
         if self.height is None:
             self.scale(TEXT_MOB_SCALE_FACTOR)
+
     def text2hash(self):
         """Generates ``sha256`` hash for file name."""
         settings = (
@@ -349,7 +368,6 @@ class MarkupText(SVGMobject):
             **extra_kwargs
         )
 
-
     def _parse_color(self, col):
         """Parse color given in ``<color>`` or ``<gradient>`` tags."""
         if re.match("#[0-9a-f]{6}", col):
@@ -472,6 +490,63 @@ class MarkupText(SVGMobject):
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"MarkupText({repr(self.original_text)})"
 
+
+class Code(Text):
+    CONFIG = {
+        "font": "Consolas",
+        "font_size": 24,
+        "lsh": 1.0,
+        "language": "python",
+        # Visit https://pygments.org/demo/ to have a preview of more styles.
+        "code_style": "monokai",
+        # If not None, then each character will cover a space of equal width.
+        "char_width": None
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, code, **kwargs):
+        self.full2short(kwargs)
+        digest_config(self, kwargs)
+        code = code.lstrip("\n")  # avoid mismatches of character indices
+        lexer = pygments.lexers.get_lexer_by_name(self.language)
+        tokens_generator = pygments.lex(code, lexer)
+        styles_dict = dict(pygments.styles.get_style_by_name(self.code_style))
+        default_color_hex = styles_dict[pygments.token.Text]["color"]
+        if not default_color_hex:
+            default_color_hex = self.color[1:]
+        start_index = 0
+        t2c = {}
+        t2s = {}
+        t2w = {}
+        for pair in tokens_generator:
+            ttype, token = pair
+            end_index = start_index + len(token)
+            range_str = f"[{start_index}:{end_index}]"
+            style_dict = styles_dict[ttype]
+            t2c[range_str] = "#" + (style_dict["color"] or default_color_hex)
+            t2s[range_str] = ITALIC if style_dict["italic"] else NORMAL
+            t2w[range_str] = BOLD if style_dict["bold"] else NORMAL
+            start_index = end_index
+        t2c.update(self.t2c)
+        t2s.update(self.t2s)
+        t2w.update(self.t2w)
+        kwargs["t2c"] = t2c
+        kwargs["t2s"] = t2s
+        kwargs["t2w"] = t2w
+        Text.__init__(self, code, **kwargs)
+        if self.char_width is not None:
+            self.set_monospace(self.char_width)
+
+    def set_monospace(self, char_width):
+        current_char_index = 0
+        for i, char in enumerate(self.text):
+            if char == "\n":
+                current_char_index = 0
+                continue
+            self[i].set_x(current_char_index * char_width)
+            current_char_index += 1
+        self.center()
+
+
 @contextmanager
 def register_font(font_file: typing.Union[str, Path]):
     """Temporarily add a font file to Pango's search path.

manimlib/mobject/three_dimensions.py

@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ from manimlib.mobject.types.surface import Surface
 from manimlib.mobject.types.surface import SGroup
 from manimlib.mobject.types.vectorized_mobject import VGroup
 from manimlib.mobject.types.vectorized_mobject import VMobject
+from manimlib.mobject.geometry import Square
 from manimlib.utils.config_ops import digest_config
 from manimlib.utils.space_ops import get_norm
 from manimlib.utils.space_ops import z_to_vector
+from manimlib.utils.space_ops import compass_directions
 
 
 class SurfaceMesh(VGroup):
@@ -161,15 +163,49 @@ class Cube(SGroup):
         "gloss": 0.5,
         "square_resolution": (2, 2),
         "side_length": 2,
+        "square_class": Square3D,
     }
 
     def init_points(self):
-        for vect in [OUT, RIGHT, UP, LEFT, DOWN, IN]:
-            face = Square3D(resolution=self.square_resolution)
-            face.shift(OUT)
-            face.apply_matrix(z_to_vector(vect))
-            self.add(face)
-        self.set_height(self.side_length)
+        face = Square3D(
+            resolution=self.square_resolution,
+            side_length=self.side_length,
+        )
+        self.add(*self.square_to_cube_faces(face))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def square_to_cube_faces(square):
+        radius = square.get_height() / 2
+        square.move_to(radius * OUT)
+        result = [square]
+        result.extend([
+            square.copy().rotate(PI / 2, axis=vect, about_point=ORIGIN)
+            for vect in compass_directions(4)
+        ])
+        result.append(square.copy().rotate(PI, RIGHT, about_point=ORIGIN))
+        return result
+
+    def _get_face(self):
+        return Square3D(resolution=self.square_resolution)
+
+
+class VCube(VGroup):
+    CONFIG = {
+        "fill_color": BLUE_D,
+        "fill_opacity": 1,
+        "stroke_width": 0,
+        "gloss": 0.5,
+        "shadow": 0.5,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, side_length=2, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        face = Square(side_length=side_length)
+        face.get_triangulation()
+        self.add(*Cube.square_to_cube_faces(face))
+        self.init_colors()
+        self.apply_depth_test()
+        self.refresh_unit_normal()
 
