feat(pool): derive EIP-8037 CPSB from block gas limit in ensure_intrinsic_gas

Thread the current block gas limit through ensure_intrinsic_gas and
compute cost_per_state_byte via revm_primitives::eip8037 instead of
hard-coding 0. Pool callers already have block_gas_limit on hand.

.github/scripts/bench-reth-build.sh

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ build_node_binary() {
 
   # shellcheck disable=SC2086
   RUSTFLAGS="-C target-cpu=native${EXTRA_RUSTFLAGS}" \
-    cargo build --profile profiling $NODE_PKG $workspace_arg $features_arg
+    cargo build --locked --profile profiling $NODE_PKG $workspace_arg $features_arg
 }
 
 case "$MODE" in

.github/scripts/bench-reth-run.sh

@@ -28,127 +28,6 @@ mkdir -p "$OUTPUT_DIR"
 LOG="${OUTPUT_DIR}/node.log"
 
 RETH_SCOPE="${RETH_SCOPE:-reth-bench.scope}"
-DELAY_DM_NAME=""
-
-mount_fs() {
-  local source="$1"
-  local target="$2"
-  local fstype="$3"
-  local options="$4"
-
-  local -a mount_cmd=(sudo mount -t "$fstype")
-  if [ -n "$options" ]; then
-    mount_cmd+=(-o "$options")
-  fi
-  mount_cmd+=("$source" "$target")
-  "${mount_cmd[@]}"
-}
-
-wait_for_block_device() {
-  local device="$1"
-  local timeout_s="${2:-5}"
-
-  for _ in $(seq 1 "$timeout_s"); do
-    if [ -b "$device" ]; then
-      return 0
-    fi
-    sleep 1
-  done
-
-  return 1
-}
-
-resolve_dm_block_device() {
-  local device_name="$1"
-  local devno
-
-  devno="$(sudo dmsetup info -C --noheadings --separator : -o major,minor "$device_name" 2>/dev/null | tr -d '[:space:]')"
-  if [ -z "$devno" ]; then
-    return 1
-  fi
-
-  printf '/dev/block/%s\n' "$devno"
-}
-
-setup_delay_target() {
-  local read_delay_ms="${BENCH_DISK_READ_DELAY_MS:-0}"
-  local write_delay_ms="${BENCH_DISK_WRITE_DELAY_MS:-0}"
-  read_delay_ms="${read_delay_ms:-0}"
-  write_delay_ms="${write_delay_ms:-0}"
-
-  if ! [[ "$read_delay_ms" =~ ^[0-9]+$ && "$write_delay_ms" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
-    echo "::error::BENCH_DISK_READ_DELAY_MS and BENCH_DISK_WRITE_DELAY_MS must be non-negative integers"
-    exit 1
-  fi
-
-  if [ "$read_delay_ms" = "0" ] && [ "$write_delay_ms" = "0" ]; then
-    return
-  fi
-
-  local mount_source
-  local mount_fstype
-  local mount_options
-  mount_source="$(findmnt -no SOURCE --target "$SCHELK_MOUNT")"
-  mount_fstype="$(findmnt -no FSTYPE --target "$SCHELK_MOUNT")"
-  mount_options="$(findmnt -no OPTIONS --target "$SCHELK_MOUNT")"
-  local sectors
-  sectors="$(sudo blockdev --getsz "$mount_source")"
-
-  DELAY_DM_NAME="reth-bench-delay-${LABEL}-$$"
-  local delayed_device=""
-  local table="0 ${sectors} delay ${mount_source} 0 ${read_delay_ms} ${mount_source} 0 ${write_delay_ms}"
-
-  echo "Applying dm-delay to ${mount_source}: read=${read_delay_ms}ms write=${write_delay_ms}ms"
-  sudo umount "$SCHELK_MOUNT"
-  if ! sudo dmsetup create "$DELAY_DM_NAME" --addnodeoncreate --table "$table"; then
-    DELAY_DM_NAME=""
-    mount_fs "$mount_source" "$SCHELK_MOUNT" "$mount_fstype" "$mount_options"
-    echo "::error::Failed to create dm-delay target"
-    exit 1
-  fi
-
-  delayed_device="$(resolve_dm_block_device "$DELAY_DM_NAME" || true)"
-  if [ -z "$delayed_device" ]; then
-    local failed_device_name="$DELAY_DM_NAME"
-    sudo dmsetup remove "$DELAY_DM_NAME" || true
-    DELAY_DM_NAME=""
-    mount_fs "$mount_source" "$SCHELK_MOUNT" "$mount_fstype" "$mount_options"
-    echo "::error::Failed to resolve delayed device node for ${failed_device_name}"
-    exit 1
-  fi
-
-  if ! wait_for_block_device "$delayed_device"; then
-    delayed_device="$(resolve_dm_block_device "$DELAY_DM_NAME" || true)"
-    if ! wait_for_block_device "$delayed_device"; then
-      sudo dmsetup remove "$DELAY_DM_NAME" || true
-      DELAY_DM_NAME=""
-      mount_fs "$mount_source" "$SCHELK_MOUNT" "$mount_fstype" "$mount_options"
-      echo "::error::Delayed device node did not appear: ${delayed_device}"
-      exit 1
-    fi
-  fi
-
-  if ! mount_fs "$delayed_device" "$SCHELK_MOUNT" "$mount_fstype" "$mount_options"; then
-    sudo dmsetup remove "$DELAY_DM_NAME" || true
-    DELAY_DM_NAME=""
-    mount_fs "$mount_source" "$SCHELK_MOUNT" "$mount_fstype" "$mount_options"
-    echo "::error::Failed to remount delayed device"
-    exit 1
-  fi
-}
-
-teardown_delay_target() {
-  if [ -z "$DELAY_DM_NAME" ]; then
-    return
-  fi
-
-  echo "Removing dm-delay target ${DELAY_DM_NAME}"
-  if mountpoint -q "$SCHELK_MOUNT"; then
-    sudo umount "$SCHELK_MOUNT" || true
-  fi
-  sudo dmsetup remove "$DELAY_DM_NAME" || sudo dmsetup remove -f "$DELAY_DM_NAME" || true
-  DELAY_DM_NAME=""
-}
 
 cleanup() {
   kill "$TAIL_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
@@ -197,7 +76,6 @@ cleanup() {
   sudo systemctl reset-failed "$RETH_SCOPE" 2>/dev/null || true
   # Fix ownership of reth-created files (reth runs as root)
   sudo chown -R "$(id -un):$(id -gn)" "$OUTPUT_DIR" 2>/dev/null || true
-  teardown_delay_target
   # Let schelk recover the mounted volume in place so dm-era can restore only
   # the changed blocks and clean up its own state.
   sudo schelk recover -y --kill || true
@@ -214,7 +92,6 @@ sudo schelk recover -y --kill || sudo schelk full-recover -y || true
 
 # Mount
 sudo schelk mount -y || true
-setup_delay_target
 if [ ! -d "$DATADIR/db" ] || [ ! -d "$DATADIR/static_files" ]; then
   echo "::error::Failed to mount benchmark datadir at ${DATADIR}"
   ls -la "$SCHELK_MOUNT" || true

.github/workflows/bench-scheduled.yml

@@ -366,19 +366,24 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Prepare source dirs
         run: |
-          if [ -d ../reth-baseline ]; then
-            git -C ../reth-baseline fetch origin "$BASELINE_REF"
-          else
-            git clone . ../reth-baseline
-          fi
-          git -C ../reth-baseline checkout "$BASELINE_REF"
+          prepare_source_dir() {
+            local dir="$1"
+            local ref="$2"
 
-          if [ -d ../reth-feature ]; then
-            git -C ../reth-feature fetch origin "$FEATURE_REF"
-          else
-            git clone . ../reth-feature
-          fi
-          git -C ../reth-feature checkout "$FEATURE_REF"
+            if [ -d "$dir" ]; then
+              git -C "$dir" reset --hard HEAD
+              git -C "$dir" clean -fdx
+              git -C "$dir" fetch origin "$ref"
+            else
+              git clone . "$dir"
+            fi
+
+            git -C "$dir" checkout --force "$ref"
+          }
+
+          prepare_source_dir ../reth-baseline "$BASELINE_REF"
+
+          prepare_source_dir ../reth-feature "$FEATURE_REF"
 
       - name: Build binaries
         id: build

.github/workflows/bench.yml

@@ -51,16 +51,6 @@ on:
         required: false
         default: ""
         type: string
-      disk_read_delay_ms:
-        description: "Apply dm-delay read latency to the schelk volume (milliseconds)"
-        required: false
-        default: ""
-        type: string
-      disk_write_delay_ms:
-        description: "Apply dm-delay write latency to the schelk volume (milliseconds)"
-        required: false
-        default: ""
-        type: string
       baseline_args:
         description: "Extra CLI args for the baseline reth node"
         required: false
@@ -135,8 +125,6 @@ jobs:
       big-blocks: ${{ steps.args.outputs.big-blocks }}
       bal: ${{ steps.args.outputs.bal }}
       wait-time: ${{ steps.args.outputs.wait-time }}
-      disk-read-delay-ms: ${{ steps.args.outputs.disk-read-delay-ms }}
-      disk-write-delay-ms: ${{ steps.args.outputs.disk-write-delay-ms }}
       baseline-args: ${{ steps.args.outputs.baseline-args }}
       feature-args: ${{ steps.args.outputs.feature-args }}
       abba: ${{ steps.args.outputs.abba }}
@@ -170,7 +158,7 @@ jobs:
           script: |
             const validBalModes = new Set(['false', 'true', 'feature', 'baseline']);
             const validSlackModes = new Set(['always', 'on-win', 'on-error', 'never']);
-            const usage = '`@decofe bench [blocks=N] [big-blocks[=true|false]] [bal=true|false|feature|baseline] [warmup=N] [baseline=REF] [feature=REF] [samply] [slack=always|on-win|on-error|never] [cores=N] [abba=true|false] [otlp=true|false] [wait-time=DURATION] [disk-read-delay-ms=N] [disk-write-delay-ms=N] [baseline-args="..."] [feature-args="..."]`';
+            const usage = '`@decofe bench [blocks=N] [big-blocks[=true|false]] [bal=true|false|feature|baseline] [warmup=N] [baseline=REF] [feature=REF] [samply] [slack=always|on-win|on-error|never] [cores=N] [abba=true|false] [otlp=true|false] [wait-time=DURATION] [baseline-args="..."] [feature-args="..."]`';
             let pr, actor, blocks, warmup, baseline, feature, samply, cores, bigBlocks, bal;
             let explicitWarmup = false;
 
@@ -189,8 +177,6 @@ jobs:
               var abba = '${{ github.event.inputs.abba }}' !== 'false' ? 'true' : 'false';
               var otlp = '${{ github.event.inputs.otlp }}' !== 'false' ? 'true' : 'false';
               var waitTime = '${{ github.event.inputs.wait_time }}' || '';
-              var diskReadDelayMs = '${{ github.event.inputs.disk_read_delay_ms }}' || '';
-              var diskWriteDelayMs = '${{ github.event.inputs.disk_write_delay_ms }}' || '';
               var baselineNodeArgs = '${{ github.event.inputs.baseline_args }}' || '';
               var featureNodeArgs = '${{ github.event.inputs.feature_args }}' || '';
 
@@ -218,9 +204,8 @@ jobs:
               const boolDefaultTrue = new Set(['abba', 'otlp']);
               const enumArgs = new Map([['bal', validBalModes], ['slack', validSlackModes]]);
               const durationArgs = new Set(['wait-time']);
-              const optionalIntArgs = new Set(['disk-read-delay-ms', 'disk-write-delay-ms']);
               const stringArgs = new Set(['baseline-args', 'feature-args']);
-              const defaults = { blocks: '500', warmup: '200', baseline: '', feature: '', samply: 'false', slack: 'always', 'big-blocks': 'false', bal: 'false', cores: '0', abba: 'true', otlp: 'true', 'wait-time': '', 'disk-read-delay-ms': '', 'disk-write-delay-ms': '', 'baseline-args': '', 'feature-args': '' };
+              const defaults = { blocks: '500', warmup: '200', baseline: '', feature: '', samply: 'false', slack: 'always', 'big-blocks': 'false', bal: 'false', cores: '0', abba: 'true', otlp: 'true', 'wait-time': '', 'baseline-args': '', 'feature-args': '' };
               const unknown = [];
               const invalid = [];
               const args = body.replace(/^(?:@decofe|derek) bench\s*/, '');
@@ -259,12 +244,6 @@ jobs:
                   } else {
                     invalid.push(`\`${key}=${value}\` (must be a duration like 500ms, 1s, 2m)`);
                   }
-                } else if (optionalIntArgs.has(key)) {
-                  if (!/^\d+$/.test(value)) {
-                    invalid.push(`\`${key}=${value}\` (must be a non-negative integer in milliseconds)`);
-                  } else {
-                    defaults[key] = value;
-                  }
                 } else if (enumArgs.has(key)) {
                   if (enumArgs.get(key).has(value)) {
                     defaults[key] = value;
@@ -316,8 +295,6 @@ jobs:
               var abba = defaults.abba;
               var otlp = defaults.otlp;
               var waitTime = defaults['wait-time'];
-              var diskReadDelayMs = defaults['disk-read-delay-ms'];
-              var diskWriteDelayMs = defaults['disk-write-delay-ms'];
               var baselineNodeArgs = defaults['baseline-args'];
               var featureNodeArgs = defaults['feature-args'];
             }
@@ -375,8 +352,6 @@ jobs:
             core.setOutput('big-blocks', bigBlocks);
             core.setOutput('bal', bal);
             core.setOutput('wait-time', waitTime);
-            core.setOutput('disk-read-delay-ms', diskReadDelayMs);
-            core.setOutput('disk-write-delay-ms', diskWriteDelayMs);
             core.setOutput('baseline-args', baselineNodeArgs);
             core.setOutput('feature-args', featureNodeArgs);
             core.setOutput('abba', abba);
@@ -452,16 +427,12 @@ jobs:
             const otlpNote = !otlpEnabled ? ', otlp: `disabled`' : '';
             const waitTimeVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.wait-time }}';
             const waitTimeNote = waitTimeVal ? `, wait-time: \`${waitTimeVal}\`` : '';
-            const diskReadDelayVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.disk-read-delay-ms }}';
-            const diskReadDelayNote = diskReadDelayVal && diskReadDelayVal !== '0' ? `, disk-read-delay: \`${diskReadDelayVal}ms\`` : '';
-            const diskWriteDelayVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.disk-write-delay-ms }}';
-            const diskWriteDelayNote = diskWriteDelayVal && diskWriteDelayVal !== '0' ? `, disk-write-delay: \`${diskWriteDelayVal}ms\`` : '';
             const baselineArgsVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.baseline-args }}';
             const baselineArgsNote = baselineArgsVal ? `, baseline-args: \`${baselineArgsVal}\`` : '';
             const featureArgsVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.feature-args }}';
             const featureArgsNote = featureArgsVal ? `, feature-args: \`${featureArgsVal}\`` : '';
             const blocksDesc = bigBlocks ? 'blocks: `big`' : `${blocks} blocks, ${warmup} warmup blocks`;
-            const config = `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${slackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${diskReadDelayNote}${diskWriteDelayNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`;
+            const config = `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${slackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`;
 
             const { data: comment } = await github.rest.issues.createComment({
               owner: context.repo.owner,
@@ -500,16 +471,12 @@ jobs:
             const otlpNote = !otlpEnabled ? ', otlp: `disabled`' : '';
             const waitTimeVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.wait-time }}';
             const waitTimeNote = waitTimeVal ? `, wait-time: \`${waitTimeVal}\`` : '';
-            const diskReadDelayVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.disk-read-delay-ms }}';
-            const diskReadDelayNote = diskReadDelayVal && diskReadDelayVal !== '0' ? `, disk-read-delay: \`${diskReadDelayVal}ms\`` : '';
-            const diskWriteDelayVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.disk-write-delay-ms }}';
-            const diskWriteDelayNote = diskWriteDelayVal && diskWriteDelayVal !== '0' ? `, disk-write-delay: \`${diskWriteDelayVal}ms\`` : '';
             const baselineArgsVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.baseline-args }}';
             const baselineArgsNote = baselineArgsVal ? `, baseline-args: \`${baselineArgsVal}\`` : '';
             const featureArgsVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.feature-args }}';
             const featureArgsNote = featureArgsVal ? `, feature-args: \`${featureArgsVal}\`` : '';
             const blocksDesc = bigBlocks ? 'blocks: `big`' : `${blocks} blocks, ${warmup} warmup blocks`;
-            const config = `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${slackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${diskReadDelayNote}${diskWriteDelayNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`;
+            const config = `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${slackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`;
             const runUrl = `${context.serverUrl}/${context.repo.owner}/${context.repo.repo}/actions/runs/${context.runId}`;
 
             const numRunners = parseInt(process.env.BENCH_RUNNERS) || 1;
@@ -577,8 +544,6 @@ jobs:
       BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.big-blocks }}
       BENCH_BAL: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.bal }}
       BENCH_WAIT_TIME: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.wait-time }}
-      BENCH_DISK_READ_DELAY_MS: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.disk-read-delay-ms }}
-      BENCH_DISK_WRITE_DELAY_MS: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.disk-write-delay-ms }}
       BENCH_BASELINE_ARGS: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.baseline-args }}
       BENCH_FEATURE_ARGS: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.feature-args }}
       BENCH_ABBA: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.abba }}
@@ -653,16 +618,12 @@ jobs:
             const otlpNote = !otlpEnabled ? ', otlp: `disabled`' : '';
             const waitTimeVal = process.env.BENCH_WAIT_TIME || '';
             const waitTimeNote = waitTimeVal ? `, wait-time: \`${waitTimeVal}\`` : '';
-            const diskReadDelayVal = process.env.BENCH_DISK_READ_DELAY_MS || '';
-            const diskReadDelayNote = diskReadDelayVal && diskReadDelayVal !== '0' ? `, disk-read-delay: \`${diskReadDelayVal}ms\`` : '';
-            const diskWriteDelayVal = process.env.BENCH_DISK_WRITE_DELAY_MS || '';
-            const diskWriteDelayNote = diskWriteDelayVal && diskWriteDelayVal !== '0' ? `, disk-write-delay: \`${diskWriteDelayVal}ms\`` : '';
             const baselineArgsVal = process.env.BENCH_BASELINE_ARGS || '';
             const baselineArgsNote = baselineArgsVal ? `, baseline-args: \`${baselineArgsVal}\`` : '';
             const featureArgsVal = process.env.BENCH_FEATURE_ARGS || '';
             const featureArgsNote = featureArgsVal ? `, feature-args: \`${featureArgsVal}\`` : '';
             const blocksDesc = bigBlocks ? 'blocks: `big`' : `${blocks} blocks, ${warmup} warmup blocks`;
-            core.exportVariable('BENCH_CONFIG', `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${slackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${diskReadDelayNote}${diskWriteDelayNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`);
+            core.exportVariable('BENCH_CONFIG', `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${slackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`);
 
             const { buildBody } = require('./.github/scripts/bench-update-status.js');
             await github.rest.issues.updateComment({
@@ -723,7 +684,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "$HOME/.local/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
           missing=()
-          for cmd in schelk cpupower taskset stdbuf python3 curl make uv jq dmsetup; do
+          for cmd in schelk cpupower taskset stdbuf python3 curl make uv jq; do
             command -v "$cmd" &>/dev/null || missing+=("$cmd")
           done
           if [ ${#missing[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
@@ -841,21 +802,26 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Prepare source dirs
         run: |
+          prepare_source_dir() {
+            local dir="$1"
+            local ref="$2"
+
+            if [ -d "$dir" ]; then
+              git -C "$dir" reset --hard HEAD
+              git -C "$dir" clean -fdx
+              git -C "$dir" fetch origin "$ref"
+            else
+              git clone . "$dir"
+            fi
+
+            git -C "$dir" checkout --force "$ref"
+          }
+
           BASELINE_REF="${{ steps.refs.outputs.baseline-ref }}"
-          if [ -d ../reth-baseline ]; then
-            git -C ../reth-baseline fetch origin "$BASELINE_REF"
-          else
-            git clone . ../reth-baseline
-          fi
-          git -C ../reth-baseline checkout "$BASELINE_REF"
+          prepare_source_dir ../reth-baseline "$BASELINE_REF"
 
           FEATURE_REF="${{ steps.refs.outputs.feature-ref }}"
-          if [ -d ../reth-feature ]; then
-            git -C ../reth-feature fetch origin "$FEATURE_REF"
-          else
-            git clone . ../reth-feature
-          fi
-          git -C ../reth-feature checkout "$FEATURE_REF"
+          prepare_source_dir ../reth-feature "$FEATURE_REF"
 
       - name: Build binaries
         id: build

.github/workflows/fetch-grafana-dashboard.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.12"
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ reth-cli = { path = "crates/cli/cli" }
 reth-cli-commands = { path = "crates/cli/commands" }
 reth-cli-runner = { path = "crates/cli/runner" }
 reth-cli-util = { path = "crates/cli/util" }
-reth-codecs = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
-reth-codecs-derive = "0.3.0"
+reth-codecs = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false }
+reth-codecs-derive = "0.3.1"
 reth-config = { path = "crates/config", default-features = false }
 reth-consensus = { path = "crates/consensus/consensus", default-features = false }
 reth-consensus-common = { path = "crates/consensus/common", default-features = false }
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ reth-payload-builder-primitives = { path = "crates/payload/builder-primitives" }
 reth-payload-primitives = { path = "crates/payload/primitives" }
 reth-payload-validator = { path = "crates/payload/validator" }
 reth-payload-util = { path = "crates/payload/util" }
-reth-primitives-traits = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
+reth-primitives-traits = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false }
 reth-provider = { path = "crates/storage/provider" }
 reth-prune = { path = "crates/prune/prune" }
 reth-prune-types = { path = "crates/prune/types", default-features = false }
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ reth-rpc-eth-types = { path = "crates/rpc/rpc-eth-types", default-features = fal
 reth-rpc-layer = { path = "crates/rpc/rpc-layer" }
 reth-rpc-server-types = { path = "crates/rpc/rpc-server-types" }
 reth-rpc-convert = { path = "crates/rpc/rpc-convert" }
-reth-rpc-traits = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
+reth-rpc-traits = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false }
 reth-stages = { path = "crates/stages/stages" }
 reth-stages-api = { path = "crates/stages/api" }
 reth-stages-types = { path = "crates/stages/types", default-features = false }
@@ -430,17 +430,17 @@ reth-trie-common = { path = "crates/trie/common", default-features = false }
 reth-trie-db = { path = "crates/trie/db" }
 reth-trie-parallel = { path = "crates/trie/parallel" }
 reth-trie-sparse = { path = "crates/trie/sparse", default-features = false }
-reth-zstd-compressors = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
+reth-zstd-compressors = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false }
 
 # revm
-revm = { version = "38.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-bytecode = { version = "10.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-database = { version = "13.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-state = { version = "11.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-primitives = { version = "23.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-interpreter = { version = "35.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-database-interface = { version = "11.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-inspectors = "0.39.0"
+revm = { version = "=37.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-bytecode = { version = "=10.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-database = { version = "=13.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-state = { version = "=11.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-primitives = { version = "=23.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-interpreter = { version = "=35.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-database-interface = { version = "=11.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-inspectors = "=0.39.0"
 
 # eth
 alloy-dyn-abi = "1.5.6"
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ alloy-sol-types = { version = "1.5.6", default-features = false }
 
 alloy-chains = { version = "0.2.33", default-features = false }
 alloy-eip2124 = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.3.4", default-features = false }
 alloy-evm = { version = "0.33.0", default-features = false }
 alloy-rlp = { version = "0.3.13", default-features = false, features = ["core-net"] }
 alloy-trie = { version = "0.9.4", default-features = false }
@@ -700,3 +700,24 @@ vergen-git2 = "9.1.0"
 
 # networking
 ipnet = "2.11"
+
+[patch.crates-io]
+revm = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-bytecode = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-context = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-context-interface = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-database = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-database-interface = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-handler = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-inspector = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-interpreter = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-precompile = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-primitives = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-state = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
+revm-inspectors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors", rev = "a2c7a41977b468d016a339f560acb76e002766f3" }
+alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "da7633f6bc9554f5a6e60773ef21b8e9d6e0cca6" }
+reth-codecs = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c" }
+reth-codecs-derive = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c" }
+reth-primitives-traits = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c" }
+reth-rpc-traits = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c" }
+reth-zstd-compressors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c" }

bin/reth-bb/Cargo.toml

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ default = [
     "jemalloc",
     "reth-cli-util/jemalloc",
     "asm-keccak",
+    "keccak-cache-global",
     "min-debug-logs",
 ]
 
@@ -89,6 +90,12 @@ asm-keccak = [
     "revm-primitives/asm-keccak",
 ]
 
+keccak-cache-global = [
+    "reth-node-core/keccak-cache-global",
+    "reth-node-ethereum/keccak-cache-global",
+    "alloy-primitives/keccak-cache-global",
+]
+
 min-debug-logs = [
     "tracing/release_max_level_debug",
     "reth-ethereum-cli/min-debug-logs",

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/context.rs

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ pub(crate) struct BenchContext {
     pub(crate) auth_provider: RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
     /// The block provider is used for block queries.
     pub(crate) block_provider: RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+    /// The local regular RPC provider is used for non-authenticated node RPCs like `testing_*`.
+    pub(crate) local_rpc_provider: RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
     /// The benchmark mode, which defines whether the benchmark should run for a closed or open
     /// range of blocks.
     pub(crate) benchmark_mode: BenchMode,
@@ -83,6 +85,11 @@ impl BenchContext {
         let client = ClientBuilder::default().connect_with(auth_transport).await?;
         let auth_provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(client);
 
+        let local_rpc_url = Url::parse(&bench_args.local_rpc_url)?;
+        info!(target: "reth-bench", "Connecting to local regular RPC at {} for testing namespace calls", local_rpc_url);
+        let local_rpc_provider =
+            RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(ClientBuilder::default().http(local_rpc_url));
+
         // Computes the block range for the benchmark.
         //
         // - If `--advance` is provided, fetches the latest block from the engine and sets:
@@ -159,6 +166,7 @@ impl BenchContext {
         Ok(Self {
             auth_provider,
             block_provider,
+            local_rpc_provider,
             benchmark_mode,
             next_block,
             use_reth_namespace,

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/new_payload_fcu.rs

@@ -14,14 +14,24 @@ use crate::{
         block_to_new_payload, call_forkchoice_updated_with_reth, call_new_payload_with_reth,
     },
 };
-use alloy_provider::{ext::DebugApi, Provider};
-use alloy_rpc_types_engine::ForkchoiceState;
+use alloy_consensus::TxEnvelope;
+use alloy_eips::Encodable2718;
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use alloy_provider::{
+    ext::DebugApi,
+    network::{AnyNetwork, AnyRpcBlock},
+    Provider, RootProvider,
+};
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
+    ExecutionData, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV5, ForkchoiceState, PayloadAttributes,
+};
 use clap::Parser;
-use eyre::{Context, OptionExt};
+use eyre::{bail, ensure, Context, OptionExt};
 use futures::{stream, StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
 use reth_cli_runner::CliContext;
 use reth_engine_primitives::config::DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_THRESHOLD;
 use reth_node_core::args::BenchmarkArgs;
+use reth_rpc_api::{RethNewPayloadInput, TestingBuildBlockRequestV1};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
 
@@ -32,6 +42,22 @@ pub struct Command {
     #[arg(long, value_name = "RPC_URL", verbatim_doc_comment)]
     rpc_url: String,
 
+    /// Build a separate fork with `testing_buildBlockV1` and alternate forkchoice updates between
+    /// the canonical chain and that fork on every block while the fork grows up to the configured
+    /// depth.
+    ///
+    /// This requires enabling the hidden `testing` RPC module on the target node,
+    /// for example with `reth node --http --http.api eth,testing`.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        value_name = "DEPTH",
+        num_args = 0..=1,
+        default_missing_value = "8",
+        value_parser = parse_reorg_depth,
+        verbatim_doc_comment
+    )]
+    reorg: Option<usize>,
+
     /// How long to wait after a forkchoice update before sending the next payload.
     ///
     /// Accepts a duration string (e.g. `100ms`, `2s`) or a bare integer treated as
@@ -83,18 +109,79 @@ pub struct Command {
     benchmark: BenchmarkArgs,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct PreparedBuiltBlock {
+    block_hash: B256,
+    params: serde_json::Value,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct QueuedForkBlock {
+    block_number: u64,
+    prepared: PreparedBuiltBlock,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct ReorgState {
+    depth: usize,
+    fork_length: usize,
+    branch_point_hash: Option<B256>,
+    fork_parent_hash: Option<B256>,
+}
+
+impl ReorgState {
+    const fn new(depth: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { depth, fork_length: 0, branch_point_hash: None, fork_parent_hash: None }
+    }
+
+    const fn push_fork_head(&mut self, canonical_parent_hash: B256, fork_head_hash: B256) {
+        if self.fork_length == 0 {
+            self.branch_point_hash = Some(canonical_parent_hash);
+        }
+        self.fork_length += 1;
+        self.fork_parent_hash = Some(fork_head_hash);
+    }
+
+    fn forkchoice_state(&self, fork_head_hash: B256) -> eyre::Result<ForkchoiceState> {
+        let branch_point_hash = self.branch_point_hash.ok_or_eyre("missing reorg branch point")?;
+
+        Ok(ForkchoiceState {
+            head_block_hash: fork_head_hash,
+            safe_block_hash: branch_point_hash,
+            finalized_block_hash: branch_point_hash,
+        })
+    }
+
+    const fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.fork_length = 0;
+        self.branch_point_hash = None;
+        self.fork_parent_hash = None;
+    }
+}
+
 impl Command {
     /// Execute `benchmark new-payload-fcu` command
     pub async fn execute(self, _ctx: CliContext) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        if self.reorg.is_some() && self.benchmark.rlp_blocks {
+            bail!("--reorg cannot be combined with --rlp-blocks")
+        }
+        if self.reorg.is_some() && self.enable_bal {
+            bail!("--reorg cannot be combined with --enable-bal")
+        }
+
         // Log mode configuration
         if let Some(duration) = self.wait_time {
             info!(target: "reth-bench", "Using wait-time mode with {}ms minimum interval between blocks", duration.as_millis());
         }
+        if let Some(depth) = self.reorg {
+            info!(target: "reth-bench", depth, "Using testing_buildBlockV1 reorg mode");
+        }
 
         let BenchContext {
             benchmark_mode,
             block_provider,
             auth_provider,
+            local_rpc_provider,
             next_block,
             use_reth_namespace,
             rlp_blocks,
@@ -182,7 +269,8 @@ impl Command {
         let mut blocks_processed = 0u64;
         let total_benchmark_duration = Instant::now();
         let mut total_wait_time = Duration::ZERO;
-
+        let mut reorg_state = self.reorg.map(ReorgState::new);
+        let mut queued_fork_block = None;
         while let Some((block, head, safe, finalized, rlp)) = {
             let wait_start = Instant::now();
             let result = blocks.try_next().await?;
@@ -192,11 +280,13 @@ impl Command {
             let gas_used = block.header.gas_used;
             let gas_limit = block.header.gas_limit;
             let block_number = block.header.number;
+            let canonical_parent_hash = block.header.parent_hash;
             let transaction_count = block.transactions.len() as u64;
-
-            debug!(target: "reth-bench", ?block_number, "Sending payload");
-
-            let forkchoice_state = ForkchoiceState {
+            let deferred_branch_start_block = reorg_state
+                .as_ref()
+                .filter(|state| state.fork_length == 0 && queued_fork_block.is_none())
+                .map(|_| block.clone());
+            let canonical_forkchoice_state = ForkchoiceState {
                 head_block_hash: head,
                 safe_block_hash: safe,
                 finalized_block_hash: finalized,
@@ -218,10 +308,11 @@ impl Command {
                 no_wait_for_caches,
                 bal,
             )?;
+
+            debug!(target: "reth-bench", ?block_number, "Sending payload");
             let start = Instant::now();
             let server_timings =
                 call_new_payload_with_reth(&auth_provider, version, params).await?;
-
             let np_latency =
                 server_timings.as_ref().map(|t| t.latency).unwrap_or_else(|| start.elapsed());
             let new_payload_result = NewPayloadResult {
@@ -242,17 +333,12 @@ impl Command {
             };
 
             let fcu_start = Instant::now();
-            call_forkchoice_updated_with_reth(&auth_provider, version, forkchoice_state).await?;
+            call_forkchoice_updated_with_reth(&auth_provider, version, canonical_forkchoice_state)
+                .await?;
             let fcu_latency = fcu_start.elapsed();
 
