chore: remove duplicated hive expected failures

chore: reduce BAL validation log verbosity
chore: remove reth-bb merge noise
2026-04-30 03:01:58 -04:00 · 2026-04-29 10:06:40 +02:00 · 2026-04-29 10:06:08 +02:00 · 2026-04-29 10:03:00 +02:00 · 2026-04-29 09:59:08 +02:00 · 2026-04-28 21:29:19 +00:00
117 changed files with 3796 additions and 1266 deletions
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -4,10 +4,14 @@ updates:
  directory: "/"
  schedule:
    interval: "weekly"
+  cooldown:
+    default-days: 7
 - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
  directory: "/"
  schedule:
    interval: "weekly"
+  cooldown:
+    default-days: 7
  labels:
    - "A-dependencies"
  commit-message:
--- a/.github/scripts/bench-reth-run.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/bench-reth-run.sh
@@ -323,13 +323,18 @@ if [ "$BIG_BLOCKS" = "true" ]; then
    --output "$OUTPUT_DIR" 2>&1 | sed -u "s/^/[bench] /"
 else
  # Standard mode: warmup + new-payload-fcu
-  # Warmup
-  $BENCH_NICE "$RETH_BENCH" new-payload-fcu \
-    --rpc-url "$BENCH_RPC_URL" \
-    --engine-rpc-url http://127.0.0.1:8551 \
-    --jwt-secret "$DATADIR/jwt.hex" \
-    --advance "${BENCH_WARMUP_BLOCKS:-50}" \
-    "${EXTRA_BENCH_ARGS[@]}" 2>&1 | sed -u "s/^/[bench] /"
+  WARMUP="${BENCH_WARMUP_BLOCKS:-50}"
+  if [ "$WARMUP" -gt 0 ] 2>/dev/null; then
+    # Warm up the node before measuring the benchmark window.
+    $BENCH_NICE "$RETH_BENCH" new-payload-fcu \
+      --rpc-url "$BENCH_RPC_URL" \
+      --engine-rpc-url http://127.0.0.1:8551 \
+      --jwt-secret "$DATADIR/jwt.hex" \
+      --advance "$WARMUP" \
+      "${EXTRA_BENCH_ARGS[@]}" 2>&1 | sed -u "s/^/[bench] /"
+  else
+    echo "Skipping warmup (0 blocks)..."
+  fi

  # Start tracy-capture after warmup so profile only covers the benchmark
  if [ "${BENCH_TRACY:-off}" != "off" ]; then
--- a/.github/scripts/hive/build_simulators.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/hive/build_simulators.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,23 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -eo pipefail

+fixture_variant="${1:-osaka}"
+
+case "${fixture_variant}" in
+    amsterdam)
+        eels_fixtures="https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/bal@v6.0.0/fixtures_bal.tar.gz"
+        eels_branch="devnets/snøbal/4"
+        ;;
+    osaka)
+        eels_fixtures="https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/v5.3.0/fixtures_develop.tar.gz"
+        eels_branch="forks/osaka"
+        ;;
+    *)
+        echo "unknown hive fixture variant: ${fixture_variant}"
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+esac
+
 # Create the hive_assets directory
 mkdir hive_assets/

@@ -12,12 +29,12 @@ go build .
 # Run each hive command in the background for each simulator and wait
 echo "Building images"
 ./hive -client reth --sim "ethereum/eels/consume-engine" \
-    --sim.buildarg fixtures=https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/v5.3.0/fixtures_develop.tar.gz \
-    --sim.buildarg branch=forks/osaka \
+    --sim.buildarg fixtures="${eels_fixtures}" \
+    --sim.buildarg branch="${eels_branch}" \
    --sim.timelimit 1s || true &
 ./hive -client reth --sim "ethereum/eels/consume-rlp" \
-    --sim.buildarg fixtures=https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/v5.3.0/fixtures_develop.tar.gz \
-    --sim.buildarg branch=forks/osaka \
+    --sim.buildarg fixtures="${eels_fixtures}" \
+    --sim.buildarg branch="${eels_branch}" \
    --sim.timelimit 1s || true &
 ./hive -client reth --sim "ethereum/engine" -sim.timelimit 1s || true &
 ./hive -client reth --sim "devp2p" -sim.timelimit 1s || true &
--- a/.github/scripts/hive/expected_failures.yaml
+++ b/.github/scripts/hive/expected_failures.yaml
@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ rpc-compat:
  # syncing mode, the test expects syncing to be false on start
  - eth_syncing/check-syncing (reth)

-engine-withdrawals: [ ]
+engine-withdrawals: []

-engine-api: [ ]
+engine-api: []

-engine-cancun: [ ]
+engine-cancun: []

-sync: [ ]
+sync: []

-engine-auth: [ ]
+engine-auth: []

 # EIP-7610 related tests (Revert creation in case of non-empty storage):
 #
@@ -99,6 +99,40 @@ eels/consume-engine:
  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Prague-tx_type_1-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Prague-tx_type_2-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Shanghai-tx_type_0-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_opcode[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-opcode_CREATE2-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_opcode[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-opcode_CREATE2-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_2-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_2-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_1-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_1-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_opcode[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-opcode_CREATE-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_0-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_0-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_opcode[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-opcode_CREATE-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Prague-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Prague-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Prague-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Shanghai-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Paris-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Shanghai-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Cancun-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Shanghai-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Paris-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Cancun-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Shanghai-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Osaka-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Paris-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Prague-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Osaka-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Cancun-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Paris-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Osaka-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Osaka-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Cancun-blockchain_test_engine_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth

 # Blob limit tests:
 #
@@ -193,3 +227,37 @@ eels/consume-rlp:
  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Prague-tx_type_1-blockchain_test_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Prague-tx_type_2-blockchain_test_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Shanghai-tx_type_0-blockchain_test_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_2-blockchain_test_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_2-blockchain_test_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_1-blockchain_test_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_1-blockchain_test_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_0-blockchain_test_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_tx[fork_Amsterdam-tx_type_0-blockchain_test_from_state_test-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_opcode[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_from_state_test-opcode_CREATE-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_opcode[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_from_state_test-opcode_CREATE-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_opcode[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_from_state_test-opcode_CREATE2-non-empty-balance-correct-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_initcollision.py::test_init_collision_create_opcode[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_from_state_test-opcode_CREATE2-non-empty-balance-revert-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Amsterdam-blockchain_test_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Prague-blockchain_test_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Prague-blockchain_test_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Prague-blockchain_test_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Shanghai-blockchain_test_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Cancun-blockchain_test_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Paris-blockchain_test_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Shanghai-blockchain_test_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Shanghai-blockchain_test_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Paris-blockchain_test_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Cancun-blockchain_test_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Shanghai-blockchain_test_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Cancun-blockchain_test_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Osaka-blockchain_test_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Paris-blockchain_test_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_collision_with_create2_revert_in_initcode[fork_Osaka-blockchain_test_from_state_test]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Prague-blockchain_test_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Cancun-blockchain_test_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Paris-blockchain_test_from_state_test-sstore-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Osaka-blockchain_test_from_state_test-empty-initcode]-reth
+  - tests/paris/eip7610_create_collision/test_revert_in_create.py::test_create2_collision_storage[fork_Osaka-blockchain_test_from_state_test-initcode-with-deploy]-reth
--- a/.github/scripts/hive/run_simulator.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/hive/run_simulator.sh
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@ cd hivetests/

 sim="${1}"
 limit="${2}"
+fixture_variant="${3:-}"
+
+if [[ "${fixture_variant}" == "osaka" && "${sim}" == *"eels"* && "${limit}" == *"tests/amsterdam"* ]]; then
+    echo "osaka fixtures do not support amsterdam tests"
+    exit 1
+fi

 # Use lower parallelism for eels tests to avoid OOM-killing the runner
 parallelism=16
--- a/.github/workflows/bench-scheduled.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bench-scheduled.yml
@@ -54,9 +54,7 @@ env:

 name: bench-scheduled

-permissions:
-  contents: read
-  actions: read
+permissions: {}

 jobs:
  # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -65,6 +63,9 @@ jobs:
  resolve-refs:
    name: resolve-refs
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
    outputs:
      mode: ${{ steps.mode.outputs.mode }}
      baseline-ref: ${{ steps.refs.outputs.baseline-ref }}
@@ -76,21 +77,26 @@ jobs:
      long-running: ${{ steps.refs.outputs.long-running }}
      release-tag: ${{ steps.refs.outputs.release-tag }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
          sparse-checkout: .github/scripts
          sparse-checkout-cone-mode: true
          fetch-depth: 2

      - name: Detect mode
        id: mode
+        env:
+          EVENT_NAME: ${{ github.event_name }}
+          INPUT_MODE: ${{ inputs.mode }}
+          SCHEDULE: ${{ github.event.schedule }}
        run: |
          # Maps cron schedules to modes (must match the schedule entries above)
-          if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "workflow_dispatch" ]; then
-            MODE="${{ inputs.mode || 'nightly' }}"
-          elif [ "${{ github.event.schedule }}" = "30 5 * * *" ]; then
+          if [ "$EVENT_NAME" = "workflow_dispatch" ]; then
+            MODE="${INPUT_MODE:-nightly}"
+          elif [ "$SCHEDULE" = "30 5 * * *" ]; then
            MODE="nightly"
-          elif [ "${{ github.event.schedule }}" = "0 9 * * *" ]; then
+          elif [ "$SCHEDULE" = "0 9 * * *" ]; then
            MODE="release"
          else
            MODE="hourly"
@@ -105,14 +111,15 @@ jobs:
          DEREK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.DEREK_TOKEN }}
          GITHUB_REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
          GITHUB_RUN_ID: ${{ github.run_id }}
+          INPUT_FORCE: ${{ inputs.force || 'false' }}
        run: |
-          FORCE="${{ inputs.force || 'false' }}"
+          FORCE="${INPUT_FORCE:-false}"
          MODE="${{ steps.mode.outputs.mode }}"
          .github/scripts/bench-scheduled-refs.sh "$FORCE" "$MODE"

      - name: Alert on long-running hourly
        if: steps.mode.outputs.mode == 'hourly' && steps.refs.outputs.long-running == 'true' && !(github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.slack == 'never')
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        env:
          SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
          SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
@@ -154,7 +161,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Alert on stale nightly
        if: steps.mode.outputs.mode == 'nightly' && steps.refs.outputs.is-stale == 'true' && !(github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.slack == 'never')
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        env:
          SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
          SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
@@ -242,6 +249,9 @@ jobs:
      needs.resolve-refs.outputs.is-stale != 'true'
    name: bench-scheduled
    runs-on: [self-hosted, Linux, X64, available]
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
    timeout-minutes: 120
    env:
      BENCH_RPC_URL: https://ethereum.reth.rs/rpc
@@ -270,15 +280,16 @@ jobs:
      - name: Clean up previous bench-work
        run: sudo rm -rf "$BENCH_WORK_DIR" 2>/dev/null || true

-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
          submodules: true
          fetch-depth: 0
          ref: ${{ needs.resolve-refs.outputs.feature-ref }}

      - name: Resolve job URL
        id: job-url
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          script: |
            const { data: jobs } = await github.rest.actions.listJobsForWorkflowRun({
@@ -291,8 +302,9 @@ jobs:
            core.exportVariable('BENCH_JOB_URL', jobUrl);

      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
        continue-on-error: true
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@bd01e18f51369d5a26f1651c3cb451d3417e3bba # v6.3.1

      - name: Install dependencies
        env:
@@ -628,7 +640,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Upload results
        if: "!cancelled()"
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
        with:
          name: bench-scheduled-results
          path: ${{ env.BENCH_WORK_DIR }}
@@ -636,10 +648,12 @@ jobs:
      - name: Push charts
        id: push-charts
        if: success() && env.BENCH_MODE != 'hourly'
+        env:
+          DEREK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.DEREK_TOKEN }}
+          RUN_ID: ${{ github.run_id }}
        run: |
-          RUN_ID=${{ github.run_id }}
          CHART_DIR="${BENCH_MODE}/${RUN_ID}"
-          CHARTS_REPO="https://x-access-token:${{ secrets.DEREK_TOKEN }}@github.com/decofe/reth-bench-charts.git"
+          CHARTS_REPO="https://x-access-token:${DEREK_TOKEN}@github.com/decofe/reth-bench-charts.git"

          TMP_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
          if git clone --depth 1 "${CHARTS_REPO}" "${TMP_DIR}" 2>/dev/null; then
@@ -660,7 +674,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Write job summary
        if: success()
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          script: |
            const fs = require('fs');
@@ -739,7 +753,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Send Slack notification (success)
        if: success() && (env.BENCH_SLACK == 'always' || env.BENCH_SLACK == 'on-win')
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        env:
          SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
          SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
@@ -894,7 +908,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Send Slack notification (failure)
        if: failure() && env.BENCH_SLACK != 'never' && env.BENCH_SLACK != 'on-win'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        env:
          SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
          SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
--- a/.github/workflows/bench.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bench.yml
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ on:
          - on-error
          - never
      abba:
-        description: "Run ABBA (BFFB) interleaved order; false = single AB pass"
+        description: "Run ABBA (FBBF) interleaved order; false = single FB pass"
        required: false
        default: "true"
        type: boolean
@@ -99,9 +99,7 @@ env:

 name: bench

-permissions:
-  contents: read
-  pull-requests: write
+permissions: {}

 jobs:
  reth-bench-ack:
@@ -110,6 +108,9 @@ jobs:
      github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
    name: reth-bench-ack
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: write
    outputs:
      pr: ${{ steps.args.outputs.pr }}
      actor: ${{ steps.args.outputs.actor }}
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - name: Check org membership
        if: github.event_name == 'issue_comment'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          script: |
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Parse arguments
        id: args
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
          script: |
@@ -359,7 +360,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Acknowledge request
        id: ack
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
          script: |
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Poll queue position
        if: steps.ack.outputs.comment-id && steps.ack.outputs.queue-position != '0'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
          script: |
@@ -529,6 +530,9 @@ jobs:
    needs: reth-bench-ack
    name: reth-bench
    runs-on: [self-hosted, Linux, X64, available]
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: write
    timeout-minutes: 120
    env:
      BENCH_RPC_URL: https://ethereum.reth.rs/rpc
@@ -560,7 +564,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Resolve checkout ref
        id: checkout-ref
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          script: |
            if (!process.env.BENCH_PR) {
@@ -578,15 +582,16 @@ jobs:
            core.info(`PR #${process.env.BENCH_PR} (${pr.state}), using head SHA ${pr.head.sha}`);
            core.setOutput('ref', pr.head.sha);

-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
          submodules: true
          fetch-depth: 0
          ref: ${{ steps.checkout-ref.outputs.ref }}

      - name: Resolve job URL and update status
        if: env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
          script: |
@@ -634,8 +639,9 @@ jobs:
            });

      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
        continue-on-error: true
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@bd01e18f51369d5a26f1651c3cb451d3417e3bba # v6.3.1

      - name: Install dependencies
        env:
@@ -696,7 +702,7 @@ jobs:
      # Build binaries
      - name: Resolve PR head branch
        id: pr-info
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          script: |
            if (process.env.BENCH_PR) {
@@ -714,7 +720,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Resolve refs
        id: refs
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          script: |
            const { execSync } = require('child_process');
@@ -937,28 +943,15 @@ jobs:

      - name: Update status (running benchmarks)
        if: success() && env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
          script: |
            const s = require('./.github/scripts/bench-update-status.js');
            await s({github, context, status: 'Running benchmarks...'});

-      # Interleaved run order (B-F-F-B) to reduce systematic bias from
+      # Interleaved run order (F-B-B-F) to reduce systematic bias from
      # thermal drift and cache warming.
-      - name: "Run benchmark: baseline (1/2)"
-        id: run-baseline-1
-        env:
-          BASELINE_REF: ${{ steps.refs.outputs.baseline-ref }}
-          OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES: "benchmark_id=${{ env.BENCH_ID }},benchmark_run=baseline-1,run_type=baseline,git_ref=${{ steps.refs.outputs.baseline-ref }}"
-        run: |
-          LAST_RUN_START=$(date +%s)
-          echo "BENCH_LAST_RUN_START=${LAST_RUN_START}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-          cat > "$BENCH_LABELS_FILE" <<LABELS
-          {"benchmark_run":"baseline-1","run_type":"baseline","git_ref":"${BASELINE_REF}","bench_sha":"${BASELINE_REF}","benchmark_id":"${BENCH_ID}","run_start_epoch":"${LAST_RUN_START}","reference_epoch":"${BENCH_REFERENCE_EPOCH}"}
-          LABELS
-          taskset -c 0 .github/scripts/bench-reth-run.sh baseline "../reth-baseline/target/profiling/${BENCH_NODE_BIN}" "$BENCH_WORK_DIR/baseline-1"
-
      - name: "Run benchmark: feature (1/2)"
        id: run-feature-1
        env:
@@ -972,19 +965,18 @@ jobs:
          LABELS
          taskset -c 0 .github/scripts/bench-reth-run.sh feature "../reth-feature/target/profiling/${BENCH_NODE_BIN}" "$BENCH_WORK_DIR/feature-1"