 
 class Prism(Cube):

manimlib/mobject/types/dot_cloud.py

@@ -68,7 +68,9 @@ class DotCloud(PMobject):
         return self
 
     def set_radii(self, radii):
-        self.data["radii"][:] = resize_preserving_order(radii, len(self.data["radii"]))
+        n_points = len(self.get_points())
+        radii = np.array(radii).reshape((len(radii), 1))
+        self.data["radii"] = resize_preserving_order(radii, n_points)
         self.refresh_bounding_box()
         return self
 

manimlib/mobject/types/image_mobject.py

@@ -22,10 +22,13 @@ class ImageMobject(Mobject):
     }
 
     def __init__(self, filename, **kwargs):
-        path = get_full_raster_image_path(filename)
+        self.set_image_path(get_full_raster_image_path(filename))
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def set_image_path(self, path):
+        self.path = path
         self.image = Image.open(path)
         self.texture_paths = {"Texture": path}
-        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def init_data(self):
         self.data = {

manimlib/mobject/types/point_cloud_mobject.py

@@ -14,10 +14,17 @@ class PMobject(Mobject):
     def resize_points(self, size, resize_func=resize_array):
         # TODO
         for key in self.data:
+            if key == "bounding_box":
+                continue
             if len(self.data[key]) != size:
                 self.data[key] = resize_array(self.data[key], size)
         return self
 
+    def set_points(self, points):
+        super().set_points(points)
+        self.resize_points(len(points))
+        return self
+
     def add_points(self, points, rgbas=None, color=None, opacity=None):
         """
         points must be a Nx3 numpy array, as must rgbas if it is not None
@@ -54,6 +61,8 @@ class PMobject(Mobject):
         for mob in self.family_members_with_points():
             to_keep = ~np.apply_along_axis(condition, 1, mob.get_points())
             for key in mob.data:
+                if key == "bounding_box":
+                    continue
                 mob.data[key] = mob.data[key][to_keep]
         return self
 
@@ -85,7 +94,9 @@ class PMobject(Mobject):
         lower_index = int(a * pmobject.get_num_points())
         upper_index = int(b * pmobject.get_num_points())
         for key in self.data:
-            self.data[key] = pmobject.data[key][lower_index:upper_index]
+            if key == "bounding_box":
+                continue
+            self.data[key] = pmobject.data[key][lower_index:upper_index].copy()
         return self
 
 

manimlib/mobject/types/vectorized_mobject.py

@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ class VMobject(Mobject):
         "joint_type": "auto",
         "flat_stroke": False,
         "render_primitive": moderngl.TRIANGLES,
-        "triangulation_locked": False,
         "fill_dtype": [
             ('point', np.float32, (3,)),
             ('unit_normal', np.float32, (3,)),
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ class VMobject(Mobject):
                 if isinstance(width, np.ndarray):
                     arr = width.reshape((len(width), 1))
                 else:
-                    arr = np.array([[w] for w in listify(width)])
+                    arr = np.array([[w] for w in listify(width)], dtype=float)
                 mob.data['stroke_width'] = arr
 
         if background is not None:
@@ -150,6 +149,7 @@ class VMobject(Mobject):
                   stroke_opacity=None,
                   stroke_rgba=None,
                   stroke_width=None,
+                  stroke_background=True,
                   gloss=None,
                   shadow=None,
                   recurse=True):
@@ -164,13 +164,17 @@ class VMobject(Mobject):
 
         if stroke_rgba is not None:
             self.data['stroke_rgba'] = resize_with_interpolation(stroke_rgba, len(fill_rgba))
-            self.set_stroke(width=stroke_width)
+            self.set_stroke(
+                width=stroke_width,
+                background=stroke_background,
+            )
         else:
             self.set_stroke(
                 color=stroke_color,
                 width=stroke_width,
                 opacity=stroke_opacity,
                 recurse=recurse,
+                background=stroke_background,
             )
 