-            let total_latency = if server_timings.is_some() {
-                // When using server-side latency for newPayload, derive total from the
-                // independently measured components to avoid mixing server-side and
-                // client-side (network-inclusive) timings.
-                np_latency + fcu_latency
-            } else {
-                start.elapsed()
-            };
+            let total_latency =
+                if server_timings.is_some() { np_latency + fcu_latency } else { start.elapsed() };
             let combined_result = CombinedResult {
                 block_number,
                 gas_limit,
@@ -262,6 +348,88 @@ impl Command {
                 total_latency,
             };
 
+            if let Some(reorg_state) = reorg_state.as_mut() {
+                if queued_fork_block.is_none() && reorg_state.fork_length == 0 {
+                    // A branch start uses a canonical parent, so it can be built lazily here
+                    // instead of being queued ahead of time.
+                    let block = deferred_branch_start_block
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .ok_or_eyre("missing deferred fork block for reorg branch start")?;
+                    queued_fork_block = Some(QueuedForkBlock {
+                        block_number,
+                        prepared: prepare_built_block(
+                            &local_rpc_provider,
+                            block,
+                            canonical_parent_hash,
+                            no_wait_for_caches,
+                        )
+                        .await?,
+                    });
+                }
+
+                let queued = queued_fork_block
+                    .take()
+                    .ok_or_eyre("missing queued fork block for reorg replay")?;
+                ensure!(
+                    queued.block_number == block_number,
+                    "queued fork block {} does not match source block {}",
+                    queued.block_number,
+                    block_number
+                );
+                let prepared = queued.prepared;
+
+                call_new_payload_with_reth(&auth_provider, None, prepared.params).await?;
+
+                reorg_state.push_fork_head(canonical_parent_hash, prepared.block_hash);
+                let forkchoice_state = reorg_state.forkchoice_state(prepared.block_hash)?;
+
+                info!(
+                    target: "reth-bench",
+                    block_number,
+                    branch_point = %forkchoice_state.safe_block_hash,
+                    fork_head = %prepared.block_hash,
+                    fork_depth = reorg_state.fork_length,
+                    max_reorg_depth = reorg_state.depth,
+                    "Switching forkchoice to reorg branch"
+                );
+
+                let fcu_start = Instant::now();
+                call_forkchoice_updated_with_reth(&auth_provider, None, forkchoice_state).await?;
+                let _fork_fcu_latency = fcu_start.elapsed();
+
+                let next_fork_block_number = block_number + 1;
+                if reorg_state.fork_length < reorg_state.depth {
+                    queued_fork_block = queue_fork_block(
+                        &block_provider,
+                        &local_rpc_provider,
+                        &benchmark_mode,
+                        next_fork_block_number,
+                        Some(prepared.block_hash),
+                        no_wait_for_caches,
+                    )
+                    .await?;
+                } else {
+                    info!(
+                        target: "reth-bench",
+                        block_number,
+                        reorg_depth = reorg_state.depth,
+                        "Resetting reorg branch after reaching max depth"
+                    );
+
+                    // `testing_buildBlockV1` resolves the parent from canonical state, so switch
+                    // back to the source chain before reseeding the next queued fork block.
+                    call_forkchoice_updated_with_reth(
+                        &auth_provider,
+                        version,
+                        canonical_forkchoice_state,
+                    )
+                    .await?;
+
+                    reorg_state.reset();
+                    queued_fork_block = None;
+                }
+            }
+
             // Exclude time spent waiting on the block prefetch channel from the benchmark duration.
             // We want to measure engine throughput, not RPC fetch latency.
             blocks_processed += 1;
@@ -318,3 +486,155 @@ impl Command {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+async fn prepare_built_block(
+    block_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+    block: &AnyRpcBlock,
+    parent_block_hash: B256,
+    no_wait_for_caches: bool,
+) -> eyre::Result<PreparedBuiltBlock> {
+    const MAX_BUILD_ATTEMPTS: usize = 10;
+    const BUILD_RETRY_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
+
+    let request = build_block_request(block, parent_block_hash)?;
+    let built_payload: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV5 = {
+        let mut attempts_remaining = MAX_BUILD_ATTEMPTS;
+
+        loop {
+            match block_provider.client().request("testing_buildBlockV1", [request.clone()]).await {
+                Ok(payload) => break payload,
+                Err(err) if attempts_remaining > 1 && is_retryable_build_block_error(&err) => {
+                    warn!(
+                        target: "reth-bench",
+                        block_number = block.header.number,
+                        %parent_block_hash,
+                        attempts_remaining,
+                        error = %err,
+                        "Retrying testing_buildBlockV1 after transient fork build failure"
+                    );
+                    attempts_remaining -= 1;
+                    tokio::time::sleep(BUILD_RETRY_INTERVAL).await;
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    return Err(err).wrap_err_with(|| {
+                        format!(
+                            "Failed to build block {} via testing_buildBlockV1",
+                            block.header.number
+                        )
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    let payload = &built_payload.execution_payload.payload_inner.payload_inner;
+    let block_hash = payload.block_hash;
+    let (payload, sidecar) = built_payload
+        .into_payload_and_sidecar(block.header.parent_beacon_block_root.unwrap_or_default());
+    // Fork payloads are built immediately before the next `testing_buildBlockV1` call. Leaving
+    // reth's default persistence wait enabled here gives the regular RPC side a consistent base
+    // state for the next synthetic fork block build.
+    let params = serde_json::to_value((
+        RethNewPayloadInput::ExecutionData(ExecutionData { payload, sidecar }),
+        None::<bool>,
+        no_wait_for_caches.then_some(false),
+    ))?;
+
+    Ok(PreparedBuiltBlock { block_hash, params })
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+async fn queue_fork_block(
+    block_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+    local_rpc_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+    benchmark_mode: &crate::bench_mode::BenchMode,
+    block_number: u64,
+    parent_block_hash: Option<B256>,
+    no_wait_for_caches: bool,
+) -> eyre::Result<Option<QueuedForkBlock>> {
+    if !benchmark_mode.contains(block_number) {
+        return Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    let future_block = block_provider
+        .get_block_by_number(alloy_eips::BlockNumberOrTag::Number(block_number))
+        .full()
+        .await
+        .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to fetch block by number {block_number}"))?
+        .ok_or_eyre("Block not found")?;
+    let parent_block_hash = parent_block_hash.unwrap_or(future_block.header.parent_hash);
+
+    Ok(Some(QueuedForkBlock {
+        block_number,
+        prepared: prepare_built_block(
+            local_rpc_provider,
+            &future_block,
+            parent_block_hash,
+            no_wait_for_caches,
+        )
+        .await?,
+    }))
+}
+
+fn is_retryable_build_block_error(err: &alloy_transport::TransportError) -> bool {
+    let message = err.to_string();
+    message.contains("block not found: hash") ||
+        message.contains("block hash not found for block number")
+}
+
+fn build_block_request(
+    block: &AnyRpcBlock,
+    parent_block_hash: B256,
+) -> eyre::Result<TestingBuildBlockRequestV1> {
+    let mut transactions = block
+        .clone()
+        .try_into_transactions()
+        .map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("Block transactions must be fetched in full for --reorg"))?
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|tx| {
+            let tx: TxEnvelope =
+                tx.try_into().map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("unsupported tx type in RPC block"))?;
+            if tx.is_eip4844() {
+                return Ok(None)
+            }
+            Ok(Some(tx.encoded_2718().into()))
+        })
+        .filter_map(|tx| tx.transpose())
+        .collect::<eyre::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+    // `testing_buildBlockV1` only takes raw transaction bytes, so we exclude blob transactions
+    // from the synthetic fork blocks rather than trying to reconstruct their sidecars.
+    // Keep only 90% of the remaining transactions so the alternate branch produces a materially
+    // different post-state instead of only differing by header data.
+    let keep = transactions.len().saturating_mul(9) / 10;
+    transactions.truncate(keep);
+
+    let rpc_block = block.clone().into_inner();
+
+    Ok(TestingBuildBlockRequestV1 {
+        parent_block_hash,
+        payload_attributes: PayloadAttributes {
+            timestamp: block.header.timestamp,
+            prev_randao: block.header.mix_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
+            suggested_fee_recipient: block.header.beneficiary,
+            withdrawals: rpc_block.withdrawals.map(|withdrawals| withdrawals.into_inner()),
+            parent_beacon_block_root: block.header.parent_beacon_block_root,
+            slot_number: block.header.slot_number,
+        },
+        transactions,
+        extra_data: Some(block.header.extra_data.clone()),
+    })
+}
+
+fn parse_reorg_depth(value: &str) -> Result<usize, String> {
+    let depth = value
+        .trim()
+        .parse::<usize>()
+        .map_err(|_| format!("invalid reorg depth {value:?}, expected a positive integer"))?;
+
+    if depth == 0 {
+        return Err("reorg depth must be greater than 0".to_string())
+    }
+
+    Ok(depth)
+}

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/new_payload_only.rs

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ impl Command {
             rlp_blocks,
             wait_for_persistence,
             no_wait_for_caches,
+            ..
         } = BenchContext::new(&self.benchmark, self.rpc_url).await?;
 
         let total_blocks = benchmark_mode.total_blocks();

crates/cli/commands/src/common.rs

@@ -150,16 +150,22 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> EnvironmentArgs<C> {
             // commands can proceed.
             debug!(target: "reth::cli", ?rocksdb_path, "RocksDB not found, initializing empty database");
             reth_fs_util::create_dir_all(&rocksdb_path)?;
-            RocksDBProvider::builder(data_dir.rocksdb())
+            let mut builder = RocksDBProvider::builder(data_dir.rocksdb())
                 .with_default_tables()
-                .with_database_log_level(self.db.log_level)
-                .build()?
+                .with_database_log_level(self.db.log_level);
+            if let Some(cache_size) = self.db.rocksdb_block_cache_size {
+                builder = builder.with_block_cache_size(cache_size);
+            }
+            builder.build()?
         } else {
-            RocksDBProvider::builder(data_dir.rocksdb())
+            let mut builder = RocksDBProvider::builder(data_dir.rocksdb())
                 .with_default_tables()
                 .with_database_log_level(self.db.log_level)
-                .with_read_only(!access.is_read_write())
-                .build()?
+                .with_read_only(!access.is_read_write());
+            if let Some(cache_size) = self.db.rocksdb_block_cache_size {
+                builder = builder.with_block_cache_size(cache_size);
+            }
+            builder.build()?
         };
 
         let provider_factory =

crates/cli/commands/src/db/get.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use reth_db_api::{
     table::{Compress, Decompress, DupSort, Table},
     tables,
     transaction::DbTx,
-    RawKey, RawTable, Receipts, TableViewer, Transactions,
+    RawKey, RawTable, TableViewer,
 };
 use reth_db_common::DbTool;
 use reth_node_api::{HeaderTy, ReceiptTy, TxTy};
@@ -264,15 +264,12 @@ impl Command {
                                     );
                                 }
                                 StaticFileSegment::Transactions => {
-                                    let transaction = <<Transactions as Table>::Value>::decompress(
-                                        content[0].as_slice(),
-                                    )?;
+                                    let transaction = TxTy::<N>::decompress(content[0].as_slice())?;
                                     println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&transaction)?);
                                 }
                                 StaticFileSegment::Receipts => {
-                                    let receipt = <<Receipts as Table>::Value>::decompress(
-                                        content[0].as_slice(),
-                                    )?;
+                                    let receipt =
+                                        ReceiptTy::<N>::decompress(content[0].as_slice())?;
                                     println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&receipt)?);
                                 }
                                 StaticFileSegment::TransactionSenders => {

crates/cli/commands/src/init_state/without_evm.rs

@@ -50,8 +50,13 @@ where
     info!(target: "reth::cli", new_tip = ?header.num_hash(), "Setting up dummy EVM chain before importing state.");
 
     let static_file_provider = provider_rw.static_file_provider();
-    // Write EVM dummy data up to `header - 1` block
-    append_dummy_chain(&static_file_provider, header.number() - 1, header_factory)?;
+    // Write EVM dummy data up to `header - 1` block. Skip when the supplied
+    // header is at block 0: `header.number() - 1` would underflow in u64 to
+    // `u64::MAX`, sending `append_dummy_chain` into a 1..=u64::MAX loop that
+    // exhausts memory before failing.
+    if header.number() > 0 {
+        append_dummy_chain(&static_file_provider, header.number() - 1, header_factory)?;
+    }
 
     info!(target: "reth::cli", "Appending first valid block.");
 
@@ -191,7 +196,13 @@ mod tests {
     use alloy_primitives::{address, b256};
     use reth_db_common::init::init_genesis;
     use reth_provider::{test_utils::create_test_provider_factory, DatabaseProviderFactory};
-    use std::io::Write;
+    use std::{
+        io::Write,
+        sync::{
+            atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
+            Arc,
+        },
+    };
     use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
 
     #[test]
@@ -264,4 +275,45 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(actual_next_height, expected_next_height);
     }
+
+    /// Regression: a header at block 0 used to send `append_dummy_chain` into
+    /// a `1..=u64::MAX` loop because `header.number() - 1` underflowed in
+    /// u64. The guard `if header.number() > 0` skips the dummy-chain step
+    /// when there is no pre-genesis range to backfill, so `header_factory`
+    /// is never invoked.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_setup_without_evm_skips_dummy_chain_for_genesis_header() {
+        let header = Header { number: 0, ..Default::default() };
+        let header_hash = header.hash_slow();
+
+        let provider_factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        init_genesis(&provider_factory).unwrap();
+        let provider_rw = provider_factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+
+        let factory_calls = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
+        let factory_calls_inner = Arc::clone(&factory_calls);
+
+        // The Result of `setup_without_evm` itself is not asserted: with
+        // `number == 0` plus a genesis already written by `init_genesis`,
+        // the subsequent `append_first_block` may legitimately fail. The
+        // bug under test is the OOM in the dummy-chain loop, observable
+        // through the factory-call counter below.
+        let _ = setup_without_evm(
+            &provider_rw,
+            SealedHeader::new(header, header_hash),
+            move |number| {
+                // Bound calls so a regression cannot exhaust the test
+                // runner's memory; the only correct value here is 0.
+                let n = factory_calls_inner.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                assert!(n < 8, "header_factory must not be invoked for a genesis-block header");
+                Header { number, ..Default::default() }
+            },
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            factory_calls.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            0,
+            "append_dummy_chain must be skipped when header.number() == 0"
+        );
+    }
 }

crates/cli/commands/src/p2p/mod.rs

@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> DownloadArgs<C> {
             )
         }
 
-        config.peers.trusted_nodes_only = self.network.trusted_only;
+        config.peers.trusted_nodes_only |= self.network.trusted_only;
 
         let default_secret_key_path = data_dir.p2p_secret();
         let p2p_secret_key = self.network.secret_key(default_secret_key_path)?;

crates/cli/commands/src/re_execute.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use crate::common::{
     EnvironmentArgs,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::{transaction::TxHashRef, BlockHeader, TxReceipt};
+use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256, U256};
 use clap::Parser;
 use eyre::WrapErr;
 use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks, Hardforks};
@@ -12,15 +13,19 @@ use reth_cli::chainspec::ChainSpecParser;
 use reth_cli_util::cancellation::CancellationToken;
 use reth_consensus::FullConsensus;
 use reth_evm::{execute::Executor, ConfigureEvm};
-use reth_primitives_traits::{format_gas_throughput, BlockBody, GotExpected};
+use reth_primitives_traits::{format_gas_throughput, Account, BlockBody, GotExpected};
 use reth_provider::{
     BlockNumReader, BlockReader, ChainSpecProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, ReceiptProvider,
     StaticFileProviderFactory, TransactionVariant,
 };
-use reth_revm::database::StateProviderDatabase;
+use reth_revm::{
+    database::StateProviderDatabase,
+    db::{states::reverts::AccountInfoRevert, BundleState},
+};
 use reth_stages::stages::calculate_gas_used_from_headers;
-use reth_storage_api::{DBProvider, TryIntoHistoricalStateProvider};
+use reth_storage_api::{ChangeSetReader, DBProvider, StorageChangeSetReader};
 use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
     sync::{
         atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
         Arc,
@@ -69,13 +74,18 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> Command<C> {
 impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>> Command<C> {
     /// Execute `re-execute` command
     pub async fn execute<N>(
-        self,
+        mut self,
         components: impl CliComponentsBuilder<N>,
         runtime: reth_tasks::Runtime,
     ) -> eyre::Result<()>
     where
         N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec = C::ChainSpec>,
     {
+        // Default to 4GB RocksDB block cache for re-execute unless explicitly set.
+        if self.env.db.rocksdb_block_cache_size.is_none() {
+            self.env.db.rocksdb_block_cache_size = Some(4 << 30);
+        }
+
         let Environment { provider_factory, .. } = self.env.init::<N>(AccessRights::RO, runtime)?;
 
         let components = components(provider_factory.chain_spec());
@@ -109,20 +119,6 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
             min_block..=max_block,
         )?;
 
-        let db_at = {
-            let provider_factory = provider_factory.clone();
-            move |block_number: u64| {
-                StateProviderDatabase(
-                    provider_factory
-                        .provider()
-                        .unwrap()
-                        .disable_long_read_transaction_safety()
-                        .try_into_history_at_block(block_number)
-                        .unwrap(),
-                )
-            }
-        };
-
         let skip_invalid_blocks = self.skip_invalid_blocks;
         let blocks_per_chunk = self.blocks_per_chunk;
         let (stats_tx, mut stats_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
@@ -138,13 +134,23 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
             let provider_factory = provider_factory.clone();
             let evm_config = components.evm_config().clone();
             let consensus = components.consensus().clone();
-            let db_at = db_at.clone();
             let stats_tx = stats_tx.clone();
             let info_tx = info_tx.clone();
             let cancellation = cancellation.clone();
             let next_block = Arc::clone(&next_block);
             tasks.spawn_blocking(move || {
                 let executor_lifetime = Duration::from_secs(600);
+                let provider = provider_factory.database_provider_ro()?.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
+
+                let db_at = {
+                    |block_number: u64| {
+                        StateProviderDatabase(
+                            provider
+                                .history_by_block_number(block_number)
+                                .unwrap(),
+                        )
+                    }
+                };
 
                 loop {
                     if cancellation.is_cancelled() {
@@ -254,11 +260,28 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
                         if executor.size_hint() > 5_000_000 ||
                             executor_created.elapsed() > executor_lifetime
                         {
-                            executor =
-                                evm_config.batch_executor(db_at(block.number()));
+                            let last_block = block.number();
+                            let old_executor = std::mem::replace(
+                                &mut executor,
+                                evm_config.batch_executor(db_at(last_block)),
+                            );
+                            let bundle = old_executor.into_state().take_bundle();
+                            verify_bundle_against_changesets(
+                                &provider,
+                                &bundle,
+                                last_block,
+                            )?;
                             executor_created = Instant::now();
                         }
                     }
+
+                    // Full verification at chunk end for remaining unverified blocks
+                    let bundle = executor.into_state().take_bundle();
+                    verify_bundle_against_changesets(
+                        &provider,
+                        &bundle,
+                        chunk_end - 1,
+                    )?;
                 }
 
                 eyre::Ok(())
@@ -339,3 +362,98 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+/// Verifies reverts against database changesets.
+///
+/// For each block, reverts must match changeset entries exactly. No extra slots/accounts
+/// in reverts for non-destroyed accounts. Destroyed accounts may have extra changeset slots
+/// (from DB storage wipe) absent from reverts.
+fn verify_bundle_against_changesets<P>(
+    provider: &P,
+    bundle: &BundleState,
+    last_block: u64,
+) -> eyre::Result<()>
+where
+    P: ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader,
+{
+    // Verify reverts against changesets per block
+    for (i, block_reverts) in bundle.reverts.iter().rev().enumerate() {
+        let block_number = last_block - i as u64;
+
+        let mut cs_accounts: HashMap<Address, Option<Account>> = provider
+            .account_block_changeset(block_number)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|cs| (cs.address, cs.info))
+            .collect();
+
+        let mut cs_storage: HashMap<Address, HashMap<B256, U256>> = HashMap::new();
+        for (bna, entry) in provider.storage_changeset(block_number)? {
+            cs_storage.entry(bna.address()).or_default().insert(entry.key, entry.value);
+        }
+
+        for (addr, revert) in block_reverts {
+            // Verify account info
+            match &revert.account {
+                AccountInfoRevert::DoNothing => {
+                    eyre::ensure!(
+                        !cs_accounts.contains_key(addr),
+                        "Block {block_number}: account {addr} in changeset but revert is DoNothing",
+                    );
+                }
+                AccountInfoRevert::DeleteIt => {
+                    let cs_info = cs_accounts.remove(addr).ok_or_else(|| {
+                        eyre::eyre!("Block {block_number}: account {addr} revert is DeleteIt but not in changeset")
+                    })?;
+                    eyre::ensure!(
+                        cs_info.is_none(),
+                        "Block {block_number}: account {addr} revert is DeleteIt but changeset has {cs_info:?}",
+                    );
+                }
+                AccountInfoRevert::RevertTo(info) => {
+                    let cs_info = cs_accounts.remove(addr).ok_or_else(|| {
+                        eyre::eyre!("Block {block_number}: account {addr} revert is RevertTo but not in changeset")
+                    })?;
+                    let revert_acct = Some(Account::from(info));
+                    eyre::ensure!(
+                        revert_acct == cs_info,
+                        "Block {block_number}: account {addr} info mismatch: revert={revert_acct:?} cs={cs_info:?}",
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Verify storage slots — remove matched changeset entries as we go
+            let mut cs_slots = cs_storage.get_mut(addr);
+            for (slot_key, revert_slot) in &revert.storage {
+                let b256_key = B256::from(*slot_key);
+                match cs_slots.as_mut().and_then(|s| s.remove(&b256_key)) {
+                    Some(cs_value) => eyre::ensure!(
+                        revert_slot.to_previous_value() == cs_value,
+                        "Block {block_number}: {addr} slot {b256_key} mismatch: \
+                         revert={} cs={cs_value}",
+                        revert_slot.to_previous_value(),
+                    ),
+                    None => eyre::ensure!(
+                        revert.wipe_storage,
+                        "Block {block_number}: {addr} slot {b256_key} in reverts but not in changeset",
+                    ),
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Any remaining cs_storage slots for this address must be from a destroyed account
+            if let Some(remaining) = cs_slots.filter(|s| !s.is_empty()) {
+                eyre::ensure!(
+                    revert.wipe_storage,
+                    "Block {block_number}: {addr} has {} unmatched storage slots in changeset",
+                    remaining.len(),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Any remaining cs_accounts entries had no corresponding revert
+        if let Some(addr) = cs_accounts.keys().next() {
+            eyre::bail!("Block {block_number}: account {addr} in changeset but not in reverts");
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/stage/dump/execution.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use reth_db_api::{
 };
 use reth_db_common::DbTool;
 use reth_evm::ConfigureEvm;
-use reth_node_api::HeaderTy;
+use reth_node_api::{HeaderTy, TxTy};
 use reth_node_core::dirs::{ChainPath, DataDirPath};
 use reth_provider::{
     providers::{ProviderNodeTypes, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider},
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ fn import_tables_with_range<N: ProviderNodeTypes>(
         )
     })??;
     output_db.update(|tx| {
-        tx.import_table_with_range::<tables::BlockOmmers, _>(
+        tx.import_table_with_range::<tables::BlockOmmers<HeaderTy<N>>, _>(
             &db_tool.provider_factory.db_ref().tx()?,
             Some(from),
             to,
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn import_tables_with_range<N: ProviderNodeTypes>(
     })??;
 
     output_db.update(|tx| {
-        tx.import_table_with_range::<tables::Transactions, _>(
+        tx.import_table_with_range::<tables::Transactions<TxTy<N>>, _>(
             &db_tool.provider_factory.db_ref().tx()?,
             Some(from_tx),
             to_tx,

crates/cli/commands/src/stage/run.rs

@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
                     let consensus = Arc::new(components.consensus().clone());
 
                     let mut config = config;
-                    config.peers.trusted_nodes_only = self.network.trusted_only;
+                    config.peers.trusted_nodes_only |= self.network.trusted_only;
                     config.peers.trusted_nodes.extend(self.network.trusted_peers.clone());
 
                     let network_secret_path = self

crates/engine/primitives/src/config.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ pub const DEFAULT_MEMORY_BLOCK_BUFFER_TARGET: u64 = 0;
 /// The size of proof targets chunk to spawn in one multiproof calculation.
 pub const DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 5;
 
+/// Default number of cache hits before an invalid header entry is evicted and reprocessed.
+pub const DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD: u8 = 128;
+
 /// Gas threshold below which the small block chunk size is used.
 pub const SMALL_BLOCK_GAS_THRESHOLD: u64 = 20_000_000;
 
@@ -102,6 +105,11 @@ pub struct TreeConfig {
     block_buffer_limit: u32,
     /// Number of invalid headers to keep in cache.
     max_invalid_header_cache_length: u32,
+    /// Number of cache hits before an invalid header entry is evicted and reprocessed.
+    ///
+    /// Setting this to `0` effectively disables the cache because entries are evicted on the
+    /// first lookup.
+    invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
     /// Maximum number of blocks to execute sequentially in a batch.
     ///
     /// This is used as a cutoff to prevent long-running sequential block execution when we receive
@@ -206,6 +214,7 @@ impl Default for TreeConfig {
             persistence_backpressure_threshold: DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_BACKPRESSURE_THRESHOLD,
             block_buffer_limit: DEFAULT_BLOCK_BUFFER_LIMIT,
             max_invalid_header_cache_length: DEFAULT_MAX_INVALID_HEADER_CACHE_LENGTH,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD,
             max_execute_block_batch_size: DEFAULT_MAX_EXECUTE_BLOCK_BATCH_SIZE,
             legacy_state_root: false,
             always_compare_trie_updates: false,
@@ -248,6 +257,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         persistence_backpressure_threshold: u64,
         block_buffer_limit: u32,
         max_invalid_header_cache_length: u32,
+        invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
         max_execute_block_batch_size: usize,
         legacy_state_root: bool,
         always_compare_trie_updates: bool,
@@ -281,6 +291,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
             persistence_backpressure_threshold,
             block_buffer_limit,
             max_invalid_header_cache_length,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold,
             max_execute_block_batch_size,
             legacy_state_root,
             always_compare_trie_updates,
@@ -338,6 +349,14 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         self.max_invalid_header_cache_length
     }
 
+    /// Return the invalid header cache hit eviction threshold.
+    ///
+    /// Setting this to `0` effectively disables the cache because entries are evicted on the
+    /// first lookup.
+    pub const fn invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold
+    }
+
     /// Return the maximum execute block batch size.
     pub const fn max_execute_block_batch_size(&self) -> usize {
         self.max_execute_block_batch_size
@@ -468,6 +487,15 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Setter for the invalid header cache hit eviction threshold.
+    pub const fn with_invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(
+        mut self,
+        invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold = invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Setter for maximum execute block batch size.
     pub const fn with_max_execute_block_batch_size(
         mut self,

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/invalid_headers.rs

@@ -8,25 +8,28 @@ use schnellru::{ByLength, LruMap};
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use tracing::warn;
 
-/// The max hit counter for invalid headers in the cache before it is forcefully evicted.
-///
-/// In other words, if a header is referenced more than this number of times, it will be evicted to
-/// allow for reprocessing.
-const INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD: u8 = 128;
-
 /// Keeps track of invalid headers.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct InvalidHeaderCache {
     /// This maps a header hash to a reference to its invalid ancestor.
     headers: LruMap<B256, HeaderEntry>,
+    /// Number of cache hits before an invalid header entry is evicted and reprocessed.
+    hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
     /// Metrics for the cache.
     metrics: InvalidHeaderCacheMetrics,
 }
 
 impl InvalidHeaderCache {
     /// Invalid header cache constructor.
-    pub fn new(max_length: u32) -> Self {
-        Self { headers: LruMap::new(ByLength::new(max_length)), metrics: Default::default() }
+    ///
+    /// Setting `hit_eviction_threshold` to `0` effectively disables the cache because entries are
+    /// evicted on the first lookup.
+    pub fn new(max_length: u32, hit_eviction_threshold: u8) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            headers: LruMap::new(ByLength::new(max_length)),
+            hit_eviction_threshold,
+            metrics: Default::default(),
+        }
     }
 
     fn insert_entry(&mut self, hash: B256, header: BlockWithParent) {
@@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ impl InvalidHeaderCache {
         {
             let entry = self.headers.get(hash)?;
             entry.hit_count += 1;
-            if entry.hit_count < INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD {
+            if entry.hit_count < self.hit_eviction_threshold {
                 return Some(entry.header)
             }
         }
@@ -110,17 +113,28 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_hit_eviction() {
-        let mut cache = InvalidHeaderCache::new(10);
+        let hit_eviction_threshold = 3;
+        let mut cache = InvalidHeaderCache::new(10, hit_eviction_threshold);
         let header = Header::default();
         let header = SealedHeader::seal_slow(header);
         cache.insert(header.block_with_parent());
         assert_eq!(cache.headers.get(&header.hash()).unwrap().hit_count, 0);
 
-        for hit in 1..INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD {
+        for hit in 1..hit_eviction_threshold {
             assert!(cache.get(&header.hash()).is_some());
             assert_eq!(cache.headers.get(&header.hash()).unwrap().hit_count, hit);
         }
 
         assert!(cache.get(&header.hash()).is_none());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_zero_hit_eviction_threshold_effectively_disables_cache() {
+        let mut cache = InvalidHeaderCache::new(10, 0);
+        let header = SealedHeader::seal_slow(Header::default());
+        cache.insert(header.block_with_parent());
+
+        assert!(cache.get(&header.hash()).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(cache.headers.len(), 0);
+    }
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs

@@ -151,11 +151,15 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> EngineApiTreeState<N> {
     fn new(
         block_buffer_limit: u32,
         max_invalid_header_cache_length: u32,
+        invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
         canonical_block: BlockNumHash,
         engine_kind: EngineApiKind,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
-            invalid_headers: InvalidHeaderCache::new(max_invalid_header_cache_length),
+            invalid_headers: InvalidHeaderCache::new(
+                max_invalid_header_cache_length,
+                invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold,
+            ),
             buffer: BlockBuffer::new(block_buffer_limit),
             tree_state: TreeState::new(canonical_block, engine_kind),
             forkchoice_state_tracker: ForkchoiceStateTracker::default(),
@@ -436,6 +440,7 @@ where
         let state = EngineApiTreeState::new(
             config.block_buffer_limit(),
             config.max_invalid_header_cache_length(),
+            config.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(),
             header.num_hash(),
             kind,
         );
@@ -3024,7 +3029,15 @@ where
             InsertBlockValidationError::Consensus(err) => self.consensus.is_transient_error(err),
             _ => false,
         };
-        if !is_transient {
+        if is_transient {
+            warn!(
+                target: "engine::tree",
+                invalid_hash=%block.hash(),
+                invalid_number=block.number(),
+                %validation_err,
+                "Skipping invalid header cache insert for transient validation error",
+            );
+        } else {
             self.state.invalid_headers.insert(block.block_with_parent());
         }
         self.emit_event(EngineApiEvent::BeaconConsensus(ConsensusEngineEvent::InvalidBlock(

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::tree::{
     CacheWaitDurations, CachedStateMetrics, CachedStateMetricsSource, ExecutionCache,
     PayloadExecutionCache, SavedCache, StateProviderBuilder, TreeConfig, WaitForCaches,
 };
-use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
+use alloy_eip7928::bal::DecodedBal;
 use alloy_eips::{eip1898::BlockWithParent, eip4895::Withdrawal};
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use crossbeam_channel::{Receiver as CrossbeamReceiver, Sender as CrossbeamSender};
@@ -250,7 +250,6 @@ where
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
         multiproof_provider_factory: F,
         config: &TreeConfig,
-        bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
     ) -> IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N>
     where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
@@ -273,13 +272,12 @@ where
             halve_workers,
             config,
         );
-        let install_state_hook = bal.is_none();
+        let install_state_hook = env.decoded_bal.is_none();
         let prewarm_handle = self.spawn_caching_with(
             env,
             prewarm_rx,
             provider_builder,
             Some(state_root_handle.updates_tx().clone()),
-            bal,
         );
 