-      - name: "Run benchmark: feature (2/2)"
-        if: env.BENCH_ABBA != 'false'
-        id: run-feature-2
+      - name: "Run benchmark: baseline (1/2)"
+        id: run-baseline-1
        env:
-          FEATURE_REF: ${{ steps.refs.outputs.feature-ref }}
-          OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES: "benchmark_id=${{ env.BENCH_ID }},benchmark_run=feature-2,run_type=feature,git_ref=${{ steps.refs.outputs.feature-ref }}"
+          BASELINE_REF: ${{ steps.refs.outputs.baseline-ref }}
+          OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES: "benchmark_id=${{ env.BENCH_ID }},benchmark_run=baseline-1,run_type=baseline,git_ref=${{ steps.refs.outputs.baseline-ref }}"
        run: |
          LAST_RUN_START=$(date +%s)
          echo "BENCH_LAST_RUN_START=${LAST_RUN_START}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
          cat > "$BENCH_LABELS_FILE" <<LABELS
-          {"benchmark_run":"feature-2","run_type":"feature","git_ref":"${FEATURE_REF}","bench_sha":"${FEATURE_REF}","benchmark_id":"${BENCH_ID}","run_start_epoch":"${LAST_RUN_START}","reference_epoch":"${BENCH_REFERENCE_EPOCH}"}
+          {"benchmark_run":"baseline-1","run_type":"baseline","git_ref":"${BASELINE_REF}","bench_sha":"${BASELINE_REF}","benchmark_id":"${BENCH_ID}","run_start_epoch":"${LAST_RUN_START}","reference_epoch":"${BENCH_REFERENCE_EPOCH}"}
          LABELS
-          taskset -c 0 .github/scripts/bench-reth-run.sh feature "../reth-feature/target/profiling/${BENCH_NODE_BIN}" "$BENCH_WORK_DIR/feature-2"
+          taskset -c 0 .github/scripts/bench-reth-run.sh baseline "../reth-baseline/target/profiling/${BENCH_NODE_BIN}" "$BENCH_WORK_DIR/baseline-1"

      - name: "Run benchmark: baseline (2/2)"
        if: env.BENCH_ABBA != 'false'
@@ -1000,6 +992,20 @@ jobs:
          LABELS
          taskset -c 0 .github/scripts/bench-reth-run.sh baseline "../reth-baseline/target/profiling/${BENCH_NODE_BIN}" "$BENCH_WORK_DIR/baseline-2"

+      - name: "Run benchmark: feature (2/2)"
+        if: env.BENCH_ABBA != 'false'
+        id: run-feature-2
+        env:
+          FEATURE_REF: ${{ steps.refs.outputs.feature-ref }}
+          OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES: "benchmark_id=${{ env.BENCH_ID }},benchmark_run=feature-2,run_type=feature,git_ref=${{ steps.refs.outputs.feature-ref }}"
+        run: |
+          LAST_RUN_START=$(date +%s)
+          echo "BENCH_LAST_RUN_START=${LAST_RUN_START}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+          cat > "$BENCH_LABELS_FILE" <<LABELS
+          {"benchmark_run":"feature-2","run_type":"feature","git_ref":"${FEATURE_REF}","bench_sha":"${FEATURE_REF}","benchmark_id":"${BENCH_ID}","run_start_epoch":"${LAST_RUN_START}","reference_epoch":"${BENCH_REFERENCE_EPOCH}"}
+          LABELS
+          taskset -c 0 .github/scripts/bench-reth-run.sh feature "../reth-feature/target/profiling/${BENCH_NODE_BIN}" "$BENCH_WORK_DIR/feature-2"
+
      - name: Stop metrics proxy & generate Grafana URL
        id: metrics
        if: "!cancelled()"
@@ -1166,7 +1172,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Upload results
        if: "!cancelled()"
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
        with:
          name: bench-reth-results
          path: ${{ env.BENCH_WORK_DIR }}
@@ -1174,11 +1180,13 @@ jobs:
      - name: Push charts
        id: push-charts
        if: success()
+        env:
+          DEREK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.DEREK_TOKEN }}
+          RUN_ID: ${{ github.run_id }}
        run: |
          PR_NUMBER="${BENCH_PR:-0}"
-          RUN_ID=${{ github.run_id }}
          CHART_DIR="pr/${PR_NUMBER}/${RUN_ID}"
-          CHARTS_REPO="https://x-access-token:${{ secrets.DEREK_TOKEN }}@github.com/decofe/reth-bench-charts.git"
+          CHARTS_REPO="https://x-access-token:${DEREK_TOKEN}@github.com/decofe/reth-bench-charts.git"

          TMP_DIR=$(mktemp -d)
          if git clone --depth 1 "${CHARTS_REPO}" "${TMP_DIR}" 2>/dev/null; then
@@ -1191,15 +1199,35 @@ jobs:
          mkdir -p "${TMP_DIR}/${CHART_DIR}"
          cp "$BENCH_WORK_DIR"/charts/*.png "${TMP_DIR}/${CHART_DIR}/"
          git -C "${TMP_DIR}" add "${CHART_DIR}"
+          if git -C "${TMP_DIR}" diff --cached --quiet; then
+            echo "Charts for ${CHART_DIR} are already present, skipping push"
+            echo "sha=$(git -C "${TMP_DIR}" rev-parse HEAD)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            rm -rf "${TMP_DIR}"
+            exit 0
+          fi
          git -C "${TMP_DIR}" -c user.name="github-actions" -c user.email="github-actions@github.com" \
            commit -m "bench charts for PR #${PR_NUMBER} run ${RUN_ID}"
-          git -C "${TMP_DIR}" push origin HEAD:main
+
+          for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
+            if git -C "${TMP_DIR}" push origin HEAD:main; then
+              break
+            fi
+            if [ "$attempt" -eq 5 ]; then
+              echo "::error::Failed to push charts after ${attempt} attempts"
+              rm -rf "${TMP_DIR}"
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            sleep "$attempt"
+            git -C "${TMP_DIR}" fetch origin main
+            git -C "${TMP_DIR}" rebase origin/main
+          done
+
          echo "sha=$(git -C "${TMP_DIR}" rev-parse HEAD)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
          rm -rf "${TMP_DIR}"

      - name: Compare & comment
        if: success() && env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
          script: |
@@ -1235,7 +1263,7 @@ jobs:
            // Samply profile links (URLs point directly to Firefox Profiler)
            if (process.env.BENCH_SAMPLY === 'true') {
              const abba = (process.env.BENCH_ABBA || 'true') !== 'false';
-              const runs = abba ? ['baseline-1', 'feature-1', 'feature-2', 'baseline-2'] : ['baseline-1', 'feature-1'];
+              const runs = abba ? ['feature-1', 'baseline-1', 'baseline-2', 'feature-2'] : ['feature-1', 'baseline-1'];
              const links = [];
              for (const run of runs) {
                try {
@@ -1279,7 +1307,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Write job summary
        if: success()
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          script: |
            const jobSummary = require('./.github/scripts/bench-job-summary.js');
@@ -1293,7 +1321,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Send Slack notification (success)
        if: success() && (env.BENCH_SLACK == 'always' || env.BENCH_SLACK == 'on-win')
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        env:
          SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
          SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
@@ -1304,7 +1332,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Update status (failed)
        if: failure() && env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
          script: |
@@ -1314,10 +1342,10 @@ jobs:
              ...(bigBlocks ? [['validating local big-block data', '${{ steps.big-blocks-check.outcome }}']] : []),
              ['validating local snapshot', '${{ steps.snapshot-check.outcome }}'],
              ['building binaries', '${{ steps.build.outcome }}'],
-              ['running baseline benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-baseline-1.outcome }}'],
              ['running feature benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-1.outcome }}'],
-              ...(abba ? [['running feature benchmark (2/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-2.outcome }}']] : []),
+              ['running baseline benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-baseline-1.outcome }}'],
              ...(abba ? [['running baseline benchmark (2/2)', '${{ steps.run-baseline-2.outcome }}']] : []),
+              ...(abba ? [['running feature benchmark (2/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-2.outcome }}']] : []),
            ];
            const failed = steps_status.find(([, o]) => o === 'failure');
            const failedStep = failed ? failed[0] : 'unknown step';
@@ -1340,7 +1368,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Send Slack notification (failure)
        if: failure() && env.BENCH_SLACK != 'never' && env.BENCH_SLACK != 'on-win'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        env:
          SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
          SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
@@ -1352,10 +1380,10 @@ jobs:
              ...(bigBlocks ? [['validating local big-block data', '${{ steps.big-blocks-check.outcome }}']] : []),
              ['validating local snapshot', '${{ steps.snapshot-check.outcome }}'],
              ['building binaries', '${{ steps.build.outcome }}'],
-              ['running baseline benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-baseline-1.outcome }}'],
              ['running feature benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-1.outcome }}'],
-              ...(abba ? [['running feature benchmark (2/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-2.outcome }}']] : []),
+              ['running baseline benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-baseline-1.outcome }}'],
              ...(abba ? [['running baseline benchmark (2/2)', '${{ steps.run-baseline-2.outcome }}']] : []),
+              ...(abba ? [['running feature benchmark (2/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-2.outcome }}']] : []),
            ];
            const failed = steps_status.find(([, o]) => o === 'failure');
            const failedStep = failed ? failed[0] : 'unknown step';
@@ -1364,7 +1392,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Update status (cancelled)
        if: cancelled() && env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
          script: |
--- a/.github/workflows/book.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/book.yml
@@ -10,19 +10,22 @@ on:
    types: [opened, reopened, synchronize, closed]
  merge_group:

-env:
-  RUSTC_WRAPPER: "sccache"
+permissions: {}

 jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-8' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 90
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Install bun
-        uses: oven-sh/setup-bun@v2
+        uses: oven-sh/setup-bun@0c5077e51419868618aeaa5fe8019c62421857d6 # v2.2.0
        with:
          bun-version: v1.2.23

@@ -36,8 +39,6 @@ jobs:
      - name: Install Rust nightly
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly

-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-
      - name: Build docs
        run: cd docs/vocs && bash scripts/build-cargo-docs.sh

@@ -47,10 +48,10 @@ jobs:
          echo "Vocs Build Complete"

      - name: Setup Pages
-        uses: actions/configure-pages@v6
+        uses: actions/configure-pages@45bfe0192ca1faeb007ade9deae92b16b8254a0d # v6.0.0

      - name: Upload artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v5
+        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@fc324d3547104276b827a68afc52ff2a11cc49c9 # v5.0.0
        with:
          path: "./docs/vocs/docs/dist"

@@ -74,4 +75,4 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
        id: deployment
-        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v5
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@cd2ce8fcbc39b97be8ca5fce6e763baed58fa128 # v5.0.0
--- a/.github/workflows/check-alloy.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check-alloy.yml
@@ -22,31 +22,41 @@ on:
 env:
  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  check:
    name: Check compilation with patched alloy
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-16' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable

-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true

      - name: Apply alloy patches
+        env:
+          ALLOY_BRANCH: ${{ inputs.alloy_branch }}
+          ALLOY_EVM_BRANCH: ${{ inputs.alloy_evm_branch }}
+          OP_ALLOY_BRANCH: ${{ inputs.op_alloy_branch }}
        run: |
          ARGS=""
-          if [ -n "${{ inputs.alloy_branch }}" ]; then
-            ARGS="$ARGS --alloy ${{ inputs.alloy_branch }}"
+          if [ -n "$ALLOY_BRANCH" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --alloy $ALLOY_BRANCH"
          fi
-          if [ -n "${{ inputs.alloy_evm_branch }}" ]; then
-            ARGS="$ARGS --evm ${{ inputs.alloy_evm_branch }}"
+          if [ -n "$ALLOY_EVM_BRANCH" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --evm $ALLOY_EVM_BRANCH"
          fi
-          if [ -n "${{ inputs.op_alloy_branch }}" ]; then
-            ARGS="$ARGS --op ${{ inputs.op_alloy_branch }}"
+          if [ -n "$OP_ALLOY_BRANCH" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --op $OP_ALLOY_BRANCH"
          fi
          
          if [ -z "$ARGS" ]; then
--- a/.github/workflows/compact.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/compact.yml
@@ -16,32 +16,38 @@ env:
  RUSTC_WRAPPER: "sccache"

 name: compact-codec
+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  compact-codec:
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    strategy:
      matrix:
        bin:
          - cargo run --bin reth --features "dev"
    steps:
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - name: Checkout base
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
          ref: ${{ github.base_ref || 'main' }}
+          persist-credentials: false
      # On `main` branch, generates test vectors and serializes them to disk using `Compact`.
      - name: Generate compact vectors
        run: |
          ${{ matrix.bin }} -- test-vectors compact --write
      - name: Checkout PR
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
          clean: false
+          persist-credentials: false
      # On incoming merge try to read and decode previously generated vectors with `Compact`
      - name: Read vectors
        run: ${{ matrix.bin }} -- test-vectors compact --read
--- a/.github/workflows/dependencies.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dependencies.yml
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ on:
  workflow_dispatch:
    # Needed so we can run it manually

-permissions:
-  contents: write
-  pull-requests: write
+permissions: {}

 jobs:
  update:
    if: github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+      pull-requests: write
    uses: tempoxyz/ci/.github/workflows/cargo-update-pr.yml@main
    secrets:
-      token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
--- a/.github/workflows/docker-tag-latest.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker-tag-latest.yml
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ on:
 env:
  DOCKER_USERNAME: ${{ github.actor }}

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  tag-reth-latest:
    name: Tag reth as latest
@@ -27,16 +29,22 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
    steps:
      - name: Log in to Docker
+        env:
+          DOCKER_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        run: |
-          echo "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" | docker login ghcr.io --username ${DOCKER_USERNAME} --password-stdin
+          echo "$DOCKER_PASSWORD" | docker login ghcr.io --username "${DOCKER_USERNAME}" --password-stdin

      - name: Pull reth release image
+        env:
+          VERSION: ${{ inputs.version }}
        run: |
-          docker pull ghcr.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/reth:${{ inputs.version }}
+          docker pull ghcr.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/reth:${VERSION}

      - name: Tag reth as latest
+        env:
+          VERSION: ${{ inputs.version }}
        run: |
-          docker tag ghcr.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/reth:${{ inputs.version }} ghcr.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/reth:latest
+          docker tag ghcr.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/reth:${VERSION} ghcr.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/reth:latest

      - name: Push reth latest tag
        run: |
--- a/.github/workflows/docker-test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker-test.yml
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ on:
        default: "artifacts"
        description: "Name for the uploaded artifact"

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  build:
    timeout-minutes: 45
@@ -21,7 +23,9 @@ jobs:
      id-token: write
      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - run: mkdir -p artifacts

      - name: Get git info
@@ -32,8 +36,12 @@ jobs:

      - name: Detect fork
        id: fork
+        env:
+          EVENT_NAME: ${{ github.event_name }}
+          HEAD_REPO: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name }}
+          REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
        run: |
-          if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "pull_request" ] && [ "${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name }}" != "${{ github.repository }}" ]; then
+          if [ "$EVENT_NAME" = "pull_request" ] && [ "$HEAD_REPO" != "$REPO" ]; then
            echo "is_fork=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
          else
            echo "is_fork=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
@@ -42,11 +50,11 @@ jobs:
      # Depot build (upstream only)
      - name: Set up Depot CLI
        if: steps.fork.outputs.is_fork == 'false'
-        uses: depot/setup-action@v1
+        uses: depot/setup-action@15c09a5f77a0840ad4bce955686522a257853461 # v1.7.1

      - name: Build reth image (Depot)
        if: steps.fork.outputs.is_fork == 'false'
-        uses: depot/bake-action@v1
+        uses: depot/bake-action@1d58c2668346981089b088b7ef36755b206b20e9 # v1.13.0
        env:
          DEPOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.DEPOT_TOKEN }}
          VERGEN_GIT_SHA: ${{ steps.git.outputs.sha }}
@@ -60,11 +68,11 @@ jobs:
      # Docker build (forks)
      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
        if: steps.fork.outputs.is_fork == 'true'
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd # v4.0.0

      - name: Build reth image (Docker)
        if: steps.fork.outputs.is_fork == 'true'
-        uses: docker/bake-action@v6
+        uses: docker/bake-action@82490499d2e5613fcead7e128237ef0b0ea210f7 # v7.0.0
        env:
          VERGEN_GIT_SHA: ${{ steps.git.outputs.sha }}
          VERGEN_GIT_DESCRIBE: ${{ steps.git.outputs.describe }}
@@ -76,7 +84,7 @@ jobs:
            *.dockerfile=Dockerfile