         if gloss is not None:
@@ -184,6 +188,7 @@ class VMobject(Mobject):
             "fill_rgba": self.data['fill_rgba'],
             "stroke_rgba": self.data['stroke_rgba'],
             "stroke_width": self.data['stroke_width'],
+            "stroke_background": self.draw_stroke_behind_fill,
             "gloss": self.get_gloss(),
             "shadow": self.get_shadow(),
         }
@@ -424,7 +429,10 @@ class VMobject(Mobject):
 
     def set_points_smoothly(self, points, true_smooth=False):
         self.set_points_as_corners(points)
-        self.make_smooth()
+        if true_smooth:
+            self.make_smooth()
+        else:
+            self.make_approximately_smooth()
         return self
 
     def change_anchor_mode(self, mode):

manimlib/mobject/value_tracker.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import numpy as np
 
 from manimlib.mobject.mobject import Mobject
+from manimlib.utils.iterables import listify
 
 
 class ValueTracker(Mobject):
@@ -15,18 +16,25 @@ class ValueTracker(Mobject):
     }
 
     def __init__(self, value=0, **kwargs):
+        self.value = value
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
-        self.set_value(value)
 
     def init_data(self):
         super().init_data()
-        self.data["value"] = np.zeros((1, 1), dtype=self.value_type)
+        self.data["value"] = np.array(
+            listify(self.value),
+            ndmin=2,
+            dtype=self.value_type,
+        )
 
     def get_value(self):
-        return self.data["value"][0, 0]
+        result = self.data["value"][0, :]
+        if len(result) == 1:
+            return result[0]
+        return result
 
     def set_value(self, value):
-        self.data["value"][0, 0] = value
+        self.data["value"][0, :] = value
         return self
 
     def increment_value(self, d_value):

manimlib/once_useful_constructs/graph_theory.py

@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ class DiscreteGraphScene(Scene):
         x_coord_of = {root: 0}
         y_coord_of = {root: bottom}
         # width to allocate to a given node, computed as
-        # the maxium number of decendents in a single generation,
+        # the maximum number of decendents in a single generation,
         # minus 1, multiplied by x_sep
         width_of = {}
         for index in indices:

manimlib/once_useful_constructs/region.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from manimlib.constants import *
 from manimlib.mobject.mobject import Mobject
 from manimlib.utils.iterables import adjacent_pairs
 
-# Warning: This is all now pretty depricated, and should not be expected to work
+# Warning: This is all now pretty deprecated, and should not be expected to work
 
 
 class Region(Mobject):

manimlib/scene/scene.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import inspect
 import random
 import platform
 import itertools as it
-import logging
 from functools import wraps
 
 from tqdm import tqdm as ProgressDisplay
@@ -11,16 +10,17 @@ import time
 
 from manimlib.animation.animation import prepare_animation
 from manimlib.animation.transform import MoveToTarget
-from manimlib.mobject.mobject import Point
 from manimlib.camera.camera import Camera
 from manimlib.constants import DEFAULT_WAIT_TIME
 from manimlib.mobject.mobject import Mobject
+from manimlib.mobject.mobject import Point
 from manimlib.scene.scene_file_writer import SceneFileWriter
 from manimlib.utils.config_ops import digest_config
 from manimlib.utils.family_ops import extract_mobject_family_members
 from manimlib.utils.family_ops import restructure_list_to_exclude_certain_family_members
 from manimlib.event_handler.event_type import EventType
 from manimlib.event_handler import EVENT_DISPATCHER
+from manimlib.logger import log
 
 
 class Scene(object):
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ class Scene(object):
             from manimlib.window import Window
             self.window = Window(scene=self, **self.window_config)
             self.camera_config["ctx"] = self.window.ctx
+            self.camera_config["frame_rate"] = 30  # Where's that 30 from?
         else:
             self.window = None
 
@@ -100,10 +101,12 @@ class Scene(object):
         # If there is a window, enter a loop
         # which updates the frame while under
         # the hood calling the pyglet event loop
+        log.info("Tips: You are now in the interactive mode. Now you can use the keyboard"
+            " and the mouse to interact with the scene. Just press `q` if you want to quit.")
         self.quit_interaction = False
         self.lock_static_mobject_data()
         while not (self.window.is_closing or self.quit_interaction):
-            self.update_frame()
+            self.update_frame(1 / self.camera.frame_rate)
         if self.window.is_closing:
             self.window.destroy()
         if self.quit_interaction:
@@ -118,16 +121,21 @@ class Scene(object):
         self.linger_after_completion = False
         self.update_frame()
 