         PayloadHandle {
@@ -300,14 +298,13 @@ where
         env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
         transactions: I,
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
-        bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
     ) -> IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N>
     where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
     {
         let (prewarm_rx, execution_rx) =
             self.spawn_tx_iterator(transactions, env.transaction_count);
-        let prewarm_handle = self.spawn_caching_with(env, prewarm_rx, provider_builder, None, bal);
+        let prewarm_handle = self.spawn_caching_with(env, prewarm_rx, provider_builder, None);
         PayloadHandle {
             state_root_handle: None,
             install_state_hook: false,
@@ -465,7 +462,7 @@ where
         level = "debug",
         target = "engine::tree::payload_processor",
         skip_all,
-        fields(bal=%bal.is_some())
+        fields(bal=%env.decoded_bal.is_some())
     )]
     fn spawn_caching_with<P>(
         &self,
@@ -473,7 +470,6 @@ where
         transactions: mpsc::Receiver<(usize, impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + Clone + Send + 'static)>,
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
         to_sparse_trie_task: Option<CrossbeamSender<StateRootMessage>>,
-        bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
     ) -> CacheTaskHandle<N::Receipt>
     where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
@@ -484,7 +480,7 @@ where
         let saved_cache = self.disable_state_cache.not().then(|| self.cache_for(env.parent_hash));
 
         let executed_tx_index = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
-
+        let maybe_decoded_bal = env.decoded_bal.clone();
         // configure prewarming
         let prewarm_ctx = PrewarmContext {
             env,
@@ -507,15 +503,16 @@ where
             prewarm_ctx,
             to_sparse_trie_task,
         );
-
         {
             let to_prewarm_task = to_prewarm_task.clone();
             let disable_bal_parallel_execution = self.disable_bal_parallel_execution;
             self.executor.spawn_blocking_named("prewarm", move || {
                 let mode = if skip_prewarm {
                     PrewarmMode::Skipped
-                } else if let Some(bal) = bal.filter(|_| !disable_bal_parallel_execution) {
-                    PrewarmMode::BlockAccessList(bal)
+                } else if let Some(decoded_bal) =
+                    maybe_decoded_bal.filter(|_| !disable_bal_parallel_execution)
+                {
+                    PrewarmMode::BlockAccessList(decoded_bal)
                 } else {
                     PrewarmMode::Transactions(transactions)
                 };
@@ -936,6 +933,9 @@ pub struct ExecutionEnv<Evm: ConfigureEvm> {
     /// Withdrawals included in the block.
     /// Used to generate prefetch targets for withdrawal addresses.
     pub withdrawals: Option<Vec<Withdrawal>>,
+    /// Optional decoded BAL for the block.
+    /// Used to validate and optimize execution.
+    pub decoded_bal: Option<Arc<DecodedBal>>,
 }
 
 impl<Evm: ConfigureEvm> ExecutionEnv<Evm>
@@ -953,6 +953,7 @@ where
             transaction_count: 0,
             gas_used: 0,
             withdrawals: None,
+            decoded_bal: None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -974,7 +975,7 @@ mod tests {
     use reth_evm_ethereum::EthEvmConfig;
     use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, Recovered, StorageEntry};
     use reth_provider::{
-        providers::{BlockchainProvider, OverlayStateProviderFactory},
+        providers::{BlockchainProvider, OverlayBuilder, OverlayStateProviderFactory},
         test_utils::create_test_provider_factory_with_chain_spec,
         ChainSpecProvider, HashingWriter,
     };
@@ -1158,19 +1159,16 @@ mod tests {
                     }
                 }
 
-                let account = revm_state::Account {
-                    info: AccountInfo {
-                        balance: U256::from(rng.random::<u64>()),
-                        nonce: rng.random::<u64>(),
-                        code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
-                        code: Some(Default::default()),
-                        account_id: None,
-                    },
-                    original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
-                    storage,
-                    status: AccountStatus::Touched,
-                    transaction_id: 0,
+                let mut account = revm_state::Account::default();
+                account.info = AccountInfo {
+                    balance: U256::from(rng.random::<u64>()),
+                    nonce: rng.random::<u64>(),
+                    code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
+                    code: Some(Default::default()),
+                    account_id: None,
                 };
+                account.storage = storage;
+                account.status = AccountStatus::Touched;
 
                 state_update.insert(address, account);
             }
@@ -1249,9 +1247,11 @@ mod tests {
                 std::convert::identity,
             ),
             StateProviderBuilder::new(provider_factory.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
-            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory, ChangesetCache::new()),
+            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
+                provider_factory,
+                OverlayBuilder::new(ChangesetCache::new()),
+            ),
             &TreeConfig::default(),
-            None, // No BAL for test
         );
 
         let mut state_hook = handle.state_hook().expect("state hook is None");

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::tree::{
     StateProviderBuilder,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::transaction::TxHashRef;
-use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
+use alloy_eip7928::bal::DecodedBal;
 use alloy_eips::eip4895::Withdrawal;
 use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, StorageKey, B256};
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub enum PrewarmMode<Tx> {
     /// Prewarm by executing transactions from a stream, each paired with its block index.
     Transactions(Receiver<(usize, Tx)>),
     /// Prewarm by prefetching slots from a Block Access List.
-    BlockAccessList(Arc<BlockAccessList>),
+    BlockAccessList(Arc<DecodedBal>),
     /// Transaction prewarming is skipped (e.g. small blocks where the overhead exceeds the
     /// benefit). No workers are spawned.
     Skipped,
@@ -331,9 +331,10 @@ where
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", skip_all)]
     fn run_bal_prewarm(
         &self,
-        bal: Arc<BlockAccessList>,
+        decoded_bal: Arc<DecodedBal>,
         actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
     ) {
+        let bal = decoded_bal.as_bal();
         if bal.is_empty() {
             if let Some(to_sparse_trie_task) = self.to_sparse_trie_task.as_ref() {
                 let _ = to_sparse_trie_task.send(StateRootMessage::FinishedStateUpdates);
@@ -355,8 +356,8 @@ where
         let parent_span = Span::current();
         let prefetch_parent_span = parent_span.clone();
         let stream_parent_span = parent_span;
-        let prefetch_bal = Arc::clone(&bal);
-        let stream_bal = Arc::clone(&bal);
+        let prefetch_bal = Arc::clone(&decoded_bal);
+        let stream_bal = Arc::clone(&decoded_bal);
         let (prefetch_tx, prefetch_rx) = oneshot::channel();
         let (stream_tx, stream_rx) = oneshot::channel();
 
@@ -367,12 +368,12 @@ where
                     target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
                     parent: &prefetch_parent_span,
                     "bal_prefetch_storage",
-                    bal_accounts = prefetch_bal.len(),
+                    bal_accounts = prefetch_bal.as_bal().len(),
                 );
                 let provider_parent_span = branch_span.clone();
                 let _span = branch_span.entered();
 
-                prefetch_bal.par_iter().for_each_init(
+                prefetch_bal.as_bal().par_iter().for_each_init(
                     || {
                         (
                             prefetch_ctx.clone(),
@@ -400,12 +401,12 @@ where
                     target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
                     parent: &stream_parent_span,
                     "bal_hashed_state_stream",
-                    bal_accounts = stream_bal.len(),
+                    bal_accounts = stream_bal.as_bal().len(),
                 );
                 let provider_parent_span = branch_span.clone();
                 let _span = branch_span.entered();
 
-                stream_bal.par_iter().for_each_init(
+                stream_bal.as_bal().par_iter().for_each_init(
                     || (ctx.clone(), None::<Box<dyn AccountReader>>, provider_parent_span.clone()),
                     |(ctx, provider, parent_span), account_changes| {
                         ctx.send_bal_hashed_state(

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/sparse_trie.rs

@@ -894,7 +894,8 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, Address, B256, U256};
     use reth_provider::{
-        providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, test_utils::create_test_provider_factory,
+        providers::{OverlayBuilder, OverlayStateProviderFactory},
+        test_utils::create_test_provider_factory,
     };
     use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
     use reth_trie_parallel::proof_task::ProofTaskCtx;
@@ -983,8 +984,10 @@ mod tests {
     fn run_returns_parent_root_without_revealing_blind_trie_when_no_state_updates() {
         let runtime = reth_tasks::Runtime::test();
         let provider_factory = create_test_provider_factory();
-        let overlay_factory =
-            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory, ChangesetCache::new());
+        let overlay_factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
+            provider_factory,
+            OverlayBuilder::new(ChangesetCache::new()),
+        );
         let proof_worker_handle =
             ProofWorkerHandle::new(&runtime, ProofTaskCtx::new(overlay_factory), false);
 

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs

@@ -48,7 +48,10 @@ use crate::tree::{
     PayloadHandle, StateProviderBuilder, StateProviderDatabase, TreeConfig, WaitForCaches,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::transaction::{Either, TxHashRef};
-use alloy_eip7928::{bal::Bal, BlockAccessList};
+use alloy_eip7928::{
+    bal::{Bal, DecodedBal},
+    BlockAccessList,
+};
 use alloy_eips::{eip1898::BlockWithParent, eip4895::Withdrawal, NumHash};
 use alloy_evm::Evm;
 use alloy_primitives::{map::B256Set, B256};
@@ -77,13 +80,14 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{
     RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader, SignerRecoverable,
 };
 use reth_provider::{
-    providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, BlockExecutionOutput, BlockNumReader, BlockReader,
-    ChangeSetReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, DatabaseProviderROFactory, HashedPostStateProvider,
-    ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProvider,
-    StateProviderFactory, StateReader, StorageChangeSetReader, StorageSettingsCache,
+    providers::{OverlayBuilder, OverlayStateProviderFactory},
+    BlockExecutionOutput, BlockNumReader, BlockReader, ChangeSetReader, DatabaseProviderFactory,
+    DatabaseProviderROFactory, HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader,
+    StageCheckpointReader, StateProvider, StateProviderBox, StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
+    StorageChangeSetReader, StorageSettingsCache,
 };
 use reth_revm::db::{states::bundle_state::BundleRetention, BundleAccount, State};
-use reth_trie::{trie_cursor::TrieCursorFactory, updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState, StateRoot};
+use reth_trie::{trie_cursor::TrieCursorFactory, updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState};
 use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use reth_trie_parallel::root::{ParallelStateRoot, ParallelStateRootError};
 use revm_primitives::{Address, KECCAK_EMPTY};
@@ -487,6 +491,12 @@ where
             .in_scope(|| self.evm_env_for(&input))
             .map_err(NewPayloadError::other)?;
 
+        // Extract the decoded BAL, if valid and available.
+        let decoded_bal = ensure_ok!(input
+            .try_decoded_access_list()
+            .map_err(|err| { Box::<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>::from(err) }))
+        .map(Arc::new);
+
         let env = ExecutionEnv {
             evm_env,
             hash: input.hash(),
@@ -495,6 +505,7 @@ where
             transaction_count: input.transaction_count(),
             gas_used: input.gas_used(),
             withdrawals: input.withdrawals().map(|w| w.to_vec()),
+            decoded_bal,
         };
 
         // Plan the strategy used for state root computation.
@@ -509,33 +520,26 @@ where
         // Get an iterator over the transactions in the payload
         let txs = self.tx_iterator_for(&input)?;
 
-        // Extract the BAL, if valid and available
-        let block_access_list = ensure_ok!(input
-            .block_access_list()
-            .transpose()
-            // Eventually gets converted to a `InsertBlockErrorKind::Other`
-            .map_err(Box::<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>::from))
-        .map(Arc::new);
-
         // Create lazy overlay from ancestors - this doesn't block, allowing execution to start
         // before the trie data is ready. The overlay will be computed on first access.
         let (lazy_overlay, anchor_hash) = Self::get_parent_lazy_overlay(parent_hash, ctx.state());
 
         // Create overlay factory for payload processor (StateRootTask path needs it for
         // multiproofs)
+        let provider_factory = self.provider.clone();
+        let overlay_builder = OverlayBuilder::new(self.changeset_cache.clone())
+            .with_block_hash(Some(anchor_hash))
+            .with_lazy_overlay(lazy_overlay);
         let overlay_factory =
-            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone(), self.changeset_cache.clone())
-                .with_block_hash(Some(anchor_hash))
-                .with_lazy_overlay(lazy_overlay);
+            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory.clone(), overlay_builder.clone());
 
         // Spawn the appropriate processor based on strategy
         let mut handle = ensure_ok!(self.spawn_payload_processor(
             env.clone(),
             txs,
-            provider_builder,
+            provider_builder.clone(),
             overlay_factory.clone(),
             strategy,
-            block_access_list,
         ));
 
         // Create optional cache stats for detailed block logging
@@ -664,7 +668,7 @@ where
                 let task_result = ensure_ok_post_block!(
                     self.await_state_root_with_timeout(
                         &mut handle,
-                        overlay_factory.clone(),
+                        provider_builder.clone(),
                         &hashed_state,
                     ),
                     block
@@ -688,7 +692,9 @@ where
                         // Compare trie updates with serial computation if configured
                         if self.config.always_compare_trie_updates() {
                             let _has_diff = self.compare_trie_updates_with_serial(
-                                overlay_factory.clone(),
+                                provider_builder.clone(),
+                                provider_factory,
+                                overlay_builder,
                                 &hashed_state,
                                 trie_updates.as_ref().clone(),
                             );
@@ -727,7 +733,11 @@ where
             }
             StateRootStrategy::Parallel => {
                 debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Using parallel state root algorithm");
-                match self.compute_state_root_parallel(overlay_factory.clone(), &hashed_state) {
+                match self.compute_state_root_parallel(
+                    provider_factory,
+                    overlay_builder,
+                    &hashed_state,
+                ) {
                     Ok(result) => {
                         let elapsed = root_time.elapsed();
                         info!(
@@ -763,7 +773,9 @@ where
             }
 
             let (root, updates) = ensure_ok_post_block!(
-                Self::compute_state_root_serial(overlay_factory.clone(), &hashed_state),
+                provider_builder
+                    .build()
+                    .and_then(|provider| Self::compute_state_root_serial(provider, &hashed_state)),
                 block
             );
 
@@ -1087,7 +1099,8 @@ where
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
     fn compute_state_root_parallel(
         &self,
-        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
+        provider_factory: P,
+        overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder,
         hashed_state: &LazyHashedPostState,
     ) -> Result<(B256, TrieUpdates), ParallelStateRootError> {
         let hashed_state = hashed_state.get();
@@ -1095,34 +1108,24 @@ where
         // need to use the prefix sets which were generated from it to indicate to the
         // ParallelStateRoot which parts of the trie need to be recomputed.
         let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets().freeze();
-        let overlay_factory =
-            overlay_factory.with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(hashed_state.clone_into_sorted());
+        let overlay_factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
+            provider_factory,
+            overlay_builder.with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(hashed_state.clone_into_sorted()),
+        );
         ParallelStateRoot::new(overlay_factory, prefix_sets, self.runtime.clone())
             .incremental_root_with_updates()
     }
 
     /// Compute state root for the given hashed post state in serial.
     ///
-    /// Uses an overlay factory which provides the state of the parent block, along with the
-    /// [`HashedPostState`] containing the changes of this block, to compute the state root and
-    /// trie updates for this block.
+    /// Uses the same provider construction path as main execution and computes the state root and
+    /// trie updates for this block directly via
+    /// [`reth_provider::StateRootProvider::state_root_with_updates`].
     fn compute_state_root_serial(
-        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
+        state_provider: StateProviderBox,
         hashed_state: &LazyHashedPostState,
     ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
-        let hashed_state = hashed_state.get();
-        // The `hashed_state` argument will be taken into account as part of the overlay, but we
-        // need to use the prefix sets which were generated from it to indicate to the
-        // StateRoot which parts of the trie need to be recomputed.
-        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets().freeze();
-        let overlay_factory =
-            overlay_factory.with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(hashed_state.clone_into_sorted());
-
-        let provider = overlay_factory.database_provider_ro()?;
-
-        Ok(StateRoot::new(&provider, &provider)
-            .with_prefix_sets(prefix_sets)
-            .root_with_updates()?)
+        state_provider.state_root_with_updates(hashed_state.get().clone())
     }
 
     /// Awaits the state root from the background task, with an optional timeout fallback.
@@ -1147,7 +1150,7 @@ where
     fn await_state_root_with_timeout<Tx, Err, R: Send + Sync + 'static>(
         &self,
         handle: &mut PayloadHandle<Tx, Err, R>,
-        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
+        state_provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
         hashed_state: &LazyHashedPostState,
     ) -> ProviderResult<Result<StateRootComputeOutcome, ParallelStateRootError>> {
         let Some(timeout) = self.config.state_root_task_timeout() else {
@@ -1172,10 +1175,11 @@ where
                 let (seq_tx, seq_rx) =
                     std::sync::mpsc::channel::<ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)>>();
 
-                let seq_overlay = overlay_factory;
                 let seq_hashed_state = hashed_state.clone();
                 self.payload_processor.executor().spawn_blocking_named("serial-root", move || {
-                    let result = Self::compute_state_root_serial(seq_overlay, &seq_hashed_state);
+                    let result = state_provider_builder.build().and_then(|provider| {
+                        Self::compute_state_root_serial(provider, &seq_hashed_state)
+                    });
                     let _ = seq_tx.send(result);
                 });
 
@@ -1239,13 +1243,18 @@ where
     /// updates.
     fn compare_trie_updates_with_serial(
         &self,
-        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
+        state_provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
+        provider_factory: P,
+        overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder,
         hashed_state: &LazyHashedPostState,
         task_trie_updates: TrieUpdates,
     ) -> bool {
         debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Comparing trie updates with serial computation");
 
-        match Self::compute_state_root_serial(overlay_factory.clone(), hashed_state) {
+        match state_provider_builder
+            .build()
+            .and_then(|provider| Self::compute_state_root_serial(provider, hashed_state))
+        {
             Ok((serial_root, serial_trie_updates)) => {
                 debug!(
                     target: "engine::tree::payload_validator",
@@ -1254,6 +1263,8 @@ where
                 );
 
                 // Get a database provider to use as trie cursor factory
+                let overlay_factory =
+                    OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory, overlay_builder);
                 match overlay_factory.database_provider_ro() {
                     Ok(provider) => {
                         match super::trie_updates::compare_trie_updates(
@@ -1439,7 +1450,6 @@ where
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
         overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
         strategy: StateRootStrategy,
-        block_access_list: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
     ) -> Result<
         PayloadHandle<
             impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + use<N, P, Evm, V, T>,
@@ -1459,7 +1469,6 @@ where
                     provider_builder,
                     overlay_factory,
                     &self.config,
-                    block_access_list,
                 );
 
                 // record prewarming initialization duration
@@ -1472,12 +1481,8 @@ where
             }
             StateRootStrategy::Parallel | StateRootStrategy::Synchronous => {
                 let start = Instant::now();
-                let handle = self.payload_processor.spawn_cache_exclusive(
-                    env,
-                    txs,
-                    provider_builder,
-                    block_access_list,
-                );
+                let handle =
+                    self.payload_processor.spawn_cache_exclusive(env, txs, provider_builder);
 
                 // Record prewarming initialization duration
                 self.metrics
@@ -2026,10 +2031,12 @@ where
         state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
     ) -> Option<StateRootHandle> {
         let (lazy_overlay, anchor_hash) = Self::get_parent_lazy_overlay(parent_hash, state);
-        let overlay_factory =
-            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone(), self.changeset_cache.clone())
+        let overlay_factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
+            self.provider.clone(),
+            OverlayBuilder::new(self.changeset_cache.clone())
                 .with_block_hash(Some(anchor_hash))
-                .with_lazy_overlay(lazy_overlay);
+                .with_lazy_overlay(lazy_overlay),
+        );
 
         Some(self.payload_processor.spawn_state_root(
             overlay_factory,
@@ -2110,6 +2117,17 @@ impl<T: PayloadTypes> BlockOrPayload<T> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Returns the decoded block access list, if present and successfully decoded.
+    pub fn try_decoded_access_list(&self) -> Result<Option<DecodedBal>, alloy_rlp::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Payload(payload) => payload
+                .block_access_list()
+                .map(|block_access_list| DecodedBal::from_rlp_bytes(block_access_list.clone()))
+                .transpose(),
+            Self::Block(_) => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns the number of transactions in the payload or block.
     pub fn transaction_count(&self) -> usize
     where

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/tests.rs

@@ -184,11 +184,18 @@ impl TestHarness {
         let payload_validator = MockEngineValidator;
 
         let (from_tree_tx, from_tree_rx) = unbounded_channel();
+        let tree_config =
+            TreeConfig::default().with_legacy_state_root(false).with_has_enough_parallelism(true);
 
         let header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
         let header = SealedHeader::seal_slow(header);
-        let engine_api_tree_state =
-            EngineApiTreeState::new(10, 10, header.num_hash(), EngineApiKind::Ethereum);
+        let engine_api_tree_state = EngineApiTreeState::new(
+            10,
+            10,
+            tree_config.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(),
+            header.num_hash(),
+            EngineApiKind::Ethereum,
+        );
         let canonical_in_memory_state = CanonicalInMemoryState::with_head(header, None, None);
 
         let (to_payload_service, _payload_command_rx) = unbounded_channel();
@@ -217,8 +224,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
             persistence_handle,
             PersistenceState { last_persisted_block: BlockNumHash::default(), rx: None },
             payload_builder,
-            // always assume enough parallelism for tests
-            TreeConfig::default().with_legacy_state_root(false).with_has_enough_parallelism(true),
+            tree_config,
             EngineApiKind::Ethereum,
             evm_config,
             changeset_cache,

crates/era-utils/src/export.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 //! and injecting them into era1 files with `Era1Writer`.
 
 use crate::calculate_td_by_number;
-use alloy_consensus::BlockHeader;
-use alloy_primitives::{BlockNumber, B256, U256};
+use alloy_consensus::{BlockHeader, Sealable, TxReceipt};
+use alloy_primitives::{BlockNumber, U256};
 use eyre::{eyre, Result};
 use reth_era::{
     common::file_ops::{EraFileId, StreamWriter},
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use reth_era::{
         types::{
             execution::{
                 Accumulator, BlockTuple, CompressedBody, CompressedHeader, CompressedReceipts,
-                TotalDifficulty, MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1,
+                HeaderRecord, TotalDifficulty, MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1,
             },
             group::{BlockIndex, Era1Id},
         },
@@ -139,17 +139,21 @@ where
 
         let headers = provider.headers_range(start_block..=end_block)?;
 
-        // Extract first 4 bytes of last block's state root as historical identifier
-        let historical_root = headers
-            .last()
-            .map(|header| {
-                let state_root = header.state_root();
-                [state_root[0], state_root[1], state_root[2], state_root[3]]
+        // Pre-compute accumulator from headers to determine filename
+        let mut precompute_td = total_difficulty;
+        let header_records: Vec<HeaderRecord> = headers
+            .iter()
+            .map(|h| {
+                precompute_td += h.difficulty();
+                HeaderRecord { block_hash: h.hash_slow(), total_difficulty: precompute_td }
             })
-            .unwrap_or([0u8; 4]);
+            .collect();
+        let accumulator = Accumulator::from_header_records(&header_records)
+            .map_err(|e| eyre!("Failed to compute accumulator: {e}"))?;
+        let file_hash: [u8; 4] = accumulator.root[..4].try_into().unwrap();
 
-        let era1_id = Era1Id::new(&config.network, start_block, block_count as u32)
-            .with_hash(historical_root);
+        let era1_id =
+            Era1Id::new(&config.network, start_block, block_count as u32).with_hash(file_hash);
 
         let era1_id = if config.max_blocks_per_file == MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1 as u64 {
             era1_id
@@ -166,7 +170,6 @@ where
         let mut offsets = Vec::<i64>::with_capacity(block_count);
         let mut position = VERSION_ENTRY_SIZE as i64;
         let mut blocks_written = 0;
-        let mut final_header_data = Vec::new();
 
         for (i, header) in headers.into_iter().enumerate() {
             let expected_block_number = start_block + i as u64;
@@ -178,11 +181,6 @@ where
                 &mut total_difficulty,
             )?;
 
-            // Save last block's header data for accumulator
-            if expected_block_number == end_block {
-                final_header_data = compressed_header.data.clone();
-            }
-
             let difficulty = TotalDifficulty::new(total_difficulty);
 
             let header_size = compressed_header.data.len() + ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE;
@@ -218,10 +216,12 @@ where
             }
         }
         if blocks_written > 0 {
-            let accumulator_hash =
-                B256::from_slice(&final_header_data[0..32.min(final_header_data.len())]);
-            let accumulator = Accumulator::new(accumulator_hash);
-            let block_index = BlockIndex::new(start_block, offsets);
+            // Convert absolute offsets to relative (measured from block-index entry start)
+            let accumulator_entry_size = (ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE + 32) as i64;
+            let block_index_position = position + accumulator_entry_size;
+            let relative_offsets: Vec<i64> =
+                offsets.iter().map(|&abs| abs - block_index_position).collect();
+            let block_index = BlockIndex::new(start_block, relative_offsets);
 
             writer.write_accumulator(&accumulator)?;
             writer.write_block_index(&block_index)?;
@@ -310,7 +310,9 @@ where
 
     let compressed_header = CompressedHeader::from_header(&header)?;
     let compressed_body = CompressedBody::from_body(&body)?;
-    let compressed_receipts = CompressedReceipts::from_encodable_list(&receipts)
+    let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> =
+        receipts.iter().map(|r| TxReceipt::with_bloom_ref(r)).collect();
+    let compressed_receipts = CompressedReceipts::from_encodable_list(&receipts_with_bloom)
         .map_err(|e| eyre!("Failed to compress receipts: {}", e))?;
 
     Ok((compressed_header, compressed_body, compressed_receipts))

crates/era/Cargo.toml

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ snap.workspace = true
 # ssz encoding and decoding
 ethereum_ssz.workspace = true
 ethereum_ssz_derive.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 eyre.workspace = true

crates/era/src/era1/types/execution.rs

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ use crate::{
 use alloy_consensus::{Block, BlockBody, Header};
 use alloy_primitives::{B256, U256};
 use alloy_rlp::{Decodable, Encodable};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use snap::{read::FrameDecoder, write::FrameEncoder};
 use std::{
     io::{Read, Write},
@@ -493,6 +494,73 @@ impl Accumulator {
 
         Ok(Self { root: B256::from(root) })
     }
+
+    /// Compute the accumulator from a list of header records.
+    ///
+    /// Implements `hash_tree_root(List[HeaderRecord, 8192])` per the ERA1 spec:
+    /// - Each leaf is `sha256(block_hash || total_difficulty_le_bytes32)`
+    /// - Leaves are padded to `MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1` (8192) with zero hashes
+    /// - Binary Merkle tree is computed bottom-up
+    /// - Final root is `sha256(merkle_root || le_bytes32(actual_count))`
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Err` if `records` exceeds [`MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1`].
+    pub fn from_header_records(records: &[HeaderRecord]) -> Result<Self, E2sError> {
+        let capacity = MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1;
+
+        if records.len() > capacity {
+            return Err(E2sError::Ssz(format!(
+                "Too many header records: got {}, max {}",
+                records.len(),
+                capacity
+            )));
+        }
+
+        // Compute leaf hash for each header record
+        let mut leaves = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);
+        for record in records {
+            let mut data = [0u8; 64];
+            data[..32].copy_from_slice(record.block_hash.as_slice());
+            data[32..].copy_from_slice(&record.total_difficulty.to_le_bytes::<32>());
+            leaves.push(<[u8; 32]>::from(Sha256::digest(data)));
+        }
+
+        // Pad to capacity with zero hashes
+        leaves.resize(capacity, [0u8; 32]);
+
+        // Binary Merkle tree bottom-up (capacity is always a power of two)
+        while leaves.len() > 1 {
+            let mut next_level = Vec::with_capacity(leaves.len() / 2);
+            for pair in leaves.chunks_exact(2) {
+                let mut data = [0u8; 64];
+                data[..32].copy_from_slice(&pair[0]);
+                data[32..].copy_from_slice(&pair[1]);
+                next_level.push(<[u8; 32]>::from(Sha256::digest(data)));
+            }
+            leaves = next_level;
+        }
+
+        let merkle_root = leaves[0];
+
+        // mix_in_length: sha256(merkle_root || le_bytes32(actual_length))
+        let mut mix = [0u8; 64];
+        mix[..32].copy_from_slice(&merkle_root);
+        let length = records.len() as u64;
+        mix[32..40].copy_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
+        // remaining bytes stay zero (uint256 LE padding)
+
+        Ok(Self { root: B256::from(<[u8; 32]>::from(Sha256::digest(mix))) })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A header record used to compute the ERA1 accumulator.
+///
+/// Per the ERA1 spec: `header-record := { block-hash: Bytes32, total-difficulty: Uint256 }`
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct HeaderRecord {
+    /// The block hash (keccak256 of RLP-encoded header)
+    pub block_hash: B256,
+    /// The cumulative total difficulty at this block
+    pub total_difficulty: U256,
 }
 
 /// A block tuple in an Era1 file, containing all components for a single block
@@ -691,6 +759,44 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_accumulator_from_header_records_known_vectors() {
+        // Known-answer vectors computed from the SSZ spec:
+        //   hash_tree_root(List[HeaderRecord, 8192])
+        let expected_empty: B256 =
+            "4a8c3a07c8d23adc5bac61157555c3c784d53d9bc110c1370809bd23cd93777d".parse().unwrap();
+        let expected_single_zero: B256 =
+            "81fd641249670887a731386e756a7a1538dc781b1b0bf016889045d350812817".parse().unwrap();
+        let expected_single_nonzero: B256 =
+            "ada35c48d81117f4fd588554cd4c4752356336e84cb41106dea1ceb4cfac8799".parse().unwrap();
+
+        // Empty list
+        let acc_empty = Accumulator::from_header_records(&[]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(acc_empty.root, expected_empty);
+
+        // Single record with zero values
+        let records = vec![HeaderRecord { block_hash: B256::ZERO, total_difficulty: U256::ZERO }];
+        let acc = Accumulator::from_header_records(&records).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(acc.root, expected_single_zero);
+
+        // Single record with non-zero values
+        let records2 = vec![HeaderRecord {
+            block_hash: B256::from([1u8; 32]),
+            total_difficulty: U256::from(100u64),
+        }];
+        let acc2 = Accumulator::from_header_records(&records2).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(acc2.root, expected_single_nonzero);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_accumulator_rejects_oversized_input() {
+        let records = vec![
+            HeaderRecord { block_hash: B256::ZERO, total_difficulty: U256::ZERO };
+            MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1 + 1
+        ];
+        assert!(Accumulator::from_header_records(&records).is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_receipt_list_compression() {
         let receipts = create_test_receipts();

crates/era/src/era1/types/group.rs

@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ pub struct Era1Id {
     /// Number of blocks in the file
     pub block_count: u32,
 
-    /// Optional hash identifier for this file
-    /// First 4 bytes of the last historical root in the last state in the era file
+    /// Optional hash identifier for this file.
+    /// First 4 bytes of the accumulator root hash.
     pub hash: Option<[u8; 4]>,
 
     /// Whether to include era count in filename

crates/ethereum/node/Cargo.toml

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ tokio.workspace = true
 
 # revm with required ethereum features
 # Note: this must be kept to ensure all features are properly enabled/forwarded
-revm = { workspace = true, features = ["secp256k1", "blst", "c-kzg", "memory_limit"] }
+revm = { workspace = true, features = ["secp256k1", "blst", "c-kzg", "memory_limit", "p256-aws-lc-rs"] }
 
 # misc
 eyre.workspace = true

crates/net/discv5/src/lib.rs

@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ impl Discv5 {
             bootstrap_lookup_interval,
             bootstrap_lookup_countdown,
             metrics.clone(),
-            discv5.clone(),
+            Arc::downgrade(&discv5),
         );
 