      - name: Upload reth image
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
        with:
          name: ${{ inputs.artifact_name }}
          path: ./artifacts
--- a/.github/workflows/docker.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker.yml
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ on:
        type: boolean
        default: false

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  build:
    if: github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
@@ -39,13 +41,15 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
      id-token: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Set up Depot CLI
-        uses: depot/setup-action@v1
+        uses: depot/setup-action@15c09a5f77a0840ad4bce955686522a257853461 # v1.7.1

      - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@v4
+        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -60,10 +64,13 @@ jobs:

      - name: Determine build parameters
        id: params
+        env:
+          EVENT_NAME: ${{ github.event_name }}
+          BUILD_TYPE: ${{ inputs.build_type }}
        run: |
          REGISTRY="ghcr.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}"

-          if [[ "${{ github.event_name }}" == "push" ]]; then
+          if [[ "${EVENT_NAME}" == "push" ]]; then
            VERSION="${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/}"
            echo "targets=ethereum" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

@@ -81,7 +88,7 @@ jobs:
              echo "ethereum_set=ethereum.tags=${REGISTRY}/reth:${VERSION}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
            fi

-          elif [[ "${{ github.event_name }}" == "schedule" ]] || [[ "${{ inputs.build_type }}" == "nightly" ]]; then
+          elif [[ "${EVENT_NAME}" == "schedule" ]] || [[ "${BUILD_TYPE}" == "nightly" ]]; then
            echo "targets=nightly" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
            echo "ethereum_tags=${REGISTRY}/reth:nightly" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
            echo "ethereum_set=ethereum.tags=${REGISTRY}/reth:nightly" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
@@ -94,7 +101,7 @@ jobs:
          fi

      - name: Build and push images
-        uses: depot/bake-action@v1
+        uses: depot/bake-action@1d58c2668346981089b088b7ef36755b206b20e9 # v1.13.0
        env:
          VERGEN_GIT_SHA: ${{ steps.git.outputs.sha }}
          VERGEN_GIT_DESCRIBE: ${{ steps.git.outputs.describe }}
@@ -105,6 +112,8 @@ jobs:
          files: docker-bake.hcl
          targets: ${{ steps.params.outputs.targets }}
          push: ${{ !(github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.dry_run) }}
+          save: false
+          load: false
          set: |
            ${{ steps.params.outputs.ethereum_set }}

@@ -124,7 +133,7 @@ jobs:
    if: failure() && github.event_name == 'schedule'
    steps:
      - name: Slack Webhook Action
-        uses: rtCamp/action-slack-notify@v2
+        uses: rtCamp/action-slack-notify@e31e87e03dd19038e411e38ae27cbad084a90661 # v2.3.3
        env:
          SLACK_COLOR: danger
          SLACK_ICON_EMOJI: ":rotating_light:"
--- a/.github/workflows/e2e.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/e2e.yml
@@ -17,19 +17,27 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  test:
    name: e2e-testsuite
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-4' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    env:
      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
    timeout-minutes: 90
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@1f2425cdb59f8fffb99ee16a5968edf6f57a2b93 # v2.75.24
+        with:
+          tool: nextest
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - name: Run e2e tests
@@ -48,15 +56,21 @@ jobs:
  rocksdb:
    name: e2e-rocksdb
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-4' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    env:
      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@1f2425cdb59f8fffb99ee16a5968edf6f57a2b93 # v2.75.24
+        with:
+          tool: nextest
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - name: Run RocksDB e2e tests
--- a/.github/workflows/fetch-grafana-dashboard.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/fetch-grafana-dashboard.yml
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ on:
        required: true
        default: "etc/grafana/dashboards/overview.json"

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  fetch:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -19,9 +21,11 @@ jobs:
      contents: write
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.12"

@@ -29,14 +33,18 @@ jobs:
        env:
          FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_URL: ${{ secrets.FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_URL }}
          FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_TOKEN }}
+          DASHBOARD_UID: ${{ inputs.dashboard_uid }}
+          TARGET_PATH: ${{ inputs.target_path }}
        run: |
-          python3 .github/scripts/fetch-grafana-dashboard.py "${{ inputs.dashboard_uid }}" \
-            > "${{ inputs.target_path }}"
+          python3 .github/scripts/fetch-grafana-dashboard.py "${DASHBOARD_UID}" \
+            > "${TARGET_PATH}"

      - name: Check for changes
        id: diff
+        env:
+          TARGET_PATH: ${{ inputs.target_path }}
        run: |
-          if git diff --quiet "${{ inputs.target_path }}"; then
+          if git diff --quiet "${TARGET_PATH}"; then
            echo "changed=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
            echo "No changes detected."
          else
@@ -47,8 +55,10 @@ jobs:
        if: steps.diff.outputs.changed == 'true'
        env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          DASHBOARD_UID: ${{ inputs.dashboard_uid }}
+          TARGET_PATH: ${{ inputs.target_path }}
        run: |
-          TARGET="${{ inputs.target_path }}"
+          TARGET="${TARGET_PATH}"
          FILENAME="$(basename "$TARGET")"
          BRANCH="chore/sync-grafana-${FILENAME%.*}-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)"
          git config user.name "github-actions[bot]"
@@ -59,4 +69,4 @@ jobs:
          git push origin "$BRANCH"
          gh pr create \
            --title "chore: update Grafana dashboard ${FILENAME}" \
-            --body "Automated export from Grafana (dashboard UID: \`${{ inputs.dashboard_uid }}\`, target: \`${TARGET}\`)."
+            --body "Automated export from Grafana (dashboard UID: \`${DASHBOARD_UID}\`, target: \`${TARGET}\`)."
--- a/.github/workflows/grafana.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/grafana.yml
@@ -6,11 +6,17 @@ on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  check-dashboard:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Validate dashboard format
        run: |
          python3 -c "
--- a/.github/workflows/hive.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/hive.yml
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ on:
  workflow_dispatch:
  schedule:
    - cron: "0 0 * * *"
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - "**"

 env:
  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
@@ -14,8 +17,13 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  build-reth:
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
    uses: ./.github/workflows/docker-test.yml
    with:
      hive_target: hive
@@ -23,36 +31,48 @@ jobs:
    secrets: inherit

  prepare-hive:
-    if: github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
+    if: github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth-oss' || github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
    timeout-minutes: 45
-    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-4' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    runs-on: ${{ (github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth-oss' || github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth') && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-16' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        variant:
+          - amsterdam
+          - osaka
+    name: Prepare Hive - ${{ matrix.variant == 'amsterdam' && 'Amsterdam' || 'Osaka' }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Checkout hive tests
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
          repository: ethereum/hive
          path: hivetests
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Get hive commit hash
        id: hive-commit
        run: echo "hash=$(cd hivetests && git rev-parse HEAD)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT

-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@4a3601121dd01d1626a1e23e37211e3254c1c06c # v6.4.0
        with:
          go-version: "^1.13.1"
      - run: go version

      - name: Restore hive assets cache
        id: cache-hive
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
+        uses: actions/cache@668228422ae6a00e4ad889ee87cd7109ec5666a7 # v5.0.4
        with:
          path: ./hive_assets
-          key: hive-assets-${{ steps.hive-commit.outputs.hash }}-${{ hashFiles('.github/scripts/hive/build_simulators.sh') }}
+          key: hive-assets-${{ matrix.variant }}-${{ steps.hive-commit.outputs.hash }}-${{ hashFiles('.github/scripts/hive/build_simulators.sh') }}

      - name: Build hive assets
        if: steps.cache-hive.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: .github/scripts/hive/build_simulators.sh
+        run: .github/scripts/hive/build_simulators.sh ${{ matrix.variant }}

      - name: Load cached Docker images
        if: steps.cache-hive.outputs.cache-hit == 'true'
@@ -68,11 +88,195 @@ jobs:
          chmod +x hive

      - name: Upload hive assets
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
        with:
-          name: hive_assets
+          name: hive_assets_${{ matrix.variant }}
          path: ./hive_assets
-  test:
+  test-amsterdam:
+    timeout-minutes: 120
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        # ethereum/rpc to be deprecated:
+        # https://github.com/ethereum/hive/pull/1117
+        scenario:
+          - sim: smoke/genesis
+          - sim: smoke/network
+          - sim: ethereum/sync
+          - sim: devp2p
+            limit: discv4
+          # started failing after https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/31843, no
+          # action on our side, remove from here when we get unexpected passes on these tests
+          # - sim: devp2p
+          #  limit: eth
+          #  include:
+          #    - MaliciousHandshake
+          #    # failures tracked in https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/issues/14825
+          #    - Status
+          #    - GetBlockHeaders
+          #    - ZeroRequestID
+          #    - GetBlockBodies
+          #    - Transaction
+          #    - NewPooledTxs
+          - sim: devp2p
+            limit: discv5
+            include:
+              # failures tracked at https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/issues/14825
+              - PingLargeRequestID
+          - sim: ethereum/engine
+            limit: engine-exchange-capabilities
+          - sim: ethereum/engine
+            limit: engine-withdrawals
+          - sim: ethereum/engine
+            limit: engine-auth
+          - sim: ethereum/engine
+            limit: engine-api
+          - sim: ethereum/engine
+            limit: cancun
+          # eth_ rpc methods
+          - sim: ethereum/rpc-compat
+            include:
+              - eth_blockNumber
+              - eth_call
+              - eth_chainId
+              - eth_createAccessList
+              - eth_estimateGas
+              - eth_feeHistory
+              - eth_getBalance
+              - eth_getBlockBy
+              - eth_getBlockTransactionCountBy
+              - eth_getCode
+              - eth_getProof
+              - eth_getStorage
+              - eth_getTransactionBy
+              - eth_getTransactionCount
+              - eth_getTransactionReceipt
+              - eth_sendRawTransaction
+              - eth_syncing
+              # debug_ rpc methods
+              - debug_
+
+          # consume-engine
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/amsterdam.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/osaka.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/prague.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/cancun.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/shanghai.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/berlin.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/istanbul.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/homestead.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/frontier.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/paris.*
+
+          # consume-rlp
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/amsterdam.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/osaka.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/prague.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/cancun.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/shanghai.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/berlin.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/istanbul.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/homestead.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/frontier.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/paris.*
+    needs:
+      - build-reth
+      - prepare-hive
+    name: Hive-Amsterdam / ${{ matrix.scenario.sim }}${{ matrix.scenario.limit && format(' - {0}', matrix.scenario.limit) }}
+    # Use larger runners for eels tests to avoid OOM runner crashes
+    runs-on: ${{ (github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth-oss' || github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth') && (contains(matrix.scenario.sim, 'eels') && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-8' || 'depot-ubuntu-latest-4') || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      issues: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Download hive assets
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: hive_assets_amsterdam
+          path: /tmp
+
+      - name: Download reth image
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: reth
+          path: /tmp
+
+      - name: Load Docker images
+        run: .github/scripts/hive/load_images.sh
+
+      - name: Move hive binary
+        run: |
+          mv /tmp/hive /usr/local/bin
+          chmod +x /usr/local/bin/hive
+
+      - name: Checkout hive tests
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          repository: ethereum/hive
+          ref: master
+          path: hivetests
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Run simulator
+        env:
+          SCENARIO_SIM: ${{ matrix.scenario.sim }}
+          SCENARIO_LIMIT: ${{ matrix.scenario.limit }}
+          SCENARIO_TESTS: ${{ join(matrix.scenario.include, '|') }}
+        run: |
+          LIMIT="$SCENARIO_LIMIT"
+          TESTS="$SCENARIO_TESTS"
+          if [ -n "$LIMIT" ] && [ -n "$TESTS" ]; then
+            FILTER="$LIMIT/$TESTS"
+          elif [ -n "$LIMIT" ]; then
+            FILTER="$LIMIT"
+          elif [ -n "$TESTS" ]; then
+            FILTER="/$TESTS"
+          else
+            FILTER="/"
+          fi
+          echo "filter: $FILTER"
+          .github/scripts/hive/run_simulator.sh "$SCENARIO_SIM" "$FILTER" "amsterdam"
+
+      - name: Parse hive output
+        run: |
+          find hivetests/workspace/logs -type f -name "*.json" ! -name "hive.json" | xargs -I {} python .github/scripts/hive/parse.py {} --exclusion .github/scripts/hive/expected_failures.yaml --ignored .github/scripts/hive/ignored_tests.yaml
+
+      - name: Print simulator output
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        run: |
+          cat hivetests/workspace/logs/*simulator*.log
+
+      - name: Print reth client logs
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        run: |
+          cat hivetests/workspace/logs/reth/client-*.log
+
+  test-osaka:
    timeout-minutes: 120
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
@@ -178,24 +382,26 @@ jobs:
    needs:
      - build-reth
      - prepare-hive
-    name: ${{ matrix.scenario.sim }}${{ matrix.scenario.limit && format(' - {0}', matrix.scenario.limit) }}
+    name: Hive-Osaka / ${{ matrix.scenario.sim }}${{ matrix.scenario.limit && format(' - {0}', matrix.scenario.limit) }}
    # Use larger runners for eels tests to avoid OOM runner crashes
-    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && (contains(matrix.scenario.sim, 'eels') && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-8' || 'depot-ubuntu-latest-4') || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    runs-on: ${{ (github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth-oss' || github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth') && (contains(matrix.scenario.sim, 'eels') && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-8' || 'depot-ubuntu-latest-4') || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
    permissions:
+      contents: read
      issues: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
          fetch-depth: 0

      - name: Download hive assets
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
        with:
-          name: hive_assets
+          name: hive_assets_osaka
          path: /tmp

      - name: Download reth image
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
        with:
          name: reth
          path: /tmp
@@ -209,16 +415,21 @@ jobs:
          chmod +x /usr/local/bin/hive

      - name: Checkout hive tests
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
          repository: ethereum/hive
          ref: master
          path: hivetests
+          persist-credentials: false

      - name: Run simulator
+        env:
+          SCENARIO_SIM: ${{ matrix.scenario.sim }}
+          SCENARIO_LIMIT: ${{ matrix.scenario.limit }}
+          SCENARIO_TESTS: ${{ join(matrix.scenario.include, '|') }}
        run: |
-          LIMIT="${{ matrix.scenario.limit }}"
-          TESTS="${{ join(matrix.scenario.include, '|') }}"
+          LIMIT="$SCENARIO_LIMIT"
+          TESTS="$SCENARIO_TESTS"
          if [ -n "$LIMIT" ] && [ -n "$TESTS" ]; then
            FILTER="$LIMIT/$TESTS"
          elif [ -n "$LIMIT" ]; then
@@ -229,7 +440,7 @@ jobs:
            FILTER="/"
          fi
          echo "filter: $FILTER"
-          .github/scripts/hive/run_simulator.sh "${{ matrix.scenario.sim }}" "$FILTER"
+          .github/scripts/hive/run_simulator.sh "$SCENARIO_SIM" "$FILTER" "osaka"

      - name: Parse hive output
        run: |
@@ -245,12 +456,14 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          cat hivetests/workspace/logs/reth/client-*.log
  notify-on-error:
-    needs: test
+    needs:
+      - test-amsterdam
+      - test-osaka
    if: failure()
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Slack Webhook Action
-        uses: rtCamp/action-slack-notify@v2
+        uses: rtCamp/action-slack-notify@e31e87e03dd19038e411e38ae27cbad084a90661 # v2.3.3
        env:
          SLACK_COLOR: ${{ job.status }}
          SLACK_MESSAGE: "Failed run: https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}"
--- a/.github/workflows/integration.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/integration.yml
@@ -20,11 +20,15 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  test:
    name: test / ${{ matrix.network }}
    if: github.event_name != 'schedule'
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-4' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    env:
      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
    strategy:
@@ -32,14 +36,18 @@ jobs:
        network: ["ethereum"]
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
      - name: Install Geth
        run: .github/scripts/install_geth.sh
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@1f2425cdb59f8fffb99ee16a5968edf6f57a2b93 # v2.75.24
+        with:
+          tool: nextest
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - name: Run tests
@@ -58,7 +66,7 @@ jobs:
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
      - name: Decide whether the needed jobs succeeded or failed
-        uses: re-actors/alls-green@release/v1
+        uses: re-actors/alls-green@05ac9388f0aebcb5727afa17fcccfecd6f8ec5fe # release/v1
        with:
          jobs: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}

@@ -66,13 +74,19 @@ jobs:
    name: era1 file integration tests once a day
    if: github.event_name == 'schedule' && github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@1f2425cdb59f8fffb99ee16a5968edf6f57a2b93 # v2.75.24
+        with:
+          tool: nextest
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - name: run era1 files integration tests
--- a/.github/workflows/kurtosis.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/kurtosis.yml
@@ -18,9 +18,14 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  build-reth:
    if: github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      id-token: write
    uses: ./.github/workflows/docker-test.yml
    with:
      hive_target: kurtosis
@@ -32,15 +37,18 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false
    name: run kurtosis
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    needs:
      - build-reth
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
          fetch-depth: 0

