fix(whatsapp): allow media-only sends and normalize leading blank payloads (#14408)

Co-authored-by: Tak Hoffman <781889+Takhoffman@users.noreply.github.com>

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@ jobs:
             esac
 
             case "$path" in
+              # Generated protocol models are already covered by protocol:check and
+              # should not force the full native macOS lane.
+              apps/macos/Sources/OpenClawProtocol/*|apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawProtocol/*)
+                ;;
               apps/macos/*|apps/ios/*|apps/shared/*|Swabble/*)
                 run_macos=true
                 ;;

apps/macos/Sources/OpenClawProtocol/GatewayModels.swift

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Generated by scripts/protocol-gen-swift.ts — do not edit by hand
+// swiftlint:disable file_length
 import Foundation
 
 public let GATEWAY_PROTOCOL_VERSION = 3
@@ -383,7 +384,7 @@ public struct AgentEvent: Codable, Sendable {
 
 public struct SendParams: Codable, Sendable {
     public let to: String
-    public let message: String
+    public let message: String?
     public let mediaurl: String?
     public let mediaurls: [String]?
     public let gifplayback: Bool?
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@ public struct SendParams: Codable, Sendable {
 
     public init(
         to: String,
-        message: String,
+        message: String?,
         mediaurl: String?,
         mediaurls: [String]?,
         gifplayback: Bool?,

apps/shared/OpenClawKit/Sources/OpenClawProtocol/GatewayModels.swift

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 // Generated by scripts/protocol-gen-swift.ts — do not edit by hand
+// swiftlint:disable file_length
 import Foundation
 
 public let GATEWAY_PROTOCOL_VERSION = 3
@@ -383,7 +384,7 @@ public struct AgentEvent: Codable, Sendable {
 
 public struct SendParams: Codable, Sendable {
     public let to: String
-    public let message: String
+    public let message: String?
     public let mediaurl: String?
     public let mediaurls: [String]?
     public let gifplayback: Bool?
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@ public struct SendParams: Codable, Sendable {
 
     public init(
         to: String,
-        message: String,
+        message: String?,
         mediaurl: String?,
         mediaurls: [String]?,
         gifplayback: Bool?,

scripts/protocol-gen-swift.ts

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ const outPaths = [
   ),
 ];
 
-const header = `// Generated by scripts/protocol-gen-swift.ts — do not edit by hand\nimport Foundation\n\npublic let GATEWAY_PROTOCOL_VERSION = ${PROTOCOL_VERSION}\n\npublic enum ErrorCode: String, Codable, Sendable {\n${Object.values(
+const header = `// Generated by scripts/protocol-gen-swift.ts — do not edit by hand\n// swiftlint:disable file_length\nimport Foundation\n\npublic let GATEWAY_PROTOCOL_VERSION = ${PROTOCOL_VERSION}\n\npublic enum ErrorCode: String, Codable, Sendable {\n${Object.values(
   ErrorCodes,
 )
   .map((c) => `    case ${camelCase(c)} = "${c}"`)

src/gateway/protocol/schema/agent.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ export const AgentEventSchema = Type.Object(
 export const SendParamsSchema = Type.Object(
   {
     to: NonEmptyString,
-    message: NonEmptyString,
+    message: Type.Optional(Type.String()),
     mediaUrl: Type.Optional(Type.String()),
     mediaUrls: Type.Optional(Type.Array(Type.String())),
     gifPlayback: Type.Optional(Type.Boolean()),

src/gateway/server-methods/send.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 import type { GatewayRequestContext } from "./types.js";
 import { sendHandlers } from "./send.js";
 
@@ -47,6 +47,67 @@ const makeContext = (): GatewayRequestContext =>
   }) as unknown as GatewayRequestContext;
 