         Ok((
@@ -573,14 +573,19 @@ pub fn spawn_populate_kbuckets_bg(
     bootstrap_lookup_interval: u64,
     bootstrap_lookup_countdown: u64,
     metrics: Discv5Metrics,
-    discv5: Arc<discv5::Discv5>,
+    discv5: std::sync::Weak<discv5::Discv5>,
 ) {
-    let local_node_id = discv5.local_enr().node_id();
     let lookup_interval = Duration::from_secs(lookup_interval);
     let metrics = metrics.discovered_peers;
     let mut kbucket_index = MAX_KBUCKET_INDEX;
     let pulse_lookup_interval = Duration::from_secs(bootstrap_lookup_interval);
     task::spawn(async move {
+        let Some(discv5_handle) = discv5.upgrade() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let local_node_id = discv5_handle.local_enr().node_id();
+        drop(discv5_handle);
+
         // make many fast lookup queries at bootstrap, trying to fill kbuckets at furthest
         // log2distance from local node
         for i in (0..bootstrap_lookup_countdown).rev() {
@@ -593,7 +598,12 @@ pub fn spawn_populate_kbuckets_bg(
                 "starting bootstrap boost lookup query"
             );
 
-            lookup(target, &discv5, &metrics).await;
+            {
+                let Some(discv5_handle) = discv5.upgrade() else {
+                    return;
+                };
+                lookup(target, &discv5_handle, &metrics).await;
+            }
 
             tokio::time::sleep(pulse_lookup_interval).await;
         }
@@ -610,7 +620,12 @@ pub fn spawn_populate_kbuckets_bg(
                 "starting periodic lookup query"
             );
 
-            lookup(target, &discv5, &metrics).await;
+            {
+                let Some(discv5_handle) = discv5.upgrade() else {
+                    return;
+                };
+                lookup(target, &discv5_handle, &metrics).await;
+            }
 
             if kbucket_index > DEFAULT_MIN_TARGET_KBUCKET_INDEX {
                 // try to populate bucket one step closer
@@ -698,6 +713,10 @@ mod test {
     use ::enr::{CombinedKey, EnrKey};
     use rand_08::thread_rng;
     use reth_chainspec::MAINNET;
+    use std::{
+        net::UdpSocket,
+        time::{Duration, Instant},
+    };
     use tracing::trace;
 
     fn discv5_noop() -> Discv5 {
@@ -736,6 +755,61 @@ mod test {
         Discv5::start(&secret_key, discv5_config).await.expect("should build discv5")
     }
 
+    async fn start_discovery_node_with_key(
+        secret_key: &SecretKey,
+        udp_port_discv5: u16,
+    ) -> Result<(Discv5, mpsc::Receiver<discv5::Event>), Error> {
+        let discv5_addr: SocketAddr = format!("127.0.0.1:{udp_port_discv5}").parse().unwrap();
+        let rlpx_addr: SocketAddr = "127.0.0.1:30303".parse().unwrap();
+
+        let discv5_listen_config = ListenConfig::from(discv5_addr);
+        let discv5_config = Config::builder(rlpx_addr)
+            .discv5_config(discv5::ConfigBuilder::new(discv5_listen_config).build())
+            .build();
+
+        Discv5::start(secret_key, discv5_config).await
+    }
+
+    fn unused_udp_port() -> u16 {
+        UdpSocket::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap().local_addr().unwrap().port()
+    }
+
+    async fn wait_for_udp_port_release(port: u16, timeout: Duration) {
+        let deadline = Instant::now() + timeout;
+
+        loop {
+            match UdpSocket::bind(("127.0.0.1", port)) {
+                Ok(socket) => {
+                    drop(socket);
+                    return;
+                }
+                Err(err) if Instant::now() < deadline => {
+                    trace!(target: "net::discv5::test", %port, %err, "waiting for discv5 port release");
+                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+                }
+                Err(err) => panic!("discv5 did not release port {port} before timeout: {err}"),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    async fn discv5_releases_port_on_drop() {
+        reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+        let secret_key = SecretKey::new(&mut thread_rng());
+        let port = unused_udp_port();
+
+        let (node, updates) =
+            start_discovery_node_with_key(&secret_key, port).await.expect("should start discv5");
+        drop(updates);
+        drop(node);
+
+        wait_for_udp_port_release(port, Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+
+        let restarted = start_discovery_node_with_key(&secret_key, port).await;
+        assert!(restarted.is_ok(), "discv5 failed to rebind dropped port: {restarted:?}");
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
     async fn discv5() {
         reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();

crates/net/eth-wire/src/ethstream.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 use crate::{
     errors::{EthHandshakeError, EthStreamError},
     handshake::EthereumEthHandshake,
-    message::{EthBroadcastMessage, ProtocolBroadcastMessage, MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE},
+    message::{EthBroadcastMessage, EthMessageID, ProtocolBroadcastMessage, MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE},
     p2pstream::HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT,
     CanDisconnect, DisconnectReason, EthMessage, EthNetworkPrimitives, EthVersion, ProtocolMessage,
     UnifiedStatus,
@@ -108,6 +108,9 @@ pub struct EthStreamInner<N> {
     version: EthVersion,
     /// Maximum allowed ETH message size.
     max_message_size: usize,
+    /// When true, `NewBlock` (0x07) and `NewBlockHashes` (0x01) messages are rejected before RLP
+    /// decoding to avoid any memory impact for non-PoW networks.
+    reject_block_announcements: bool,
     _pd: std::marker::PhantomData<N>,
 }
 
@@ -122,7 +125,12 @@ where
 
     /// Creates a new [`EthStreamInner`] with the given eth version and message size limit.
     pub const fn with_max_message_size(version: EthVersion, max_message_size: usize) -> Self {
-        Self { version, max_message_size, _pd: std::marker::PhantomData }
+        Self {
+            version,
+            max_message_size,
+            reject_block_announcements: false,
+            _pd: std::marker::PhantomData,
+        }
     }
 
     /// Returns the eth version
@@ -131,12 +139,25 @@ where
         self.version
     }
 
+    /// Sets whether to reject block announcement messages (`NewBlock`, `NewBlockHashes`) before
+    /// RLP decoding.
+    pub const fn set_reject_block_announcements(&mut self, reject: bool) {
+        self.reject_block_announcements = reject;
+    }
+
     /// Decodes incoming bytes into an [`EthMessage`].
     pub fn decode_message(&self, bytes: BytesMut) -> Result<EthMessage<N>, EthStreamError> {
         if bytes.len() > self.max_message_size {
             return Err(EthStreamError::MessageTooBig(bytes.len()));
         }
 
+        if self.reject_block_announcements &&
+            let Some(&id) = bytes.first() &&
+            (id == EthMessageID::NewBlock.to_u8() || id == EthMessageID::NewBlockHashes.to_u8())
+        {
+            return Err(EthStreamError::UnsupportedMessage { message_id: id });
+        }
+
         let msg = match ProtocolMessage::decode_message(self.version, &mut bytes.as_ref()) {
             Ok(m) => m,
             Err(err) => {
@@ -208,6 +229,12 @@ impl<S, N: NetworkPrimitives> EthStream<S, N> {
         self.eth.version()
     }
 
+    /// Sets whether to reject block announcement messages (`NewBlock`, `NewBlockHashes`) before
+    /// RLP decoding.
+    pub const fn set_reject_block_announcements(&mut self, reject: bool) {
+        self.eth.set_reject_block_announcements(reject);
+    }
+
     /// Returns the underlying stream.
     #[inline]
     pub const fn inner(&self) -> &S {

crates/net/network/src/builder.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use reth_eth_wire::{EthNetworkPrimitives, NetworkPrimitives};
 use reth_network_api::test_utils::PeersHandleProvider;
+use reth_storage_api::BalProvider;
 use reth_transaction_pool::TransactionPool;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 
@@ -63,7 +64,10 @@ impl<Tx, Eth, N: NetworkPrimitives> NetworkBuilder<Tx, Eth, N> {
     pub fn request_handler<Client>(
         self,
         client: Client,
-    ) -> NetworkBuilder<Tx, EthRequestHandler<Client, N>, N> {
+    ) -> NetworkBuilder<Tx, EthRequestHandler<Client, N>, N>
+    where
+        Client: BalProvider,
+    {
         let Self { mut network, transactions, .. } = self;
         let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(ETH_REQUEST_CHANNEL_CAPACITY);
         network.set_eth_request_handler(tx);

crates/net/network/src/config.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ use reth_eth_wire_types::message::MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE;
 use reth_ethereum_forks::{ForkFilter, Head};
 use reth_network_peers::{mainnet_nodes, pk2id, sepolia_nodes, PeerId, TrustedPeer};
 use reth_network_types::{PeersConfig, SessionsConfig};
-use reth_storage_api::{noop::NoopProvider, BlockNumReader, BlockReader, HeaderProvider};
+use reth_storage_api::{
+    noop::NoopProvider, BalProvider, BlockNumReader, BlockReader, HeaderProvider,
+};
 use reth_tasks::Runtime;
 use secp256k1::SECP256K1;
 use std::{collections::HashSet, net::SocketAddr, sync::Arc};
@@ -157,7 +159,8 @@ where
 impl<C, N> NetworkConfig<C, N>
 where
     N: NetworkPrimitives,
-    C: BlockReader<Block = N::Block, Receipt = N::Receipt, Header = N::BlockHeader>
+    C: BalProvider
+        + BlockReader<Block = N::Block, Receipt = N::Receipt, Header = N::BlockHeader>
         + HeaderProvider
         + Clone
         + Unpin

crates/net/network/src/eth_requests.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use reth_network_api::test_utils::PeersHandle;
 use reth_network_p2p::error::RequestResult;
 use reth_network_peers::PeerId;
 use reth_primitives_traits::Block;
-use reth_storage_api::{BlockReader, HeaderProvider};
+use reth_storage_api::{BalProvider, BlockReader, GetBlockAccessListLimit, HeaderProvider};
 use std::{
     future::Future,
     pin::Pin,
@@ -282,27 +282,6 @@ where
         let _ = response.send(Ok(Receipts70 { last_block_incomplete, receipts }));
     }
 
-    /// Handles [`GetBlockAccessLists`] queries.
-    ///
-    /// EIP-8159 defines the final `BlockAccessLists` response semantics:
-    /// <https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-8159>
-    fn on_block_access_lists_request(
-        &self,
-        _peer_id: PeerId,
-        request: GetBlockAccessLists,
-        response: oneshot::Sender<RequestResult<BlockAccessLists>>,
-    ) {
-        // TODO: BAL serving is not fully implemented yet. Per EIP-8159, unavailable BALs are
-        // returned as empty BAL entries while preserving request order, so we currently return
-        // one RLP-encoded empty BAL (`0xc0`) per requested hash.
-        let access_lists = request
-            .0
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|_| Bytes::from_static(&[alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE]))
-            .collect();
-        let _ = response.send(Ok(BlockAccessLists(access_lists)));
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     fn get_receipts_response<T, F>(&self, request: GetReceipts, transform_fn: F) -> Vec<Vec<T>>
     where
@@ -332,13 +311,55 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+impl<C, N> EthRequestHandler<C, N>
+where
+    N: NetworkPrimitives,
+    C: BalProvider,
+{
+    /// Handles [`GetBlockAccessLists`] queries.
+    ///
+    /// EIP-8159 defines the final `BlockAccessLists` response semantics:
+    /// <https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-8159>
+    fn on_block_access_lists_request(
+        &self,
+        _peer_id: PeerId,
+        request: GetBlockAccessLists,
+        response: oneshot::Sender<RequestResult<BlockAccessLists>>,
+    ) {
+        let limit = GetBlockAccessListLimit::ResponseSizeSoftLimit(SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT);
+        let access_lists = self
+            .client
+            .bal_store()
+            .get_by_hashes_with_limit(&request.0, limit)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| empty_block_access_lists_with_limit(request.0.len(), limit));
+        let _ = response.send(Ok(BlockAccessLists(access_lists)));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builds the error fallback response while still enforcing the BAL response soft limit.
+fn empty_block_access_lists_with_limit(count: usize, limit: GetBlockAccessListLimit) -> Vec<Bytes> {
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+    let mut size = 0;
+    for _ in 0..count {
+        let bal = Bytes::from_static(&[0xc0]);
+        size += bal.len();
+        out.push(bal);
+
+        if limit.exceeds(size) {
+            break
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 /// An endless future.
 ///
 /// This should be spawned or used as part of `tokio::select!`.
 impl<C, N> Future for EthRequestHandler<C, N>
 where
     N: NetworkPrimitives,
-    C: BlockReader<Block = N::Block, Receipt = N::Receipt>
+    C: BalProvider
+        + BlockReader<Block = N::Block, Receipt = N::Receipt>
         + HeaderProvider<Header = N::BlockHeader>
         + Unpin,
 {

crates/net/network/src/fetch/client.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use futures::{future, future::Either};
 use reth_eth_wire::{BlockAccessLists, EthNetworkPrimitives, NetworkPrimitives};
 use reth_network_api::test_utils::PeersHandle;
 use reth_network_p2p::{
-    block_access_lists::client::BlockAccessListsClient,
+    block_access_lists::client::{BalRequirement, BlockAccessListsClient},
     bodies::client::{BodiesClient, BodiesFut},
     download::DownloadClient,
     error::{PeerRequestResult, RequestError},
@@ -135,11 +135,29 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> BlockAccessListsClient for FetchClient<N> {
         &self,
         hashes: Vec<B256>,
         priority: Priority,
+    ) -> Self::Output {
+        self.get_block_access_lists_with_priority_and_requirement(
+            hashes,
+            priority,
+            BalRequirement::Mandatory,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn get_block_access_lists_with_priority_and_requirement(
+        &self,
+        hashes: Vec<B256>,
+        priority: Priority,
+        requirement: BalRequirement,
     ) -> Self::Output {
         let (response, rx) = oneshot::channel();
         if self
             .request_tx
-            .send(DownloadRequest::GetBlockAccessLists { request: hashes, response, priority })
+            .send(DownloadRequest::GetBlockAccessLists {
+                request: hashes,
+                response,
+                priority,
+                requirement,
+            })
             .is_ok()
         {
             Box::pin(FlattenedResponse::from(rx))

crates/net/network/src/fetch/mod.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use reth_eth_wire::{
 };
 use reth_network_api::test_utils::PeersHandle;
 use reth_network_p2p::{
+    block_access_lists::client::BalRequirement,
     error::{EthResponseValidator, PeerRequestResult, RequestError, RequestResult},
     headers::client::HeadersRequest,
     priority::Priority,
@@ -159,15 +160,10 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> StateFetcher<N> {
     /// full history available
     fn next_best_peer(&self, requirement: BestPeerRequirements) -> Option<PeerId> {
         // filter out peers that aren't idle or don't meet the requirement
-        let mut idle = self.peers.iter().filter(|(_, peer)| {
-            peer.state.is_idle() &&
-                match &requirement {
-                    BestPeerRequirements::EthVersion(ver) => {
-                        peer.capabilities.supports_eth_at_least(ver)
-                    }
-                    _ => true,
-                }
-        });
+        let mut idle = self
+            .peers
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, peer)| peer.state.is_idle() && peer.satisfies(&requirement));
 
         let mut best_peer = idle.next()?;
 
@@ -195,6 +191,14 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> StateFetcher<N> {
         Some(*best_peer.0)
     }
 
+    /// Returns whether any connected peer can serve BAL requests.
+    fn has_eth71_peer(&self) -> bool {
+        self.peers.values().any(|peer| {
+            !matches!(peer.state, PeerState::Closing) &&
+                peer.capabilities.supports_eth_at_least(&EthVersion::Eth71)
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Returns the next action to return
     fn poll_action(&mut self) -> PollAction {
         // we only check and not pop here since we don't know yet whether a peer is available.
@@ -208,9 +212,15 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> StateFetcher<N> {
 
         let request = self.queued_requests.pop_front().expect("not empty");
         let Some(peer_id) = self.next_best_peer(request.best_peer_requirements()) else {
-            // no peer matches this request's requirements; requeue at the back so other
-            // queued requests get a chance on the next poll instead of head-of-line blocking.
-            self.queued_requests.push_back(request);
+            // Optional BAL requests can lose their eth/71 peer while queued; complete them
+            // instead of waiting for future peer churn.
+            if request.is_optional_bal() && !self.has_eth71_peer() {
+                request.send_err_response(RequestError::UnsupportedCapability);
+            } else {
+                // no peer matches this request's requirements; requeue at the back so other
+                // queued requests get a chance on the next poll instead of head-of-line blocking.
+                self.queued_requests.push_back(request);
+            }
             return PollAction::NoPeersAvailable
         };
 
@@ -232,21 +242,30 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> StateFetcher<N> {
             loop {
                 // poll incoming requests
                 match self.download_requests_rx.poll_next_unpin(cx) {
-                    Poll::Ready(Some(request)) => match request.get_priority() {
-                        Priority::High => {
-                            // find the first normal request and queue before, add this request to
-                            // the back of the high-priority queue
-                            let pos = self
-                                .queued_requests
-                                .iter()
-                                .position(|req| req.is_normal_priority())
-                                .unwrap_or(0);
-                            self.queued_requests.insert(pos, request);
+                    Poll::Ready(Some(request)) => {
+                        // Optional BAL requests should not wait for future peer churn if no
+                        // connected peer can serve them right now.
+                        if request.is_optional_bal() && !self.has_eth71_peer() {
+                            request.send_err_response(RequestError::UnsupportedCapability);
+                            continue
                         }
-                        Priority::Normal => {
-                            self.queued_requests.push_back(request);
+
+                        match request.get_priority() {
+                            Priority::High => {
+                                // find first normal request and queue before it; add this request
+                                // to the back of the high-priority queue
+                                let pos = self
+                                    .queued_requests
+                                    .iter()
+                                    .position(|req| req.is_normal_priority())
+                                    .unwrap_or(0);
+                                self.queued_requests.insert(pos, request);
+                            }
+                            Priority::Normal => {
+                                self.queued_requests.push_back(request);
+                            }
                         }
-                    },
+                    }
                     Poll::Ready(None) => {
                         unreachable!("channel can't close")
                     }
@@ -269,6 +288,15 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> StateFetcher<N> {
             peer.state = req.peer_state();
         }
 
+        self.prepare_inflight_block_request(peer_id, req)
+    }
+
+    /// Tracks an inflight request and converts it into a peer request.
+    fn prepare_inflight_block_request(
+        &mut self,
+        peer_id: PeerId,
+        req: DownloadRequest<N>,
+    ) -> BlockRequest {
         match req {
             DownloadRequest::GetBlockHeaders { request, response, .. } => {
                 let inflight = Request { request: request.clone(), response };
@@ -299,12 +327,23 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> StateFetcher<N> {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns a new followup request for the peer.
+    /// Returns a queued followup request the peer can serve.
+    ///
+    /// This is an immediate scheduling shortcut after a successful response. It skips queued
+    /// requests whose hard requirements do not match this peer, leaving them for the regular peer
+    /// selection path.
     ///
     /// Caution: this expects that the peer is _not_ closed.
     fn followup_request(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId) -> Option<BlockResponseOutcome> {
-        let req = self.queued_requests.pop_front()?;
-        let req = self.prepare_block_request(peer_id, req);
+        let peer = self.peers.get_mut(&peer_id)?;
+        let req_idx = self.queued_requests.iter().position(|req| {
+            // Find the first queued request this peer can serve.
+            peer.satisfies(&req.best_peer_requirements())
+        })?;
+        let req = self.queued_requests.remove(req_idx).expect("valid request index");
+
+        peer.state = req.peer_state();
+        let req = self.prepare_inflight_block_request(peer_id, req);
         Some(BlockResponseOutcome::Request(peer_id, req))
     }
 
@@ -476,6 +515,16 @@ impl Peer {
         self.range_info.as_ref().map(|info| info.range())
     }
 
+    /// Returns whether this peer can serve requests with the given hard requirements.
+    fn satisfies(&self, requirement: &BestPeerRequirements) -> bool {
+        match requirement {
+            BestPeerRequirements::EthVersion(ver) => self.capabilities.supports_eth_at_least(ver),
+            BestPeerRequirements::None |
+            BestPeerRequirements::FullBlock |
+            BestPeerRequirements::FullBlockRange(_) => true,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns true if this peer has a better range than the other peer for serving the requested
     /// range.
     ///
@@ -602,6 +651,7 @@ pub(crate) enum DownloadRequest<N: NetworkPrimitives> {
         request: Vec<B256>,
         response: oneshot::Sender<PeerRequestResult<BlockAccessLists>>,
         priority: Priority,
+        requirement: BalRequirement,
     },
     /// Download receipts for the given block hashes and send response through channel
     GetReceipts {
@@ -639,6 +689,21 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> DownloadRequest<N> {
         self.get_priority().is_normal()
     }
 
+    /// Returns `true` if this is an optional BAL request.
+    const fn is_optional_bal(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::GetBlockAccessLists { requirement: BalRequirement::Optional, .. })
+    }
+
+    /// Sends an error response to the waiting caller.
+    fn send_err_response(self, err: RequestError) {
+        let _ = match self {
+            Self::GetBlockHeaders { response, .. } => response.send(Err(err)).ok(),
+            Self::GetBlockBodies { response, .. } => response.send(Err(err)).ok(),
+            Self::GetBlockAccessLists { response, .. } => response.send(Err(err)).ok(),
+            Self::GetReceipts { response, .. } => response.send(Err(err)).ok(),
+        };
+    }
+
     /// Returns the best peer requirements for this request.
     fn best_peer_requirements(&self) -> BestPeerRequirements {
         match self {
@@ -1404,6 +1469,98 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(matches!(outcome, Some(BlockResponseOutcome::Request(pid, _)) if pid == peer_id));
     }
 
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_followup_skips_request_peer_cannot_serve() {
+        let (mut fetcher, peer_id) = fetcher_with_peer();
+
+        let peer_71 = B512::random();
+        let caps_71 = Arc::new(Capabilities::from(vec![Capability::new("eth".into(), 71)]));
+        fetcher.new_active_peer(
+            peer_71,
+            B256::random(),
+            100,
+            caps_71,
+            Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(10)),
+            None,
+        );
+        fetcher.peers.get_mut(&peer_71).expect("peer exists").state = PeerState::GetBlockHeaders;
+
+        let (followup_tx, _followup_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        fetcher.queued_requests.push_back(DownloadRequest::GetBlockAccessLists {
+            request: vec![B256::random()],
+            response: followup_tx,
+            priority: Priority::Normal,
+            requirement: BalRequirement::Optional,
+        });
+
+        let _rx = insert_inflight_receipts(&mut fetcher, peer_id);
+
+        let resp = ReceiptsResponse::new(vec![vec![]]);
+        assert!(fetcher.on_receipts_response(peer_id, Ok(resp)).is_none());
+        assert!(fetcher.peers[&peer_id].state.is_idle());
+        assert!(!fetcher.inflight_bals_requests.contains_key(&peer_id));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            fetcher.queued_requests.front(),
+            Some(DownloadRequest::GetBlockAccessLists {
+                requirement: BalRequirement::Optional,
+                ..
+            })
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_followup_uses_first_satisfiable_request() {
+        let (mut fetcher, peer_id) = fetcher_with_peer();
+
+        let peer_71 = B512::random();
+        let caps_71 = Arc::new(Capabilities::from(vec![Capability::new("eth".into(), 71)]));
+        fetcher.new_active_peer(
+            peer_71,
+            B256::random(),
+            100,
+            caps_71,
+            Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(10)),
+            None,
+        );
+        fetcher.peers.get_mut(&peer_71).expect("peer exists").state = PeerState::GetBlockHeaders;
+
+        let (bal_tx, _bal_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        fetcher.queued_requests.push_back(DownloadRequest::GetBlockAccessLists {
+            request: vec![B256::random()],
+            response: bal_tx,
+            priority: Priority::Normal,
+            requirement: BalRequirement::Optional,
+        });
+
+        let (bodies_tx, _bodies_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        fetcher.queued_requests.push_back(DownloadRequest::GetBlockBodies {
+            request: vec![B256::random()],
+            response: bodies_tx,
+            priority: Priority::Normal,
+            range_hint: None,
+        });
+
+        let _rx = insert_inflight_receipts(&mut fetcher, peer_id);
+
+        let resp = ReceiptsResponse::new(vec![vec![]]);
+        let outcome = fetcher.on_receipts_response(peer_id, Ok(resp));
+
+        assert!(matches!(
+            outcome,
+            Some(BlockResponseOutcome::Request(pid, BlockRequest::GetBlockBodies(_))) if pid == peer_id
+        ));
+        assert!(fetcher.inflight_bodies_requests.contains_key(&peer_id));
+        assert!(matches!(fetcher.peers[&peer_id].state, PeerState::GetBlockBodies));
+        assert_eq!(fetcher.queued_requests.len(), 1);
+        assert!(matches!(
+            fetcher.queued_requests.front(),
+            Some(DownloadRequest::GetBlockAccessLists {
+                requirement: BalRequirement::Optional,
+                ..
+            })
+        ));
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn test_prepare_block_request_creates_inflight_receipts() {
         let (mut fetcher, peer_id) = fetcher_with_peer();
@@ -1541,6 +1698,7 @@ mod tests {
             request: vec![],
             response: tx,
             priority: Priority::Normal,
+            requirement: BalRequirement::Mandatory,
         });
 
         let waker = noop_waker();
@@ -1583,4 +1741,138 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(peer_id, peer_71);
         }
     }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_optional_bal_request_rejected_without_eth71_peer() {
+        use futures::task::noop_waker;
+        use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+        let manager = PeersManager::new(PeersConfig::default());
+        let mut fetcher =
+            StateFetcher::<EthNetworkPrimitives>::new(manager.handle(), Default::default());
+
+        let peer_old = B512::random();
+        let caps_old = Arc::new(Capabilities::new(vec![]));
+        fetcher.new_active_peer(
+            peer_old,
+            B256::random(),
+            100,
+            caps_old,
+            Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(10)),
+            None,
+        );
+
+        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        fetcher
+            .download_requests_tx
+            .send(DownloadRequest::GetBlockAccessLists {
+                request: vec![],
+                response: tx,
+                priority: Priority::Normal,
+                requirement: BalRequirement::Optional,
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let waker = noop_waker();
+        let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+
+        assert!(matches!(fetcher.poll(&mut cx), Poll::Pending));
+        assert!(fetcher.queued_requests.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(rx.await.unwrap().unwrap_err(), RequestError::UnsupportedCapability);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_optional_bal_request_waits_for_busy_eth71_peer() {
+        use futures::task::noop_waker;
+        use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+        let manager = PeersManager::new(PeersConfig::default());
+        let mut fetcher =
+            StateFetcher::<EthNetworkPrimitives>::new(manager.handle(), Default::default());
+
+        let peer_71 = B512::random();
+        let caps_71 = Arc::new(Capabilities::from(vec![Capability::new("eth".into(), 71)]));
+        fetcher.new_active_peer(
+            peer_71,
+            B256::random(),
+            100,
+            caps_71,
+            Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(10)),
+            None,
+        );
+        fetcher.peers.get_mut(&peer_71).expect("peer exists").state = PeerState::GetBlockHeaders;
+
+        let (tx, _rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        fetcher
+            .download_requests_tx
+            .send(DownloadRequest::GetBlockAccessLists {
+                request: vec![],
+                response: tx,
+                priority: Priority::Normal,
+                requirement: BalRequirement::Optional,
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let waker = noop_waker();
+        let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+
+        assert!(matches!(fetcher.poll(&mut cx), Poll::Pending));
+        assert_eq!(fetcher.queued_requests.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_queued_optional_bal_request_rejected_after_eth71_disconnect() {
+        use futures::task::noop_waker;
+        use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+        let manager = PeersManager::new(PeersConfig::default());
+        let mut fetcher =
+            StateFetcher::<EthNetworkPrimitives>::new(manager.handle(), Default::default());
+
+        let peer_old = B512::random();
+        let caps_old = Arc::new(Capabilities::new(vec![]));
+        fetcher.new_active_peer(
+            peer_old,
+            B256::random(),
+            100,
+            caps_old,
+            Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(10)),
+            None,
+        );
+
+        let peer_71 = B512::random();
+        let caps_71 = Arc::new(Capabilities::from(vec![Capability::new("eth".into(), 71)]));
+        fetcher.new_active_peer(
+            peer_71,
+            B256::random(),
+            100,
+            caps_71,
+            Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(10)),
+            None,
+        );
+        fetcher.peers.get_mut(&peer_71).expect("peer exists").state = PeerState::GetBlockHeaders;
+
+        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        fetcher
+            .download_requests_tx
+            .send(DownloadRequest::GetBlockAccessLists {
+                request: vec![],
+                response: tx,
+                priority: Priority::Normal,
+                requirement: BalRequirement::Optional,
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let waker = noop_waker();
+        let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+
+        assert!(matches!(fetcher.poll(&mut cx), Poll::Pending));
+        assert_eq!(fetcher.queued_requests.len(), 1);
+
+        fetcher.on_session_closed(&peer_71);
+
+        assert!(matches!(fetcher.poll(&mut cx), Poll::Pending));
+        assert!(fetcher.queued_requests.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(rx.await.unwrap().unwrap_err(), RequestError::UnsupportedCapability);
+    }
 }

crates/net/network/src/manager.rs

@@ -318,6 +318,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> NetworkManager<N> {
             extra_protocols,
             handshake,
             eth_max_message_size,
+            network_mode.is_stake(),
         );
 
         let state = NetworkState::new(

crates/net/network/src/metrics.rs

@@ -577,6 +577,9 @@ pub struct AnnouncedTxTypesMetrics {
 
     /// Histogram for tracking frequency of EIP-7702 transaction type
     pub(crate) eip7702: Histogram,
+
+    /// Histogram for tracking frequency of unknown/other transaction types
+    pub(crate) other: Histogram,
 }
 
 /// Counts the number of transactions by their type in a block or collection.
@@ -599,6 +602,9 @@ pub struct TxTypesCounter {
 
     /// Count of transactions conforming to EIP-7702 (Restricted Storage Windows).
     pub(crate) eip7702: usize,
+
+    /// Count of unknown/other transaction types not matching any known EIP.
+    pub(crate) other: usize,
 }
 
 impl TxTypesCounter {
@@ -621,6 +627,10 @@ impl TxTypesCounter {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) const fn increase_other(&mut self) {
+        self.other += 1;
+    }
 }
 
 impl AnnouncedTxTypesMetrics {
@@ -632,5 +642,6 @@ impl AnnouncedTxTypesMetrics {
         self.eip1559.record(tx_types_counter.eip1559 as f64);
         self.eip4844.record(tx_types_counter.eip4844 as f64);
         self.eip7702.record(tx_types_counter.eip7702 as f64);
+        self.other.record(tx_types_counter.other as f64);
     }
 }

crates/net/network/src/session/active.rs

@@ -79,6 +79,9 @@ const TIMEOUT_SCALING: u32 = 3;
 /// before reading any more messages from the remote peer, throttling the peer.
 const MAX_QUEUED_OUTGOING_RESPONSES: usize = 4;
 
+/// Minimum capacity to retain for buffered incoming requests from the remote peer.
+const MIN_RECEIVED_REQUESTS_CAPACITY: usize = 1;
+
 /// Soft limit for the total number of buffered outgoing broadcast items (e.g. transaction hashes).
 ///
 /// Many small broadcast messages carrying a single tx hash each are equivalent in cost to one
@@ -204,8 +207,8 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> ActiveSession<N> {
 
     /// Shrinks the capacity of the internal buffers.
     pub fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self) {
-        self.received_requests_from_remote.shrink_to_fit();
-        self.queued_outgoing.shrink_to_fit();
+        self.received_requests_from_remote.shrink_to(MIN_RECEIVED_REQUESTS_CAPACITY);
+        self.queued_outgoing.shrink_to(MAX_QUEUED_OUTGOING_RESPONSES);
     }
 
     /// Returns how many responses we've currently queued up.
@@ -1090,8 +1093,8 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> QueuedOutgoingMessages<N> {
         self.count.increment(1);
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self) {
-        self.messages.shrink_to_fit();
+    pub(crate) fn shrink_to(&mut self, min_capacity: usize) {
+        self.messages.shrink_to(min_capacity);
     }
 }
 

crates/net/network/src/session/conn.rs

@@ -93,6 +93,15 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> EthRlpxConnection<N> {
             Self::Satellite(conn) => conn.primary_mut().start_send_raw(msg),
         }
     }
+
+    /// Sets whether to reject block announcement messages (`NewBlock`, `NewBlockHashes`) before
+    /// RLP decoding to avoid memory amplification from deserializing blocks that will be discarded.
+    pub fn set_reject_block_announcements(&mut self, reject: bool) {
+        match self {
+            Self::EthOnly(conn) => conn.set_reject_block_announcements(reject),
+            Self::Satellite(conn) => conn.primary_mut().set_reject_block_announcements(reject),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> From<EthPeerConnection<N>> for EthRlpxConnection<N> {

crates/net/network/src/session/mod.rs

@@ -123,6 +123,9 @@ pub struct SessionManager<N: NetworkPrimitives> {
     /// Shared local range information that gets propagated to active sessions.
     /// This represents the range of blocks that this node can serve to other peers.
     local_range_info: BlockRangeInfo,
+    /// When true, block announcement messages (`NewBlock`, `NewBlockHashes`) are rejected before
+    /// RLP decoding on new sessions to avoid memory amplification.
+    reject_block_announcements: bool,
 }
 