      - name: Download reth image
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
        with:
          name: artifacts
          path: /tmp
@@ -52,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
          docker image ls -a

      - name: Run kurtosis
-        uses: ethpandaops/kurtosis-assertoor-github-action@v1
+        uses: ethpandaops/kurtosis-assertoor-github-action@f64942cbc780df731a731ea9f45765b161d2c8df # v1.0.1
        with:
          ethereum_package_args: ".github/assets/kurtosis_network_params.yaml"

@@ -62,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Slack Webhook Action
-        uses: rtCamp/action-slack-notify@v2
+        uses: rtCamp/action-slack-notify@e31e87e03dd19038e411e38ae27cbad084a90661 # v2.3.3
        env:
          SLACK_COLOR: ${{ job.status }}
          SLACK_MESSAGE: "Failed run: https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}"
--- a/.github/workflows/label-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/label-pr.yml
@@ -4,19 +4,23 @@ on:
  pull_request:
    types: [opened]

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  label_prs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
+      contents: read
      issues: write
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
          fetch-depth: 0

      - name: Label PRs
-        uses: actions/github-script@v9
+        uses: actions/github-script@3a2844b7e9c422d3c10d287c895573f7108da1b3 # v9.0.0
        with:
          script: |
            const label_pr = require('./.github/scripts/label_pr.js')
--- a/.github/workflows/lint-actions.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint-actions.yml
@@ -8,11 +8,17 @@ on:
    paths:
    - '.github/**'

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  actionlint:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Download actionlint
        id: get_actionlint
        run: bash <(curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rhysd/actionlint/main/scripts/download-actionlint.bash)
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@@ -10,10 +10,14 @@ env:
  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
  RUSTC_WRAPPER: "sccache"

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  clippy-binaries:
    name: clippy binaries / ${{ matrix.type }}
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    strategy:
      matrix:
@@ -22,17 +26,19 @@ jobs:
            args: --workspace --lib --examples --tests --benches --locked
            features: "ethereum asm-keccak jemalloc jemalloc-prof min-error-logs min-warn-logs min-info-logs min-debug-logs min-trace-logs"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@clippy
        with:
          components: clippy
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - if: "${{ matrix.type == 'book' }}"
-        uses: arduino/setup-protoc@v3
+        uses: arduino/setup-protoc@c65c819552d16ad3c9b72d9dfd5ba5237b9c906b # v3.0.0
        with:
          repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
      - name: Run clippy on binaries
@@ -43,15 +49,19 @@ jobs:
  clippy:
    name: clippy
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
        with:
          components: clippy
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - run: cargo clippy --workspace --lib --examples --tests --benches --all-features --locked
@@ -60,19 +70,25 @@ jobs:

  wasm:
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
        with:
          target: wasm32-wasip1
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-hack
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@1f2425cdb59f8fffb99ee16a5968edf6f57a2b93 # v2.75.24
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-hack
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
-      - uses: dcarbone/install-jq-action@v3
+      - uses: dcarbone/install-jq-action@b7ef57d46ece78760b4019dbc4080a1ba2a40b45 # v3.2.0
      - name: Run Wasm checks
        run: |
          sudo apt update && sudo apt install gcc-multilib
@@ -80,37 +96,49 @@ jobs:

  riscv:
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
        with:
          target: riscv32imac-unknown-none-elf
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-hack
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@1f2425cdb59f8fffb99ee16a5968edf6f57a2b93 # v2.75.24
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-hack
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
-      - uses: dcarbone/install-jq-action@v3
+      - uses: dcarbone/install-jq-action@b7ef57d46ece78760b4019dbc4080a1ba2a40b45 # v3.2.0
      - name: Run RISC-V checks
        run: .github/scripts/check_rv32imac.sh

  crate-checks:
    name: crate-checks (${{ matrix.partition }}/${{ matrix.total_partitions }})
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-4' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    strategy:
      matrix:
        partition: [1, 2, 3]
        total_partitions: [3]
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-hack
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@1f2425cdb59f8fffb99ee16a5968edf6f57a2b93 # v2.75.24
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-hack
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - run: cargo hack check --workspace --partition ${{ matrix.partition }}/${{ matrix.total_partitions }}
@@ -118,15 +146,19 @@ jobs:
  msrv:
    name: MSRV
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-8' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
        with:
          toolchain: "1.93" # MSRV
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - run: cargo build --bin reth --workspace
@@ -136,13 +168,17 @@ jobs:
  docs:
    name: docs
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-4' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - run: cargo docs --document-private-items
@@ -154,42 +190,56 @@ jobs:
  fmt:
    name: fmt
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
        with:
          components: rustfmt
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
      - name: Run fmt
        run: cargo fmt --all --check

  udeps:
    name: udeps
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-udeps
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@1f2425cdb59f8fffb99ee16a5968edf6f57a2b93 # v2.75.24
+        with:
+          tool: cargo-udeps
      - run: cargo udeps --workspace --lib --examples --tests --benches --all-features --locked

  book:
    name: book
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@nightly
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - run: cargo build --bin reth --workspace
@@ -201,38 +251,54 @@ jobs:

  typos:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: crate-ci/typos@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: crate-ci/typos@02ea592e44b3a53c302f697cddca7641cd051c3d # v1.45.0

  check-toml:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Run dprint
-        uses: dprint/check@v2.3
+        uses: dprint/check@9cb3a2b17a8e606d37aae341e49df3654933fc23 # v2.3
        with:
          config-path: dprint.json

  grafana:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Check dashboard JSON with jq
-        uses: sergeysova/jq-action@v2
+        uses: sergeysova/jq-action@a3f0d4ff59cc1dddf023fc0b325dd75b10deec58 # v2.3.0
        with:
          cmd: jq empty etc/grafana/dashboards/overview.json

  no-test-deps:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
      - name: Ensure no arbitrary or proptest dependency on default build
        run: cargo tree --package reth -e=features,no-dev | grep -Eq "arbitrary|proptest" && exit 1 || exit 0
@@ -240,13 +306,17 @@ jobs:
  # Check crates correctly propagate features
  feature-propagation:
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    timeout-minutes: 20
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
-      - uses: taiki-e/cache-cargo-install-action@v3
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
+      - uses: taiki-e/cache-cargo-install-action@a8b9ecf8e0c0ea09d7481cfc583a5203ecd585b5 # v3.0.5
        with:
          tool: zepter
      - name: Eagerly pull dependencies
@@ -254,6 +324,8 @@ jobs:
      - run: zepter run check

  deny:
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    uses: tempoxyz/ci/.github/workflows/deny.yml@main

  lint-success:
@@ -277,6 +349,6 @@ jobs:
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
      - name: Decide whether the needed jobs succeeded or failed
-        uses: re-actors/alls-green@release/v1
+        uses: re-actors/alls-green@05ac9388f0aebcb5727afa17fcccfecd6f8ec5fe # release/v1
        with:
          jobs: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}
--- a/.github/workflows/pr-audit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pr-audit.yml
@@ -4,27 +4,36 @@ on:
  pull_request:
    types: [labeled]

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  publish:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.event.label.name == 'cyclops'
+    permissions: {}
    steps:
      - name: Publish event
+        env:
+          EVENTS_KEY: ${{ secrets.EVENTS_KEY }}
+          EVENTS_CERT: ${{ secrets.EVENTS_CERT }}
+          EVENTS_ARGS: ${{ secrets.EVENTS_ARGS }}
+          PR_NUMBER: ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}
+          PR_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail

-          echo "${{ secrets.EVENTS_KEY }}" > ${{ runner.temp }}/key
-          echo "${{ secrets.EVENTS_CERT }}" > ${{ runner.temp }}/cert
+          echo "$EVENTS_KEY" > "${{ runner.temp }}/key"
+          echo "$EVENTS_CERT" > "${{ runner.temp }}/cert"

-          curl -sf -o /dev/null -X POST ${{ secrets.EVENTS_ARGS }} \
+          curl -sf -o /dev/null -X POST $EVENTS_ARGS \
            -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-            --key ${{ runner.temp }}/key \
-            --cert ${{ runner.temp }}/cert \
+            --key "${{ runner.temp }}/key" \
+            --cert "${{ runner.temp }}/cert" \
            -d '{
              "repository": "${{ github.repository }}",
              "event": "pr_audit",
              "data": {
-                "pr_number": ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }},
-                "sha": "${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}"
+                "pr_number": '"$PR_NUMBER"',
+                "sha": "'"$PR_SHA"'"
              }
            }'
--- a/.github/workflows/pr-title.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pr-title.yml
@@ -8,20 +8,19 @@ on:
      - edited
      - synchronize

-permissions:
-  pull-requests: read
-  contents: read
+permissions: {}

 jobs:
  conventional-title:
    name: Validate PR title is Conventional Commit
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
+      contents: read
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
      - name: Check title
        id: lint_pr_title
-        uses: amannn/action-semantic-pull-request@v6
+        uses: amannn/action-semantic-pull-request@48f256284bd46cdaab1048c3721360e808335d50 # v6.1.1
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        with:
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
        continue-on-error: true
      - name: Add PR Comment for Invalid Title
        if: steps.lint_pr_title.outcome == 'failure'
-        uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@v2
+        uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@d4d6b0936434b21bc8345ad45a440c5f7d2c40ff # v3.0.3
        with:
          header: pr-title-lint-error
          message: |
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Remove Comment for Valid Title
        if: steps.lint_pr_title.outcome == 'success'
-        uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@v2
+        uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@d4d6b0936434b21bc8345ad45a440c5f7d2c40ff # v3.0.3
        with:
          header: pr-title-lint-error
          delete: true
--- a/.github/workflows/release-dist.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-dist.yml
@@ -7,12 +7,15 @@ on:
  release:
    types: [published]

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  release-homebrew:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions: {}
    steps:
      - name: Update Homebrew formula
-        uses: dawidd6/action-homebrew-bump-formula@v7
+        uses: dawidd6/action-homebrew-bump-formula@1446dca236b0440c6f02723a3f14f13be2c04ab0 # v7
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.HOMEBREW }}
          no_fork: true
--- a/.github/workflows/release-reproducible.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-reproducible.yml
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@

 name: release-reproducible

+permissions: {}
+
 on:
  workflow_run:
    workflows: [release]
@@ -15,20 +17,23 @@ jobs:
    name: extract version
    if: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.conclusion == 'success' }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    steps:
      - name: Extract version from triggering tag
        id: extract_version
        env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          HEAD_SHA: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha }}
        run: |
          # Get the tag that points to the head SHA of the triggering workflow
          TAG=$(gh api /repos/${{ github.repository }}/git/refs/tags \
-            --jq '.[] | select(.object.sha == "${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha }}") | .ref' \
+            --jq ".[] | select(.object.sha == \"${HEAD_SHA}\") | .ref" \
            | head -1 \
            | sed 's|refs/tags/||')

          if [ -z "$TAG" ]; then
-            echo "No tag found for SHA ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_sha }}"
+            echo "No tag found for SHA ${HEAD_SHA}"
            exit 1
          fi

@@ -44,15 +49,16 @@ jobs:
      packages: write
      contents: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
          ref: ${{ needs.extract-version.outputs.VERSION }}

      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd # v4.0.0

      - name: Log in to GitHub Container Registry
-        uses: docker/login-action@v4
+        uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
@@ -65,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "RUST_TOOLCHAIN=$RUST_TOOLCHAIN" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT

      - name: Build reproducible artifacts
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@d08e5c354a6adb9ed34480a06d141179aa583294 # v7.0.0
        id: docker_build
        with:
          context: .
@@ -75,13 +81,11 @@ jobs:
            VERSION=${{ needs.extract-version.outputs.VERSION }}
          target: artifacts
          outputs: type=local,dest=./docker-artifacts
-          cache-from: type=gha
-          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
        env:
          DOCKER_BUILD_RECORD_UPLOAD: false

      - name: Build and push final image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@d08e5c354a6adb9ed34480a06d141179aa583294 # v7.0.0
        with:
          context: .
          file: ./Dockerfile.reproducible
@@ -92,8 +96,6 @@ jobs:
          tags: |
            ${{ env.DOCKER_REPRODUCIBLE_IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ needs.extract-version.outputs.VERSION }}
            ${{ env.DOCKER_REPRODUCIBLE_IMAGE_NAME }}:latest
-          cache-from: type=gha
-          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
          provenance: false
        env:
          DOCKER_BUILD_RECORD_UPLOAD: false
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@

 name: release

+permissions: {}
+
 on:
  push:
    tags:
@@ -20,21 +22,24 @@ env:
  REPRODUCIBLE_IMAGE_NAME: ${{ github.repository_owner }}/reth-reproducible
  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
  DOCKER_IMAGE_NAME_URL: https://ghcr.io/${{ github.repository_owner }}/reth
-  RUSTC_WRAPPER: "sccache"

 jobs:
  dry-run:
    name: check dry run
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions: {}
    steps:
-      - run: |
-          echo "Dry run value: ${{ github.event.inputs.dry_run }}"
-          echo "Dry run enabled: ${{ github.event.inputs.dry_run == 'true'}}"
-          echo "Dry run disabled: ${{ github.event.inputs.dry_run != 'true'}}"
+      - env:
+          DRY_RUN: ${{ github.event.inputs.dry_run }}
+        run: |
+          echo "Dry run value: ${DRY_RUN}"
+          echo "Dry run enabled: $( [ "${DRY_RUN}" = 'true' ] && echo true || echo false )"
+          echo "Dry run disabled: $( [ "${DRY_RUN}" != 'true' ] && echo true || echo false )"

  extract-version:
    name: extract version
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions: {}
    steps:
      - name: Extract version
        run: echo "VERSION=${GITHUB_REF_NAME//\//-}" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
@@ -45,12 +50,15 @@ jobs:
  check-version:
    name: check version
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    needs: extract-version
    if: ${{ github.event.inputs.dry_run != 'true' }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
      - name: Verify crate version matches tag
        # Check that the Cargo version starts with the tag,
        # so that Cargo version 1.4.8 can be matched against both v1.4.8 and v1.4.8-rc.1
@@ -63,6 +71,8 @@ jobs:
  build:
    name: build release
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.configs.os }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    needs: extract-version
    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.configs.allow_fail }}
    strategy:
@@ -95,20 +105,20 @@ jobs:
          - command: build
            binary: reth
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
        with:
          target: ${{ matrix.configs.target }}
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
      - name: Install cross main
        if: ${{ !matrix.configs.native }}
        id: cross_main
        run: |
-          cargo install cross --locked --git https://github.com/cross-rs/cross
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-        with:
-          cache-on-failure: true
+          cargo install cross --locked \
+            --git https://github.com/cross-rs/cross \
+            --rev 65fe72b0cdb1e7e0cc0652517498d4389cc8f5cf

      - name: Apple M1 setup
        if: matrix.configs.target == 'aarch64-apple-darwin'
@@ -145,14 +155,14 @@ jobs:

      - name: Upload artifact
        if: ${{ github.event.inputs.dry_run != 'true' }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.build.binary }}-${{ needs.extract-version.outputs.VERSION }}-${{ matrix.configs.target }}.tar.gz
          path: ${{ matrix.build.binary }}-${{ needs.extract-version.outputs.VERSION }}-${{ matrix.configs.target }}.tar.gz

      - name: Upload signature
        if: ${{ github.event.inputs.dry_run != 'true' }}
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.build.binary }}-${{ needs.extract-version.outputs.VERSION }}-${{ matrix.configs.target }}.tar.gz.asc
          path: ${{ matrix.build.binary }}-${{ needs.extract-version.outputs.VERSION }}-${{ matrix.configs.target }}.tar.gz.asc
@@ -171,11 +181,12 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      # This is necessary for generating the changelog.
      # It has to come before "Download Artifacts" or else it deletes the artifacts.
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: Download artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
      - name: Generate full changelog
        id: changelog
        run: |
@@ -261,6 +272,7 @@ jobs:
  dry-run-summary:
    name: dry run summary
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions: {}
    needs: [build, extract-version]
    if: ${{ github.event.inputs.dry_run == 'true' }}
    env:
--- a/.github/workflows/reproducible-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/reproducible-build.yml
@@ -5,11 +5,15 @@ on:
  schedule:
    - cron: "0 1 */2 * *"

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  build:
    if: github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
    name: build reproducible binaries
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runner }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    strategy:
      matrix:
        include:
@@ -18,14 +22,16 @@ jobs:
          - runner: ubuntu-22.04
            machine: machine-2
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false

      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
        with:
          target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu

      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd # v4.0.0

      - name: Build reproducible binary with Docker
        run: |
@@ -43,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "Binaries SHA256 on ${{ matrix.machine }}: $(cat checksum.sha256)"