+        # Save scene state at the point of embedding
+        self.save_state()
+
         from IPython.terminal.embed import InteractiveShellEmbed
         shell = InteractiveShellEmbed()
         # Have the frame update after each command
         shell.events.register('post_run_cell', lambda *a, **kw: self.update_frame())
         # Use the locals of the caller as the local namespace
-        # once embeded, and add a few custom shortcuts
+        # once embedded, and add a few custom shortcuts
         local_ns = inspect.currentframe().f_back.f_locals
         local_ns["touch"] = self.interact
         for term in ("play", "wait", "add", "remove", "clear", "save_state", "restore"):
             local_ns[term] = getattr(self, term)
+        log.info("Tips: Now the embed iPython terminal is open. But you can't interact with"
+            " the window directly. To do so, you need to type `touch()` or `self.interact()`")
         shell(local_ns=local_ns, stack_depth=2)
         # End scene when exiting an embed.
         raise EndSceneEarlyException()
@@ -247,6 +255,18 @@ class Scene(object):
     def get_mobject_copies(self):
         return [m.copy() for m in self.mobjects]
 
+    def point_to_mobject(self, point, search_set=None, buff=0):
+        """
+        E.g. if clicking on the scene, this returns the top layer mobject
+        under a given point
+        """
+        if search_set is None:
+            search_set = self.mobjects
+        for mobject in reversed(search_set):
+            if mobject.is_point_touching(point, buff=buff):
+                return mobject
+        return None
+
     # Related to skipping
     def update_skipping_status(self):
         if self.start_at_animation_number is not None:
@@ -443,10 +463,7 @@ class Scene(object):
     @handle_play_like_call
     def play(self, *args, **kwargs):
         if len(args) == 0:
-            logging.log(
-                logging.WARNING,
-                "Called Scene.play with no animations"
-            )
+            log.warning("Called Scene.play with no animations")
             return
         animations = self.anims_from_play_args(*args, **kwargs)
         self.lock_static_mobject_data(*animations)
@@ -586,7 +603,7 @@ class Scene(object):
         try:
             char = chr(symbol)
         except OverflowError:
-            print(" Warning: The value of the pressed key is too large.")
+            log.warning("The value of the pressed key is too large.")
             return
 
         event_data = {"symbol": symbol, "modifiers": modifiers}

manimlib/scene/scene_file_writer.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ from manimlib.utils.file_ops import guarantee_existence
 from manimlib.utils.file_ops import add_extension_if_not_present
 from manimlib.utils.file_ops import get_sorted_integer_files
 from manimlib.utils.sounds import get_full_sound_file_path
+from manimlib.logger import log
 
 
 class SceneFileWriter(object):
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ class SceneFileWriter(object):
             '-s', f'{width}x{height}',  # size of one frame
             '-pix_fmt', 'rgba',
             '-r', str(fps),  # frames per second
-            '-i', '-',  # The imput comes from a pipe
+            '-i', '-',  # The input comes from a pipe
             '-vf', 'vflip',
             '-an',  # Tells FFMPEG not to expect any audio
             '-loglevel', 'error',
@@ -231,7 +232,7 @@ class SceneFileWriter(object):
             **kwargs
         )
         if len(partial_movie_files) == 0:
-            print("No animations in this scene")
+            log.warning("No animations in this scene")
             return
 
         # Write a file partial_file_list.txt containing all
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ class SceneFileWriter(object):
         self.print_file_ready_message(file_path)
 
     def print_file_ready_message(self, file_path):
-        print(f"\nFile ready at {file_path}\n")
+        log.info(f"File ready at {file_path}")
 