 // === impl SessionManager ===
@@ -140,6 +143,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> SessionManager<N> {
         extra_protocols: RlpxSubProtocols,
         handshake: Arc<dyn EthRlpxHandshake>,
         eth_max_message_size: usize,
+        reject_block_announcements: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         let (pending_sessions_tx, pending_sessions_rx) = mpsc::channel(config.session_event_buffer);
         let (active_session_tx, active_session_rx) = mpsc::channel(config.session_event_buffer);
@@ -176,6 +180,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> SessionManager<N> {
             handshake,
             eth_max_message_size,
             local_range_info,
+            reject_block_announcements,
         }
     }
 
@@ -496,7 +501,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> SessionManager<N> {
                 local_addr,
                 peer_id,
                 capabilities,
-                conn,
+                mut conn,
                 status,
                 direction,
                 client_id,
@@ -563,6 +568,10 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> SessionManager<N> {
                     BlockRangeInfo::new(update.earliest, update.latest, update.latest_hash)
                 });
 
+                if self.reject_block_announcements {
+                    conn.set_reject_block_announcements(true);
+                }
+
                 let session = ActiveSession {
                     next_id: 0,
                     remote_peer_id: peer_id,

crates/net/network/src/test_utils/testnet.rs

@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ use reth_network_api::{
 };
 use reth_network_peers::PeerId;
 use reth_storage_api::{
-    noop::NoopProvider, BlockReader, BlockReaderIdExt, HeaderProvider, StateProviderFactory,
+    noop::NoopProvider, BalProvider, BlockReader, BlockReaderIdExt, HeaderProvider,
+    StateProviderFactory,
 };
 use reth_tasks::Runtime;
 use reth_tokio_util::EventStream;
@@ -247,6 +248,7 @@ where
             Receipt = reth_ethereum_primitives::Receipt,
             Header = alloy_consensus::Header,
         > + HeaderProvider
+        + BalProvider
         + Clone
         + Unpin
         + 'static,
@@ -319,6 +321,7 @@ where
             Receipt = reth_ethereum_primitives::Receipt,
             Header = alloy_consensus::Header,
         > + HeaderProvider
+        + BalProvider
         + Unpin
         + 'static,
     Pool: TransactionPool<
@@ -462,7 +465,10 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Set a new request handler that's connected to the peer's network
-    pub fn install_request_handler(&mut self) {
+    pub fn install_request_handler(&mut self)
+    where
+        C: BalProvider,
+    {
         let (tx, rx) = channel(ETH_REQUEST_CHANNEL_CAPACITY);
         self.network.set_eth_request_handler(tx);
         let peers = self.network.peers_handle();
@@ -573,6 +579,7 @@ where
             Receipt = reth_ethereum_primitives::Receipt,
             Header = alloy_consensus::Header,
         > + HeaderProvider
+        + BalProvider
         + Unpin
         + 'static,
     Pool: TransactionPool<

crates/net/network/src/transactions/mod.rs

@@ -700,11 +700,11 @@ impl<Pool: TransactionPool, N: NetworkPrimitives> TransactionsManager<Pool, N> {
                 }
             };
 
-            if is_eth68_message &&
-                let Some((actual_ty_byte, _)) = *metadata_ref_mut &&
-                let Ok(parsed_tx_type) = TxType::try_from(actual_ty_byte)
-            {
-                tx_types_counter.increase_by_tx_type(parsed_tx_type);
+            if is_eth68_message && let Some((actual_ty_byte, _)) = *metadata_ref_mut {
+                match TxType::try_from(actual_ty_byte) {
+                    Ok(parsed_tx_type) => tx_types_counter.increase_by_tx_type(parsed_tx_type),
+                    Err(_) => tx_types_counter.increase_other(),
+                }
             }
 
             let decision = self

crates/net/network/tests/it/requests.rs

@@ -2,23 +2,29 @@
 //! Tests for eth related requests
 
 use alloy_consensus::Header;
+use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, B256};
 use rand::Rng;
-use reth_eth_wire::{EthVersion, HeadersDirection};
+use reth_eth_wire::{BlockAccessLists, EthVersion, GetBlockAccessLists, HeadersDirection};
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::Block;
 use reth_network::{
-    test_utils::{NetworkEventStream, PeerConfig, Testnet},
+    eth_requests::SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT,
+    test_utils::{NetworkEventStream, PeerConfig, Testnet, TestnetHandle},
     BlockDownloaderProvider, NetworkEventListenerProvider,
 };
 use reth_network_api::{NetworkInfo, Peers};
 use reth_network_p2p::{
     bodies::client::BodiesClient,
+    error::RequestError,
     headers::client::{HeadersClient, HeadersRequest},
+    BalRequirement, BlockAccessListsClient,
 };
-use reth_provider::test_utils::MockEthProvider;
+use reth_provider::{test_utils::MockEthProvider, BalStoreHandle, InMemoryBalStore};
 use reth_transaction_pool::test_utils::{TestPool, TransactionGenerator};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 
+type BalTestnetHandle = TestnetHandle<Arc<MockEthProvider>, TestPool>;
+
 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
 async fn test_get_body() {
     reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
@@ -526,3 +532,178 @@ async fn test_eth69_get_receipts() {
         assert_eq!(receipts_response.0[0][1].cumulative_gas_used, 42000);
     }
 }
+
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn test_eth71_get_block_access_lists() {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+    let (net, bal_store) = spawn_eth71_bal_testnet().await;
+
+    let hash0 = B256::random();
+    let hash1 = B256::random();
+    let hash2 = B256::random();
+    let bal0 = Bytes::from_static(&[0xc1, 0x01]);
+    let bal2 = Bytes::from_static(&[0xc1, 0x02]);
+
+    bal_store.insert(hash0, 1, bal0.clone()).unwrap();
+    bal_store.insert(hash2, 3, bal2.clone()).unwrap();
+
+    let response = request_block_access_lists(&net, vec![hash0, hash1, hash2]).await;
+    assert_eq!(
+        response,
+        BlockAccessLists(vec![bal0, Bytes::from_static(&[alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE]), bal2,])
+    );
+}
+
+// Ensures BAL responses stop at the soft response limit while keeping the item that crosses it.
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn test_eth71_get_block_access_lists_respects_response_soft_limit() {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+    let (net, bal_store) = spawn_eth71_bal_testnet().await;
+
+    let hash0 = B256::random();
+    let hash1 = B256::random();
+    let hash2 = B256::random();
+    let bal0 = raw_bal_with_len(2);
+    let bal1 = raw_bal_with_len(SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT);
+    let bal2 = raw_bal_with_len(2);
+    assert!(bal0.len() + bal1.len() > SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT);
+
+    bal_store.insert(hash0, 1, bal0.clone()).unwrap();
+    bal_store.insert(hash1, 2, bal1.clone()).unwrap();
+    bal_store.insert(hash2, 3, bal2).unwrap();
+
+    let response = request_block_access_lists(&net, vec![hash0, hash1, hash2]).await;
+
+    assert_eq!(response, BlockAccessLists(vec![bal0, bal1]));
+}
+
+// Ensures a single BAL larger than the soft limit is still returned.
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn test_eth71_get_block_access_lists_returns_single_oversized_bal() {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+    let (net, bal_store) = spawn_eth71_bal_testnet().await;
+
+    let hash0 = B256::random();
+    let hash1 = B256::random();
+    let bal0 = raw_bal_with_len(SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT + 1);
+    let bal1 = raw_bal_with_len(2);
+
+    bal_store.insert(hash0, 1, bal0.clone()).unwrap();
+    bal_store.insert(hash1, 2, bal1).unwrap();
+
+    let response = request_block_access_lists(&net, vec![hash0, hash1]).await;
+
+    assert_eq!(response, BlockAccessLists(vec![bal0]));
+}
+
+// Ensures an empty BAL request roundtrips to an empty response.
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn test_eth71_get_block_access_lists_empty_request() {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+    let (net, _) = spawn_eth71_bal_testnet().await;
+
+    let response = request_block_access_lists(&net, Vec::new()).await;
+
+    assert_eq!(response, BlockAccessLists(Vec::new()));
+}
+
+// Ensures the fetch client can request BALs through an eth/71 peer.
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn test_eth71_fetch_client_get_block_access_lists() {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+    let (net, bal_store) = spawn_eth71_bal_testnet().await;
+
+    let hash0 = B256::random();
+    let hash1 = B256::random();
+    let bal0 = Bytes::from_static(&[0xc1, 0x01]);
+
+    bal_store.insert(hash0, 1, bal0.clone()).unwrap();
+
+    let fetch = net.peers()[0].network().fetch_client().await.unwrap();
+    let response = fetch.get_block_access_lists(vec![hash0, hash1]).await.unwrap().into_data();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        response,
+        BlockAccessLists(vec![bal0, Bytes::from_static(&[alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE])])
+    );
+}
+
+// Ensures fetch client BAL requests are rejected when no eth/71 peer is available.
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn test_eth70_fetch_client_rejects_optional_block_access_lists_request() {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+    let (net, _) = spawn_bal_testnet([EthVersion::Eth70, EthVersion::Eth70]).await;
+
+    let fetch = net.peers()[0].network().fetch_client().await.unwrap();
+    let err = fetch
+        .get_block_access_lists_with_requirement(vec![B256::random()], BalRequirement::Optional)
+        .await
+        .unwrap_err();
+
+    assert_eq!(err, RequestError::UnsupportedCapability);
+}
+
+async fn spawn_eth71_bal_testnet() -> (BalTestnetHandle, BalStoreHandle) {
+    spawn_bal_testnet([EthVersion::Eth71, EthVersion::Eth71]).await
+}
+
+// Spawns a BAL testnet with one peer per requested eth protocol version.
+async fn spawn_bal_testnet(
+    versions: impl IntoIterator<Item = EthVersion>,
+) -> (BalTestnetHandle, BalStoreHandle) {
+    let mut mock_provider = MockEthProvider::default();
+    let bal_store = BalStoreHandle::new(InMemoryBalStore::default());
+    mock_provider.bal_store = bal_store.clone();
+    let mock_provider = Arc::new(mock_provider);
+
+    let mut net: Testnet<Arc<MockEthProvider>, TestPool> = Testnet::default();
+
+    for version in versions {
+        let peer = PeerConfig::with_protocols(mock_provider.clone(), Some(version.into()));
+        net.add_peer_with_config(peer).await.unwrap();
+    }
+
+    net.for_each_mut(|peer| peer.install_request_handler());
+
+    let net = net.spawn();
+    net.connect_peers().await;
+
+    (net, bal_store)
+}
+
+// Sends a GetBlockAccessLists request from peer 0 to peer 1.
+async fn request_block_access_lists(net: &BalTestnetHandle, hashes: Vec<B256>) -> BlockAccessLists {
+    let requester = &net.peers()[0];
+    let responder = &net.peers()[1];
+    let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+
+    requester.network().send_request(
+        *responder.peer_id(),
+        reth_network::PeerRequest::GetBlockAccessLists {
+            request: GetBlockAccessLists(hashes),
+            response: tx,
+        },
+    );
+
+    rx.await.unwrap().unwrap()
+}
+
+// Builds a complete raw RLP list item with the requested encoded byte length.
+fn raw_bal_with_len(len: usize) -> Bytes {
+    assert!(len > 0);
+
+    let mut payload_length = len - 1;
+    loop {
+        let header_length = alloy_rlp::Header { list: true, payload_length }.length();
+        let next_payload_length = len.checked_sub(header_length).unwrap();
+        if next_payload_length == payload_length {
+            break
+        }
+        payload_length = next_payload_length;
+    }
+
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(len);
+    alloy_rlp::Header { list: true, payload_length }.encode(&mut out);
+    out.resize(len, alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE);
+    Bytes::from(out)
+}

crates/net/p2p/src/block_access_lists/client.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,17 @@ use auto_impl::auto_impl;
 use futures::Future;
 use reth_eth_wire_types::BlockAccessLists;
 
+/// Controls whether a BAL request must wait for a capable peer or may complete early when none are
+/// available.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BalRequirement {
+    /// Keep waiting until an eth/71-capable peer is available.
+    #[default]
+    Mandatory,
+    /// Return early if no connected peer can serve BALs.
+    Optional,
+}
+
 /// A client capable of downloading block access lists.
 #[auto_impl(&, Arc, Box)]
 pub trait BlockAccessListsClient: DownloadClient {
@@ -12,7 +23,24 @@ pub trait BlockAccessListsClient: DownloadClient {
 
     ///  Fetches the block access lists for given hashes.
     fn get_block_access_lists(&self, hashes: Vec<B256>) -> Self::Output {
-        self.get_block_access_lists_with_priority(hashes, Priority::Normal)
+        self.get_block_access_lists_with_priority_and_requirement(
+            hashes,
+            Priority::Normal,
+            BalRequirement::Mandatory,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches the block access lists for given hashes with the requested BAL availability policy.
+    fn get_block_access_lists_with_requirement(
+        &self,
+        hashes: Vec<B256>,
+        requirement: BalRequirement,
+    ) -> Self::Output {
+        self.get_block_access_lists_with_priority_and_requirement(
+            hashes,
+            Priority::Normal,
+            requirement,
+        )
     }
 
     ///  Fetches the block access lists for given hashes with priority
@@ -20,5 +48,19 @@ pub trait BlockAccessListsClient: DownloadClient {
         &self,
         hashes: Vec<B256>,
         priority: Priority,
+    ) -> Self::Output {
+        self.get_block_access_lists_with_priority_and_requirement(
+            hashes,
+            priority,
+            BalRequirement::Mandatory,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches the block access lists for given hashes with priority and BAL availability policy.
+    fn get_block_access_lists_with_priority_and_requirement(
+        &self,
+        hashes: Vec<B256>,
+        priority: Priority,
+        requirement: BalRequirement,
     ) -> Self::Output;
 }

crates/net/p2p/src/error.rs

@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ impl<H: BlockHeader> EthResponseValidator for RequestResult<Vec<H>> {
     /// [`RequestError::ConnectionDropped`] should be ignored here because this is already handled
     /// when the dropped connection is handled.
     ///
-    /// [`RequestError::UnsupportedCapability`] is not used yet because we only support active
-    /// session for eth protocol.
+    /// [`RequestError::UnsupportedCapability`] is also used for locally rejected optional requests,
+    /// which should not affect peer reputation.
     fn reputation_change_err(&self) -> Option<ReputationChangeKind> {
         if let Err(err) = self {
             match err {

crates/net/p2p/src/full_block.rs

@@ -1110,10 +1110,11 @@ mod tests {
     impl BlockAccessListsClient for FullBlockWithAccessListsClient {
         type Output = futures::future::Ready<PeerRequestResult<BlockAccessLists>>;
 
-        fn get_block_access_lists_with_priority(
+        fn get_block_access_lists_with_priority_and_requirement(
             &self,
             hashes: Vec<B256>,
             _priority: Priority,
+            _requirement: crate::block_access_lists::client::BalRequirement,
         ) -> Self::Output {
             self.access_list_requests.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
 

crates/net/p2p/src/lib.rs

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub mod snap;
 #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-utils"))]
 pub mod test_utils;
 
-pub use block_access_lists::client::BlockAccessListsClient;
+pub use block_access_lists::client::{BalRequirement, BlockAccessListsClient};
 pub use bodies::client::BodiesClient;
 pub use headers::client::HeadersClient;
 pub use receipts::client::ReceiptsClient;

crates/node/builder/src/launch/common.rs

@@ -167,8 +167,9 @@ impl LaunchContext {
 
         info!(target: "reth::cli", path = ?config_path, "Configuration loaded");
 
-        // Update the config with the command line arguments
-        toml_config.peers.trusted_nodes_only = config.network.trusted_only;
+        // Update the config with the command line arguments. Only override when the CLI flag is
+        // set, so the TOML value is preserved when the flag is not passed.
+        toml_config.peers.trusted_nodes_only |= config.network.trusted_only;
 
         // Merge static file CLI arguments with config file, giving priority to CLI
         toml_config.static_files =

crates/node/builder/src/launch/engine.rs

@@ -205,10 +205,12 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
                 ctx.blockchain_db().clone(),
                 ctx.components().evm_config().clone(),
                 || async {
-                    // Create a separate cache for reorg validator (not shared with main engine)
-                    let reorg_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
                     validator_builder
-                        .build_tree_validator(&add_ons_ctx, engine_tree_config.clone(), reorg_cache)
+                        .build_tree_validator(
+                            &add_ons_ctx,
+                            engine_tree_config.clone(),
+                            changeset_cache.clone(),
+                        )
                         .await
                 },
                 node_config.debug.reorg_frequency,

crates/node/core/src/args/benchmark_args.rs

@@ -46,6 +46,15 @@ pub struct BenchmarkArgs {
     )]
     pub engine_rpc_url: String,
 
+    /// The RPC url to use for non-authenticated node RPC requests.
+    #[arg(
+        long,
+        value_name = "LOCAL_RPC_URL",
+        verbatim_doc_comment,
+        default_value = "http://localhost:8545"
+    )]
+    pub local_rpc_url: String,
+
     /// The `WebSocket` RPC URL to use for persistence subscriptions.
     ///
     /// If not provided, will attempt to derive from engine-rpc-url by:
@@ -241,6 +250,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_parse_benchmark_args() {
         let default_args = BenchmarkArgs {
             engine_rpc_url: "http://localhost:8551".to_string(),
+            local_rpc_url: "http://localhost:8545".to_string(),
             ..Default::default()
         };
         let args = CommandParser::<BenchmarkArgs>::parse_from(["reth-bench"]).args;

crates/node/core/src/args/database.rs

@@ -60,12 +60,13 @@ pub struct DatabaseArgs {
         value_parser = value_parser!(SyncMode),
     )]
     pub sync_mode: Option<SyncMode>,
-    /// Hidden benchmark/debug knob that adds an artificial delay to each MDBX read operation.
+    /// `RocksDB` block cache size (e.g., 512MB, 4GB).
     ///
-    /// This is primarily intended for storage-latency simulation when kernel/device-level
-    /// shaping cannot represent sub-millisecond delays.
-    #[arg(long = "db.read-delay", value_parser = humantime::parse_duration, hide = true)]
-    pub read_delay: Option<Duration>,
+    /// Controls the size of the in-memory LRU cache for decompressed `RocksDB` blocks.
+    /// A larger cache reduces repeated decompression of hot blocks, improving read
+    /// performance for history lookups.
+    #[arg(long = "db.rocksdb-block-cache-size", value_parser = parse_byte_size)]
+    pub rocksdb_block_cache_size: Option<usize>,
 }
 
 impl DatabaseArgs {
@@ -95,7 +96,6 @@ impl DatabaseArgs {
             .with_growth_step(self.growth_step)
             .with_max_readers(self.max_readers)
             .with_sync_mode(self.sync_mode)
-            .with_read_delay(self.read_delay)
     }
 }
 
@@ -442,12 +442,4 @@ mod tests {
             CommandParser::<DatabaseArgs>::try_parse_from(["reth", "--db.sync-mode", "ultra-fast"]);
         assert!(result.is_err());
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_command_parser_with_read_delay() {
-        let cmd =
-            CommandParser::<DatabaseArgs>::try_parse_from(["reth", "--db.read-delay", "500us"])
-                .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(cmd.args.read_delay, Some(Duration::from_micros(500)));
-    }
 }

crates/node/core/src/args/engine.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ use clap::{builder::Resettable, Args};
 use eyre::ensure;
 use reth_cli_util::{parse_duration_from_secs_or_ms, parsers::format_duration_as_secs_or_ms};
 use reth_engine_primitives::{
-    TreeConfig, DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE, DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_BACKPRESSURE_THRESHOLD,
-    DEFAULT_SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_HOT_ACCOUNTS, DEFAULT_SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_HOT_SLOTS,
+    TreeConfig, DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD, DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE,
+    DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_BACKPRESSURE_THRESHOLD, DEFAULT_SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_HOT_ACCOUNTS,
+    DEFAULT_SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_HOT_SLOTS,
 };
 use std::{sync::OnceLock, time::Duration};
 
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ pub struct DefaultEngineValues {
     persistence_threshold: u64,
     persistence_backpressure_threshold: u64,
     memory_block_buffer_target: u64,
+    invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
     legacy_state_root_task_enabled: bool,
     state_cache_disabled: bool,
     prewarming_disabled: bool,
@@ -83,6 +85,12 @@ impl DefaultEngineValues {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Set the invalid header cache hit eviction threshold
+    pub const fn with_invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(mut self, v: u8) -> Self {
+        self.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold = v;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Set whether to enable legacy state root task by default
     pub const fn with_legacy_state_root_task_enabled(mut self, v: bool) -> Self {
         self.legacy_state_root_task_enabled = v;
@@ -255,6 +263,7 @@ impl Default for DefaultEngineValues {
             persistence_threshold: DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_THRESHOLD,
             persistence_backpressure_threshold: DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_BACKPRESSURE_THRESHOLD,
             memory_block_buffer_target: DEFAULT_MEMORY_BLOCK_BUFFER_TARGET,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD,
             legacy_state_root_task_enabled: false,
             state_cache_disabled: false,
             prewarming_disabled: false,
@@ -309,6 +318,14 @@ pub struct EngineArgs {
     #[arg(long = "engine.memory-block-buffer-target", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().memory_block_buffer_target)]
     pub memory_block_buffer_target: u64,
 
+    /// Configure how many cache hits an invalid header can accumulate before it is evicted and
+    /// reprocessed.
+    ///
+    /// Set to `0` to effectively disable the cache because entries are evicted on the first
+    /// lookup.
+    #[arg(long = "engine.invalid-header-cache-hit-eviction-threshold", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold)]
+    pub invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
+
     /// Enable legacy state root
     #[arg(long = "engine.legacy-state-root", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().legacy_state_root_task_enabled)]
     pub legacy_state_root_task_enabled: bool,
@@ -530,6 +547,7 @@ impl Default for EngineArgs {
             persistence_threshold,
             persistence_backpressure_threshold,
             memory_block_buffer_target,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold,
             legacy_state_root_task_enabled,
             state_cache_disabled,
             prewarming_disabled,
@@ -562,6 +580,7 @@ impl Default for EngineArgs {
             persistence_threshold,
             persistence_backpressure_threshold,
             memory_block_buffer_target,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold,
             legacy_state_root_task_enabled,
             state_root_task_compare_updates,
             caching_and_prewarming_enabled: true,
@@ -620,6 +639,7 @@ impl EngineArgs {
             .with_persistence_threshold(self.persistence_threshold)
             .with_persistence_backpressure_threshold(self.persistence_backpressure_threshold)
             .with_memory_block_buffer_target(self.memory_block_buffer_target)
+            .with_invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(self.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold)
             .with_legacy_state_root(self.legacy_state_root_task_enabled)
             .without_state_cache(self.state_cache_disabled)
             .without_prewarming(self.prewarming_disabled)
@@ -682,6 +702,7 @@ mod tests {
             persistence_threshold: 100,
             persistence_backpressure_threshold: 101,
             memory_block_buffer_target: 50,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: 7,
             legacy_state_root_task_enabled: true,
             caching_and_prewarming_enabled: true,
             state_cache_disabled: true,
@@ -726,6 +747,8 @@ mod tests {
             "101",
             "--engine.memory-block-buffer-target",
             "50",
+            "--engine.invalid-header-cache-hit-eviction-threshold",
+            "7",
             "--engine.legacy-state-root",
             "--engine.disable-state-cache",
             "--engine.disable-prewarming",
@@ -808,6 +831,28 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(args.slow_block_threshold, Some(Duration::from_millis(500)));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold() {
+        let args = CommandParser::<EngineArgs>::parse_from(["reth"]).args;
+        assert_eq!(
+            args.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold,
+            DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            args.tree_config().invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(),
+            DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD
+        );
+
+        let args = CommandParser::<EngineArgs>::parse_from([
+            "reth",
+            "--engine.invalid-header-cache-hit-eviction-threshold",
+            "0",
+        ])
+        .args;
+        assert_eq!(args.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold, 0);
+        assert_eq!(args.tree_config().invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(), 0);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_share_sparse_trie_flag() {
         let args = CommandParser::<EngineArgs>::parse_from(["reth"]).args;

crates/node/core/src/args/network.rs

@@ -719,9 +719,16 @@ pub struct DiscoveryArgs {
     pub disable_discv4_discovery: bool,
 
     /// Enable Discv5 discovery.
-    #[arg(long, conflicts_with = "disable_discovery")]
+    ///
+    /// Discv5 is now enabled by default, so this flag is a no-op and will be removed in a future
+    /// release.
+    #[arg(long, conflicts_with = "disable_discovery", hide = true)]
     pub enable_discv5_discovery: bool,
 
+    /// Disable Discv5 discovery.
+    #[arg(long, conflicts_with = "disable_discovery")]
+    pub disable_discv5_discovery: bool,
+
     /// Disable Nat discovery.
     #[arg(long, conflicts_with = "disable_discovery")]
     pub disable_nat: bool,
@@ -852,21 +859,23 @@ impl DiscoveryArgs {
             .bootstrap_lookup_countdown(*discv5_bootstrap_lookup_countdown)
     }
 
-    /// Returns true if discv5 discovery should be configured
+    /// Returns true if discv5 discovery should be configured.
+    ///
+    /// Discv5 is enabled by default and can be disabled with `--disable-discv5-discovery`.
     const fn should_enable_discv5(&self) -> bool {
-        if self.disable_discovery {
+        if self.disable_discovery || self.disable_discv5_discovery {
             return false;
         }
 
-        self.enable_discv5_discovery ||
-            self.discv5_addr.is_some() ||
-            self.discv5_addr_ipv6.is_some()
+        true
     }
 
-    /// Set the discovery port to zero, to allow the OS to assign a random unused port when
-    /// discovery binds to the socket.
+    /// Set the discovery ports to zero, to allow the OS to assign random unused ports when
+    /// discovery binds to the sockets.
     pub const fn with_unused_discovery_port(mut self) -> Self {
         self.port = 0;
+        self.discv5_port = 0;
+        self.discv5_port_ipv6 = 0;
         self
     }
 
@@ -896,6 +905,7 @@ impl Default for DiscoveryArgs {
             disable_dns_discovery: false,
             disable_discv4_discovery: false,
             enable_discv5_discovery: false,
+            disable_discv5_discovery: false,
             disable_nat: false,
             addr: DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_ADDR,
             port: DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_PORT,

crates/rpc/rpc-eth-api/src/helpers/state.rs

@@ -115,6 +115,11 @@ pub trait EthState: LoadState + SpawnBlocking {
         block_id: Option<BlockId>,
     ) -> impl Future<Output = Result<HashMap<Address, Vec<B256>>, Self::Error>> + Send {
         async move {
+            if requests.is_empty() {
+                return Err(Self::Error::from_eth_err(EthApiError::InvalidParams(
+                    "empty request".to_string(),
+                )));
+            }
             let total_slots: usize = requests.values().map(|slots| slots.len()).sum();
             if total_slots > DEFAULT_MAX_STORAGE_VALUES_SLOTS {
                 return Err(Self::Error::from_eth_err(EthApiError::InvalidParams(

crates/rpc/rpc-eth-api/src/helpers/trace.rs

@@ -283,6 +283,7 @@ pub trait Trace: LoadState<Error: FromEvmError<Self::Evm>> + Call {
                 let block_hash = block.hash();
 
                 let block_number = evm_env.block_env.number().saturating_to();
+                let block_timestamp = evm_env.block_env.timestamp().saturating_to();
                 let base_fee = evm_env.block_env.basefee();
 
                 this.apply_pre_execution_changes(&block, &mut db)?;
@@ -309,8 +310,8 @@ pub trait Trace: LoadState<Error: FromEvmError<Self::Evm>> + Call {
                             index: Some(idx),
                             block_hash: Some(block_hash),
                             block_number: Some(block_number),
+                            block_timestamp: Some(block_timestamp),
                             base_fee: Some(base_fee),
-                            ..Default::default()
                         };
                         idx += 1;
 

crates/rpc/rpc-eth-api/src/helpers/transaction.rs

@@ -325,15 +325,16 @@ pub trait EthTransactions: LoadTransaction<Provider: BlockReaderIdExt> {
             if let Some(block) = self.recovered_block(block_id).await? {
                 let block_hash = block.hash();
                 let block_number = block.number();
+                let block_timestamp = block.timestamp();
                 let base_fee_per_gas = block.base_fee_per_gas();
                 if let Some((signer, tx)) = block.transactions_with_sender().nth(index) {
                     let tx_info = TransactionInfo {
                         hash: Some(*tx.tx_hash()),
                         block_hash: Some(block_hash),
                         block_number: Some(block_number),
+                        block_timestamp: Some(block_timestamp),
                         base_fee: base_fee_per_gas,
                         index: Some(index as u64),
-                        ..Default::default()
                     };
 
                     return Ok(Some(
@@ -395,6 +396,7 @@ pub trait EthTransactions: LoadTransaction<Provider: BlockReaderIdExt> {
                 .and_then(|block| {
                     let block_hash = block.hash();
                     let block_number = block.number();
+                    let block_timestamp = block.timestamp();
                     let base_fee_per_gas = block.base_fee_per_gas();
 
                     block
@@ -406,9 +408,9 @@ pub trait EthTransactions: LoadTransaction<Provider: BlockReaderIdExt> {
                                 hash: Some(*tx.tx_hash()),
                                 block_hash: Some(block_hash),
                                 block_number: Some(block_number),
+                                block_timestamp: Some(block_timestamp),
                                 base_fee: base_fee_per_gas,
                                 index: Some(index as u64),
-                                ..Default::default()
                             };
                             Ok(self.converter().fill(tx.clone().with_signer(*signer), tx_info)?)
                         })
@@ -681,6 +683,7 @@ pub trait LoadTransaction: SpawnBlocking + FullEthApiTypes + RpcNodeCoreExt {
                     index: meta.index,
                     block_hash: meta.block_hash,
                     block_number: meta.block_number,
+                    block_timestamp: meta.timestamp,
                     base_fee: meta.base_fee,
                 }));
             }

crates/rpc/rpc-eth-types/src/block.rs

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ impl<B: Block, R> CachedTransaction<B, R> {
             index: self.tx_index as u64,
             block_hash: self.block.hash(),
             block_number: self.block.number(),
+            block_timestamp: self.block.timestamp(),
             base_fee: self.block.base_fee_per_gas(),
         })
     }

crates/rpc/rpc-eth-types/src/cache/mod.rs

@@ -344,17 +344,9 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Removes transaction index entries for a reorged block.
-    ///
-    /// Only removes entries that still point to this block, preserving mappings for transactions
-    /// that were re-mined in a new canonical block.
     fn remove_block_transactions(&mut self, block: &RecoveredBlock<Provider::Block>) {
-        let block_hash = block.hash();
         for tx in block.body().transactions() {
-            if let Some((mapped_hash, _)) = self.tx_hash_index.get(tx.tx_hash()) &&
-                *mapped_hash == block_hash
-            {
-                self.tx_hash_index.remove(tx.tx_hash());
-            }
+            self.tx_hash_index.remove(tx.tx_hash());
         }
     }
 
@@ -421,6 +413,15 @@ where
         }
     }
 
+    fn on_reorg_header(&mut self, block_hash: B256, res: ProviderResult<Provider::Header>) {
+        if let Some(queued) = self.headers_cache.remove(&block_hash) {
+            // send the response to queued senders
+            for tx in queued {
+                let _ = tx.send(res.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Shrinks the queues but leaves some space for the next requests
     fn shrink_queues(&mut self) {
         let min_capacity = 2;
@@ -597,9 +598,12 @@ where
                         }
                         CacheAction::RemoveReorgedChain { chain_change } => {
                             for block in chain_change.blocks {
+                                let block_hash = block.hash();
+                                let header = block.clone_header();
                                 // Remove transaction index entries for reorged blocks
                                 this.remove_block_transactions(&block);
-                                this.on_reorg_block(block.hash(), Ok(Some(block)));
+                                this.on_reorg_block(block_hash, Ok(Some(block)));
+                                this.on_reorg_header(block_hash, Ok(header));
                             }
 