      - name: Upload the hash
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@bbbca2ddaa5d8feaa63e36b76fdaad77386f024f # v7.0.0
        with:
          name: checksum-${{ matrix.machine }}
          path: |
@@ -56,12 +62,12 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Download artifacts from machine-1
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
        with:
          name: checksum-machine-1
          path: machine-1/
      - name: Download artifacts from machine-2
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
        with:
          name: checksum-machine-2
          path: machine-2/
--- a/.github/workflows/stage.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/stage.yml
@@ -18,22 +18,28 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  stage:
    name: stage-run-test
    # Only run stage commands test in merge groups
    if: github.event_name == 'merge_group'
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    env:
      RUST_LOG: info,sync=error
      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
    timeout-minutes: 60
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - name: Build reth
--- a/.github/workflows/stale.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/stale.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ on:
  schedule:
    - cron: "30 1 * * *"

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  close-issues:
    if: github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
      issues: write
      pull-requests: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/stale@v10
+      - uses: actions/stale@b5d41d4e1d5dceea10e7104786b73624c18a190f # v10.2.0
        with:
          days-before-stale: 21
          days-before-close: 7
--- a/.github/workflows/sync-era.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sync-era.yml
@@ -15,11 +15,15 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  sync:
    if: github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
    name: sync (${{ matrix.chain.bin }})
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    env:
      RUST_LOG: info,sync=error
      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
@@ -34,11 +38,13 @@ jobs:
            block: 100000
            unwind-target: "0x52e0509d33a988ef807058e2980099ee3070187f7333aae12b64d4d675f34c5a"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - name: Build ${{ matrix.chain.bin }}
--- a/.github/workflows/sync.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sync.yml
@@ -15,11 +15,15 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  sync:
    if: github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
    name: sync (${{ matrix.chain.bin }})
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    env:
      RUST_LOG: info,sync=error
      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
@@ -34,11 +38,13 @@ jobs:
            block: 100000
            unwind-target: "0x52e0509d33a988ef807058e2980099ee3070187f7333aae12b64d4d675f34c5a"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - name: Build ${{ matrix.chain.bin }}
--- a/.github/workflows/unit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/unit.yml
@@ -17,10 +17,14 @@ concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
  cancel-in-progress: true

+permissions: {}
+
 jobs:
  test:
    name: test / ${{ matrix.type }}
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-4' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    env:
      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
    strategy:
@@ -32,16 +36,20 @@ jobs:
            exclude_args: ""
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@1f2425cdb59f8fffb99ee16a5968edf6f57a2b93 # v2.75.24
+        with:
+          tool: nextest
      - if: "${{ matrix.type == 'book' }}"
-        uses: arduino/setup-protoc@v3
+        uses: arduino/setup-protoc@c65c819552d16ad3c9b72d9dfd5ba5237b9c906b # v3.0.0
        with:
          repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
      - name: Run tests
@@ -56,20 +64,25 @@ jobs:
  state:
    name: Ethereum state tests
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest-8' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    env:
      RUST_LOG: info,sync=error
      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Checkout ethereum/tests
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
          repository: ethereum/tests
          ref: 81862e4848585a438d64f911a19b3825f0f4cd95
          path: testing/ef-tests/ethereum-tests
          submodules: recursive
          fetch-depth: 1
+          persist-credentials: false
      - name: Download & extract EEST fixtures (public)
        shell: bash
        env:
@@ -79,11 +92,13 @@ jobs:
          mkdir -p testing/ef-tests/execution-spec-tests
          URL="https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/${EEST_TESTS_TAG}/fixtures_stable.tar.gz"
          curl -L "$URL" | tar -xz --strip-components=1 -C testing/ef-tests/execution-spec-tests
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@nextest
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@1f2425cdb59f8fffb99ee16a5968edf6f57a2b93 # v2.75.24
+        with:
+          tool: nextest
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - run: cargo nextest run --no-fail-fast --cargo-profile hivetests -p ef-tests --features "asm-keccak ef-tests"
@@ -91,15 +106,19 @@ jobs:
  doc:
    name: doc tests
    runs-on: ${{ github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth' && 'depot-ubuntu-latest' || 'ubuntu-latest' }}
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
    env:
      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: rui314/setup-mold@725a8794d15fc7563f59595bd9556495c0564878 # v1
      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@7d986dd989559c6ecdb630a3fd2557667be217ad # v0.0.9
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@c19371144df3bb44fab255c43d04cbc2ab54d1c4 # v2.9.1
        with:
          cache-on-failure: true
      - name: Run doctests
@@ -113,6 +132,6 @@ jobs:
    timeout-minutes: 30
    steps:
      - name: Decide whether the needed jobs succeeded or failed
-        uses: re-actors/alls-green@release/v1
+        uses: re-actors/alls-green@05ac9388f0aebcb5727afa17fcccfecd6f8ec5fe # release/v1
        with:
          jobs: ${{ toJSON(needs) }}
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -290,8 +290,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "alloy-evm"
-version = "0.33.2"
-source = "git+https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm?rev=da7633f6bc9554f5a6e60773ef21b8e9d6e0cca6#da7633f6bc9554f5a6e60773ef21b8e9d6e0cca6"
+version = "0.34.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm?branch=bal-devnet-4#aedf0f4a621ba3e63f0db6a570bdc9509296d1a6"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-consensus",
 "alloy-eips",
@@ -3093,8 +3093,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "discv5"
 version = "0.10.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c7999df38d0bd8f688212e1a4fae31fd2fea6d218649b9cd7c40bf3ec1318fc"
+source = "git+https://github.com/sigp/discv5?rev=7663c00#7663c00ee0837ea98547caaedede95d9d6736f4d"
 dependencies = [
 "aes",
 "aes-gcm",
@@ -3715,6 +3714,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "eyre",
 "futures",
 "reth-ethereum",
+ "reth-metrics",
 "reth-tracing",
 "tokio",
 ]
@@ -7678,7 +7678,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "reth-codecs"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core?rev=c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c#c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core?rev=8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d#8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-consensus",
 "alloy-eips",
@@ -7698,7 +7698,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "reth-codecs-derive"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core?rev=c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c#c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core?rev=8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d#8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -7728,6 +7728,7 @@ name = "reth-consensus"
 version = "2.1.0"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-consensus",
+ "alloy-eip7928",
 "alloy-primitives",
 "auto_impl",
 "reth-execution-types",
@@ -8825,6 +8826,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "futures",
 "metrics",
 "metrics-derive",
+ "reth-primitives-traits",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-util",
 ]
@@ -8904,6 +8906,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "secp256k1 0.30.0",
 "serde",
 "smallvec",
+ "socket2",
 "thiserror 2.0.18",
 "tokio",
 "tokio-stream",
@@ -9382,7 +9385,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "reth-primitives-traits"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core?rev=c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c#c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core?rev=8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d#8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-consensus",
 "alloy-eips",
@@ -9926,7 +9929,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "reth-rpc-traits"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core?rev=c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c#c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core?rev=8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d#8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-consensus",
 "alloy-network",
@@ -10403,6 +10406,8 @@ dependencies = [
 "proptest-arbitrary-interop",
 "rand 0.9.4",
 "rayon",
+ "reth-chainspec",
+ "reth-ethereum-primitives",
 "reth-execution-errors",
 "reth-metrics",
 "reth-primitives-traits",
@@ -10454,15 +10459,15 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "reth-zstd-compressors"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core?rev=c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c#c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core?rev=8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d#8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d"
 dependencies = [
 "zstd",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "revm"
-version = "37.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+version = "38.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "revm-bytecode",
 "revm-context",
@@ -10480,7 +10485,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "revm-bytecode"
 version = "10.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "bitvec",
 "phf",
@@ -10490,8 +10495,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "revm-context"
-version = "16.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+version = "16.0.1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "bitvec",
 "cfg-if",
@@ -10506,8 +10511,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "revm-context-interface"
-version = "17.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+version = "17.0.1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-eip2930",
 "alloy-eip7702",
@@ -10521,8 +10526,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "revm-database"
-version = "13.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+version = "13.0.1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-eips",
 "revm-bytecode",
@@ -10534,8 +10539,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "revm-database-interface"
-version = "11.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+version = "11.0.1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "auto_impl",
 "either",
@@ -10547,8 +10552,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "revm-handler"
-version = "18.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+version = "18.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "auto_impl",
 "derive-where",
@@ -10565,8 +10570,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "revm-inspector"
-version = "18.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+version = "19.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "auto_impl",
 "either",
@@ -10583,7 +10588,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "revm-inspectors"
 version = "0.39.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors?rev=a2c7a41977b468d016a339f560acb76e002766f3#a2c7a41977b468d016a339f560acb76e002766f3"
+source = "git+https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors?rev=5eebb56819ee6bec5bfbc69a415276ee1a784fec#5eebb56819ee6bec5bfbc69a415276ee1a784fec"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-primitives",
 "alloy-rpc-types-eth",
@@ -10601,8 +10606,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "revm-interpreter"
-version = "35.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+version = "35.0.1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "revm-bytecode",
 "revm-context-interface",
@@ -10613,8 +10618,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "revm-precompile"
-version = "33.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+version = "34.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "ark-bls12-381",
 "ark-bn254",
@@ -10639,7 +10644,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "revm-primitives"
 version = "23.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-primitives",
 "once_cell",
@@ -10648,8 +10653,8 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "revm-state"
-version = "11.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d#fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d"
+version = "11.0.1"
+source = "git+https://github.com/bluealloy/revm?rev=3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be#3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-eip7928",
 "bitflags 2.11.1",
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -433,13 +433,13 @@ reth-trie-sparse = { path = "crates/trie/sparse", default-features = false }
 reth-zstd-compressors = { version = "0.3.1", default-features = false }

 # revm
-revm = { version = "=37.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm = { version = "=38.0.0", default-features = false }
 revm-bytecode = { version = "=10.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-database = { version = "=13.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-state = { version = "=11.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-database = { version = "=13.0.1", default-features = false }
+revm-state = { version = "=11.0.1", default-features = false }
 revm-primitives = { version = "=23.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-interpreter = { version = "=35.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-database-interface = { version = "=11.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-interpreter = { version = "=35.0.1", default-features = false }
+revm-database-interface = { version = "=11.0.1", default-features = false }
 revm-inspectors = "=0.39.0"

 # eth
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ alloy-sol-types = { version = "1.5.6", default-features = false }
 alloy-chains = { version = "0.2.33", default-features = false }
 alloy-eip2124 = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
 alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.3.4", default-features = false }
-alloy-evm = { version = "0.33.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-evm = { version = "0.34.0", default-features = false }
 alloy-rlp = { version = "0.3.13", default-features = false, features = ["core-net"] }
 alloy-trie = { version = "0.9.4", default-features = false }

@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ tower = "0.5"
 tower-http = "0.6"

 # p2p
-discv5 = "0.10"
+discv5 = { git = "https://github.com/sigp/discv5", rev = "7663c00" }
 if-addrs = "0.14"

 # rpc
@@ -702,22 +702,22 @@ vergen-git2 = "9.1.0"
 ipnet = "2.11"

 [patch.crates-io]
-revm = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-bytecode = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-context = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-context-interface = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-database = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-database-interface = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-handler = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-inspector = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-interpreter = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-precompile = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-primitives = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-state = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "fe2549d85fb9e201e7b629f8b47bcca46d49aa1d" }
-revm-inspectors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors", rev = "a2c7a41977b468d016a339f560acb76e002766f3" }
-alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "da7633f6bc9554f5a6e60773ef21b8e9d6e0cca6" }
-reth-codecs = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c" }
-reth-codecs-derive = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c" }
-reth-primitives-traits = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c" }
-reth-rpc-traits = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c" }
-reth-zstd-compressors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "c763480b9fa51957fbdb69b7caead5dfc4e3752c" }
+revm = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-bytecode = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-context = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-context-interface = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-database = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-database-interface = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-handler = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-inspector = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-interpreter = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-precompile = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-primitives = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-state = { git = "https://github.com/bluealloy/revm", rev = "3ed3bdfed9ad6e5ba37f4e1f015436ab89ca98be" }
+revm-inspectors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors", rev = "5eebb56819ee6bec5bfbc69a415276ee1a784fec" }
+alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", branch = "bal-devnet-4" }
+reth-codecs = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d" }
+reth-codecs-derive = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d" }
+reth-primitives-traits = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d" }
+reth-rpc-traits = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d" }
+reth-zstd-compressors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth-core", rev = "8612239c4f3dda83cc389f577b9eb04f10ebf81d" }
--- a/13
+++ b/13
@@ -33,15 +33,24 @@ ENV FEATURES=$FEATURES
 RUN cargo chef cook --profile $BUILD_PROFILE --features "$FEATURES" --recipe-path recipe.json

 # Build application
+# Platform-specific RUSTFLAGS: amd64 uses x86-64-v3 (Haswell+) with pclmulqdq for rocksdb
+#
+# TARGETPLATFORM is set by BuildKit: https://docs.docker.com/reference/dockerfile#automatic-platform-args-in-the-global-scope
+ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 COPY --exclude=dist . .
-RUN cargo build --profile $BUILD_PROFILE --features "$FEATURES" --locked --bin reth
+RUN if [ -n "$RUSTFLAGS" ]; then \
+        export RUSTFLAGS="$RUSTFLAGS"; \
+    elif [ "$TARGETPLATFORM" = "linux/amd64" ]; then \
+        export RUSTFLAGS="-C target-cpu=x86-64-v3 -C target-feature=+pclmulqdq"; \
+    fi && \
+    cargo build --profile $BUILD_PROFILE --features "$FEATURES" --locked --bin reth

 # ARG is not resolved in COPY so we have to hack around it by copying the
 # binary to a temporary location
 RUN cp /app/target/$BUILD_PROFILE/reth /app/reth

 # Use Ubuntu as the release image
-FROM ubuntu AS runtime
+FROM ubuntu:24.04 AS runtime
 WORKDIR /app

 # Copy reth over from the build stage
--- a/bin/reth-bb/src/evm.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bb/src/evm.rs
@@ -7,15 +7,16 @@
 //! `execute_transaction` to apply segment-boundary changes.

 use crate::evm_config::BigBlockSegment;
+use alloy_consensus::TransactionEnvelope;
 use alloy_eips::eip7685::Requests;
 use alloy_evm::{
    block::{
        BlockExecutionError, BlockExecutionResult, BlockExecutor, BlockExecutorFactory,
-        BlockExecutorFor, ExecutableTx, GasOutput, OnStateHook, StateChangeSource, StateDB,
+        ExecutableTx, GasOutput, OnStateHook, StateChangeSource, StateDB,
    },
    eth::{EthBlockExecutionCtx, EthBlockExecutor, EthEvmContext, EthTxResult},
    precompiles::PrecompilesMap,
-    Database, EthEvm, EthEvmFactory, Evm, FromRecoveredTx, FromTxWithEncoded,
+    Database, EthEvm, EthEvmFactory, Evm, EvmFactory, FromRecoveredTx, FromTxWithEncoded,
 };
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Receipt, TransactionSigned};
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ use tracing::{debug, trace};
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 /// Runtime state for segment boundary tracking.
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub(crate) struct BbEvmPlan {
    /// The segment boundaries and environments.
    pub(crate) segments: Vec<BigBlockSegment>,
@@ -73,6 +75,10 @@ impl BbEvmPlan {
            .filter(|(n, _)| *n >= min && *n < block_number)
            .collect()
    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn segment_index_for_tx(&self, tx_index: usize) -> usize {
+        self.segments.partition_point(|segment| segment.start_tx <= tx_index).saturating_sub(1)
+    }
 }

 impl std::fmt::Debug for BbEvmPlan {
@@ -97,6 +103,9 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for BbEvmPlan {
 /// segment boundaries without requiring additional trait bounds on `DB`.
 pub(crate) type BlockHashSeeder<DB> = fn(&mut DB, &[(u64, B256)]);

+/// Function pointer that reads the BAL index from the DB.
+pub(crate) type BalIndexReader<DB> = fn(&DB) -> u64;
+
 /// Block executor that wraps [`EthBlockExecutor`] and handles segment-boundary
 /// changes for big-block execution.
 ///
@@ -108,7 +117,8 @@ pub(crate) type BlockHashSeeder<DB> = fn(&mut DB, &[(u64, B256)]);
 /// Gas counters reset at each boundary so that each segment's real gas limit
 /// is used (preserving correct GASLIMIT opcode behavior). Accumulated offsets
 /// are applied to receipts and totals in `finish()`.
-pub(crate) struct BbBlockExecutor<'a, DB, I, P, Spec>
+#[expect(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct BbBlockExecutor<'a, DB, I, P, Spec>
 where
    DB: Database,
 {
@@ -131,6 +141,10 @@ where
    /// Callback to reseed block hashes into the DB's cache at segment
    /// boundaries. See [`BlockHashSeeder`].
    block_hash_seeder: Option<BlockHashSeeder<DB>>,
+    /// Callback to read the BAL index from the DB.
+    bal_index_reader: Option<BalIndexReader<DB>>,
+    /// Whether the executor has selected its starting segment.
+    initialized: bool,
 }

 impl<'a, DB, I, P, Spec> BbBlockExecutor<'a, DB, I, P, Spec>
@@ -156,6 +170,7 @@ where
        receipt_builder: RethReceiptBuilder,
        plan: Option<BbEvmPlan>,
        block_hash_seeder: Option<BlockHashSeeder<DB>>,
+        bal_index_reader: Option<BalIndexReader<DB>>,
    ) -> Self {
        let inner = EthBlockExecutor::new(evm, ctx, spec, receipt_builder);
        Self {
@@ -166,9 +181,63 @@ where
            blob_gas_used_offset: 0,
            shared_hook: Arc::new(Mutex::new(None)),
            block_hash_seeder,
+            bal_index_reader,
+            initialized: false,
        }
    }