 describe("gateway send mirroring", () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  it("accepts media-only sends without message", async () => {
+    mocks.deliverOutboundPayloads.mockResolvedValue([{ messageId: "m-media", channel: "slack" }]);
+
+    const respond = vi.fn();
+    await sendHandlers.send({
+      params: {
+        to: "channel:C1",
+        mediaUrl: "https://example.com/a.png",
+        channel: "slack",
+        idempotencyKey: "idem-media-only",
+      },
+      respond,
+      context: makeContext(),
+      req: { type: "req", id: "1", method: "send" },
+      client: null,
+      isWebchatConnect: () => false,
+    });
+
+    expect(mocks.deliverOutboundPayloads).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        payloads: [{ text: "", mediaUrl: "https://example.com/a.png", mediaUrls: undefined }],
+      }),
+    );
+    expect(respond).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      true,
+      expect.objectContaining({ messageId: "m-media" }),
+      undefined,
+      expect.objectContaining({ channel: "slack" }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("rejects empty sends when neither text nor media is present", async () => {
+    const respond = vi.fn();
+    await sendHandlers.send({
+      params: {
+        to: "channel:C1",
+        message: "   ",
+        channel: "slack",
+        idempotencyKey: "idem-empty",
+      },
+      respond,
+      context: makeContext(),
+      req: { type: "req", id: "1", method: "send" },
+      client: null,
+      isWebchatConnect: () => false,
+    });
+
+    expect(mocks.deliverOutboundPayloads).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(respond).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      false,
+      undefined,
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        message: expect.stringContaining("text or media is required"),
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
   it("does not mirror when delivery returns no results", async () => {
     mocks.deliverOutboundPayloads.mockResolvedValue([]);
 

src/gateway/server-methods/send.ts

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export const sendHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
     }
     const request = p as {
       to: string;
-      message: string;
+      message?: string;
       mediaUrl?: string;
       mediaUrls?: string[];
       gifPlayback?: boolean;
@@ -85,8 +85,24 @@ export const sendHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
       return;
     }
     const to = request.to.trim();
-    const message = request.message.trim();
-    const mediaUrls = Array.isArray(request.mediaUrls) ? request.mediaUrls : undefined;
+    const message = typeof request.message === "string" ? request.message.trim() : "";
+    const mediaUrl =
+      typeof request.mediaUrl === "string" && request.mediaUrl.trim().length > 0
+        ? request.mediaUrl.trim()
+        : undefined;
+    const mediaUrls = Array.isArray(request.mediaUrls)
+      ? request.mediaUrls
+          .map((entry) => (typeof entry === "string" ? entry.trim() : ""))
+          .filter((entry) => entry.length > 0)
+      : undefined;
+    if (!message && !mediaUrl && (mediaUrls?.length ?? 0) === 0) {
+      respond(
+        false,
+        undefined,
+        errorShape(ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST, "invalid send params: text or media is required"),
+      );
+      return;
+    }
     const channelInput = typeof request.channel === "string" ? request.channel : undefined;
     const normalizedChannel = channelInput ? normalizeChannelId(channelInput) : null;
     if (channelInput && !normalizedChannel) {
@@ -132,7 +148,7 @@ export const sendHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
         }
         const outboundDeps = context.deps ? createOutboundSendDeps(context.deps) : undefined;
         const mirrorPayloads = normalizeReplyPayloadsForDelivery([
-          { text: message, mediaUrl: request.mediaUrl, mediaUrls },
+          { text: message, mediaUrl, mediaUrls },
         ]);
         const mirrorText = mirrorPayloads
           .map((payload) => payload.text)
@@ -170,7 +186,7 @@ export const sendHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
           channel: outboundChannel,
           to: resolved.to,
           accountId,
-          payloads: [{ text: message, mediaUrl: request.mediaUrl, mediaUrls }],
+          payloads: [{ text: message, mediaUrl, mediaUrls }],
           gifPlayback: request.gifPlayback,
           deps: outboundDeps,
           mirror: providedSessionKey