                             for block_receipts in chain_change.receipts {
@@ -825,3 +829,89 @@ pub async fn cache_new_blocks_task<St, N: NodePrimitives>(
             eth_state_cache.to_service.send(CacheAction::CacheNewCanonicalChain { chain_change });
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use alloy_consensus::Header;
+    use alloy_primitives::{Address, Signature};
+    use reth_ethereum_primitives::{
+        Block, BlockBody, EthPrimitives, Transaction, TransactionSigned,
+    };
+    use reth_primitives_traits::RecoveredBlock;
+    use reth_storage_api::noop::NoopProvider;
+
+    fn test_service() -> EthStateCacheService<NoopProvider, Runtime> {
+        let (_cache, service) = EthStateCache::<EthPrimitives>::create(
+            NoopProvider::default(),
+            Runtime::test(),
+            4,
+            4,
+            4,
+            1,
+            16,
+        );
+        service
+    }
+
+    fn test_block() -> RecoveredBlock<Block> {
+        RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
+            Block {
+                header: Header { number: 1, ..Default::default() },
+                body: BlockBody {
+                    transactions: vec![TransactionSigned::new_unhashed(
+                        Transaction::Legacy(Default::default()),
+                        Signature::test_signature(),
+                    )],
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            },
+            vec![Address::ZERO],
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reorg_evicts_cached_headers() {
+        let mut service = test_service();
+        let block_hash = B256::repeat_byte(0x11);
+
+        assert!(service
+            .headers_cache
+            .insert(block_hash, Header { number: 42, ..Default::default() }));
+        assert!(service.headers_cache.get(&block_hash).is_some());
+
+        service.on_reorg_header(block_hash, Ok(Header { number: 7, ..Default::default() }));
+
+        assert!(service.headers_cache.get(&block_hash).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reorg_forwards_header_to_queued_requests() {
+        let mut service = test_service();
+        let block_hash = B256::repeat_byte(0x22);
+        let (response_tx, mut response_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let header = Header { number: 7, ..Default::default() };
+
+        assert!(service.headers_cache.queue(block_hash, response_tx));
+
+        service.on_reorg_header(block_hash, Ok(header));
+
+        let header =
+            response_rx.try_recv().expect("queued header response").expect("header result");
+
+        assert_eq!(header.number, 7);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reorg_removes_tx_hash_index_entries_unconditionally() {
+        let mut service = test_service();
+        let block = test_block();
+        let tx_hash = *block.body().transactions().next().expect("test transaction").tx_hash();
+
+        service.tx_hash_index.insert(tx_hash, (B256::repeat_byte(0x33), 0));
+
+        service.remove_block_transactions(&block);
+
+        assert!(service.tx_hash_index.get(&tx_hash).is_none());
+    }
+}

crates/rpc/rpc-eth-types/src/logs_utils.rs

@@ -169,7 +169,10 @@ pub fn get_filter_block_range(
 
     // we cannot query blocks that don't exist yet
     if to_block_number > info.best_number {
-        return Err(FilterBlockRangeError::BlockRangeExceedsHead);
+        return Err(FilterBlockRangeError::BlockRangeExceedsHead {
+            requested: to_block_number,
+            head: info.best_number,
+        });
     }
 
     Ok((from_block_number, to_block_number))
@@ -184,8 +187,13 @@ pub enum FilterBlockRangeError {
     #[error("invalid block range params")]
     InvalidBlockRange,
     /// Block range extends beyond current head
-    #[error("block range extends beyond current head block")]
-    BlockRangeExceedsHead,
+    #[error("block range extends beyond current head block: requested {requested}, head {head}")]
+    BlockRangeExceedsHead {
+        /// The requested `toBlock` number
+        requested: u64,
+        /// The current head block number
+        head: u64,
+    },
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -227,7 +235,10 @@ mod tests {
         let to = 15000002u64;
         let info = ChainInfo { best_number: 15000000, ..Default::default() };
         let err = get_filter_block_range(Some(from), Some(to), info.best_number, info).unwrap_err();
-        assert_eq!(err, FilterBlockRangeError::BlockRangeExceedsHead);
+        assert_eq!(
+            err,
+            FilterBlockRangeError::BlockRangeExceedsHead { requested: to, head: info.best_number }
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -263,7 +274,10 @@ mod tests {
         let to = 200;
         let info = ChainInfo { best_number: 150, ..Default::default() };
         let err = get_filter_block_range(Some(from), Some(to), 0, info).unwrap_err();
-        assert_eq!(err, FilterBlockRangeError::BlockRangeExceedsHead);
+        assert_eq!(
+            err,
+            FilterBlockRangeError::BlockRangeExceedsHead { requested: to, head: info.best_number }
+        );
     }
 
     #[test]

crates/rpc/rpc-eth-types/src/transaction.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ pub enum TransactionSource<T = TransactionSigned> {
         block_hash: B256,
         /// Number of the block.
         block_number: u64,
+        /// Timestamp of the block.
+        block_timestamp: u64,
         /// base fee of the block.
         base_fee: Option<u64>,
     },
@@ -48,14 +50,21 @@ impl<T: SignedTransaction> TransactionSource<T> {
     {
         match self {
             Self::Pool(tx) => resp_builder.fill_pending(tx),
-            Self::Block { transaction, index, block_hash, block_number, base_fee } => {
+            Self::Block {
+                transaction,
+                index,
+                block_hash,
+                block_number,
+                block_timestamp,
+                base_fee,
+            } => {
                 let tx_info = TransactionInfo {
                     hash: Some(transaction.trie_hash()),
                     index: Some(index),
                     block_hash: Some(block_hash),
                     block_number: Some(block_number),
+                    block_timestamp: Some(block_timestamp),
                     base_fee,
-                    ..Default::default()
                 };
 
                 resp_builder.fill(transaction, tx_info)
@@ -70,7 +79,14 @@ impl<T: SignedTransaction> TransactionSource<T> {
                 let hash = tx.trie_hash();
                 (tx, TransactionInfo { hash: Some(hash), ..Default::default() })
             }
-            Self::Block { transaction, index, block_hash, block_number, base_fee } => {
+            Self::Block {
+                transaction,
+                index,
+                block_hash,
+                block_number,
+                block_timestamp,
+                base_fee,
+            } => {
                 let hash = transaction.trie_hash();
                 (
                     transaction,
@@ -79,8 +95,8 @@ impl<T: SignedTransaction> TransactionSource<T> {
                         index: Some(index),
                         block_hash: Some(block_hash),
                         block_number: Some(block_number),
+                        block_timestamp: Some(block_timestamp),
                         base_fee,
-                        ..Default::default()
                     },
                 )
             }

crates/rpc/rpc/src/eth/filter.rs

@@ -564,7 +564,10 @@ where
                 if let Some(t) = to &&
                     t > info.best_number
                 {
-                    return Err(EthFilterError::BlockRangeExceedsHead);
+                    return Err(EthFilterError::BlockRangeExceedsHead {
+                        requested: t,
+                        head: info.best_number,
+                    });
                 }
 
                 if let Some(f) = from &&
@@ -942,8 +945,13 @@ pub enum EthFilterError {
     #[error("invalid block range params")]
     InvalidBlockRangeParams,
     /// Block range extends beyond current head.
-    #[error("block range extends beyond current head block")]
-    BlockRangeExceedsHead,
+    #[error("block range extends beyond current head block: requested {requested}, head {head}")]
+    BlockRangeExceedsHead {
+        /// The requested `toBlock` number
+        requested: u64,
+        /// The current head block number
+        head: u64,
+    },
     /// Query scope is too broad.
     #[error("query exceeds max block range {0}")]
     QueryExceedsMaxBlocks(u64),
@@ -979,7 +987,7 @@ impl From<EthFilterError> for jsonrpsee::types::error::ErrorObject<'static> {
             err @ (EthFilterError::InvalidBlockRangeParams |
             EthFilterError::QueryExceedsMaxBlocks(_) |
             EthFilterError::QueryExceedsMaxResults { .. } |
-            EthFilterError::BlockRangeExceedsHead) => {
+            EthFilterError::BlockRangeExceedsHead { .. }) => {
                 rpc_error_with_code(jsonrpsee::types::error::INVALID_PARAMS_CODE, err.to_string())
             }
         }
@@ -996,7 +1004,9 @@ impl From<logs_utils::FilterBlockRangeError> for EthFilterError {
     fn from(err: logs_utils::FilterBlockRangeError) -> Self {
         match err {
             logs_utils::FilterBlockRangeError::InvalidBlockRange => Self::InvalidBlockRangeParams,
-            logs_utils::FilterBlockRangeError::BlockRangeExceedsHead => Self::BlockRangeExceedsHead,
+            logs_utils::FilterBlockRangeError::BlockRangeExceedsHead { requested, head } => {
+                Self::BlockRangeExceedsHead { requested, head }
+            }
         }
     }
 }

crates/stages/stages/src/stages/execution/mod.rs

@@ -1020,41 +1020,46 @@ mod tests {
                 done: true
             } if processed == total && total == block.gas_used);
 
-            let provider = factory.provider().unwrap();
+            {
+                let provider = factory.provider().unwrap();
 
-            // check post state
-            let account1 = address!("0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000");
-            let account1_info =
-                Account { balance: U256::ZERO, nonce: 0x00, bytecode_hash: Some(code_hash) };
-            let account2 = address!("0x2adc25665018aa1fe0e6bc666dac8fc2697ff9ba");
-            let account2_info = Account {
-                balance: U256::from(0x1bc16d674ece94bau128),
-                nonce: 0x00,
-                bytecode_hash: None,
-            };
-            let account3 = address!("0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b");
-            let account3_info = Account {
-                balance: U256::from(0x3635c9adc5de996b46u128),
-                nonce: 0x01,
-                bytecode_hash: None,
-            };
+                // check post state
+                let account1 = address!("0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000");
+                let account1_info =
+                    Account { balance: U256::ZERO, nonce: 0x00, bytecode_hash: Some(code_hash) };
+                let account2 = address!("0x2adc25665018aa1fe0e6bc666dac8fc2697ff9ba");
+                let account2_info = Account {
+                    balance: U256::from(0x1bc16d674ece94bau128),
+                    nonce: 0x00,
+                    bytecode_hash: None,
+                };
+                let account3 = address!("0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b");
+                let account3_info = Account {
+                    balance: U256::from(0x3635c9adc5de996b46u128),
+                    nonce: 0x01,
+                    bytecode_hash: None,
+                };
 
-            // assert accounts
-            assert!(
-                matches!(provider.basic_account(&account1), Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == account1_info)
-            );
-            assert!(
-                matches!(provider.basic_account(&account2), Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == account2_info)
-            );
-            assert!(
-                matches!(provider.basic_account(&account3), Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == account3_info)
-            );
-            // assert storage
-            // Get on dupsort would return only first value. This is good enough for this test.
-            assert!(matches!(
-                provider.tx_ref().get::<tables::PlainStorageState>(account1),
-                Ok(Some(entry)) if entry.key == B256::with_last_byte(1) && entry.value == U256::from(2)
-            ));
+                // assert accounts
+                assert!(matches!(
+                    provider.basic_account(&account1),
+                    Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == account1_info
+                ));
+                assert!(matches!(
+                    provider.basic_account(&account2),
+                    Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == account2_info
+                ));
+                assert!(matches!(
+                    provider.basic_account(&account3),
+                    Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == account3_info
+                ));
+                // assert storage
+                // Get on dupsort would return only first value. This is good enough for this test.
+                assert!(matches!(
+                    provider.tx_ref().get::<tables::PlainStorageState>(account1),
+                    Ok(Some(entry)) if entry.key == B256::with_last_byte(1) && entry.value == U256::from(2)
+                ));
+            }
 
             let mut provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
             let mut stage = stage();

crates/static-file/types/src/changeset_offsets.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 use crate::ChangesetOffset;
 use std::{
     fs::{File, OpenOptions},
-    io::{self, Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write},
+    io::{self, Write},
+    os::unix::fs::FileExt,
     path::Path,
 };
 
@@ -177,16 +178,14 @@ impl ChangesetOffsetReader {
 
     /// Reads a single changeset offset by block index.
     /// Returns None if index is out of bounds.
-    pub fn get(&mut self, block_index: u64) -> io::Result<Option<ChangesetOffset>> {
+    pub fn get(&self, block_index: u64) -> io::Result<Option<ChangesetOffset>> {
         if block_index >= self.len {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
         let byte_pos = block_index * Self::RECORD_SIZE as u64;
-        self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(byte_pos))?;
-
         let mut buf = [0u8; Self::RECORD_SIZE];
-        self.file.read_exact(&mut buf)?;
+        self.file.read_exact_at(&mut buf, byte_pos)?;
 
         let offset = u64::from_le_bytes(buf[..8].try_into().unwrap());
         let num_changes = u64::from_le_bytes(buf[8..].try_into().unwrap());
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ impl ChangesetOffsetReader {
     }
 
     /// Reads a range of changeset offsets.
-    pub fn get_range(&mut self, start: u64, end: u64) -> io::Result<Vec<ChangesetOffset>> {
+    pub fn get_range(&self, start: u64, end: u64) -> io::Result<Vec<ChangesetOffset>> {
         let end = end.min(self.len);
         if start >= end {
             return Ok(Vec::new());
@@ -203,13 +202,13 @@ impl ChangesetOffsetReader {
 
         let count = (end - start) as usize;
         let byte_pos = start * Self::RECORD_SIZE as u64;
-        self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(byte_pos))?;
 
         let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(count);
         let mut buf = [0u8; Self::RECORD_SIZE];
 
-        for _ in 0..count {
-            self.file.read_exact(&mut buf)?;
+        for i in 0..count {
+            let pos = byte_pos + (i as u64) * Self::RECORD_SIZE as u64;
+            self.file.read_exact_at(&mut buf, pos)?;
             let offset = u64::from_le_bytes(buf[..8].try_into().unwrap());
             let num_changes = u64::from_le_bytes(buf[8..].try_into().unwrap());
             result.push(ChangesetOffset::new(offset, num_changes));
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // Read
         {
-            let mut reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&path, 3).unwrap();
+            let reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&path, 3).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(reader.len(), 3);
 
             let entry = reader.get(0).unwrap().unwrap();
@@ -284,7 +283,7 @@ mod tests {
         writer.truncate(2).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(writer.len(), 2);
 
-        let mut reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&path, 2).unwrap();
+        let reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&path, 2).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(reader.len(), 2);
         assert!(reader.get(2).unwrap().is_none());
     }
@@ -317,7 +316,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(std::fs::metadata(&path).unwrap().len(), 16);
 
         // Verify the complete record is readable
-        let mut reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&path, 1).unwrap();
+        let reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&path, 1).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(reader.len(), 1);
         let entry = reader.get(0).unwrap().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(entry.offset(), 100);
@@ -340,7 +339,7 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         // Open with len=2, ignoring the 3rd record
-        let mut reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&path, 2).unwrap();
+        let reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&path, 2).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(reader.len(), 2);
 
         // First two records should be readable
@@ -397,7 +396,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         // Verify the records are correct
         {
-            let mut reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&path, 3).unwrap();
+            let reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&path, 3).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(reader.len(), 3);
 
             let entry0 = reader.get(0).unwrap().unwrap();

crates/static-file/types/src/lib.rs

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ mod compression;
 mod event;
 mod segment;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "std", unix))]
 mod changeset_offsets;
-#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "std", unix))]
 pub use changeset_offsets::{ChangesetOffsetReader, ChangesetOffsetWriter};
 
 use alloy_primitives::BlockNumber;

crates/storage/db-api/src/models/integer_list.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use roaring::RoaringTreemap;
 /// - Direct access: elements can be accessed or queried without needing to decode the entire list.
 /// - [`RoaringTreemap`] backing: internally backed by [`RoaringTreemap`], which supports 64-bit
 ///   integers.
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Default, Deref)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Deref)]
 pub struct IntegerList(pub RoaringTreemap);
 
 impl fmt::Debug for IntegerList {

crates/storage/db/Cargo.toml

@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@ rustc-hash = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["std"] }
 sysinfo = { workspace = true, features = ["system"] }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
-[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
-libc.workspace = true
-
 # arbitrary utils
 strum = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"], optional = true }
 
+[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
+libc.workspace = true
+
 [dev-dependencies]
 # reth libs with arbitrary
 reth-primitives-traits = { workspace = true, features = ["reth-codec"] }

crates/storage/db/src/implementation/mdbx/cursor.rs

@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ pub struct Cursor<K: TransactionKind, T: Table> {
     buf: Vec<u8>,
     /// Reference to metric handles in the DB environment. If `None`, metrics are not recorded.
     metrics: Option<Arc<DatabaseEnvMetrics>>,
-    /// Optional artificial delay applied to MDBX read operations.
-    read_delay: Option<std::time::Duration>,
     /// Phantom data to enforce encoding/decoding.
     _dbi: PhantomData<T>,
 }
@@ -41,9 +39,8 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind, T: Table> Cursor<K, T> {
     pub(crate) const fn new_with_metrics(
         inner: reth_libmdbx::Cursor<K>,
         metrics: Option<Arc<DatabaseEnvMetrics>>,
-        read_delay: Option<std::time::Duration>,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self { inner, buf: Vec::new(), metrics, read_delay, _dbi: PhantomData }
+        Self { inner, buf: Vec::new(), metrics, _dbi: PhantomData }
     }
 
     /// If `self.metrics` is `Some(...)`, record a metric with the provided operation and value
@@ -62,15 +59,6 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind, T: Table> Cursor<K, T> {
             f(self)
         }
     }
-
-    fn execute_with_read_delay<R>(
-        &mut self,
-        f: impl FnOnce(&mut reth_libmdbx::Cursor<K>) -> R,
-    ) -> R {
-        let result = f(&mut self.inner);
-        apply_read_delay(self.read_delay);
-        result
-    }
 }
 
 /// Decodes a `(key, value)` pair from the database.
@@ -102,43 +90,39 @@ macro_rules! compress_to_buf_or_ref {
 
 impl<K: TransactionKind, T: Table> DbCursorRO<T> for Cursor<K, T> {
     fn first(&mut self) -> PairResult<T> {
-        decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.first()))
+        decode::<T>(self.inner.first())
     }
 
     fn seek_exact(&mut self, key: <T as Table>::Key) -> PairResult<T> {
-        decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.set_key(key.encode().as_ref())))
+        decode::<T>(self.inner.set_key(key.encode().as_ref()))
     }
 
     fn seek(&mut self, key: <T as Table>::Key) -> PairResult<T> {
-        decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.set_range(key.encode().as_ref())))
+        decode::<T>(self.inner.set_range(key.encode().as_ref()))
     }
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> PairResult<T> {
-        decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.next()))
+        decode::<T>(self.inner.next())
     }
 
     fn prev(&mut self) -> PairResult<T> {
-        decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.prev()))
+        decode::<T>(self.inner.prev())
     }
 
     fn last(&mut self) -> PairResult<T> {
-        decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.last()))
+        decode::<T>(self.inner.last())
     }
 
     fn current(&mut self) -> PairResult<T> {
-        decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.get_current()))
+        decode::<T>(self.inner.get_current())
     }
 
     fn walk(&mut self, start_key: Option<T::Key>) -> Result<Walker<'_, T, Self>, DatabaseError> {
-        let start =
-            if let Some(start_key) = start_key {
-                decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| {
-                    cursor.set_range(start_key.encode().as_ref())
-                }))
-                .transpose()
-            } else {
-                self.first().transpose()
-            };
+        let start = if let Some(start_key) = start_key {
+            decode::<T>(self.inner.set_range(start_key.encode().as_ref())).transpose()
+        } else {
+            self.first().transpose()
+        };
 
         Ok(Walker::new(self, start))
     }
@@ -148,13 +132,11 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind, T: Table> DbCursorRO<T> for Cursor<K, T> {
         range: impl RangeBounds<T::Key>,
     ) -> Result<RangeWalker<'_, T, Self>, DatabaseError> {
         let start = match range.start_bound().cloned() {
-            Bound::Included(key) => {
-                self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.set_range(key.encode().as_ref()))
-            }
+            Bound::Included(key) => self.inner.set_range(key.encode().as_ref()),
             Bound::Excluded(_key) => {
                 unreachable!("Rust doesn't allow for Bound::Excluded in starting bounds");
             }
-            Bound::Unbounded => self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.first()),
+            Bound::Unbounded => self.inner.first(),
         };
         let start = decode::<T>(start).transpose();
         Ok(RangeWalker::new(self, start, range.end_bound().cloned()))
@@ -164,15 +146,12 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind, T: Table> DbCursorRO<T> for Cursor<K, T> {
         &mut self,
         start_key: Option<T::Key>,
     ) -> Result<ReverseWalker<'_, T, Self>, DatabaseError> {
-        let start =
-            if let Some(start_key) = start_key {
-                decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| {
-                    cursor.set_range(start_key.encode().as_ref())
-                }))
-            } else {
-                self.last()
-            }
-            .transpose();
+        let start = if let Some(start_key) = start_key {
+            decode::<T>(self.inner.set_range(start_key.encode().as_ref()))
+        } else {
+            self.last()
+        }
+        .transpose();
 
         Ok(ReverseWalker::new(self, start))
     }
@@ -181,17 +160,18 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind, T: Table> DbCursorRO<T> for Cursor<K, T> {
 impl<K: TransactionKind, T: DupSort> DbDupCursorRO<T> for Cursor<K, T> {
     /// Returns the previous `(key, value)` pair of a DUPSORT table.
     fn prev_dup(&mut self) -> PairResult<T> {
-        decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.prev_dup()))
+        decode::<T>(self.inner.prev_dup())
     }
 
     /// Returns the next `(key, value)` pair of a DUPSORT table.
     fn next_dup(&mut self) -> PairResult<T> {
-        decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.next_dup()))
+        decode::<T>(self.inner.next_dup())
     }
 
     /// Returns the last `value` of the current duplicate `key`.
     fn last_dup(&mut self) -> ValueOnlyResult<T> {
-        self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.last_dup())
+        self.inner
+            .last_dup()
             .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::Read(e.into()))?
             .map(decode_one::<T>)
             .transpose()
@@ -199,12 +179,13 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind, T: DupSort> DbDupCursorRO<T> for Cursor<K, T> {
 
     /// Returns the next `(key, value)` pair skipping the duplicates.
     fn next_no_dup(&mut self) -> PairResult<T> {
-        decode::<T>(self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.next_nodup()))
+        decode::<T>(self.inner.next_nodup())
     }
 
     /// Returns the next `value` of a duplicate `key`.
     fn next_dup_val(&mut self) -> ValueOnlyResult<T> {
-        self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.next_dup())
+        self.inner
+            .next_dup()
             .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::Read(e.into()))?
             .map(decode_value::<T>)
             .transpose()
@@ -215,12 +196,11 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind, T: DupSort> DbDupCursorRO<T> for Cursor<K, T> {
         key: <T as Table>::Key,
         subkey: <T as DupSort>::SubKey,
     ) -> ValueOnlyResult<T> {
-        self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| {
-            cursor.get_both_range(key.encode().as_ref(), subkey.encode().as_ref())
-        })
-        .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::Read(e.into()))?
-        .map(decode_one::<T>)
-        .transpose()
+        self.inner
+            .get_both_range(key.encode().as_ref(), subkey.encode().as_ref())
+            .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::Read(e.into()))?
+            .map(decode_one::<T>)
+            .transpose()
     }
 
     /// Depending on its arguments, returns an iterator starting at:
@@ -236,26 +216,25 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind, T: DupSort> DbDupCursorRO<T> for Cursor<K, T> {
         let start = match (key, subkey) {
             (Some(key), Some(subkey)) => {
                 let encoded_key = key.encode();
-                self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| {
-                    cursor.get_both_range(encoded_key.as_ref(), subkey.encode().as_ref())
-                })
-                .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::Read(e.into()))?
-                .map(|val| decoder::<T>((Cow::Borrowed(encoded_key.as_ref()), val)))
+                self.inner
+                    .get_both_range(encoded_key.as_ref(), subkey.encode().as_ref())
+                    .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::Read(e.into()))?
+                    .map(|val| decoder::<T>((Cow::Borrowed(encoded_key.as_ref()), val)))
             }
             (Some(key), None) => {
                 let encoded_key = key.encode();
-                self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| cursor.set(encoded_key.as_ref()))
+                self.inner
+                    .set(encoded_key.as_ref())
                     .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::Read(e.into()))?
                     .map(|val| decoder::<T>((Cow::Borrowed(encoded_key.as_ref()), val)))
             }
             (None, Some(subkey)) => {
                 if let Some((key, _)) = self.first()? {
                     let encoded_key = key.encode();
-                    self.execute_with_read_delay(|cursor| {
-                        cursor.get_both_range(encoded_key.as_ref(), subkey.encode().as_ref())
-                    })
-                    .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::Read(e.into()))?
-                    .map(|val| decoder::<T>((Cow::Borrowed(encoded_key.as_ref()), val)))
+                    self.inner
+                        .get_both_range(encoded_key.as_ref(), subkey.encode().as_ref())
+                        .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::Read(e.into()))?
+                        .map(|val| decoder::<T>((Cow::Borrowed(encoded_key.as_ref()), val)))
                 } else {
                     Some(Err(DatabaseError::Read(MDBXError::NotFound.into())))
                 }
@@ -384,7 +363,7 @@ impl<T: DupSort> DbDupCursorRW<T> for Cursor<RW, T> {
 mod tests {
     use crate::{
         mdbx::{DatabaseArguments, DatabaseEnv, DatabaseEnvKind},
-        tables::{self, StorageChangeSets},
+        tables::StorageChangeSets,
         Database,
     };
     use alloy_primitives::{address, Address, B256, U256};
@@ -395,7 +374,6 @@ mod tests {
         transaction::{DbTx, DbTxMut},
     };
     use reth_primitives_traits::StorageEntry;
-    use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
     use tempfile::TempDir;
 
     fn create_test_db() -> DatabaseEnv {
@@ -485,27 +463,4 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(copied_value, expected_value);
         }
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn read_delay_applies_to_cursor_reads() {
-        let path = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let mut db = DatabaseEnv::open(
-            path.path(),
-            DatabaseEnvKind::RW,
-            DatabaseArguments::new(ClientVersion::default())
-                .with_read_delay(Some(Duration::from_millis(2))),
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        db.create_tables().unwrap();
-
-        let tx = db.tx_mut().unwrap();
-        tx.put::<tables::HeaderNumbers>(B256::ZERO, 1).unwrap();
-        tx.commit().unwrap();
-
-        let tx = db.tx().unwrap();
-        let mut cursor = tx.cursor_read::<tables::HeaderNumbers>().unwrap();
-        let start = Instant::now();
-        let _ = cursor.first().unwrap();
-        assert!(start.elapsed() >= Duration::from_millis(2));
-    }
 }

crates/storage/db/src/implementation/mdbx/mod.rs

@@ -119,8 +119,6 @@ pub struct DatabaseArguments {
     /// environments). Choose `SafeNoSync` if performance is more important and occasional data
     /// loss is acceptable (e.g., testing or ephemeral data).
     sync_mode: SyncMode,
-    /// Optional artificial delay applied to every MDBX read operation.
-    read_delay: Option<std::time::Duration>,
 }
 
 impl Default for DatabaseArguments {
@@ -145,7 +143,6 @@ impl DatabaseArguments {
             exclusive: None,
             max_readers: None,
             sync_mode: SyncMode::Durable,
-            read_delay: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -193,12 +190,6 @@ impl DatabaseArguments {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Sets an artificial delay applied to each MDBX read operation.
-    pub const fn with_read_delay(mut self, read_delay: Option<std::time::Duration>) -> Self {
-        self.read_delay = read_delay;
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Configures the database growth step in bytes.
     pub const fn with_growth_step(mut self, growth_step: Option<usize>) -> Self {
         if let Some(growth_step) = growth_step {
@@ -263,8 +254,6 @@ pub struct DatabaseEnv {
     dbis: Arc<HashMap<&'static str, ffi::MDBX_dbi>>,
     /// Cache for metric handles. If `None`, metrics are not recorded.
     metrics: Option<Arc<DatabaseEnvMetrics>>,
-    /// Optional artificial delay applied to every MDBX read operation.
-    read_delay: Option<std::time::Duration>,
     /// Write lock for when dealing with a read-write environment.
     _lock_file: Option<StorageLock>,
 }
@@ -278,7 +267,6 @@ impl Database for DatabaseEnv {
             self.inner.begin_ro_txn().map_err(|e| DatabaseError::InitTx(e.into()))?,
             self.dbis.clone(),
             self.metrics.clone(),
-            self.read_delay,
         )
         .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::InitTx(e.into()))
     }
@@ -288,7 +276,6 @@ impl Database for DatabaseEnv {
             self.inner.begin_rw_txn().map_err(|e| DatabaseError::InitTx(e.into()))?,
             self.dbis.clone(),
             self.metrics.clone(),
-            self.read_delay,
         )
         .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::InitTx(e.into()))
     }
@@ -550,7 +537,6 @@ impl DatabaseEnv {
             path: path.to_path_buf(),
             dbis: Arc::default(),
             metrics: None,
-            read_delay: args.read_delay,
             _lock_file,
         };
 

crates/storage/db/src/implementation/mdbx/tx.rs

@@ -40,8 +40,6 @@ pub struct Tx<K: TransactionKind> {
     ///
     /// If [Some], then metrics are reported.
     metrics_handler: Option<MetricsHandler<K>>,
-    /// Optional artificial delay applied to MDBX read operations.
-    read_delay: Option<Duration>,
 }
 
 impl<K: TransactionKind> Tx<K> {
@@ -52,7 +50,6 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind> Tx<K> {
         inner: Transaction<K>,
         dbis: Arc<HashMap<&'static str, MDBX_dbi>>,
         env_metrics: Option<Arc<DatabaseEnvMetrics>>,
-        read_delay: Option<Duration>,
     ) -> reth_libmdbx::Result<Self> {
         let metrics_handler = env_metrics
             .map(|env_metrics| {
@@ -62,7 +59,7 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind> Tx<K> {
                 Ok(handler)
             })
             .transpose()?;
-        Ok(Self { inner, dbis, metrics_handler, read_delay })
+        Ok(Self { inner, dbis, metrics_handler })
     }
 
     /// Returns a reference to the inner libmdbx transaction.
@@ -104,7 +101,6 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind> Tx<K> {
         Ok(Cursor::new_with_metrics(
             inner,
             self.metrics_handler.as_ref().map(|h| h.env_metrics.clone()),
-            self.read_delay,
         ))
     }
 