+    fn initialize(&mut self) -> Result<(), BlockExecutionError> {
+        if self.initialized {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let plan = match &self.plan {
+            Some(plan) => plan,
+            None => return Ok(()),
+        };
+
+        self.initialized = true;
+
+        let bal_index =
+            self.bal_index_reader.map(|reader| reader(self.inner().evm().db())).unwrap_or(0);
+        let segment_idx =
+            if bal_index == 0 { 0 } else { plan.segment_index_for_tx((bal_index - 1) as usize) };
+        let segment = &plan.segments[segment_idx];
+
+        // Swap the EVM's block_env and executor ctx to the selected segment's
+        // values so that EIP-2935/EIP-4788 system calls use the correct block
+        // number and parent hash. Without this, the outer big block header's
+        // block_number (which is synthetic) would be used, writing to wrong
+        // EIP-2935 slots and corrupting state.
+        let block_env = segment.evm_env.block_env.clone();
+        let block_number = block_env.number.saturating_to::<u64>();
+        let mut cfg_env = segment.evm_env.cfg_env.clone();
+        cfg_env.disable_base_fee = true;
+        let ctx = EthBlockExecutionCtx {
+            parent_hash: segment.ctx.parent_hash,
+            parent_beacon_block_root: segment.ctx.parent_beacon_block_root,
+            ommers: segment.ctx.ommers,
+            withdrawals: segment.ctx.withdrawals.clone(),
+            extra_data: segment.ctx.extra_data.clone(),
+            tx_count_hint: segment.ctx.tx_count_hint,
+            slot_number: segment.ctx.slot_number,
+        };
+
+        let inner = self.inner_mut();
+        let evm_ctx = inner.evm.ctx_mut();
+        evm_ctx.block = block_env;
+        evm_ctx.cfg = cfg_env;
+        inner.ctx = ctx;
+
+        self.reseed_block_hashes_for(block_number);
+
+        if bal_index > 0 {
+            self.plan = None;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
    /// Creates a forwarding `OnStateHook` that delegates to the shared hook.
    fn forwarding_hook(&self) -> Option<Box<dyn OnStateHook>> {
        let shared = self.shared_hook.clone();
@@ -349,35 +418,9 @@ where
    type Result = EthTxResult<HaltReason, alloy_consensus::TxType>;

    fn apply_pre_execution_changes(&mut self) -> Result<(), BlockExecutionError> {
-        // Swap the EVM's block_env and executor ctx to the first segment's
-        // values so that the initial EIP-2935/EIP-4788 system calls use the
-        // correct block number and parent hash. Without this, the outer big
-        // block header's block_number (which is synthetic) would be used,
-        // writing to wrong EIP-2935 slots and corrupting state.
-        if let Some(seg0) = self.plan.as_ref().map(|p| &p.segments[0]) {
-            let block_env = seg0.evm_env.block_env.clone();
-            let block_number = block_env.number.saturating_to::<u64>();
-            let mut cfg_env = seg0.evm_env.cfg_env.clone();
-            cfg_env.disable_base_fee = true;
-            let seg0_ctx = EthBlockExecutionCtx {
-                parent_hash: seg0.ctx.parent_hash,
-                parent_beacon_block_root: seg0.ctx.parent_beacon_block_root,
-                ommers: seg0.ctx.ommers,
-                withdrawals: seg0.ctx.withdrawals.clone(),
-                extra_data: seg0.ctx.extra_data.clone(),
-                tx_count_hint: seg0.ctx.tx_count_hint,
-                slot_number: seg0.ctx.slot_number,
-            };
-
-            let inner = self.inner_mut();
-            let evm_ctx = inner.evm.ctx_mut();
-            evm_ctx.block = block_env;
-            evm_ctx.cfg = cfg_env;
-            inner.ctx = seg0_ctx;
-
-            self.reseed_block_hashes_for(block_number);
-        }
-
+        // The outer big-block header uses a synthetic block number, so start
+        // system calls must run against the selected real segment env.
+        self.initialize()?;
        self.inner_mut().apply_pre_execution_changes()
    }

@@ -385,15 +428,16 @@ where
        &mut self,
        tx: impl ExecutableTx<Self>,
    ) -> Result<Self::Result, BlockExecutionError> {
+        self.initialize()?;
        self.maybe_apply_boundary()?;
        self.inner_mut().execute_transaction_without_commit(tx)
    }

-    fn commit_transaction(
-        &mut self,
-        output: Self::Result,
-    ) -> Result<GasOutput, BlockExecutionError> {
-        let gas_used = self.inner_mut().commit_transaction(output)?;
+    fn commit_transaction(&mut self, output: Self::Result) -> GasOutput {
+        self.maybe_apply_boundary()
+            .expect("segment boundary application must succeed before committing transaction");
+
+        let gas_used = self.inner_mut().commit_transaction(output);

        // Fix up cumulative_gas_used on the just-committed receipt so that
        // the receipt root task (which reads receipts incrementally) sees
@@ -408,7 +452,7 @@ where
        if let Some(plan) = &mut self.plan {
            plan.tx_counter += 1;
        }
-        Ok(gas_used)
+        gas_used
    }

    fn finish(
@@ -499,7 +543,7 @@ pub struct BbBlockExecutorFactory<Spec> {
    receipt_builder: RethReceiptBuilder,
    spec: Spec,
    evm_factory: EthEvmFactory,
-    /// Staged plan consumed by the next [`BbBlockExecutor`].
+    /// Staged plan cloned into each [`BbBlockExecutor`].
    pub(crate) staged_plan: Arc<Mutex<Option<BbEvmPlan>>>,
 }

@@ -528,8 +572,12 @@ impl<Spec> BbBlockExecutorFactory<Spec> {
        *self.staged_plan.lock().unwrap() = Some(plan);
    }

-    fn take_plan(&self) -> Option<BbEvmPlan> {
-        self.staged_plan.lock().unwrap().take()
+    pub(crate) fn clear_staged_plan(&self) {
+        *self.staged_plan.lock().unwrap() = None;
+    }
+
+    fn peek_plan(&self) -> Option<BbEvmPlan> {
+        self.staged_plan.lock().unwrap().clone()
    }

    pub(crate) fn create_executor_with_seeder<'a, DB, I>(
@@ -537,14 +585,23 @@ impl<Spec> BbBlockExecutorFactory<Spec> {
        evm: EthEvm<DB, I, PrecompilesMap>,
        ctx: EthBlockExecutionCtx<'a>,
        block_hash_seeder: Option<BlockHashSeeder<DB>>,
+        bal_index_reader: Option<BalIndexReader<DB>>,
    ) -> BbBlockExecutor<'a, DB, I, PrecompilesMap, &'a Spec>
    where
        Spec: alloy_evm::eth::spec::EthExecutorSpec,
        DB: StateDB + 'a,
        I: Inspector<EthEvmContext<DB>> + 'a,
    {
-        let plan = self.take_plan();
-        BbBlockExecutor::new(evm, ctx, &self.spec, self.receipt_builder, plan, block_hash_seeder)
+        let plan = self.peek_plan();
+        BbBlockExecutor::new(
+            evm,
+            ctx,
+            &self.spec,
+            self.receipt_builder,
+            plan,
+            block_hash_seeder,
+            bal_index_reader,
+        )
    }
 }

@@ -557,6 +614,12 @@ where
    type ExecutionCtx<'a> = EthBlockExecutionCtx<'a>;
    type Transaction = TransactionSigned;
    type Receipt = Receipt;
+    type TxExecutionResult = EthTxResult<
+        <EthEvmFactory as EvmFactory>::HaltReason,
+        <TransactionSigned as TransactionEnvelope>::TxType,
+    >;
+    type Executor<'a, DB: StateDB, I: Inspector<EthEvmContext<DB>>> =
+        BbBlockExecutor<'a, DB, I, PrecompilesMap, &'a Spec>;

    fn evm_factory(&self) -> &Self::EvmFactory {
        &self.evm_factory
@@ -566,12 +629,12 @@ where
        &'a self,
        evm: EthEvm<DB, I, PrecompilesMap>,
        ctx: EthBlockExecutionCtx<'a>,
-    ) -> impl BlockExecutorFor<'a, Self, DB, I>
+    ) -> Self::Executor<'a, DB, I>
    where
-        DB: StateDB + 'a,
-        I: Inspector<EthEvmContext<DB>> + 'a,
+        DB: StateDB,
+        I: Inspector<EthEvmContext<DB>>,
    {
-        let plan = self.take_plan();
-        BbBlockExecutor::new(evm, ctx, &self.spec, self.receipt_builder, plan, None)
+        let plan = self.peek_plan();
+        BbBlockExecutor::new(evm, ctx, &self.spec, self.receipt_builder, plan, None, None)
    }
 }
--- a/bin/reth-bb/src/evm_config.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bb/src/evm_config.rs
@@ -8,11 +8,14 @@
 pub(crate) use reth_engine_primitives::BigBlockData;

 use crate::{
-    evm::{BbBlockExecutorFactory, BbEvmPlan},
+    evm::{BalIndexReader, BbBlockExecutorFactory, BbEvmPlan},
    BigBlockMap,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::Header;
-use alloy_evm::eth::EthBlockExecutionCtx;
+use alloy_evm::{
+    eth::{spec::EthExecutorSpec, EthBlockExecutionCtx},
+    EthEvmFactory,
+};
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use alloy_rpc_types::engine::ExecutionData;
 use core::convert::Infallible;
@@ -20,8 +23,8 @@ use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpec, EthChainSpec};
 use reth_ethereum_forks::Hardforks;
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives;
 use reth_evm::{
-    ConfigureEngineEvm, ConfigureEvm, Database, EvmEnv, ExecutableTxIterator,
-    NextBlockEnvAttributes,
+    ConfigureEngineEvm, ConfigureEvm, Database, EvmEnv, EvmEnvFor, ExecutableTxIterator,
+    ExecutionCtxFor, NextBlockEnvAttributes,
 };
 use reth_evm_ethereum::{EthBlockAssembler, EthEvmConfig, RethReceiptBuilder};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
@@ -29,9 +32,6 @@ use revm::primitives::hardfork::SpecId;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tracing::debug;

-use alloy_evm::{eth::spec::EthExecutorSpec, EthEvmFactory};
-use reth_evm::{EvmEnvFor, ExecutionCtxFor};
-
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Execution plan types
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub(crate) struct BigBlockSegment {
 ///
 /// Wraps [`EthEvmConfig`] and a shared [`BigBlockMap`]. When a big-block
 /// payload is received, the plan is staged on the [`BbBlockExecutorFactory`]
-/// and consumed when the executor is created. Block hashes for inter-segment
+/// and cloned when executors are created. Block hashes for inter-segment
 /// BLOCKHASH resolution are reseeded into `State::block_hashes` at each
 /// segment boundary via a [`BlockHashSeeder`](crate::evm::BlockHashSeeder)
 /// callback injected in [`ConfigureEvm::create_executor`].
@@ -106,6 +106,10 @@ fn seed_state_block_hashes<DB>(state: &mut &mut revm::database::State<DB>, hashe
    }
 }

+fn read_bal_index<DB>(state: &&mut revm::database::State<DB>) -> u64 {
+    state.bal_state.bal_index()
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // ConfigureEvm
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -144,6 +148,12 @@ where
        &self,
        block: &'a SealedBlock<reth_ethereum_primitives::Block>,
    ) -> Result<EthBlockExecutionCtx<'a>, Self::Error> {
+        if let Some(plan) = self.plan_for_payload_hash(&block.hash()) {
+            self.executor_factory.stage_plan(plan);
+        } else {
+            self.executor_factory.clear_staged_plan();
+        }
+
        self.inner.context_for_block(block)
    }

@@ -159,7 +169,7 @@ where
        &'a self,
        evm: reth_evm::EvmFor<Self, &'a mut revm::database::State<DB>, I>,
        ctx: EthBlockExecutionCtx<'a>,
-    ) -> impl alloy_evm::block::BlockExecutorFor<
+    ) -> alloy_evm::block::BlockExecutorFor<
        'a,
        Self::BlockExecutorFactory,
        &'a mut revm::database::State<DB>,
@@ -169,15 +179,16 @@ where
        DB: Database,
        I: reth_evm::InspectorFor<Self, &'a mut revm::database::State<DB>> + 'a,
    {
-        // Use create_executor_with_seeder to inject a concrete seeder that
-        // can reseed State::block_hashes at segment boundaries. The seeder
-        // is a function pointer that knows the concrete State<DB> type,
-        // allowing the generic BbBlockExecutor to reseed without additional
-        // trait bounds on DB.
+        let bal_index_reader: Option<BalIndexReader<&'a mut revm::database::State<DB>>> =
+            Some(read_bal_index::<DB>);
+
+        // Inject concrete function pointers that know the `State<DB>` type so
+        // the generic executor can reseed block hashes and read `bal_index`.
        self.executor_factory.create_executor_with_seeder(
            evm,
            ctx,
            Some(seed_state_block_hashes::<DB>),
+            bal_index_reader,
        )
    }
 }
@@ -214,6 +225,7 @@ where

            Ok(env)
        } else {
+            self.executor_factory.clear_staged_plan();
            self.inner.evm_env_for_payload(payload)
        }
    }
@@ -248,10 +260,12 @@ where
    /// In practice, this is called from `evm_env_for_payload` in the
    /// engine pipeline.
    pub fn stage_plan_for_payload(&self, payload_hash: &B256) {
-        let bb = match self.pending.lock().unwrap().remove(payload_hash) {
-            Some(bb) => bb,
-            None => return,
-        };
+        let Some(plan) = self.plan_for_payload_hash(payload_hash) else { return };
+        self.executor_factory.stage_plan(plan);
+    }
+
+    fn plan_for_payload_hash(&self, payload_hash: &B256) -> Option<BbEvmPlan> {
+        let bb = self.pending.lock().unwrap().remove(payload_hash)?;

        let segments: Vec<_> = bb
            .env_switches
@@ -287,6 +301,6 @@ where

        plan.block_hashes_to_seed.sort_unstable_by_key(|(n, _)| *n);

-        self.executor_factory.stage_plan(plan);
+        Some(plan)
    }
 }
--- a/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/generate_big_block.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/generate_big_block.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ use reth_ethereum_cli::chainspec::EthereumChainSpecParser;
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::Receipt;
 use reth_primitives_traits::proofs;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{collections::HashMap, future::Future};
+use std::{
+    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    future::Future,
+};
 use tracing::{info, warn};

 use crate::bench::helpers::fetch_block_access_list;
@@ -717,6 +720,17 @@ fn merge_account_changes(existing: &mut AccountChanges, incoming: AccountChanges
    existing.balance_changes.extend(incoming.balance_changes);
    existing.nonce_changes.extend(incoming.nonce_changes);
    existing.code_changes.extend(incoming.code_changes);
+
+    // EIP-7928 invariant: a slot must appear in either storage_changes or storage_reads,
+    // not both. Per-block BALs respect this, but merging blocks can produce a slot
+    // that is read in one block and changed in another. Without this normalization,
+    // an empty read entry can shadow the real writes during BAL deserialization,
+    // making reads of that slot fall through to stale snapshot state.
+    let written: HashSet<_> =
+        existing.storage_changes.iter().map(|slot_changes| slot_changes.slot).collect();
+    existing.storage_reads.retain(|slot| !written.contains(slot));
+    let mut seen = HashSet::with_capacity(existing.storage_reads.len());
+    existing.storage_reads.retain(|slot| seen.insert(*slot));
 }

 fn merge_slot_changes(existing: &mut Vec<SlotChanges>, incoming: Vec<SlotChanges>) {
@@ -836,4 +850,54 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(other.address, Address::repeat_byte(0x22));
        assert_eq!(other.storage_changes[0].changes[0].block_access_index, 3);
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn merge_account_changes_normalizes_storage_reads_after_cross_block_merge() {
+        let address = Address::repeat_byte(0x33);
+        const A: U256 = U256::from_limbs([1, 0, 0, 0]);
+        const B: U256 = U256::from_limbs([2, 0, 0, 0]);
+        const C: U256 = U256::from_limbs([3, 0, 0, 0]);
+        const D: U256 = U256::from_limbs([4, 0, 0, 0]);
+
+        // Each AccountChanges value is valid on its own: storage slots only appear in
+        // either reads or changes. The invalid read/change overlap is introduced when
+        // these per-block BAL entries are merged for a standalone big block.
+        let mut existing = AccountChanges {
+            address,
+            storage_changes: vec![SlotChanges::new(A, vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::from(10))])],
+            storage_reads: vec![B, C],
+            balance_changes: vec![],
+            nonce_changes: vec![],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        // B is read before it is written by the incoming block, and A is written before
+        // it appears as a read in the incoming block. C is read in both blocks, so the
+        // merge should also dedupe it. D remains read-only.
+        let incoming = AccountChanges {
+            address,
+            storage_changes: vec![SlotChanges::new(B, vec![StorageChange::new(1, U256::from(20))])],
+            storage_reads: vec![A, C, D],
+            balance_changes: vec![],
+            nonce_changes: vec![],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        merge_account_changes(&mut existing, incoming);
+
+        // Written slots remain represented by storage_changes, while storage_reads only
+        // keeps unique read-only slots in first-seen order.
+        assert_eq!(
+            existing
+                .storage_changes
+                .iter()
+                .map(|slot_changes| slot_changes.slot)
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            vec![A, B]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(existing.storage_reads, vec![C, D]);
+        assert!(existing.storage_reads.iter().all(|read_slot| {
+            !existing.storage_changes.iter().any(|slot_changes| slot_changes.slot == *read_slot)
+        }));
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/chain-state/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/chain-state/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ reth-errors.workspace = true
 reth-execution-types.workspace = true
 reth-metrics.workspace = true
 reth-ethereum-primitives.workspace = true
-reth-primitives-traits.workspace = true
+reth-primitives-traits = { workspace = true, features = ["dashmap"] }
 reth-storage-api.workspace = true
 reth-trie.workspace = true

--- a/crates/chain-state/src/lazy_overlay.rs
+++ b/crates/chain-state/src/lazy_overlay.rs
@@ -4,26 +4,32 @@
 //! lazily on first access. This allows execution to start before the trie overlay
 //! is fully computed.