src/infra/outbound/deliver.test.ts

@@ -196,6 +196,73 @@ describe("deliverOutboundPayloads", () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it("strips leading blank lines for WhatsApp text payloads", async () => {
+    const sendWhatsApp = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ messageId: "w1", toJid: "jid" });
+    const cfg: OpenClawConfig = {
+      channels: { whatsapp: { textChunkLimit: 4000 } },
+    };
+
+    await deliverOutboundPayloads({
+      cfg,
+      channel: "whatsapp",
+      to: "+1555",
+      payloads: [{ text: "\n\nHello from WhatsApp" }],
+      deps: { sendWhatsApp },
+    });
+
+    expect(sendWhatsApp).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(sendWhatsApp).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      1,
+      "+1555",
+      "Hello from WhatsApp",
+      expect.objectContaining({ verbose: false }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("drops whitespace-only WhatsApp text payloads when no media is attached", async () => {
+    const sendWhatsApp = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ messageId: "w1", toJid: "jid" });
+    const cfg: OpenClawConfig = {
+      channels: { whatsapp: { textChunkLimit: 4000 } },
+    };
+
+    const results = await deliverOutboundPayloads({
+      cfg,
+      channel: "whatsapp",
+      to: "+1555",
+      payloads: [{ text: "   \n\t   " }],
+      deps: { sendWhatsApp },
+    });
+
+    expect(sendWhatsApp).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(results).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it("keeps WhatsApp media payloads but clears whitespace-only captions", async () => {
+    const sendWhatsApp = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ messageId: "w1", toJid: "jid" });
+    const cfg: OpenClawConfig = {
+      channels: { whatsapp: { textChunkLimit: 4000 } },
+    };
+
+    await deliverOutboundPayloads({
+      cfg,
+      channel: "whatsapp",
+      to: "+1555",
+      payloads: [{ text: " \n\t ", mediaUrl: "https://example.com/photo.png" }],
+      deps: { sendWhatsApp },
+    });
+
+    expect(sendWhatsApp).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(sendWhatsApp).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      1,
+      "+1555",
+      "",
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        mediaUrl: "https://example.com/photo.png",
+        verbose: false,
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
   it("preserves fenced blocks for markdown chunkers in newline mode", async () => {
     const chunker = vi.fn((text: string) => (text ? [text] : []));
     const sendText = vi.fn().mockImplementation(async ({ text }: { text: string }) => ({

src/infra/outbound/deliver.ts

@@ -312,7 +312,31 @@ export async function deliverOutboundPayloads(params: {
       })),
     };
   };
-  const normalizedPayloads = normalizeReplyPayloadsForDelivery(payloads);
+  const normalizeWhatsAppPayload = (payload: ReplyPayload): ReplyPayload | null => {
+    const hasMedia = Boolean(payload.mediaUrl) || (payload.mediaUrls?.length ?? 0) > 0;
+    const rawText = typeof payload.text === "string" ? payload.text : "";
+    const normalizedText = rawText.replace(/^(?:[ \t]*\r?\n)+/, "");
+    if (!normalizedText.trim()) {
+      if (!hasMedia) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      return {
+        ...payload,
+        text: "",
+      };
+    }
+    return {
+      ...payload,
+      text: normalizedText,
+    };
+  };
+  const normalizedPayloads = normalizeReplyPayloadsForDelivery(payloads).flatMap((payload) => {
+    if (channel !== "whatsapp") {
+      return [payload];
+    }
+    const normalized = normalizeWhatsAppPayload(payload);
+    return normalized ? [normalized] : [];
+  });
   for (const payload of normalizedPayloads) {
     const payloadSummary: NormalizedOutboundPayload = {
       text: payload.text ?? "",

src/infra/outbound/message-action-runner.test.ts

@@ -9,7 +9,11 @@ import { telegramPlugin } from "../../../extensions/telegram/src/channel.js";
 import { whatsappPlugin } from "../../../extensions/whatsapp/src/channel.js";
 import { jsonResult } from "../../agents/tools/common.js";
 import { setActivePluginRegistry } from "../../plugins/runtime.js";
-import { createIMessageTestPlugin, createTestRegistry } from "../../test-utils/channel-plugins.js";
+import {
+  createIMessageTestPlugin,
+  createOutboundTestPlugin,
+  createTestRegistry,
+} from "../../test-utils/channel-plugins.js";
 import { loadWebMedia } from "../../web/media.js";
 import { runMessageAction } from "./message-action-runner.js";
 