     def should_open_file(self):
         return any([

manimlib/shaders/inserts/add_light.glsl

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-///// INSERT COLOR_MAP FUNCTION HERE /////
-
-vec4 add_light(vec4 color,
-               vec3 point,
-               vec3 unit_normal,
-               vec3 light_coords,
-               float gloss,
-               float shadow){
-    ///// INSERT COLOR FUNCTION HERE /////
-    // The line above may be replaced by arbitrary code snippets, as per
-    // the method Mobject.set_color_by_code
-    if(gloss == 0.0 && shadow == 0.0) return color;
-
-    // TODO, do we actually want this?  It effectively treats surfaces as two-sided
-    if(unit_normal.z < 0){
-            unit_normal *= -1;
-    }
-
-    // TODO, read this in as a uniform?
-    float camera_distance = 6;  
-    // Assume everything has already been rotated such that camera is in the z-direction
-    vec3 to_camera = vec3(0, 0, camera_distance) - point;
-    vec3 to_light = light_coords - point;
-    vec3 light_reflection = -to_light + 2 * unit_normal * dot(to_light, unit_normal);
-    float dot_prod = dot(normalize(light_reflection), normalize(to_camera));
-    float shine = gloss * exp(-3 * pow(1 - dot_prod, 2));
-    float dp2 = dot(normalize(to_light), unit_normal);
-    float darkening = mix(1, max(dp2, 0), shadow);
-    return vec4(
-            darkening * mix(color.rgb, vec3(1.0), shine),
-            color.a
-    );
-}
-
-vec4 finalize_color(vec4 color,
-                    vec3 point,
-                    vec3 unit_normal,
-                    vec3 light_coords,
-                    float gloss,
-                    float shadow){
-    // Put insertion here instead
-    return add_light(color, point, unit_normal, light_coords, gloss, shadow);
-}

manimlib/shaders/inserts/complex_functions.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+vec2 complex_mult(vec2 z, vec2 w){
+    return vec2(z.x * w.x - z.y * w.y, z.x * w.y + z.y * w.x);
+}
+
+vec2 complex_div(vec2 z, vec2 w){
+    return complex_mult(z, vec2(w.x, -w.y)) / (w.x * w.x + w.y * w.y);
+}
+
+vec2 complex_pow(vec2 z, int n){
+    vec2 result = vec2(1.0, 0.0);
+    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
+        result = complex_mult(result, z);
+    }
+    return result;
+}

manimlib/shaders/mandelbrot_fractal/frag.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#version 330
+
+uniform vec3 light_source_position;
+uniform float gloss;
+uniform float shadow;
+uniform float focal_distance;
+
+uniform vec2 parameter;
+uniform float opacity;
+uniform float n_steps;
+uniform float mandelbrot;
+
+uniform vec3 color0;
+uniform vec3 color1;
+uniform vec3 color2;
+uniform vec3 color3;
+uniform vec3 color4;
+uniform vec3 color5;
+uniform vec3 color6;
+uniform vec3 color7;
+uniform vec3 color8;
+
+uniform vec2 frame_shape;
+
+in vec3 xyz_coords;
+
+out vec4 frag_color;
+
+#INSERT finalize_color.glsl
+#INSERT complex_functions.glsl
+
+const int MAX_DEGREE = 5;
+
+void main() {
+    vec3 color_map[9] = vec3[9](
+        color0, color1, color2, color3,
+        color4, color5, color6, color7, color8
+    );
+    vec3 color;
+
+    vec2 z;
+    vec2 c;
+
+    if(bool(mandelbrot)){
+        c = xyz_coords.xy;
+        z = vec2(0.0, 0.0);
+    }else{
+        c = parameter;
+        z = xyz_coords.xy;
+    }
+
+    float outer_bound = 2.0;
+    bool stable = true;
+    for(int n = 0; n < int(n_steps); n++){
+        z = complex_mult(z, z) + c;
+        if(length(z) > outer_bound){
+            float float_n = float(n);
+            float_n += log(outer_bound) / log(length(z));
+            float_n += 0.5 * length(c);
+            color = float_to_color(sqrt(float_n), 1.5, 8.0, color_map);
+            stable = false;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if(stable){
+        color = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    frag_color = finalize_color(
+        vec4(color, opacity),
+        xyz_coords,
+        vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
+        light_source_position,
+        gloss,
+        shadow
+    );
+ }

manimlib/shaders/mandelbrot_fractal/vert.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#version 330
+
+#INSERT camera_uniform_declarations.glsl
+
+in vec3 point;
+out vec3 xyz_coords;
+
+uniform float scale_factor;
+uniform vec3 offset;
+
+#INSERT position_point_into_frame.glsl
+#INSERT get_gl_Position.glsl
+
+void main(){
+    xyz_coords = (point - offset) / scale_factor;
+    gl_Position = get_gl_Position(position_point_into_frame(point));
+}