-use crate::DeferredTrieData;
+use crate::{EthPrimitives, ExecutedBlock};
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use reth_primitives_traits::{
+    dashmap::{self, DashMap},
+    AlloyBlockHeader, NodePrimitives,
+};
 use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted, TrieInputSorted};
-use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use tracing::{debug, trace};

 /// Inputs captured for lazy overlay computation.
 #[derive(Clone)]
-struct LazyOverlayInputs {
-    /// The persisted ancestor hash (anchor) this overlay should be built on.
-    anchor_hash: B256,
-    /// Deferred trie data handles for all in-memory blocks (newest to oldest).
-    blocks: Vec<DeferredTrieData>,
+struct LazyOverlayInputs<N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
+    /// In-memory blocks from tip to anchor child.
+    ///
+    /// Blocks must be provided in reverse chain order (newest to oldest).
+    blocks: Vec<ExecutedBlock<N>>,
 }

 /// Lazily computed trie overlay.
 ///
 /// Captures the inputs needed to compute a [`TrieInputSorted`] and defers the actual
-/// computation until first access. This is conceptually similar to [`DeferredTrieData`]
-/// but for overlay computation.
+/// computation until first access.
+///
+/// Blocks must be provided in reverse chain order (newest to oldest), so the first block is the
+/// chain tip and the last block is the oldest in-memory block in the chain segment.
 ///
 /// # Fast Path vs Slow Path
 ///
@@ -31,37 +37,41 @@ struct LazyOverlayInputs {
 ///   matches our expected anchor, we can reuse it directly (O(1)).
 /// - **Slow path**: Otherwise, we merge all ancestor blocks' trie data into a new overlay.
 #[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct LazyOverlay {
-    /// Computed result, cached after first access.
-    inner: Arc<OnceLock<TrieInputSorted>>,
+pub struct LazyOverlay<N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
+    /// Computed results, cached by requested anchor hash.
+    inner: Arc<DashMap<B256, Arc<TrieInputSorted>>>,
    /// Inputs for lazy computation.
-    inputs: LazyOverlayInputs,
+    inputs: LazyOverlayInputs<N>,
 }

-impl std::fmt::Debug for LazyOverlay {
+impl<N: NodePrimitives> std::fmt::Debug for LazyOverlay<N> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("LazyOverlay")
-            .field("anchor_hash", &self.inputs.anchor_hash)
+            .field(
+                "oldest_block_parent_hash",
+                &self.inputs.blocks.last().map(|block| block.recovered_block().parent_hash()),
+            )
            .field("num_blocks", &self.inputs.blocks.len())
-            .field("computed", &self.inner.get().is_some())
+            .field("cached_anchors", &self.inner.len())
            .finish()
    }
 }

-impl LazyOverlay {
-    /// Create a new lazy overlay with the given anchor hash and block handles.
+impl<N: NodePrimitives> LazyOverlay<N> {
+    /// Create a new lazy overlay from in-memory blocks.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
-    /// * `anchor_hash` - The persisted ancestor hash this overlay is built on top of
-    /// * `blocks` - Deferred trie data handles for in-memory blocks (newest to oldest)
-    pub fn new(anchor_hash: B256, blocks: Vec<DeferredTrieData>) -> Self {
-        Self { inner: Arc::new(OnceLock::new()), inputs: LazyOverlayInputs { anchor_hash, blocks } }
-    }
+    /// * `blocks` - Executed blocks in reverse chain order (newest to oldest)
+    pub fn new(blocks: Vec<ExecutedBlock<N>>) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(
+            blocks.windows(2).all(|window| {
+                window[0].recovered_block().parent_hash() == window[1].recovered_block().hash()
+            }),
+            "LazyOverlay blocks must be ordered newest to oldest along a single chain"
+        );

-    /// Returns the anchor hash this overlay is built on.
-    pub const fn anchor_hash(&self) -> B256 {
-        self.inputs.anchor_hash
+        Self { inner: Default::default(), inputs: LazyOverlayInputs { blocks } }
    }

    /// Returns the number of in-memory blocks this overlay covers.
@@ -69,43 +79,75 @@ impl LazyOverlay {
        self.inputs.blocks.len()
    }

-    /// Returns true if the overlay has already been computed.
-    pub fn is_computed(&self) -> bool {
-        self.inner.get().is_some()
+    /// Returns the oldest anchor hash this overlay can serve.
+    ///
+    /// This is the parent hash of the oldest block in the stored newest-to-oldest chain segment.
+    pub fn anchor_hash(&self) -> Option<B256> {
+        self.inputs.blocks.last().map(|block| block.recovered_block().parent_hash())
    }

-    /// Returns the computed trie input, computing it if necessary.
+    /// Returns true if there are no blocks in the overlay, or if one of the blocks has the given
+    /// hash as a parent hash.
+    pub fn has_anchor_hash(&self, hash: B256) -> bool {
+        self.inputs.blocks.is_empty() ||
+            self.inputs.blocks.iter().any(|b| b.recovered_block().parent_hash() == hash)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    /// Returns true if the overlay has already been computed for the requested anchor.
+    pub fn is_computed(&self, anchor_hash: B256) -> bool {
+        self.inner.contains_key(&anchor_hash)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the computed trie input for the requested anchor, computing it if necessary.
    ///
    /// The first call triggers computation (which may block waiting for deferred data).
-    /// Subsequent calls return the cached result immediately.
-    pub fn get(&self) -> &TrieInputSorted {
-        self.inner.get_or_init(|| self.compute())
+    /// Subsequent calls for the same anchor return the cached result immediately.
+    pub fn get(&self, anchor_hash: B256) -> Arc<TrieInputSorted> {
+        match self.inner.entry(anchor_hash) {
+            dashmap::Entry::Occupied(entry) => Arc::clone(entry.get()),
+            dashmap::Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
+                let input = self.compute(anchor_hash);
+                entry.insert(Arc::clone(&input));
+                input
+            }
+        }
    }

    /// Returns the overlay as (nodes, state) tuple for use with `OverlayStateProviderFactory`.
-    pub fn as_overlay(&self) -> (Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>) {
-        let input = self.get();
+    pub fn as_overlay(
+        &self,
+        anchor_hash: B256,
+    ) -> (Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>) {
+        let input = self.get(anchor_hash);
        (Arc::clone(&input.nodes), Arc::clone(&input.state))
    }

    /// Compute the trie input overlay.
-    fn compute(&self) -> TrieInputSorted {
-        let anchor_hash = self.inputs.anchor_hash;
+    fn compute(&self, anchor_hash: B256) -> Arc<TrieInputSorted> {
        let blocks = &self.inputs.blocks;
-
        if blocks.is_empty() {
-            debug!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", "No in-memory blocks, returning empty overlay");
-            return TrieInputSorted::default();
+            return Default::default()
        }

+        let Some(last_index) =
+            blocks.iter().position(|block| block.recovered_block().parent_hash() == anchor_hash)
+        else {
+            panic!(
+                "LazyOverlay does not contain a block whose parent hash matches requested anchor {anchor_hash}"
+            );
+        };
+        let blocks = &blocks[..=last_index];
+
        // Fast path: Check if tip block's overlay is ready and anchor matches.
-        // The tip block (first in list) has the cumulative overlay from all ancestors.
+        // The tip block (first in list) has the cumulative overlay from all ancestors up to the
+        // requested anchor.
        if let Some(tip) = blocks.first() {
-            let data = tip.wait_cloned();
+            let data = tip.trie_data();
            if let Some(anchored) = &data.anchored_trie_input {
                if anchored.anchor_hash == anchor_hash {
                    trace!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", %anchor_hash, "Reusing tip block's cached overlay (fast path)");
-                    return (*anchored.trie_input).clone();
+                    return Arc::clone(&anchored.trie_input);
                }
                debug!(
                    target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay",
@@ -116,23 +158,30 @@ impl LazyOverlay {
            }
        }

-        // Slow path: Merge all blocks' trie data into a new overlay.
-        debug!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", num_blocks = blocks.len(), "Merging blocks (slow path)");
-        Self::merge_blocks(blocks)
+        // Slow path: Merge the prefix of blocks from the tip back to the requested anchor.
+        debug!(
+            target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay",
+            %anchor_hash,
+            num_blocks = blocks.len(),
+            "Merging blocks (slow path)"
+        );
+        Arc::new(Self::merge_blocks(blocks))
    }

    /// Merge all blocks' trie data into a single [`TrieInputSorted`].
    ///
    /// Blocks are ordered newest to oldest.
-    fn merge_blocks(blocks: &[DeferredTrieData]) -> TrieInputSorted {
+    fn merge_blocks(blocks: &[ExecutedBlock<N>]) -> TrieInputSorted {
        if blocks.is_empty() {
            return TrieInputSorted::default();
        }

-        let state =
-            HashedPostStateSorted::merge_batch(blocks.iter().map(|b| b.wait_cloned().hashed_state));
-        let nodes =
-            TrieUpdatesSorted::merge_batch(blocks.iter().map(|b| b.wait_cloned().trie_updates));
+        let state = HashedPostStateSorted::merge_batch(
+            blocks.iter().map(|block| block.trie_data().hashed_state),
+        );
+        let nodes = TrieUpdatesSorted::merge_batch(
+            blocks.iter().map(|block| block.trie_data().trie_updates),
+        );

        TrieInputSorted { state, nodes, prefix_sets: Default::default() }
    }
@@ -141,46 +190,138 @@ impl LazyOverlay {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
-    use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState};
+    use crate::{test_utils::TestBlockBuilder, ComputedTrieData, EthPrimitives, ExecutedBlock};
+    use alloy_primitives::U256;
+    use reth_primitives_traits::Account;
+    use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostState, HashedStorage};
+    use std::sync::Arc;

-    fn empty_deferred(anchor: B256) -> DeferredTrieData {
-        DeferredTrieData::pending(
-            Arc::new(HashedPostState::default()),
-            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
-            anchor,
-            Vec::new(),
+    fn with_unique_state(
+        block: &ExecutedBlock<EthPrimitives>,
+        id: u8,
+    ) -> ExecutedBlock<EthPrimitives> {
+        let hashed_address = B256::with_last_byte(id);
+        let hashed_slot = B256::with_last_byte(id.saturating_add(32));
+        let hashed_state = HashedPostState::default()
+            .with_accounts([(hashed_address, Some(Account::default()))])
+            .with_storages([(
+                hashed_address,
+                HashedStorage::from_iter(false, [(hashed_slot, U256::from(id))]),
+            )])
+            .into_sorted();
+
+        ExecutedBlock::new(
+            Arc::clone(&block.recovered_block),
+            Arc::clone(&block.execution_output),
+            ComputedTrieData::without_trie_input(
+                Arc::new(hashed_state),
+                Arc::new(TrieUpdatesSorted::default()),
+            ),
        )
    }

-    #[test]
-    fn empty_blocks_returns_default() {
-        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(B256::ZERO, vec![]);
-        let result = overlay.get();
-        assert!(result.state.is_empty());
-        assert!(result.nodes.is_empty());
+    fn test_blocks() -> Vec<ExecutedBlock<EthPrimitives>> {
+        TestBlockBuilder::eth()
+            .get_executed_blocks(1..4)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            .into_iter()
+            .rev()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(index, block)| with_unique_state(&block, index as u8 + 1))
+            .collect()
    }

    #[test]
    fn single_block_uses_data_directly() {
-        let anchor = B256::random();
-        let deferred = empty_deferred(anchor);
-        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(anchor, vec![deferred]);
+        let block = TestBlockBuilder::eth().get_executed_block_with_number(1, B256::random());
+        let anchor_hash = block.recovered_block().parent_hash();
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(vec![block]);

-        assert!(!overlay.is_computed());
-        let _ = overlay.get();
-        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+        assert!(!overlay.is_computed(anchor_hash));
+        let _ = overlay.get(anchor_hash);
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed(anchor_hash));
    }

    #[test]
-    fn cached_after_first_access() {
-        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(B256::ZERO, vec![]);
+    fn caches_results_per_anchor() {
+        let blocks = test_blocks();
+        let prefix_anchor = blocks[2].recovered_block().hash();
+        let full_anchor = blocks[2].recovered_block().parent_hash();
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(blocks);

-        // First access computes
-        let _ = overlay.get();
-        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+        let prefix = overlay.get(prefix_anchor);
+        let full = overlay.get(full_anchor);

-        // Second access uses cache
-        let _ = overlay.get();
-        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed(prefix_anchor));
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed(full_anchor));
+        assert!(!Arc::ptr_eq(&prefix, &full));
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&prefix, &overlay.get(prefix_anchor)));
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&full, &overlay.get(full_anchor)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn requested_anchor_limits_the_merged_prefix() {
+        let blocks = test_blocks();
+        let prefix_anchor = blocks[2].recovered_block().hash();
+        let expected = LazyOverlay::merge_blocks(&blocks[..2]);
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(blocks);
+        let actual = overlay.get(prefix_anchor);
+
+        assert_eq!(actual.nodes.as_ref(), expected.nodes.as_ref());
+        assert_eq!(actual.state.as_ref(), expected.state.as_ref());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn anchor_hash_returns_oldest_served_anchor() {
+        let blocks = test_blocks();
+        let expected_anchor = blocks.last().unwrap().recovered_block().parent_hash();
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(blocks);
+
+        assert_eq!(overlay.anchor_hash(), Some(expected_anchor));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reuses_tip_overlay_when_anchor_matches() {
+        let mut blocks = test_blocks();
+        let prefix_anchor = blocks[2].recovered_block().hash();
+        let tip_overlay = Arc::new(LazyOverlay::merge_blocks(&blocks[..2]));
+        let tip_data = blocks[0].trie_data();
+
+        blocks[0] = ExecutedBlock::new(
+            Arc::clone(&blocks[0].recovered_block),
+            Arc::clone(&blocks[0].execution_output),
+            ComputedTrieData::with_trie_input(
+                tip_data.hashed_state,
+                tip_data.trie_updates,
+                prefix_anchor,
+                Arc::clone(&tip_overlay),
+            ),
+        );
+
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(blocks);
+        let actual = overlay.get(prefix_anchor);
+
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&actual, &tip_overlay));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(
+        expected = "LazyOverlay does not contain a block whose parent hash matches requested anchor"
+    )]
+    fn missing_anchor_panics() {
+        let blocks = test_blocks();
+        let missing_anchor = blocks[0].recovered_block().hash();
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(blocks);
+
+        let _ = overlay.get(missing_anchor);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(
+        expected = "LazyOverlay blocks must be ordered newest to oldest along a single chain"
+    )]
+    fn misordered_blocks_panic() {
+        let blocks: Vec<_> = TestBlockBuilder::eth().get_executed_blocks(1..3).collect();
+        let _ = LazyOverlay::new(blocks);
    }
 }
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/db/migrate_v2.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/db/migrate_v2.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 //! state), compacts MDBX, then runs the pipeline to rebuild them.