@@ -174,19 +170,6 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind> Tx<K> {
             f(&self.inner)
         }
     }
-
-    fn execute_with_read_delay<T: Table, R>(
-        &self,
-        operation: Operation,
-        value_size: Option<usize>,
-        f: impl FnOnce(&Transaction<K>) -> R,
-    ) -> R {
-        self.execute_with_operation_metric::<T, _>(operation, value_size, |tx| {
-            let result = f(tx);
-            apply_read_delay(self.read_delay);
-            result
-        })
-    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -311,7 +294,7 @@ impl<K: TransactionKind> DbTx for Tx<K> {
         &self,
         key: &<T::Key as Encode>::Encoded,
     ) -> Result<Option<T::Value>, DatabaseError> {
-        self.execute_with_read_delay::<T, _>(Operation::Get, None, |tx| {
+        self.execute_with_operation_metric::<T, _>(Operation::Get, None, |tx| {
             tx.get(self.get_dbi::<T>()?, key.as_ref())
                 .map_err(|e| DatabaseError::Read(e.into()))?
                 .map(decode_one::<T>)
@@ -464,11 +447,7 @@ mod tests {
     use reth_db_api::{database::Database, models::ClientVersion, transaction::DbTx};
     use reth_libmdbx::MaxReadTransactionDuration;
     use reth_storage_errors::db::DatabaseError;
-    use std::{
-        sync::atomic::Ordering,
-        thread::sleep,
-        time::{Duration, Instant},
-    };
+    use std::{sync::atomic::Ordering, thread::sleep, time::Duration};
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     #[test]
@@ -519,18 +498,4 @@ mod tests {
         // Backtrace is recorded.
         assert!(tx.metrics_handler.unwrap().backtrace_recorded.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn read_delay_applies_to_get() {
-        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let args = DatabaseArguments::new(ClientVersion::default())
-            .with_read_delay(Some(Duration::from_millis(2)));
-        let mut db = DatabaseEnv::open(dir.path(), DatabaseEnvKind::RW, args).unwrap();
-        db.create_tables().unwrap();
-
-        let tx = db.tx().unwrap();
-        let start = Instant::now();
-        let _ = tx.get::<tables::Transactions>(0).unwrap();
-        assert!(start.elapsed() >= Duration::from_millis(2));
-    }
 }

crates/storage/db/src/implementation/mdbx/utils.rs

@@ -4,10 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     table::{Decode, Decompress, Table, TableRow},
     DatabaseError,
 };
-use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 
 /// Helper function to decode a `(key, value)` pair.
 pub(crate) fn decoder<'a, T>(
@@ -53,17 +50,3 @@ where
         Cow::Owned(v) => Decompress::decompress_owned(v)?,
     })
 }
-
-/// Applies an artificial read delay.
-///
-/// This uses a short busy-wait instead of `thread::sleep` so hidden benchmark knobs like
-/// `--db.read-delay=500us` can approximate sub-millisecond latency without depending on OS sleep
-/// granularity.
-pub(crate) fn apply_read_delay(read_delay: Option<Duration>) {
-    let Some(read_delay) = read_delay.filter(|delay| !delay.is_zero()) else { return };
-
-    let start = Instant::now();
-    while start.elapsed() < read_delay {
-        std::hint::spin_loop();
-    }
-}

crates/storage/provider/src/bal.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use alloy_primitives::{BlockHash, BlockNumber, Bytes};
+use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use reth_storage_api::{BalStore, GetBlockAccessListLimit};
+use reth_storage_errors::provider::ProviderResult;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
+
+/// Basic in-memory BAL store keyed by block hash.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct InMemoryBalStore {
+    entries: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<BlockHash, Bytes>>>,
+}
+
+impl BalStore for InMemoryBalStore {
+    fn insert(
+        &self,
+        block_hash: BlockHash,
+        _block_number: BlockNumber,
+        bal: Bytes,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        self.entries.write().insert(block_hash, bal);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn get_by_hashes(&self, block_hashes: &[BlockHash]) -> ProviderResult<Vec<Option<Bytes>>> {
+        let entries = self.entries.read();
+        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(block_hashes.len());
+
+        for hash in block_hashes {
+            result.push(entries.get(hash).cloned());
+        }
+
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    fn append_by_hashes_with_limit(
+        &self,
+        block_hashes: &[BlockHash],
+        limit: GetBlockAccessListLimit,
+        out: &mut Vec<Bytes>,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        let entries = self.entries.read();
+        let mut size = 0;
+
+        for hash in block_hashes {
+            let bal = entries.get(hash).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| Bytes::from_static(&[0xc0]));
+            size += bal.len();
+            out.push(bal);
+
+            if limit.exceeds(size) {
+                break
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn get_by_range(&self, _start: BlockNumber, _count: u64) -> ProviderResult<Vec<Bytes>> {
+        Ok(Vec::new())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use alloy_primitives::B256;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn insert_and_lookup_by_hash() {
+        let store = InMemoryBalStore::default();
+        let hash = B256::random();
+        let missing = B256::random();
+        let bal = Bytes::from_static(b"bal");
+
+        store.insert(hash, 1, bal.clone()).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(store.get_by_hashes(&[hash, missing]).unwrap(), vec![Some(bal), None]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn range_lookup_is_empty() {
+        let store = InMemoryBalStore::default();
+
+        assert!(store.get_by_range(1, 10).unwrap().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn limited_lookup_returns_prefix() {
+        let store = InMemoryBalStore::default();
+        let hash0 = B256::random();
+        let hash1 = B256::random();
+        let hash2 = B256::random();
+        let bal0 = Bytes::from_static(&[0xc1, 0x01]);
+        let bal1 = Bytes::from_static(&[0xc1, 0x02]);
+        let bal2 = Bytes::from_static(&[0xc1, 0x03]);
+
+        store.insert(hash0, 1, bal0.clone()).unwrap();
+        store.insert(hash1, 2, bal1.clone()).unwrap();
+        store.insert(hash2, 3, bal2).unwrap();
+
+        let limited = store
+            .get_by_hashes_with_limit(
+                &[hash0, hash1, hash2],
+                GetBlockAccessListLimit::ResponseSizeSoftLimit(2),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(limited, vec![bal0, bal1]);
+    }
+}

crates/storage/provider/src/lib.rs

@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ pub mod test_utils;
 pub mod either_writer;
 pub use either_writer::*;
 
+mod bal;
+pub use bal::InMemoryBalStore;
+
 pub use reth_chain_state::{
     CanonStateNotification, CanonStateNotificationSender, CanonStateNotificationStream,
     CanonStateNotifications, CanonStateSubscriptions,
@@ -48,8 +51,9 @@ pub use revm_database::states::OriginalValuesKnown;
 // reexport traits to avoid breaking changes
 pub use reth_static_file_types as static_file;
 pub use reth_storage_api::{
-    BalProvider, BalStore, BalStoreHandle, HistoryWriter, MetadataProvider, MetadataWriter,
-    NoopBalStore, StateWriteConfig, StatsReader, StorageSettings, StorageSettingsCache,
+    BalProvider, BalStore, BalStoreHandle, GetBlockAccessListLimit, HistoryWriter,
+    MetadataProvider, MetadataWriter, NoopBalStore, StateWriteConfig, StatsReader, StorageSettings,
+    StorageSettingsCache,
 };
 /// Re-export provider error.
 pub use reth_storage_errors::provider::{ProviderError, ProviderResult};

crates/storage/provider/src/providers/blockchain_provider.rs

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use crate::{
     AccountReader, BalProvider, BalStoreHandle, BlockHashReader, BlockIdReader, BlockNumReader,
     BlockReader, BlockReaderIdExt, BlockSource, CanonChainTracker, CanonStateNotifications,
     CanonStateSubscriptions, ChainSpecProvider, ChainStateBlockReader, ChangeSetReader,
-    DatabaseProviderFactory, HashedPostStateProvider, HeaderProvider, ProviderError,
-    ProviderFactory, PruneCheckpointReader, ReceiptProvider, ReceiptProviderIdExt,
+    DatabaseProviderFactory, HashedPostStateProvider, HeaderProvider, InMemoryBalStore,
+    ProviderError, ProviderFactory, PruneCheckpointReader, ReceiptProvider, ReceiptProviderIdExt,
     RocksDBProviderFactory, StageCheckpointReader, StateProviderBox, StateProviderFactory,
     StateReader, StaticFileProviderFactory, TransactionVariant, TransactionsProvider,
 };
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> BlockchainProvider<N> {
                 finalized_header,
                 safe_header,
             ),
-            bal_store: BalStoreHandle::default(),
+            bal_store: BalStoreHandle::new(InMemoryBalStore::default()),
         })
     }
 

crates/storage/provider/src/providers/database/mod.rs

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ use crate::{
     },
     to_range,
     traits::{BlockSource, ReceiptProvider},
-    BlockHashReader, BlockNumReader, BlockReader, ChainSpecProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory,
-    EitherWriterDestination, HashedPostStateProvider, HeaderProvider, HeaderSyncGapProvider,
-    MetadataProvider, ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader, RocksDBProviderFactory,
-    StageCheckpointReader, StateProviderBox, StaticFileProviderFactory, StaticFileWriter,
-    TransactionVariant, TransactionsProvider,
+    BalProvider, BalStoreHandle, BlockHashReader, BlockNumReader, BlockReader, ChainSpecProvider,
+    DatabaseProviderFactory, EitherWriterDestination, HashedPostStateProvider, HeaderProvider,
+    HeaderSyncGapProvider, MetadataProvider, ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader,
+    RocksDBProviderFactory, StageCheckpointReader, StateProviderBox, StaticFileProviderFactory,
+    StaticFileWriter, TransactionVariant, TransactionsProvider,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::transaction::TransactionMeta;
 use alloy_eips::BlockHashOrNumber;
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ pub struct ProviderFactory<N: NodeTypesWithDB> {
     rocksdb_provider: RocksDBProvider,
     /// Changeset cache for trie unwinding
     changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
+    /// Store for block access lists.
+    bal_store: BalStoreHandle,
     /// Task runtime for spawning parallel I/O work.
     runtime: reth_tasks::Runtime,
     /// Minimum distance from tip required before pruning can occur.
@@ -152,6 +154,7 @@ impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> ProviderFactory<N> {
             storage_settings: Arc::new(RwLock::new(storage_settings)),
             rocksdb_provider,
             changeset_cache: ChangesetCache::new(),
+            bal_store: BalStoreHandle::default(),
             runtime,
             minimum_pruning_distance: MINIMUM_UNWIND_SAFE_DISTANCE,
             read_only_sync: None,
@@ -583,6 +586,12 @@ impl<N: NodeTypesWithDB> NodePrimitivesProvider for ProviderFactory<N> {
     type Primitives = N::Primitives;
 }
 
+impl<N: NodeTypesWithDB> BalProvider for ProviderFactory<N> {
+    fn bal_store(&self) -> &BalStoreHandle {
+        &self.bal_store
+    }
+}
+
 impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> DatabaseProviderFactory for ProviderFactory<N> {
     type DB = N::DB;
     type Provider = DatabaseProvider<<N::DB as Database>::TX, N>;
@@ -955,6 +964,7 @@ where
             storage_settings,
             rocksdb_provider,
             changeset_cache,
+            bal_store,
             runtime,
             minimum_pruning_distance,
             read_only_sync,
@@ -968,6 +978,7 @@ where
             .field("storage_settings", &*storage_settings.read())
             .field("rocksdb_provider", &rocksdb_provider)
             .field("changeset_cache", &changeset_cache)
+            .field("bal_store", &bal_store)
             .field("runtime", &runtime)
             .field("minimum_pruning_distance", &minimum_pruning_distance)
             .field(
@@ -989,6 +1000,7 @@ impl<N: NodeTypesWithDB> Clone for ProviderFactory<N> {
             storage_settings: self.storage_settings.clone(),
             rocksdb_provider: self.rocksdb_provider.clone(),
             changeset_cache: self.changeset_cache.clone(),
+            bal_store: self.bal_store.clone(),
             runtime: self.runtime.clone(),
             minimum_pruning_distance: self.minimum_pruning_distance,
             read_only_sync: self.read_only_sync.clone(),

crates/storage/provider/src/providers/database/provider.rs

@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ impl<TX: DbTx + 'static, N: NodeTypes> DatabaseProvider<TX, N> {
     /// This keeps MDBX as the first durable step so an interrupted unwind can be recovered by
     /// truncating static files from checkpoints on the next startup.
     ///
-    /// For `storage_v2`, this waits after the MDBX commit so readers holding older MDBX-visible
-    /// views cannot overlap the `RocksDB` unwind.
+    /// This waits after the MDBX commit so readers holding older MDBX-visible views cannot overlap
+    /// later cross-store unwind steps.
     ///
     /// Historical `storage_v2` reads ignore `RocksDB` history entries above their MDBX-visible tip,
     /// so no additional post-`RocksDB` wait is needed before static-file commit.
@@ -274,11 +274,11 @@ impl<TX: DbTx + 'static, N: NodeTypes> DatabaseProvider<TX, N> {
         let reader_txn_tracker = self.reader_txn_tracker.clone();
         self.tx.commit()?;
 
-        if storage_v2 {
-            if let Some(reader_txn_tracker) = reader_txn_tracker.as_ref() {
-                reader_txn_tracker.wait_for_pre_commit_readers();
-            }
+        if let Some(reader_txn_tracker) = reader_txn_tracker.as_ref() {
+            reader_txn_tracker.wait_for_pre_commit_readers();
+        }
 
+        if storage_v2 {
             let batches = std::mem::take(&mut *self.pending_rocksdb_batches.lock());
             for batch in batches {
                 self.rocksdb_provider.commit_batch(batch)?;
@@ -300,8 +300,16 @@ impl<TX: DbTx + 'static, N: NodeTypes> DatabaseProvider<TX, N> {
         &'a self,
         block_hash: BlockHash,
     ) -> ProviderResult<Box<dyn StateProvider + 'a>> {
-        let mut block_number =
+        let block_number =
             self.block_number(block_hash)?.ok_or(ProviderError::BlockHashNotFound(block_hash))?;
+        self.history_by_block_number(block_number)
+    }
+
+    /// Storage provider for state at that given block number
+    pub fn history_by_block_number<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        mut block_number: BlockNumber,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Box<dyn StateProvider + 'a>> {
         if block_number == self.best_block_number().unwrap_or_default() &&
             block_number == self.last_block_number().unwrap_or_default()
         {
@@ -316,8 +324,8 @@ impl<TX: DbTx + 'static, N: NodeTypes> DatabaseProvider<TX, N> {
         let storage_history_prune_checkpoint =
             self.get_prune_checkpoint(PruneSegment::StorageHistory)?;
 
-        let mut state_provider = HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(self, block_number);
-
+        let mut state_provider =
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(self, block_number, self.changeset_cache.clone());
         // If we pruned account or storage history, we can't return state on every historical block.
         // Instead, we should cap it at the latest prune checkpoint for corresponding prune segment.
         if let Some(prune_checkpoint_block_number) =
@@ -933,8 +941,9 @@ impl<TX: DbTx + 'static, N: NodeTypes> TryIntoHistoricalStateProvider for Databa
             self.get_prune_checkpoint(PruneSegment::AccountHistory)?;
         let storage_history_prune_checkpoint =
             self.get_prune_checkpoint(PruneSegment::StorageHistory)?;
+        let changeset_cache = self.changeset_cache.clone();
 
-        let mut state_provider = HistoricalStateProvider::new(self, block_number);
+        let mut state_provider = HistoricalStateProvider::new(self, block_number, changeset_cache);
 
         // If we pruned account or storage history, we can't return state on every historical block.
         // Instead, we should cap it at the latest prune checkpoint for corresponding prune segment.
@@ -3960,7 +3969,6 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn unwind_commit_waits_for_pre_commit_readers() {
         let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
-        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(StorageSettings::v2());
 
         let reader = factory.provider().unwrap();
         let provider_rw = factory.unwind_provider_rw().unwrap();
@@ -4970,7 +4978,9 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(account_cs[0].address, address);
 
         let historical_value =
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&*provider_rw, 0).storage(address, slot_key).unwrap();
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&*provider_rw, 0, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .storage(address, slot_key)
+                .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(historical_value, None);
     }
 

crates/storage/provider/src/providers/mod.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub use state::{
         HistoricalStateProviderRef, HistoryInfo, LowestAvailableBlocks,
     },
     latest::{LatestStateProvider, LatestStateProviderRef},
-    overlay::{OverlayStateProvider, OverlayStateProviderFactory},
+    overlay::{OverlayBuilder, OverlayStateProvider, OverlayStateProviderFactory},
 };
 
 mod consistent_view;

crates/storage/provider/src/providers/state/historical.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use super::overlay::{Overlay, OverlayBuilder, OverlaySource};
 use crate::{
     AccountReader, BlockHashReader, ChangeSetReader, EitherReader, HashedPostStateProvider,
     ProviderError, RocksDBProviderFactory, StateProvider, StateRootProvider,
@@ -13,8 +14,9 @@ use reth_db_api::{
 };
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, Bytecode};
 use reth_storage_api::{
-    BlockNumReader, BytecodeReader, DBProvider, NodePrimitivesProvider, StateProofProvider,
-    StorageChangeSetReader, StorageRootProvider, StorageSettingsCache,
+    BlockNumReader, BytecodeReader, DBProvider, NodePrimitivesProvider, PruneCheckpointReader,
+    StageCheckpointReader, StateProofProvider, StorageChangeSetReader, StorageRootProvider,
+    StorageSettingsCache,
 };
 use reth_storage_errors::provider::ProviderResult;
 use reth_trie::{
@@ -23,16 +25,15 @@ use reth_trie::{
     trie_cursor::InMemoryTrieCursorFactory,
     updates::TrieUpdates,
     witness::TrieWitness,
-    AccountProof, ExecutionWitnessMode, HashedPostState, HashedPostStateSorted, HashedStorage,
-    KeccakKeyHasher, MultiProof, MultiProofTargets, StateRoot, StorageMultiProof, StorageRoot,
-    TrieInput, TrieInputSorted,
+    AccountProof, ExecutionWitnessMode, HashedPostState, HashedStorage, KeccakKeyHasher,
+    MultiProof, MultiProofTargets, StateRoot, StorageMultiProof, StorageRoot, TrieInput,
+    TrieInputSorted,
 };
 use reth_trie_db::{
-    hashed_storage_from_reverts_with_provider, DatabaseProof, DatabaseStateRoot,
-    DatabaseStorageProof, DatabaseStorageRoot,
+    ChangesetCache, DatabaseProof, DatabaseStateRoot, DatabaseStorageProof, DatabaseStorageRoot,
 };
 
-use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::{fmt::Debug, sync::Arc};
 
 type DbStateRoot<'a, TX, A> = StateRoot<
     reth_trie_db::DatabaseTrieCursorFactory<&'a TX, A>,
@@ -123,6 +124,8 @@ impl HistoryInfo {
 pub struct HistoricalStateProviderRef<'b, Provider> {
     /// Database provider
     provider: &'b Provider,
+    /// Changeset cache handle for retrieving trie changesets.
+    changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     /// Block number is main index for the history state of accounts and storages.
     block_number: BlockNumber,
     /// Lowest blocks at which different parts of the state are available.
@@ -133,8 +136,17 @@ impl<'b, Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + Block
     HistoricalStateProviderRef<'b, Provider>
 {
     /// Create new `StateProvider` for historical block number
-    pub fn new(provider: &'b Provider, block_number: BlockNumber) -> Self {
-        Self { provider, block_number, lowest_available_blocks: Default::default() }
+    pub fn new(
+        provider: &'b Provider,
+        block_number: BlockNumber,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            provider,
+            changeset_cache,
+            block_number,
+            lowest_available_blocks: Default::default(),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Create new `StateProvider` for historical block number and lowest block numbers at which
@@ -143,8 +155,9 @@ impl<'b, Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + Block
         provider: &'b Provider,
         block_number: BlockNumber,
         lowest_available_blocks: LowestAvailableBlocks,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self { provider, block_number, lowest_available_blocks }
+        Self { provider, changeset_cache, block_number, lowest_available_blocks }
     }
 
     /// Lookup an account in the `AccountsHistory` table using `EitherReader`.
@@ -253,17 +266,11 @@ impl<'b, Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + Block
         Ok(tip.saturating_sub(self.block_number) > limit)
     }
 
-    /// Retrieve revert hashed state for this history provider.
-    fn revert_state(&self) -> ProviderResult<HashedPostStateSorted>
+    fn build_overlay(&self, input: TrieInputSorted) -> ProviderResult<TrieInputSorted>
     where
-        Provider: StorageSettingsCache,
+        Provider:
+            BlockHashReader + PruneCheckpointReader + StageCheckpointReader + StorageSettingsCache,
     {
-        if !self.lowest_available_blocks.is_account_history_available(self.block_number) ||
-            !self.lowest_available_blocks.is_storage_history_available(self.block_number)
-        {
-            return Err(ProviderError::StateAtBlockPruned(self.block_number))
-        }
-
         if self.check_distance_against_limit(EPOCH_SLOTS)? {
             tracing::warn!(
                 target: "providers::historical_sp",
@@ -272,27 +279,22 @@ impl<'b, Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + Block
             );
         }
 
-        reth_trie_db::from_reverts_auto(self.provider, self.block_number..)
-    }
+        // Historical providers expose state at the start of `self.block_number`, so the overlay
+        // builder needs the previous canonical block hash to preserve those semantics.
+        let target_block = self.block_number.saturating_sub(1);
+        let block_hash = self
+            .provider
+            .block_hash(target_block)?
+            .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::HeaderNotFound(target_block.into()))?;
 
-    /// Retrieve revert hashed storage for this history provider and target address.
-    fn revert_storage(&self, address: Address) -> ProviderResult<HashedStorage>
-    where
-        Provider: StorageSettingsCache,
-    {
-        if !self.lowest_available_blocks.is_storage_history_available(self.block_number) {
-            return Err(ProviderError::StateAtBlockPruned(self.block_number))
-        }
+        let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, prefix_sets } = input;
+        let overlay_builder = OverlayBuilder::new(self.changeset_cache.clone())
+            .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
+            .with_overlay_source(Some(OverlaySource::Immediate { trie: nodes, state }));
+        let Overlay { trie_updates, hashed_post_state } =
+            overlay_builder.build_overlay(self.provider)?;
 
-        if self.check_distance_against_limit(EPOCH_SLOTS * 10)? {
-            tracing::warn!(
-                target: "providers::historical_sp",
-                target = self.block_number,
-                "Attempt to calculate storage root for an old block might result in OOM"
-            );
-        }
-
-        hashed_storage_from_reverts_with_provider(self.provider, address, self.block_number)
+        Ok(TrieInputSorted::new(trie_updates, hashed_post_state, prefix_sets))
     }
 
     /// Set the lowest block number at which the account history is available.
@@ -378,26 +380,25 @@ impl<
             + ChangeSetReader
             + StorageChangeSetReader
             + BlockNumReader
+            + BlockHashReader
+            + PruneCheckpointReader
+            + StageCheckpointReader
             + StorageSettingsCache,
     > StateRootProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
 {
     fn state_root(&self, hashed_state: HashedPostState) -> ProviderResult<B256> {
         reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
-            let mut revert_state = self.revert_state()?;
-            let hashed_state_sorted = hashed_state.into_sorted();
-            revert_state.extend_ref_and_sort(&hashed_state_sorted);
-            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root(self.tx(), &revert_state)?)
+            let input = self.build_overlay(TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(
+                TrieInput::from_state(hashed_state),
+            ))?;
+            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root_from_nodes(self.tx(), input)?)
         })
     }
 
     fn state_root_from_nodes(&self, input: TrieInput) -> ProviderResult<B256> {
         reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
-            let mut input = input;
-            input.prepend(self.revert_state()?.into());
-            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root_from_nodes(
-                self.tx(),
-                TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(input),
-            )?)
+            let input = self.build_overlay(TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(input))?;
+            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root_from_nodes(self.tx(), input)?)
         })
     }
 
@@ -406,10 +407,10 @@ impl<
         hashed_state: HashedPostState,
     ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
         reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
-            let mut revert_state = self.revert_state()?;
-            let hashed_state_sorted = hashed_state.into_sorted();
-            revert_state.extend_ref_and_sort(&hashed_state_sorted);
-            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root_with_updates(self.tx(), &revert_state)?)
+            let input = self.build_overlay(TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(
+                TrieInput::from_state(hashed_state),
+            ))?;
+            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root_from_nodes_with_updates(self.tx(), input)?)
         })
     }
 
@@ -418,12 +419,8 @@ impl<
         input: TrieInput,
     ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
         reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
-            let mut input = input;
-            input.prepend(self.revert_state()?.into());
-            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root_from_nodes_with_updates(
-                self.tx(),
-                TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(input),
-            )?)
+            let input = self.build_overlay(TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(input))?;
+            Ok(<DbStateRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root_from_nodes_with_updates(self.tx(), input)?)
         })
     }
 }
@@ -433,6 +430,9 @@ impl<
             + ChangeSetReader
             + StorageChangeSetReader
             + BlockNumReader
+            + BlockHashReader
+            + PruneCheckpointReader
+            + StageCheckpointReader
             + StorageSettingsCache,
     > StorageRootProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
 {
@@ -442,9 +442,20 @@ impl<
         hashed_storage: HashedStorage,
     ) -> ProviderResult<B256> {
         reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
-            let mut revert_storage = self.revert_storage(address)?;
-            revert_storage.extend(&hashed_storage);
-            <DbStorageRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root(self.tx(), address, revert_storage)
+            let input = self.build_overlay(TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(
+                TrieInput::from_state(HashedPostState::from_hashed_storage(
+                    alloy_primitives::keccak256(address),
+                    hashed_storage,
+                )),
+            ))?;
+            let hashed_storage = input
+                .state
+                .account_storages()
+                .get(&alloy_primitives::keccak256(address))
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .into();
+            <DbStorageRoot<'_, _, A>>::overlay_root(self.tx(), address, hashed_storage)
                 .map_err(|err| ProviderError::Database(err.into()))
         })
     }
@@ -456,13 +467,24 @@ impl<
         hashed_storage: HashedStorage,
     ) -> ProviderResult<reth_trie::StorageProof> {
         reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
-            let mut revert_storage = self.revert_storage(address)?;
-            revert_storage.extend(&hashed_storage);
+            let input = self.build_overlay(TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(
+                TrieInput::from_state(HashedPostState::from_hashed_storage(
+                    alloy_primitives::keccak256(address),
+                    hashed_storage,
+                )),
+            ))?;
+            let hashed_storage = input
+                .state
+                .account_storages()
+                .get(&alloy_primitives::keccak256(address))
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .into();
             <DbStorageProof<'_, _, A>>::overlay_storage_proof(
                 self.tx(),
                 address,
                 slot,
-                revert_storage,
+                hashed_storage,
             )
             .map_err(ProviderError::from)
         })
@@ -475,13 +497,24 @@ impl<
         hashed_storage: HashedStorage,
     ) -> ProviderResult<StorageMultiProof> {
         reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
-            let mut revert_storage = self.revert_storage(address)?;
-            revert_storage.extend(&hashed_storage);
+            let input = self.build_overlay(TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(
+                TrieInput::from_state(HashedPostState::from_hashed_storage(
+                    alloy_primitives::keccak256(address),
+                    hashed_storage,
+                )),
+            ))?;
+            let hashed_storage = input
+                .state
+                .account_storages()
+                .get(&alloy_primitives::keccak256(address))
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .into();
             <DbStorageProof<'_, _, A>>::overlay_storage_multiproof(
                 self.tx(),
                 address,
                 slots,
-                revert_storage,
+                hashed_storage,
             )
             .map_err(ProviderError::from)
         })
@@ -493,6 +526,9 @@ impl<
             + ChangeSetReader
             + StorageChangeSetReader
             + BlockNumReader
+            + BlockHashReader
+            + PruneCheckpointReader
+            + StageCheckpointReader
             + StorageSettingsCache,
     > StateProofProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
 {
@@ -504,8 +540,13 @@ impl<
         slots: &[B256],
     ) -> ProviderResult<AccountProof> {
         reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
-            let mut input = input;
-            input.prepend(self.revert_state()?.into());
+            let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, prefix_sets } =
+                self.build_overlay(TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(input))?;
+            let input = TrieInput::new(
+                Arc::unwrap_or_clone(nodes).into(),
+                Arc::unwrap_or_clone(state).into(),
+                prefix_sets,
+            );
             let proof = <DbProof<'_, _, A> as DatabaseProof>::from_tx(self.tx());
             proof.overlay_account_proof(input, address, slots).map_err(ProviderError::from)
         })
@@ -517,8 +558,13 @@ impl<
         targets: MultiProofTargets,
     ) -> ProviderResult<MultiProof> {
         reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
-            let mut input = input;
-            input.prepend(self.revert_state()?.into());
+            let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, prefix_sets } =
+                self.build_overlay(TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(input))?;
+            let input = TrieInput::new(
+                Arc::unwrap_or_clone(nodes).into(),
+                Arc::unwrap_or_clone(state).into(),
+                prefix_sets,
+            );
             let proof = <DbProof<'_, _, A> as DatabaseProof>::from_tx(self.tx());
             proof.overlay_multiproof(input, targets).map_err(ProviderError::from)
         })
@@ -531,21 +577,19 @@ impl<
         mode: ExecutionWitnessMode,
     ) -> ProviderResult<Vec<Bytes>> {
         reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
-            let mut input = input;
-            input.prepend(self.revert_state()?.into());
-            let nodes_sorted = input.nodes.into_sorted();
-            let state_sorted = input.state.into_sorted();
+            let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, prefix_sets } =
+                self.build_overlay(TrieInputSorted::from_unsorted(input))?;
             let witness = TrieWitness::new(
                 InMemoryTrieCursorFactory::new(
                     reth_trie_db::DatabaseTrieCursorFactory::<_, A>::new(self.tx()),
-                    &nodes_sorted,
+                    nodes.as_ref(),
                 ),
                 HashedPostStateCursorFactory::new(
                     reth_trie_db::DatabaseHashedCursorFactory::new(self.tx()),
-                    &state_sorted,
+                    state.as_ref(),
                 ),
             )
-            .with_prefix_sets_mut(input.prefix_sets)
+            .with_prefix_sets_mut(prefix_sets)
             .with_execution_witness_mode(mode);
             let witness =
                 if mode.is_canonical() { witness } else { witness.always_include_root_node() };
@@ -572,6 +616,8 @@ impl<
             + BlockHashReader
             + ChangeSetReader
             + StorageChangeSetReader
+            + PruneCheckpointReader
+            + StageCheckpointReader
             + StorageSettingsCache
             + RocksDBProviderFactory
             + NodePrimitivesProvider,
@@ -602,6 +648,8 @@ impl<Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader> BytecodeReader
 pub struct HistoricalStateProvider<Provider> {
     /// Database provider.
     provider: Provider,
+    /// Changeset cache handle for retrieving trie changesets.
+    changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     /// State at the block number is the main indexer of the state.
     block_number: BlockNumber,
     /// Lowest blocks at which different parts of the state are available.
@@ -612,8 +660,17 @@ impl<Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + BlockNumR
     HistoricalStateProvider<Provider>
 {
     /// Create new `StateProvider` for historical block number
-    pub fn new(provider: Provider, block_number: BlockNumber) -> Self {
-        Self { provider, block_number, lowest_available_blocks: Default::default() }
+    pub fn new(
+        provider: Provider,
+        block_number: BlockNumber,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            provider,
+            changeset_cache,
+            block_number,
+            lowest_available_blocks: Default::default(),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Set the lowest block number at which the account history is available.
@@ -636,17 +693,18 @@ impl<Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + BlockNumR
 
     /// Returns a new provider that takes the `TX` as reference
     #[inline(always)]
-    const fn as_ref(&self) -> HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider> {
         HistoricalStateProviderRef::new_with_lowest_available_blocks(
             &self.provider,
             self.block_number,
             self.lowest_available_blocks,
+            self.changeset_cache.clone(),
         )
     }
 }
 
 // Delegates all provider impls to [HistoricalStateProviderRef]
-reth_storage_api::macros::delegate_provider_impls!(HistoricalStateProvider<Provider> where [Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader + BlockHashReader + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + StorageSettingsCache + RocksDBProviderFactory + NodePrimitivesProvider]);
+reth_storage_api::macros::delegate_provider_impls!(HistoricalStateProvider<Provider> where [Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader + BlockHashReader + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + PruneCheckpointReader + StageCheckpointReader + StorageSettingsCache + RocksDBProviderFactory + NodePrimitivesProvider]);
 
 /// Lowest blocks at which different parts of the state are available.
 /// They may be [Some] if pruning is enabled.
@@ -779,9 +837,11 @@ mod tests {
     use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, StorageEntry};
     use reth_storage_api::{
         BlockHashReader, BlockNumReader, ChangeSetReader, DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory,
-        NodePrimitivesProvider, StorageChangeSetReader, StorageSettingsCache,
+        NodePrimitivesProvider, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader,
+        StorageChangeSetReader, StorageSettingsCache,
     };
     use reth_storage_errors::provider::ProviderError;
+    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 
     const ADDRESS: Address = address!("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001");
     const HIGHER_ADDRESS: Address = address!("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005");
@@ -796,6 +856,8 @@ mod tests {
             + BlockHashReader
             + ChangeSetReader
             + StorageChangeSetReader
+            + PruneCheckpointReader
+            + StageCheckpointReader
             + StorageSettingsCache
             + RocksDBProviderFactory
             + NodePrimitivesProvider,
@@ -870,48 +932,49 @@ mod tests {
 
         // run
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1, ChangesetCache::new()).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
             Ok(None)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 2).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 2, ChangesetCache::new()).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
             Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at3
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3, ChangesetCache::new()).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
             Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at3
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4, ChangesetCache::new()).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
             Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at7
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7, ChangesetCache::new()).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
             Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at7
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9, ChangesetCache::new()).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
             Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at10
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10, ChangesetCache::new()).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
             Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at10
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11, ChangesetCache::new()).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
             Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_at15
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16, ChangesetCache::new()).basic_account(&ADDRESS),
             Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == acc_plain
         ));
 