manimlib/shaders/newton_fractal/frag.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+#version 330
+
+uniform vec3 light_source_position;
+uniform float gloss;
+uniform float shadow;
+uniform float focal_distance;
+
+uniform vec4 color0;
+uniform vec4 color1;
+uniform vec4 color2;
+uniform vec4 color3;
+uniform vec4 color4;
+
+uniform vec2 coef0;
+uniform vec2 coef1;
+uniform vec2 coef2;
+uniform vec2 coef3;
+uniform vec2 coef4;
+uniform vec2 coef5;
+
+uniform vec2 root0;
+uniform vec2 root1;
+uniform vec2 root2;
+uniform vec2 root3;
+uniform vec2 root4;
+
+uniform float n_roots;
+uniform float n_steps;
+uniform float julia_highlight;
+uniform float saturation_factor;
+uniform float black_for_cycles;
+uniform float is_parameter_space;
+
+uniform vec2 frame_shape;
+
+in vec3 xyz_coords;
+
+out vec4 frag_color;
+
+#INSERT finalize_color.glsl
+#INSERT complex_functions.glsl
+
+const int MAX_DEGREE = 5;
+const float CLOSE_ENOUGH = 1e-3;
+
+
+vec2 poly(vec2 z, vec2[MAX_DEGREE + 1] coefs){
+    vec2 result = vec2(0.0);
+    for(int n = 0; n < int(n_roots) + 1; n++){
+        result += complex_mult(coefs[n], complex_pow(z, n));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+vec2 dpoly(vec2 z, vec2[MAX_DEGREE + 1] coefs){
+    vec2 result = vec2(0.0);
+    for(int n = 1; n < int(n_roots) + 1; n++){
+        result += n * complex_mult(coefs[n], complex_pow(z, n - 1));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+vec2 seek_root(vec2 z, vec2[MAX_DEGREE + 1] coefs, int max_steps, out float n_iters){
+    float last_len;
+    float curr_len;
+    float threshold = CLOSE_ENOUGH;
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < max_steps; i++){
+        last_len = curr_len;
+        n_iters = float(i);
+        vec2 step = complex_div(poly(z, coefs), dpoly(z, coefs));
+        curr_len = length(step);
+        if(curr_len < threshold){
+            break;
+        }
+        z = z - step;
+    }
+    n_iters -= clamp((threshold - curr_len) / (last_len - curr_len), 0.0, 1.0);
+
+    return z;
+}
+
+
+void main() {
+    vec2[MAX_DEGREE + 1] coefs = vec2[MAX_DEGREE + 1](coef0, coef1, coef2, coef3, coef4, coef5);
+    vec2[MAX_DEGREE] roots = vec2[MAX_DEGREE](root0, root1, root2, root3, root4);
+    vec4[MAX_DEGREE] colors = vec4[MAX_DEGREE](color0, color1, color2, color3, color4);
+
+    vec2 z = xyz_coords.xy;
+
+    if(is_parameter_space > 0){
+        // In this case, pixel should correspond to one of the roots
+        roots[2] = xyz_coords.xy;
+        vec2 r0 = roots[0];
+        vec2 r1 = roots[1];
+        vec2 r2 = roots[2];
+
+        // It is assumed that the polynomial is cubid...
+        coefs[0] = -complex_mult(complex_mult(r0, r1), r2);
+        coefs[1] = complex_mult(r0, r1) + complex_mult(r0, r2) + complex_mult(r1, r2);
+        coefs[2] = -(r0 + r1 + r2);
+        coefs[3] = vec2(1.0, 0.0);
+
+        // Seed value is always center of the roots
+        z = -coefs[2] / 3.0;
+    }
+
+    float n_iters;
+    vec2 found_root = seek_root(z, coefs, int(n_steps), n_iters);
+
+    vec4 color = vec4(0.0);
+    float min_dist = 1e10;
+    float dist;
+    for(int i = 0; i < int(n_roots); i++){
+        dist = distance(roots[i], found_root);
+        if(dist < min_dist){
+            min_dist = dist;
+            color = colors[i];
+        }
+    }
+    color *= 1.0 + (0.01 * saturation_factor) * (n_iters - 5 * saturation_factor);
+
+    if(black_for_cycles > 0 && min_dist > CLOSE_ENOUGH){
+        color = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    }
+
+    if(julia_highlight > 0.0){
+        float radius = julia_highlight;
+        vec2[4] samples = vec2[4](
+            z + vec2(radius, 0.0),
+            z + vec2(-radius, 0.0),
+            z + vec2(0.0, radius),
+            z + vec2(0.0, -radius)
+        );
+        for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++){
+            for(int j = 0; j < n_steps; j++){
+                vec2 z = samples[i];
+                z = z - complex_div(poly(z, coefs), dpoly(z, coefs));
+                samples[i] = z;
+            }
+        }
+        float max_dist = 0.0;
+        for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++){
+            max_dist = max(max_dist, distance(samples[i], samples[(i + 1) % 4]));
+        }
+        color *= 1.0 * smoothstep(0, 0.1, max_dist);
+    }
+
+    frag_color = finalize_color(
+        color,
+        xyz_coords,
+        vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0),
+        light_source_position,
+        gloss,
+        shadow
+    );
+ }