@@ -609,6 +613,152 @@ describe("runMessageAction sandboxed media validation", () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe("runMessageAction media caption behavior", () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setActivePluginRegistry(createTestRegistry([]));
+  });
+
+  it("promotes caption to message for media sends when message is empty", async () => {
+    const sendMedia = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+      channel: "testchat",
+      messageId: "m1",
+      chatId: "c1",
+    });
+    setActivePluginRegistry(
+      createTestRegistry([
+        {
+          pluginId: "testchat",
+          source: "test",
+          plugin: createOutboundTestPlugin({
+            id: "testchat",
+            outbound: {
+              deliveryMode: "direct",
+              sendText: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+                channel: "testchat",
+                messageId: "t1",
+                chatId: "c1",
+              }),
+              sendMedia,
+            },
+          }),
+        },
+      ]),
+    );
+    const cfg = {
+      channels: {
+        testchat: {
+          enabled: true,
+        },
+      },
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
+
+    const result = await runMessageAction({
+      cfg,
+      action: "send",
+      params: {
+        channel: "testchat",
+        target: "channel:abc",
+        media: "https://example.com/cat.png",
+        caption: "caption-only text",
+      },
+      dryRun: false,
+    });
+
+    expect(result.kind).toBe("send");
+    expect(sendMedia).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        text: "caption-only text",
+        mediaUrl: "https://example.com/cat.png",
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe("runMessageAction card-only send behavior", () => {
+  const handleAction = vi.fn(async ({ params }: { params: Record<string, unknown> }) =>
+    jsonResult({
+      ok: true,
+      card: params.card ?? null,
+      message: params.message ?? null,
+    }),
+  );
+
+  const cardPlugin: ChannelPlugin = {
+    id: "cardchat",
+    meta: {
+      id: "cardchat",
+      label: "Card Chat",
+      selectionLabel: "Card Chat",
+      docsPath: "/channels/cardchat",
+      blurb: "Card-only send test plugin.",
+    },
+    capabilities: { chatTypes: ["direct"] },
+    config: {
+      listAccountIds: () => ["default"],
+      resolveAccount: () => ({ enabled: true }),
+      isConfigured: () => true,
+    },
+    actions: {
+      listActions: () => ["send"],
+      supportsAction: ({ action }) => action === "send",
+      handleAction,
+    },
+  };
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    setActivePluginRegistry(
+      createTestRegistry([
+        {
+          pluginId: "cardchat",
+          source: "test",
+          plugin: cardPlugin,
+        },
+      ]),
+    );
+    handleAction.mockClear();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    setActivePluginRegistry(createTestRegistry([]));
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  it("allows card-only sends without text or media", async () => {
+    const cfg = {
+      channels: {
+        cardchat: {
+          enabled: true,
+        },
+      },
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
+
+    const card = {
+      type: "AdaptiveCard",
+      version: "1.4",
+      body: [{ type: "TextBlock", text: "Card-only payload" }],
+    };
+
+    const result = await runMessageAction({
+      cfg,
+      action: "send",
+      params: {
+        channel: "cardchat",
+        target: "channel:test-card",
+        card,
+      },
+      dryRun: false,
+    });
+
+    expect(result.kind).toBe("send");
+    expect(result.handledBy).toBe("plugin");
+    expect(handleAction).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(result.payload).toMatchObject({
+      ok: true,
+      card,
+    });
+  });
+});
+
 describe("runMessageAction accountId defaults", () => {
   const handleAction = vi.fn(async () => jsonResult({ ok: true }));
   const accountPlugin: ChannelPlugin = {

src/infra/outbound/message-action-runner.ts

@@ -745,6 +745,7 @@ async function handleSendAction(ctx: ResolvedActionContext): Promise<MessageActi
     readStringParam(params, "path", { trim: false }) ??
     readStringParam(params, "filePath", { trim: false });
   const hasCard = params.card != null && typeof params.card === "object";
+  const caption = readStringParam(params, "caption", { allowEmpty: true }) ?? "";
   let message =
     readStringParam(params, "message", {
       required: !mediaHint && !hasCard,
@@ -753,6 +754,9 @@ async function handleSendAction(ctx: ResolvedActionContext): Promise<MessageActi
   if (message.includes("\\n")) {
     message = message.replaceAll("\\n", "\n");
   }
+  if (!message.trim() && caption.trim()) {
+    message = caption;
+  }
 
   const parsed = parseReplyDirectives(message);
   const mergedMediaUrls: string[] = [];
@@ -804,6 +808,16 @@ async function handleSendAction(ctx: ResolvedActionContext): Promise<MessageActi
   });
 
   const mediaUrl = readStringParam(params, "media", { trim: false });
+  if (channel === "whatsapp") {
+    message = message.replace(/^(?:[ \t]*\r?\n)+/, "");
+    if (!message.trim()) {
+      message = "";
+    }
+  }
+  if (!message.trim() && !mediaUrl && mergedMediaUrls.length === 0 && !hasCard) {
+    throw new Error("send requires text or media");
+  }
+  params.message = message;
   const gifPlayback = readBooleanParam(params, "gifPlayback") ?? false;
   const bestEffort = readBooleanParam(params, "bestEffort");