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1).basic_account(&HIGHER_ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .basic_account(&HIGHER_ADDRESS),
             Ok(None)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000).basic_account(&HIGHER_ADDRESS),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000, ChangesetCache::new()).basic_account(&HIGHER_ADDRESS),
             Ok(Some(acc)) if acc == higher_acc_plain
         ));
     }
@@ -970,43 +1033,46 @@ mod tests {
 
         // run
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 0).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 0, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(None)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(U256::ZERO))
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at7.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at7.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at10.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at10.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at15.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_plain.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(None)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == higher_entry_plain.value
         ));
     }
@@ -1025,6 +1091,7 @@ mod tests {
                 account_history_block_number: Some(3),
                 storage_history_block_number: Some(3),
             },
+            ChangesetCache::new(),
         );
         assert!(matches!(
             provider.account_history_lookup(ADDRESS),
@@ -1044,6 +1111,7 @@ mod tests {
                 account_history_block_number: Some(2),
                 storage_history_block_number: Some(2),
             },
+            ChangesetCache::new(),
         );
         assert!(matches!(
             provider.account_history_lookup(ADDRESS),
@@ -1063,6 +1131,7 @@ mod tests {
                 account_history_block_number: Some(1),
                 storage_history_block_number: Some(1),
             },
+            ChangesetCache::new(),
         );
         assert!(matches!(
             provider.account_history_lookup(ADDRESS),
@@ -1143,43 +1212,46 @@ mod tests {
         let db = factory.provider().unwrap();
 
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 0).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 0, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(None)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(U256::ZERO))
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at7.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at7.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at10.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at10.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_at15.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == entry_plain.value
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(None)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(expected_value)) if expected_value == higher_entry_plain.value
         ));
     }
@@ -1283,43 +1355,46 @@ mod tests {
         let db = factory.provider().unwrap();
 
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 0).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 0, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(None)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 3, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(U256::ZERO))
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 4, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(7)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 7, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(7)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 9, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(10)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 10, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(10)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 11, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(15)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 16, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(100)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1, ChangesetCache::new())
+                .storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(None)
         ));
         assert!(matches!(
-            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
+            HistoricalStateProviderRef::new(&db, 1000, ChangesetCache::new()).storage(HIGHER_ADDRESS, STORAGE),
             Ok(Some(v)) if v == U256::from(1000)
         ));
     }

crates/storage/provider/src/providers/state/overlay.rs

@@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ pub(crate) struct OverlayStateProviderMetrics {
 
 /// Contains all fields required to initialize an [`OverlayStateProvider`].
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-struct Overlay {
-    trie_updates: Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>,
-    hashed_post_state: Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>,
+pub(super) struct Overlay {
+    pub(super) trie_updates: Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>,
+    pub(super) hashed_post_state: Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>,
 }
 
 /// Source of overlay data for [`OverlayStateProviderFactory`].
@@ -85,14 +85,12 @@ impl OverlaySource {
     }
 }
 
-/// Factory for creating overlay state providers with optional reverts and overlays.
+/// Builder for calculating trie and hashed-state overlays.
 ///
-/// This factory allows building an `OverlayStateProvider` whose DB state has been reverted to a
-/// particular block, and/or with additional overlay information added on top.
+/// This stores the overlay configuration and the logic for resolving immediate/lazy overlays and
+/// collecting reverts. It is intentionally independent from any provider factory or overlay cache.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
-    /// The underlying database provider factory
-    factory: F,
+pub struct OverlayBuilder {
     /// Optional block hash for collecting reverts
     block_hash: Option<B256>,
     /// Optional overlay source (lazy or immediate).
@@ -101,21 +99,16 @@ pub struct OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
     changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     /// Metrics for tracking provider operations
     metrics: OverlayStateProviderMetrics,
-    /// A cache which maps `db_tip -> Overlay`. If the db tip changes during usage of the factory
-    /// then a new entry will get added to this, but in most cases only one entry is present.
-    overlay_cache: Arc<DashMap<BlockNumber, Overlay>>,
 }
 
-impl<F> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
-    /// Create a new overlay state provider factory
-    pub fn new(factory: F, changeset_cache: ChangesetCache) -> Self {
+impl OverlayBuilder {
+    /// Create a new overlay builder.
+    pub fn new(changeset_cache: ChangesetCache) -> Self {
         Self {
-            factory,
             block_hash: None,
             overlay_source: None,
             changeset_cache,
             metrics: OverlayStateProviderMetrics::default(),
-            overlay_cache: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -131,8 +124,6 @@ impl<F> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
     /// This overlay will be applied on top of any reverts applied via `with_block_hash`.
     pub fn with_overlay_source(mut self, source: Option<OverlaySource>) -> Self {
         self.overlay_source = source;
-        // Clear the overlay cache since we've updated the source.
-        self.overlay_cache = Default::default();
         self
     }
 
@@ -141,8 +132,6 @@ impl<F> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
     /// Convenience method that wraps the lazy overlay in `OverlaySource::Lazy`.
     pub fn with_lazy_overlay(mut self, lazy_overlay: Option<LazyOverlay>) -> Self {
         self.overlay_source = lazy_overlay.map(OverlaySource::Lazy);
-        // Clear the overlay cache since we've updated the source.
-        self.overlay_cache = Default::default();
         self
     }
 
@@ -158,8 +147,6 @@ impl<F> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
                 trie: Arc::new(TrieUpdatesSorted::default()),
                 state,
             });
-            // Clear the overlay cache since we've updated the source.
-            self.overlay_cache = Default::default();
         }
         self
     }
@@ -186,23 +173,9 @@ impl<F> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
                 });
             }
         }
-        // Clear the overlay cache since we've updated the source.
-        self.overlay_cache = Default::default();
         self
     }
-}
 
-impl<F> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F>
-where
-    F: DatabaseProviderFactory,
-    F::Provider: StageCheckpointReader
-        + PruneCheckpointReader
-        + ChangeSetReader
-        + StorageChangeSetReader
-        + DBProvider
-        + BlockNumReader
-        + StorageSettingsCache,
-{
     /// Resolves the effective overlay (trie updates, hashed state).
     ///
     /// If an overlay source is set, it is resolved (blocking if lazy).
@@ -217,10 +190,13 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Returns the block number for [`Self`]'s `block_hash` field, if any.
-    fn get_requested_block_number(
+    fn get_requested_block_number<Provider>(
         &self,
-        provider: &F::Provider,
-    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<BlockNumber>> {
+        provider: &Provider,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<BlockNumber>>
+    where
+        Provider: BlockNumReader,
+    {
         if let Some(block_hash) = self.block_hash {
             Ok(Some(
                 provider
@@ -234,7 +210,10 @@ where
 
     /// Returns the block which is at the tip of the DB, i.e. the block which the state tables of
     /// the DB are currently synced to.
-    fn get_db_tip_block_number(&self, provider: &F::Provider) -> ProviderResult<BlockNumber> {
+    fn get_db_tip_block_number<Provider>(&self, provider: &Provider) -> ProviderResult<BlockNumber>
+    where
+        Provider: StageCheckpointReader,
+    {
         provider
             .get_stage_checkpoint(StageId::Finish)?
             .as_ref()
@@ -247,12 +226,15 @@ where
     ///
     /// Takes into account both the stage checkpoint and the prune checkpoint to determine the
     /// available data range.
-    fn reverts_required(
+    fn reverts_required<Provider>(
         &self,
-        provider: &F::Provider,
+        provider: &Provider,
         db_tip_block: BlockNumber,
         requested_block: BlockNumber,
-    ) -> ProviderResult<bool> {
+    ) -> ProviderResult<bool>
+    where
+        Provider: PruneCheckpointReader,
+    {
         // If the requested block is the DB tip then there won't be any reverts necessary, and we
         // can simply return Ok.
         if db_tip_block == requested_block {
@@ -288,11 +270,20 @@ where
         skip_all,
         fields(%db_tip_block)
     )]
-    fn calculate_overlay(
+    fn calculate_overlay<Provider>(
         &self,
-        provider: &F::Provider,
+        provider: &Provider,
         db_tip_block: BlockNumber,
-    ) -> ProviderResult<Overlay> {
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Overlay>
+    where
+        Provider: ChangeSetReader
+            + StorageChangeSetReader
+            + DBProvider
+            + BlockNumReader
+            + StageCheckpointReader
+            + PruneCheckpointReader
+            + StorageSettingsCache,
+    {
         //
         // Set up variables we'll use for recording metrics. There's two different code-paths here,
         // and we want to make sure both record metrics, so we do metrics recording after.
@@ -404,23 +395,74 @@ where
         Ok(Overlay { trie_updates, hashed_post_state })
     }
 
-    /// Fetches an [`Overlay`] from the cache based on the current db tip block. If there is no
-    /// cached value then this calculates the [`Overlay`] and populates the cache.
+    /// Builds the effective overlay for the given provider.
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "providers::state::overlay", skip_all)]
-    fn get_overlay(&self, provider: &F::Provider) -> ProviderResult<Overlay> {
-        // No anchor block — just resolve the in-memory overlay directly.
+    pub(super) fn build_overlay<Provider>(&self, provider: &Provider) -> ProviderResult<Overlay>
+    where
+        Provider: StageCheckpointReader
+            + PruneCheckpointReader
+            + ChangeSetReader
+            + StorageChangeSetReader
+            + DBProvider
+            + BlockNumReader
+            + StorageSettingsCache,
+    {
         if self.block_hash.is_none() {
             let (trie_updates, hashed_post_state) = self.resolve_overlays();
             return Ok(Overlay { trie_updates, hashed_post_state })
         }
 
         let db_tip_block = self.get_db_tip_block_number(provider)?;
+        self.calculate_overlay(provider, db_tip_block)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Factory for creating overlay state providers with optional reverts and overlays.
+///
+/// This factory allows building an `OverlayStateProvider` whose DB state has been reverted to a
+/// particular block, and/or with additional overlay information added on top.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
+    /// The underlying database provider factory
+    factory: F,
+    /// Overlay builder containing the configuration and overlay calculation logic.
+    overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder,
+    /// A cache which maps `db_tip -> Overlay`. If the db tip changes during usage of the factory
+    /// then a new entry will get added to this, but in most cases only one entry is present.
+    overlay_cache: Arc<DashMap<BlockNumber, Overlay>>,
+}
+
+impl<F> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
+    /// Create a new overlay state provider factory
+    pub fn new(factory: F, overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder) -> Self {
+        Self { factory, overlay_builder, overlay_cache: Default::default() }
+    }
+
+    /// Fetches an [`Overlay`] from the cache based on the current db tip block. If there is no
+    /// cached value then this calculates the [`Overlay`] and populates the cache.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "providers::state::overlay", skip_all)]
+    fn get_overlay<Provider>(&self, provider: &Provider) -> ProviderResult<Overlay>
+    where
+        Provider: StageCheckpointReader
+            + PruneCheckpointReader
+            + ChangeSetReader
+            + StorageChangeSetReader
+            + DBProvider
+            + BlockNumReader
+            + StorageSettingsCache,
+    {
+        // No anchor block — just resolve the in-memory overlay directly.
+        if self.overlay_builder.block_hash.is_none() {
+            return self.overlay_builder.build_overlay(provider)
+        }
+
+        let db_tip_block = self.overlay_builder.get_db_tip_block_number(provider)?;
 
         let overlay = match self.overlay_cache.entry(db_tip_block) {
             dashmap::Entry::Occupied(entry) => entry.get().clone(),
             dashmap::Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
-                self.metrics.overlay_cache_misses.increment(1);
-                let overlay = self.calculate_overlay(provider, db_tip_block)?;
+                self.overlay_builder.metrics.overlay_cache_misses.increment(1);
+                let overlay = self.overlay_builder.build_overlay(provider)?;
                 entry.insert(overlay.clone());
                 overlay
             }
@@ -451,14 +493,14 @@ where
         let provider = {
             let start = Instant::now();
             let res = self.factory.database_provider_ro()?;
-            self.metrics.create_provider_duration.record(start.elapsed());
+            self.overlay_builder.metrics.create_provider_duration.record(start.elapsed());
             res
         };
 
         let Overlay { trie_updates, hashed_post_state } = self.get_overlay(&provider)?;
 
         let is_v2 = provider.cached_storage_settings().is_v2();
-        self.metrics.database_provider_ro_duration.record(overall_start.elapsed());
+        self.overlay_builder.metrics.database_provider_ro_duration.record(overall_start.elapsed());
         Ok(OverlayStateProvider::new(provider, trie_updates, hashed_post_state, is_v2))
     }
 }

crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/jar.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use reth_db::static_file::{
 use reth_db_api::table::{Decompress, Value};
 use reth_node_types::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{SealedHeader, SignedTransaction};
-use reth_static_file_types::{ChangesetOffset, ChangesetOffsetReader};
+use reth_static_file_types::ChangesetOffset;
 use reth_storage_api::range_size_hint;
 use reth_storage_errors::provider::{ProviderError, ProviderResult};
 use std::{
@@ -111,15 +111,11 @@ impl<'a, N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileJarProvider<'a, N> {
             return Ok(None);
         };
 
-        let csoff_path = self.data_path().with_extension("csoff");
-        if !csoff_path.exists() {
-            return Ok(None);
+        if let Some(reader) = self.jar.value().csoff_reader() {
+            reader.get(index).map_err(ProviderError::other)
+        } else {
+            Ok(None)
         }
-
-        let len = header.changeset_offsets_len();
-        let mut reader =
-            ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&csoff_path, len).map_err(ProviderError::other)?;
-        reader.get(index).map_err(ProviderError::other)
     }
 
     /// Reads all changeset offsets from the sidecar file.
@@ -138,15 +134,12 @@ impl<'a, N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileJarProvider<'a, N> {
             return Ok(Some(Vec::new()));
         }
 
-        let csoff_path = self.data_path().with_extension("csoff");
-        if !csoff_path.exists() {
-            return Ok(None);
+        if let Some(reader) = self.jar.value().csoff_reader() {
+            let offsets = reader.get_range(0, len).map_err(ProviderError::other)?;
+            Ok(Some(offsets))
+        } else {
+            Ok(None)
         }
-
-        let mut reader =
-            ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&csoff_path, len).map_err(ProviderError::other)?;
-        let offsets = reader.get_range(0, len).map_err(ProviderError::other)?;
-        Ok(Some(offsets))
     }
 }
 

crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/mod.rs

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ mod metrics;
 mod writer_tests;
 
 use reth_nippy_jar::NippyJar;
-use reth_static_file_types::{SegmentHeader, StaticFileSegment};
+use reth_static_file_types::{ChangesetOffsetReader, SegmentHeader, StaticFileSegment};
 use reth_storage_errors::provider::{ProviderError, ProviderResult};
-use std::{ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
+use std::{io, ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
 
 /// Alias type for each specific `NippyJar`.
 type LoadedJarRef<'a> =
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ type LoadedJarRef<'a> =
 pub struct LoadedJar {
     jar: NippyJar<SegmentHeader>,
     mmap_handle: Arc<reth_nippy_jar::DataReader>,
+    csoff_reader: Option<ChangesetOffsetReader>,
 }
 
 impl LoadedJar {
@@ -36,7 +37,20 @@ impl LoadedJar {
         match jar.open_data_reader() {
             Ok(data_reader) => {
                 let mmap_handle = Arc::new(data_reader);
-                Ok(Self { jar, mmap_handle })
+
+                let csoff_reader = if jar.user_header().segment().is_change_based() {
+                    let csoff_path = jar.data_path().with_extension("csoff");
+                    let len = jar.user_header().changeset_offsets_len();
+                    match ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&csoff_path, len) {
+                        Ok(reader) => Some(reader),
+                        Err(err) if err.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound && len == 0 => None,
+                        Err(err) => return Err(ProviderError::other(err)),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    None
+                };
+
+                Ok(Self { jar, mmap_handle, csoff_reader })
             }
             Err(e) => Err(ProviderError::other(e)),
         }
@@ -55,6 +69,11 @@ impl LoadedJar {
     fn size(&self) -> usize {
         self.mmap_handle.size() + self.mmap_handle.offsets_size()
     }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the cached changeset offset reader.
+    const fn csoff_reader(&self) -> Option<&ChangesetOffsetReader> {
+        self.csoff_reader.as_ref()
+    }
 }
 
 impl Deref for LoadedJar {

crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/writer.rs

@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProviderRW<N> {
 
         // Step 2: Validate sidecar offsets against actual NippyJar state
         let valid_blocks = if actual_sidecar_blocks > 0 {
-            let mut reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&csoff_path, actual_sidecar_blocks)
+            let reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&csoff_path, actual_sidecar_blocks)
                 .map_err(ProviderError::other)?;
 
             // Find last block where offset + num_changes <= actual_nippy_rows
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProviderRW<N> {
             // Read offset for the block after last_block from sidecar.
             // Use committed length from header, ignoring any uncommitted records
             // that may exist in the file after a crash.
-            let mut reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&csoff_path, changeset_offsets_len)
+            let reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&csoff_path, changeset_offsets_len)
                 .map_err(ProviderError::other)?;
             if let Some(next_offset) = reader.get(blocks_to_keep).map_err(ProviderError::other)? {
                 next_offset.offset()

crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/writer_tests.rs

@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(get_header_block_count(&provider, 0), 5);
 
         // Verify offsets are correct
-        let mut reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&sidecar_path, 5).unwrap();
+        let reader = ChangesetOffsetReader::new(&sidecar_path, 5).unwrap();
 
         let o0 = reader.get(0).unwrap().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(o0.offset(), 0);

crates/storage/storage-api/src/bal.rs

@@ -22,12 +22,70 @@ pub trait BalStore: Send + Sync + 'static {
     /// The returned vector must align with `block_hashes`.
     fn get_by_hashes(&self, block_hashes: &[BlockHash]) -> ProviderResult<Vec<Option<Bytes>>>;
 
+    /// Fetch BAL response entries for the given block hashes, stopping after the soft limit is
+    /// exceeded.
+    ///
+    /// Entries are returned in request order. Unavailable BALs are represented as an RLP-encoded
+    /// empty list (`0xc0`). The limit is soft: the entry that exceeds the limit is included.
+    fn get_by_hashes_with_limit(
+        &self,
+        block_hashes: &[BlockHash],
+        limit: GetBlockAccessListLimit,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Vec<Bytes>> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        self.append_by_hashes_with_limit(block_hashes, limit, &mut out)?;
+        out.shrink_to_fit();
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
+    /// Extends the given vector with BAL response entries for the given hashes.
+    ///
+    /// This adheres to the expected behavior of [`Self::get_by_hashes_with_limit`].
+    fn append_by_hashes_with_limit(
+        &self,
+        block_hashes: &[BlockHash],
+        limit: GetBlockAccessListLimit,
+        out: &mut Vec<Bytes>,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        let mut size = 0;
+        for bal in self.get_by_hashes(block_hashes)? {
+            let bal = bal.unwrap_or_else(|| Bytes::from_static(&[0xc0]));
+            size += bal.len();
+            out.push(bal);
+
+            if limit.exceeds(size) {
+                break
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Fetch BALs for the requested range.
     ///
     /// Implementations may stop at the first gap and return the contiguous prefix.
     fn get_by_range(&self, start: BlockNumber, count: u64) -> ProviderResult<Vec<Bytes>>;
 }
 
+/// The limit to enforce for [`BalStore::get_by_hashes_with_limit`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum GetBlockAccessListLimit {
+    /// No limit, return all BALs.
+    None,
+    /// Enforce a size limit on the returned BALs, for example 2MB.
+    ResponseSizeSoftLimit(usize),
+}
+
+impl GetBlockAccessListLimit {
+    /// Returns true if the given size exceeds the limit.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn exceeds(&self, size: usize) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::None => false,
+            Self::ResponseSizeSoftLimit(limit) => size > *limit,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Clone-friendly façade around a BAL store implementation.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct BalStoreHandle {
@@ -62,6 +120,28 @@ impl BalStoreHandle {
         self.inner.get_by_hashes(block_hashes)
     }
 
+    /// Fetch BAL response entries for the given block hashes, stopping after the soft limit is
+    /// exceeded.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn get_by_hashes_with_limit(
+        &self,
+        block_hashes: &[BlockHash],
+        limit: GetBlockAccessListLimit,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Vec<Bytes>> {
+        self.inner.get_by_hashes_with_limit(block_hashes, limit)
+    }
+
+    /// Extends the given vector with BAL response entries for the given hashes.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn append_by_hashes_with_limit(
+        &self,
+        block_hashes: &[BlockHash],
+        limit: GetBlockAccessListLimit,
+        out: &mut Vec<Bytes>,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        self.inner.append_by_hashes_with_limit(block_hashes, limit, out)
+    }
+
     /// Fetch BALs for the requested range.
     #[inline]
     pub fn get_by_range(&self, start: BlockNumber, count: u64) -> ProviderResult<Vec<Bytes>> {
@@ -106,6 +186,25 @@ impl BalStore for NoopBalStore {
         Ok(block_hashes.iter().map(|_| None).collect())
     }
 
+    fn append_by_hashes_with_limit(
+        &self,
+        block_hashes: &[BlockHash],
+        limit: GetBlockAccessListLimit,
+        out: &mut Vec<Bytes>,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        let mut size = 0;
+        for _ in block_hashes {
+            let bal = Bytes::from_static(&[0xc0]);
+            size += bal.len();
+            out.push(bal);
+
+            if limit.exceeds(size) {
+                break
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     fn get_by_range(&self, _start: BlockNumber, _count: u64) -> ProviderResult<Vec<Bytes>> {
         Ok(Vec::new())
     }
@@ -127,4 +226,27 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(by_hash, vec![None, None]);
         assert!(by_range.is_empty());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn noop_store_limited_lookup_returns_prefix() {
+        let store = BalStoreHandle::default();
+        let hashes = [B256::random(), B256::random(), B256::random()];
+
+        let limited = store
+            .get_by_hashes_with_limit(&hashes, GetBlockAccessListLimit::ResponseSizeSoftLimit(1))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(limited, vec![Bytes::from_static(&[0xc0]), Bytes::from_static(&[0xc0])]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn block_access_list_limit() {
+        let limit_none = GetBlockAccessListLimit::None;
+        assert!(!limit_none.exceeds(usize::MAX));
+
+        let size_limit_2mb = GetBlockAccessListLimit::ResponseSizeSoftLimit(2 * 1024 * 1024);
+        assert!(!size_limit_2mb.exceeds(1024 * 1024));
+        assert!(!size_limit_2mb.exceeds(2 * 1024 * 1024));
+        assert!(size_limit_2mb.exceeds(3 * 1024 * 1024));
+    }
 }

crates/transaction-pool/src/validate/eth.rs

@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        ensure_intrinsic_gas(transaction, &self.fork_tracker)?;
+        ensure_intrinsic_gas(transaction, &self.fork_tracker, block_gas_limit)?;
 
         // light blob tx pre-checks
         if transaction.is_eip4844() {
@@ -1404,6 +1404,7 @@ impl ForkTracker {
 pub fn ensure_intrinsic_gas<T: EthPoolTransaction>(
     transaction: &T,
     fork_tracker: &ForkTracker,
+    block_gas_limit: u64,
 ) -> Result<(), InvalidPoolTransactionError> {
     use revm_primitives::hardfork::SpecId;
     let spec_id = if fork_tracker.is_prague_activated() {
@@ -1424,6 +1425,7 @@ pub fn ensure_intrinsic_gas<T: EthPoolTransaction>(
             .map(|l| l.iter().map(|i| i.storage_keys.len()).sum::<usize>())
             .unwrap_or_default() as u64,
         transaction.authorization_list().map(|l| l.len()).unwrap_or_default() as u64,
+        revm_primitives::eip8037::cost_per_state_byte(block_gas_limit),
     );
 
     let gas_limit = transaction.gas_limit();
@@ -1478,11 +1480,11 @@ mod tests {
             tx_gas_limit_cap: AtomicU64::new(0),
         };
 
-        let res = ensure_intrinsic_gas(&transaction, &fork_tracker);
+        let res = ensure_intrinsic_gas(&transaction, &fork_tracker, 30_000_000);
         assert!(res.is_ok());
 
         fork_tracker.shanghai = true.into();
-        let res = ensure_intrinsic_gas(&transaction, &fork_tracker);
+        let res = ensure_intrinsic_gas(&transaction, &fork_tracker, 30_000_000);
         assert!(res.is_ok());
 
         let provider = MockEthProvider::default().with_genesis_block();

crates/trie/parallel/src/proof_task.rs

@@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ mod tests {
         let changeset_cache = reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache::new();
         let factory = reth_provider::providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
             provider_factory,
-            changeset_cache,
+            reth_provider::providers::OverlayBuilder::new(changeset_cache),
         );
         let ctx = test_ctx(factory);
 

crates/trie/parallel/src/root.rs

@@ -283,9 +283,10 @@ mod tests {
     async fn random_parallel_root() {
         let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
         let changeset_cache = reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache::new();
+        let overlay_builder = reth_provider::providers::OverlayBuilder::new(changeset_cache);
         let mut overlay_factory = reth_provider::providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
             factory.clone(),
-            changeset_cache,
+            overlay_builder.clone(),
         );
 
         let mut rng = rand::rng();
@@ -362,8 +363,10 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets();
-        overlay_factory =
-            overlay_factory.with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(Arc::new(hashed_state.into_sorted())));
+        overlay_factory = reth_provider::providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
+            factory,
+            overlay_builder.with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(Arc::new(hashed_state.into_sorted()))),
+        );
 
         assert_eq!(
             ParallelStateRoot::new(overlay_factory, prefix_sets.freeze(), runtime)

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/db.mdx

@@ -113,6 +113,11 @@ Database:
       --db.sync-mode <SYNC_MODE>
           Controls how aggressively the database synchronizes data to disk
 
+      --db.rocksdb-block-cache-size <ROCKSDB_BLOCK_CACHE_SIZE>
+          `RocksDB` block cache size (e.g., 512MB, 4GB).
+
+          Controls the size of the in-memory LRU cache for decompressed `RocksDB` blocks. A larger cache reduces repeated decompression of hot blocks, improving read performance for history lookups.
+
 Static Files:
       --static-files.blocks-per-file.headers <BLOCKS_PER_FILE_HEADERS>
           Number of blocks per file for the headers segment

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/db/diff.mdx

@@ -62,6 +62,11 @@ Database:
       --db.sync-mode <SYNC_MODE>
           Controls how aggressively the database synchronizes data to disk
 
+      --db.rocksdb-block-cache-size <ROCKSDB_BLOCK_CACHE_SIZE>
+          `RocksDB` block cache size (e.g., 512MB, 4GB).
+
+          Controls the size of the in-memory LRU cache for decompressed `RocksDB` blocks. A larger cache reduces repeated decompression of hot blocks, improving read performance for history lookups.
+
       --table <TABLE>
           The table name to diff. If not specified, all tables are diffed.
 

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/download.mdx

@@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ Database:
       --db.sync-mode <SYNC_MODE>
           Controls how aggressively the database synchronizes data to disk
 
+      --db.rocksdb-block-cache-size <ROCKSDB_BLOCK_CACHE_SIZE>
+          `RocksDB` block cache size (e.g., 512MB, 4GB).
+
+          Controls the size of the in-memory LRU cache for decompressed `RocksDB` blocks. A larger cache reduces repeated decompression of hot blocks, improving read performance for history lookups.
+
 Static Files:
       --static-files.blocks-per-file.headers <BLOCKS_PER_FILE_HEADERS>
           Number of blocks per file for the headers segment

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/export-era.mdx

@@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ Database:
       --db.sync-mode <SYNC_MODE>
           Controls how aggressively the database synchronizes data to disk
 
+      --db.rocksdb-block-cache-size <ROCKSDB_BLOCK_CACHE_SIZE>
+          `RocksDB` block cache size (e.g., 512MB, 4GB).
+
+          Controls the size of the in-memory LRU cache for decompressed `RocksDB` blocks. A larger cache reduces repeated decompression of hot blocks, improving read performance for history lookups.
+
 Static Files:
       --static-files.blocks-per-file.headers <BLOCKS_PER_FILE_HEADERS>
           Number of blocks per file for the headers segment

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/import-era.mdx

@@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ Database:
       --db.sync-mode <SYNC_MODE>
           Controls how aggressively the database synchronizes data to disk
 
+      --db.rocksdb-block-cache-size <ROCKSDB_BLOCK_CACHE_SIZE>
+          `RocksDB` block cache size (e.g., 512MB, 4GB).
+
+          Controls the size of the in-memory LRU cache for decompressed `RocksDB` blocks. A larger cache reduces repeated decompression of hot blocks, improving read performance for history lookups.
+
 Static Files:
       --static-files.blocks-per-file.headers <BLOCKS_PER_FILE_HEADERS>
           Number of blocks per file for the headers segment

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/import.mdx

@@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ Database:
       --db.sync-mode <SYNC_MODE>
           Controls how aggressively the database synchronizes data to disk
 
+      --db.rocksdb-block-cache-size <ROCKSDB_BLOCK_CACHE_SIZE>
+          `RocksDB` block cache size (e.g., 512MB, 4GB).
+
+          Controls the size of the in-memory LRU cache for decompressed `RocksDB` blocks. A larger cache reduces repeated decompression of hot blocks, improving read performance for history lookups.
+
 Static Files:
       --static-files.blocks-per-file.headers <BLOCKS_PER_FILE_HEADERS>
           Number of blocks per file for the headers segment

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/init-state.mdx

@@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ Database:
       --db.sync-mode <SYNC_MODE>
           Controls how aggressively the database synchronizes data to disk
 
+      --db.rocksdb-block-cache-size <ROCKSDB_BLOCK_CACHE_SIZE>
+          `RocksDB` block cache size (e.g., 512MB, 4GB).
+
+          Controls the size of the in-memory LRU cache for decompressed `RocksDB` blocks. A larger cache reduces repeated decompression of hot blocks, improving read performance for history lookups.
+
 Static Files:
       --static-files.blocks-per-file.headers <BLOCKS_PER_FILE_HEADERS>
           Number of blocks per file for the headers segment

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/init.mdx

@@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ Database:
       --db.sync-mode <SYNC_MODE>
           Controls how aggressively the database synchronizes data to disk
 
+      --db.rocksdb-block-cache-size <ROCKSDB_BLOCK_CACHE_SIZE>
+          `RocksDB` block cache size (e.g., 512MB, 4GB).
+
+          Controls the size of the in-memory LRU cache for decompressed `RocksDB` blocks. A larger cache reduces repeated decompression of hot blocks, improving read performance for history lookups.
+
 Static Files:
       --static-files.blocks-per-file.headers <BLOCKS_PER_FILE_HEADERS>
           Number of blocks per file for the headers segment

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/node.mdx

@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ Networking:
       --disable-discv4-discovery
           Disable Discv4 discovery
 
-      --enable-discv5-discovery
-          Enable Discv5 discovery
+      --disable-discv5-discovery
+          Disable Discv5 discovery
 
       --disable-nat
           Disable Nat discovery
@@ -821,6 +821,11 @@ Database:
       --db.sync-mode <SYNC_MODE>
           Controls how aggressively the database synchronizes data to disk
 
+      --db.rocksdb-block-cache-size <ROCKSDB_BLOCK_CACHE_SIZE>
+          `RocksDB` block cache size (e.g., 512MB, 4GB).
+
+          Controls the size of the in-memory LRU cache for decompressed `RocksDB` blocks. A larger cache reduces repeated decompression of hot blocks, improving read performance for history lookups.
+
 Dev testnet:
       --dev
           Start the node in dev mode
@@ -950,6 +955,13 @@ Engine:
 
           [default: 0]
 
+      --engine.invalid-header-cache-hit-eviction-threshold <INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD>
+          Configure how many cache hits an invalid header can accumulate before it is evicted and reprocessed.
+
+          Set to `0` to effectively disable the cache because entries are evicted on the first lookup.
+
+          [default: 128]
+
       --engine.legacy-state-root
           Enable legacy state root
 

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/p2p/body.mdx

@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ Networking:
       --disable-discv4-discovery
           Disable Discv4 discovery
 
-      --enable-discv5-discovery
-          Enable Discv5 discovery
+      --disable-discv5-discovery
+          Disable Discv5 discovery
 
       --disable-nat
           Disable Nat discovery

docs/vocs/docs/pages/cli/reth/p2p/header.mdx

@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ Networking:
       --disable-discv4-discovery
           Disable Discv4 discovery
 
-      --enable-discv5-discovery
-          Enable Discv5 discovery
+      --disable-discv5-discovery
+          Disable Discv5 discovery
 
       --disable-nat
           Disable Nat discovery