manimlib/shaders/newton_fractal/vert.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#version 330
+
+#INSERT camera_uniform_declarations.glsl
+
+in vec3 point;
+out vec3 xyz_coords;
+
+uniform float scale_factor;
+uniform vec3 offset;
+
+#INSERT position_point_into_frame.glsl
+#INSERT get_gl_Position.glsl
+
+void main(){
+    xyz_coords = (point - offset) / scale_factor;
+    gl_Position = get_gl_Position(position_point_into_frame(point));
+}

manimlib/utils/bezier.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import numpy as np
 from manimlib.utils.simple_functions import choose
 from manimlib.utils.space_ops import find_intersection
 from manimlib.utils.space_ops import cross2d
+from manimlib.utils.space_ops import midpoint
+from manimlib.logger import log
 
 CLOSED_THRESHOLD = 0.001
 
@@ -67,9 +69,9 @@ def interpolate(start, end, alpha):
     try:
         return (1 - alpha) * start + alpha * end
     except TypeError:
-        print(type(start), start.dtype)
-        print(type(end), start.dtype)
-        print(alpha)
+        log.debug(f"`start` parameter with type `{type(start)}` and dtype `{start.dtype}`")
+        log.debug(f"`end` parameter with type `{type(end)}` and dtype `{end.dtype}`")
+        log.debug(f"`alpha` parameter with value `{alpha}`")
         import sys
         sys.exit(2)
 
@@ -130,6 +132,8 @@ def get_smooth_quadratic_bezier_handle_points(points):
     another that would produce a parabola passing through P0, call it smooth_to_left,
     and use the midpoint between the two.
     """
+    if len(points) == 2:
+        return midpoint(*points)
     smooth_to_right, smooth_to_left = [
         0.25 * ps[0:-2] + ps[1:-1] - 0.25 * ps[2:]
         for ps in (points, points[::-1])
@@ -157,7 +161,7 @@ def get_smooth_cubic_bezier_handle_points(points):
     l, u = 2, 1
     # diag is a representation of the matrix in diagonal form
     # See https://www.particleincell.com/2012/bezier-splines/
-    # for how to arive at these equations
+    # for how to arrive at these equations
     diag = np.zeros((l + u + 1, 2 * num_handles))
     diag[0, 1::2] = -1
     diag[0, 2::2] = 1

manimlib/utils/debug.py

@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ import time
 from manimlib.constants import BLACK
 from manimlib.mobject.numbers import Integer
 from manimlib.mobject.types.vectorized_mobject import VGroup
+from manimlib.logger import log
 
 
 def print_family(mobject, n_tabs=0):
     """For debugging purposes"""
-    print("\t" * n_tabs, mobject, id(mobject))
+    log.debug("\t" * n_tabs + str(mobject) + " " + str(id(mobject)))
     for submob in mobject.submobjects:
         print_family(submob, n_tabs + 1)
 

manimlib/utils/init_config.py

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ def init_customization():
         }
     }
 
+    print("Initialize configuration")
     scope = input(" Please select the scope of the configuration [global/local]: ")
     if scope == "global":
         from manimlib.config import get_manim_dir

manimlib/utils/iterables.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import numpy as np
 def remove_list_redundancies(l):
     """
     Used instead of list(set(l)) to maintain order
-    Keeps the last occurance of each element
+    Keeps the last occurrence of each element
     """
     reversed_result = []
     used = set()

manimlib/utils/space_ops.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import numpy as np
-import itertools as it
+import operator as op
+from functools import reduce
 import math
 from mapbox_earcut import triangulate_float32 as earcut
 
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ from manimlib.utils.iterables import adjacent_pairs
 
 
 def get_norm(vect):
-    return sum([x**2 for x in vect])**0.5
+    return sum((x**2 for x in vect))**0.5
 
 
 # Quaternions
@@ -376,8 +377,8 @@ def earclip_triangulation(verts, ring_ends):
 
     # Points at the same position may cause problems
     for i in rings:
-        verts[i[0]] += (verts[i[1]]-verts[i[0]]) * 1e-6
-        verts[i[-1]] += (verts[i[-2]]-verts[i[-1]]) * 1e-6
+        verts[i[0]] += (verts[i[1]] - verts[i[0]]) * 1e-6
+        verts[i[-1]] += (verts[i[-2]] - verts[i[-1]]) * 1e-6
 
     # First, we should know which rings are directly contained in it for each ring
 
@@ -393,9 +394,11 @@ def earclip_triangulation(verts, ring_ends):
 
     def is_in_fast(ring_a, ring_b):
         # Whether a is in b
-        return (left[ring_b] <= left[ring_a] <= right[ring_a] <= right[ring_b] and
-                bottom[ring_b] <= bottom[ring_a] <= top[ring_a] <= top[ring_b] and
-                is_in(verts[rings[ring_a][0]], ring_b))
+        return reduce(op.and_, (
+            left[ring_b] <= left[ring_a] <= right[ring_a] <= right[ring_b],
+            bottom[ring_b] <= bottom[ring_a] <= top[ring_a] <= top[ring_b],
+            is_in(verts[rings[ring_a][0]], ring_b)
+        ))
 
     chilren = [[] for i in rings]
     for idx, i in enumerate(rings_sorted):

manimlib/utils/tex_file_writing.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import logging
 import sys
 import os
 import hashlib
@@ -7,6 +6,7 @@ from contextlib import contextmanager
 from manimlib.utils.directories import get_tex_dir
 from manimlib.config import get_manim_dir
 from manimlib.config import get_custom_config
+from manimlib.logger import log
 
 
 SAVED_TEX_CONFIG = {}
@@ -87,15 +87,11 @@ def tex_to_dvi(tex_file):
         exit_code = os.system(" ".join(commands))
         if exit_code != 0:
             log_file = tex_file.replace(".tex", ".log")
-            logging.log(
-                logging.ERROR,
-                "\n\n LaTeX Error!  Not a worry, it happens to the best of us.\n"
-            )
+            log.error("LaTeX Error!  Not a worry, it happens to the best of us.")
             with open(log_file, "r") as file:
                 for line in file.readlines():
                     if line.startswith("!"):
-                        print(line[1:])
-                        logging.log(logging.INFO, line)
+                        log.debug(f"The error could be: `{line[2:-1]}`")
             sys.exit(2)
     return result
 

manimlib/window.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import numpy as np
 import moderngl_window as mglw
 from moderngl_window.context.pyglet.window import Window as PygletWindow
 from moderngl_window.timers.clock import Timer
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ class Window(PygletWindow):
             return tuple(map(int, custom_position.split(",")))
 
         # Alternatively, it might be specified with a string like
-        # UR, OO, DL, etc. specifiying what corner it should go to
+        # UR, OO, DL, etc. specifying what corner it should go to
         char_to_n = {"L": 0, "U": 0, "O": 1, "R": 2, "D": 2}
         width_diff = monitor.width - window_width
         height_diff = monitor.height - window_height
@@ -59,7 +60,17 @@ class Window(PygletWindow):
 
     # Delegate event handling to scene
     def pixel_coords_to_space_coords(self, px, py, relative=False):
-        return self.scene.camera.pixel_coords_to_space_coords(px, py, relative)
+        pw, ph = self.size
+        fw, fh = self.scene.camera.get_frame_shape()
+        fc = self.scene.camera.get_frame_center()
+        if relative:
+            return np.array([px / pw, py / ph, 0])
+        else:
+            return np.array([
+                fc[0] + px * fw / pw - fw / 2,
+                fc[1] + py * fh / ph - fh / 2,
+                0
+            ])
 
     def on_mouse_motion(self, x, y, dx, dy):
         super().on_mouse_motion(x, y, dx, dy)

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 [build-system]
-requires = ["setuptools", "wheel"]
-build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+requires = ["setuptools", "wheel"]

requirements.txt

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ matplotlib
 moderngl
 moderngl_window
 pydub
+pygments
 pyyaml
+rich
 screeninfo
 pyreadline; sys_platform == 'win32'
 validators

setup.cfg

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [metadata]
 name = manimgl
-version = 1.1.0
+version = 1.2.0
 author = Grant Sanderson
 author_email= grant@3blue1brown.com
 description = Animation engine for explanatory math videos
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ install_requires =
     moderngl
     moderngl_window
     pydub
+    pygments
     pyyaml
+    rich
     screeninfo
     pyreadline; sys_platform == 'win32'
     validators

setup.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import setuptools
+setuptools.setup()