 use crate::common::CliNodeTypes;
+use alloy_primitives::Address;
 use clap::Parser;
 use reth_db::{
    mdbx::{self, ffi},
@@ -132,8 +133,12 @@ impl Command {
            .and_then(|cp| cp.block_number)
            .map_or(0, |b| b + 1);

-        let mut writer =
-            sf_provider.get_writer(first_block, StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets)?;
+        // The writer always starts at the fixed range boundary (e.g. 2500000) which may be
+        // earlier than first_block (e.g. 2603897 from prune checkpoint).
+        let mut writer = sf_provider.latest_writer(StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets)?;
+        if first_block > 0 {
+            writer.ensure_at_block(first_block - 1)?;
+        }

        let mut count = 0u64;
        let mut walker = cursor.walk(Some(first_block))?.peekable();
@@ -174,11 +179,15 @@ impl Command {
            .and_then(|cp| cp.block_number)
            .map_or(0, |b| b + 1);

-        let mut writer =
-            sf_provider.get_writer(first_block, StaticFileSegment::StorageChangeSets)?;
+        // The writer always starts at the fixed range boundary (e.g. 2500000) which may be
+        // earlier than first_block (e.g. 2603897 from prune checkpoint).
+        let mut writer = sf_provider.latest_writer(StaticFileSegment::StorageChangeSets)?;
+        if first_block > 0 {
+            writer.ensure_at_block(first_block - 1)?;
+        }

        let mut count = 0u64;
-        let mut walker = cursor.walk(Some(Default::default()))?.peekable();
+        let mut walker = cursor.walk(Some((first_block, Address::ZERO).into()))?.peekable();

        for block in first_block..=tip {
            let mut entries = Vec::new();
@@ -238,6 +247,18 @@ impl Command {
            .map_or(0, |b| b + 1);
        let first_block = prune_start.max(existing.map_or(0, |b| b + 1));

+        // The writer always starts at the fixed range boundary (e.g. 2500000) which may be
+        // earlier than first_block (e.g. 2603897 from prune checkpoint).
+        if first_block > 0 {
+            let mut writer = sf_provider.latest_writer(StaticFileSegment::Receipts)?;
+            writer.ensure_at_block(first_block - 1)?;
+            writer.commit()?;
+        }
+
+        let before = sf_provider
+            .get_highest_static_file_tx(StaticFileSegment::Receipts)
+            .map_or(0, |tx| tx + 1);
+
        let block_range = first_block..=tip;

        let segment = reth_static_file::segments::Receipts;
@@ -245,7 +266,11 @@ impl Command {

        sf_provider.commit()?;

-        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Receipts migrated");
+        let after = sf_provider
+            .get_highest_static_file_tx(StaticFileSegment::Receipts)
+            .map_or(0, |tx| tx + 1);
+        let count = after - before;
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", count, "Receipts migrated");
        Ok(())
    }

--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/re_execute.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/re_execute.rs
@@ -191,8 +191,10 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
                            }
                        };

+                        let bal= executor.take_bal();
+
                        if let Err(err) = consensus
-                            .validate_block_post_execution(&block, &result, None)
+                            .validate_block_post_execution(&block, &result, None,bal)
                            .wrap_err_with(|| {
                                format!(
                                    "Failed to validate block {} {}",
--- a/crates/consensus/consensus/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/consensus/consensus/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ reth-primitives-traits.workspace = true
 # ethereum
 alloy-primitives.workspace = true
 alloy-consensus.workspace = true
+alloy-eip7928.workspace = true

 # misc
 auto_impl.workspace = true
@@ -29,10 +30,9 @@ std = [
    "reth-primitives-traits/std",
    "alloy-primitives/std",
    "alloy-consensus/std",
-    "reth-primitives-traits/std",
+    "alloy-eip7928/std",
    "reth-execution-types/std",
    "thiserror/std",
+    "alloy-eip7928/std",
 ]
-test-utils = [
-    "reth-primitives-traits/test-utils",
-]
+test-utils = ["reth-primitives-traits/test-utils"]
--- a/crates/consensus/consensus/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/consensus/consensus/src/lib.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ use alloc::{
    vec::Vec,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::Header;
+use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use alloy_primitives::{BlockHash, BlockNumber, Bloom, B256};
 use core::{error::Error, fmt::Display};

@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ pub trait FullConsensus<N: NodePrimitives>: Consensus<N::Block> {
        block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
+        block_access_list: Option<BlockAccessList>,
    ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError>;
 }

@@ -474,6 +476,12 @@ pub enum ConsensusError {
    /// EIP-7825: Transaction gas limit exceeds maximum allowed
    #[error(transparent)]
    TransactionGasLimitTooHigh(Box<TxGasLimitTooHighErr>),
+    /// Error when an unexpected block access list cost is encountered.
+    #[error("block access list exceeds gas limit")]
+    BlockAccessListExceedsGasLimit,
+    /// Error when the block access list hash doesn't match the expected value.
+    #[error("block access list hash mismatch: {0}")]
+    BlockAccessListHashMismatch(GotExpectedBoxed<B256>),
    /// Any additional consensus error, for example L2-specific errors.
    #[error(transparent)]
    Other(#[from] Arc<dyn Error + Send + Sync>),
@@ -519,6 +527,23 @@ impl ConsensusError {
    }
 }

+/// Validates the block access list against the gas limit.
+///
+/// EIP-7925 specifies that the total cost of the block access list items must not exceed
+/// the gas limit. Each item costs `ITEM_COST` gas.
+pub fn validate_block_access_list_gas(
+    block_access_list: Option<&alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList>,
+    gas_limit: u64,
+) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
+    if let Some(bal) = block_access_list {
+        let bal_items = alloy_eip7928::total_bal_items(bal);
+        if bal_items > gas_limit / alloy_eip7928::ITEM_COST as u64 {
+            return Err(ConsensusError::BlockAccessListExceedsGasLimit)
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 impl From<InvalidTransactionError> for ConsensusError {
    fn from(value: InvalidTransactionError) -> Self {
        Self::InvalidTransaction(value)
--- a/crates/consensus/consensus/src/noop.rs
+++ b/crates/consensus/consensus/src/noop.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@

 use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};

@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> FullConsensus<N> for NoopConsensus {
        _block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        _result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
        _receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
+        _block_access_list: Option<BlockAccessList>,
    ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
        Ok(())
    }
--- a/crates/consensus/consensus/src/test_utils.rs
+++ b/crates/consensus/consensus/src/test_utils.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
+use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> FullConsensus<N> for TestConsensus {
        _block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        _result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
        _receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
+        _block_access_list: Option<BlockAccessList>,
    ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
        if self.fail_validation() {
            Err(ConsensusError::BaseFeeMissing)
--- a/crates/engine/primitives/src/config.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/primitives/src/config.rs
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ impl Default for TreeConfig {
            share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder: false,
            share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder: false,
            suppress_persistence_during_build: false,
-            disable_bal_parallel_execution: false,
+            disable_bal_parallel_execution: true,
            disable_bal_parallel_state_root: false,
            disable_bal_batch_io: false,
            #[cfg(feature = "trie-debug")]
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
            share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder,
            share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder,
            suppress_persistence_during_build: false,
-            disable_bal_parallel_execution: false,
+            disable_bal_parallel_execution: true,
            disable_bal_parallel_state_root: false,
            disable_bal_batch_io: false,
            #[cfg(feature = "trie-debug")]
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs
@@ -1511,9 +1511,9 @@ where
        // Re-prepare overlay for the current canonical head with the new anchor.
        // Spawn a background task to trigger computation so it's ready when the next payload
        // arrives.
-        if let Some(overlay) = self.state.tree_state.prepare_canonical_overlay() {
+        if let Some(prepared) = self.state.tree_state.prepare_canonical_overlay() {
            self.runtime.spawn_blocking_named("prepare-overlay", move || {
-                let _ = overlay.get();
+                let _ = prepared.overlay.get(prepared.anchor_hash);
            });
        }

--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ mod tests {
    use rand::Rng;
    use reth_chainspec::ChainSpec;
    use reth_db_common::init::init_genesis;
-    use reth_ethereum_primitives::TransactionSigned;
+    use reth_ethereum_primitives::{EthPrimitives, TransactionSigned};
    use reth_evm::OnStateHook;
    use reth_evm_ethereum::EthEvmConfig;
    use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, Recovered, StorageEntry};
@@ -1249,7 +1249,7 @@ mod tests {
            StateProviderBuilder::new(provider_factory.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
                provider_factory,
-                OverlayBuilder::new(ChangesetCache::new()),
+                OverlayBuilder::<EthPrimitives>::new(genesis_hash, ChangesetCache::new()),
            ),
            &TreeConfig::default(),
        );
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs
@@ -361,8 +361,44 @@ where
        let (prefetch_tx, prefetch_rx) = oneshot::channel();
        let (stream_tx, stream_rx) = oneshot::channel();

+        if let Some(to_sparse_trie_task) = to_sparse_trie_task {
+            let stream_ctx = ctx.clone();
+            executor.bal_streaming_pool().spawn(move || {
+                let branch_span = debug_span!(
+                    target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
+                    parent: &stream_parent_span,
+                    "bal_hashed_state_stream",
+                    bal_accounts = stream_bal.as_bal().len(),
+                );
+                let provider_parent_span = branch_span.clone();
+                let _span = branch_span.entered();
+
+                stream_bal.as_bal().par_iter().for_each_init(
+                    || {
+                        (
+                            stream_ctx.clone(),
+                            None::<Box<dyn AccountReader>>,
+                            provider_parent_span.clone(),
+                        )
+                    },
+                    |(ctx, provider, parent_span), account_changes| {
+                        ctx.send_bal_hashed_state(
+                            parent_span,
+                            provider,
+                            account_changes,
+                            &to_sparse_trie_task,
+                        );
+                    },
+                );
+
+                let _ = to_sparse_trie_task.send(StateRootMessage::FinishedStateUpdates);
+                let _ = stream_tx.send(());
+            });
+        } else {
+            let _ = stream_tx.send(());
+        }
+
        if ctx.saved_cache.is_some() {
-            let prefetch_ctx = ctx.clone();
            executor.prewarming_pool().spawn(move || {
                let branch_span = debug_span!(
                    target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
@@ -376,7 +412,7 @@ where
                prefetch_bal.as_bal().par_iter().for_each_init(
                    || {
                        (
-                            prefetch_ctx.clone(),
+                            ctx.clone(),
                            None::<CachedStateProvider<reth_provider::StateProviderBox, true>>,
                            provider_parent_span.clone(),
                        )
@@ -395,36 +431,6 @@ where
            let _ = prefetch_tx.send(());
        }

-        if let Some(to_sparse_trie_task) = to_sparse_trie_task {
-            executor.bal_streaming_pool().spawn(move || {
-                let branch_span = debug_span!(
-                    target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
-                    parent: &stream_parent_span,
-                    "bal_hashed_state_stream",
-                    bal_accounts = stream_bal.as_bal().len(),
-                );
-                let provider_parent_span = branch_span.clone();
-                let _span = branch_span.entered();
-
-                stream_bal.as_bal().par_iter().for_each_init(
-                    || (ctx.clone(), None::<Box<dyn AccountReader>>, provider_parent_span.clone()),
-                    |(ctx, provider, parent_span), account_changes| {
-                        ctx.send_bal_hashed_state(
-                            parent_span,
-                            provider,
-                            account_changes,
-                            &to_sparse_trie_task,
-                        );
-                    },
-                );
-
-                let _ = to_sparse_trie_task.send(StateRootMessage::FinishedStateUpdates);
-                let _ = stream_tx.send(());
-            });
-        } else {
-            let _ = stream_tx.send(());
-        }
-
        prefetch_rx
            .blocking_recv()
            .expect("BAL prefetch task dropped without signaling completion");
@@ -751,7 +757,9 @@ where
        provider: &mut Option<CachedStateProvider<reth_provider::StateProviderBox, true>>,
        account: &alloy_eip7928::AccountChanges,
    ) {
-        if account.storage_changes.is_empty() && account.storage_reads.is_empty() {
+        if self.disable_bal_batch_io ||
+            (account.storage_changes.is_empty() && account.storage_reads.is_empty())
+        {
            return;
        }

--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/sparse_trie.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/sparse_trie.rs
@@ -896,6 +896,7 @@ mod tests {
    use reth_provider::{
        providers::{OverlayBuilder, OverlayStateProviderFactory},
        test_utils::create_test_provider_factory,
+        ChainSpecProvider,
    };
    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
    use reth_trie_parallel::proof_task::ProofTaskCtx;
@@ -984,9 +985,13 @@ mod tests {
    fn run_returns_parent_root_without_revealing_blind_trie_when_no_state_updates() {
        let runtime = reth_tasks::Runtime::test();
        let provider_factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        let anchor_hash = provider_factory.chain_spec().genesis_hash();
        let overlay_factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
            provider_factory,
-            OverlayBuilder::new(ChangesetCache::new()),
+            OverlayBuilder::<reth_chain_state::EthPrimitives>::new(
+                anchor_hash,
+                ChangesetCache::new(),
+            ),
        );
        let proof_worker_handle =
            ProofWorkerHandle::new(&runtime, ProofTaskCtx::new(overlay_factory), false);
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,9 @@ use crate::tree::payload_processor::receipt_root_task::{IndexedReceipt, ReceiptR
 use reth_chain_state::{
    CanonicalInMemoryState, DeferredTrieData, ExecutedBlock, ExecutionTimingStats, LazyOverlay,
 };
-use reth_consensus::{ConsensusError, FullConsensus, ReceiptRootBloom};
+use reth_consensus::{
+    validate_block_access_list_gas, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, ReceiptRootBloom,
+};
 use reth_engine_primitives::{
    ConfigureEngineEvm, ExecutableTxIterator, ExecutionPayload, InvalidBlockHook, PayloadValidator,
 };
@@ -527,8 +529,7 @@ where
        // Create overlay factory for payload processor (StateRootTask path needs it for
        // multiproofs)
        let provider_factory = self.provider.clone();
-        let overlay_builder = OverlayBuilder::new(self.changeset_cache.clone())
-            .with_block_hash(Some(anchor_hash))
+        let overlay_builder = OverlayBuilder::<N>::new(anchor_hash, self.changeset_cache.clone())
            .with_lazy_overlay(lazy_overlay);
        let overlay_factory =
            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory.clone(), overlay_builder.clone());
@@ -569,7 +570,7 @@ where
        // The receipt root task is spawned before execution and receives receipts incrementally
        // as transactions complete, allowing parallel computation during execution.
        let execute_block_start = Instant::now();
-        let (output, senders, receipt_root_rx) =
+        let (output, senders, receipt_root_rx, built_bal) =
            match self.execute_block(state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle) {
                Ok(output) => output,
                Err(err) => return self.handle_execution_error(input, err, &parent_block),
@@ -651,6 +652,7 @@ where
                transaction_root,
                receipt_root_bloom,
                hashed_state,
+                built_bal
            ),
            block
        );
@@ -907,6 +909,7 @@ where
            BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>,
            Vec<Address>,
            tokio::sync::oneshot::Receiver<(B256, alloy_primitives::Bloom)>,
+            Option<BlockAccessList>,
        ),
        InsertBlockErrorKind,
    >
@@ -914,15 +917,29 @@ where
        S: StateProvider + Send,
        Err: core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
        V: PayloadValidator<T, Block = N::Block>,
-        T: PayloadTypes<BuiltPayload: BuiltPayload<Primitives = N>>,
+        T: PayloadTypes<
+            BuiltPayload: BuiltPayload<Primitives = N>,
+            ExecutionData: ExecutionPayload,
+        >,
        Evm: ConfigureEngineEvm<T::ExecutionData, Primitives = N>,
    {
        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Executing block");

+        if let Some(bal_opt) = input.block_access_list() {
+            let bal = bal_opt.map_err(BlockExecutionError::other)?;
+            validate_block_access_list_gas(Some(&bal), input.gas_limit())
+                .map_err(|e| {
+                    debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "BAL is invalid since it contains more items than the gas limit allows");
+                    InsertBlockErrorKind::Consensus(e)
+                })?
+        }
+
+        let has_bal = input.block_access_list().is_some();
        let mut db = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "build_state_db").in_scope(|| {
            State::builder()
                .with_database(StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider))
                .with_bundle_update()
+                .with_bal_builder_if(has_bal)
                .build()
        });

@@ -981,6 +998,7 @@ where
            handle.iter_transactions(),
            &receipt_tx,
            &executed_tx_index,
+            has_bal,
        )?;
        drop(receipt_tx);

@@ -995,6 +1013,11 @@ where
        debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "merge_transitions")
            .in_scope(|| db.merge_transitions(BundleRetention::Reverts));

+        // Extract the built bal if payload has bal
+        let built_bal = if has_bal { db.take_built_alloy_bal() } else { None };
+
+        tracing::debug!(has_bal = built_bal.is_some(), "Built BAL");
+
        let output = BlockExecutionOutput { result, state: db.take_bundle() };

        let execution_duration = execution_start.elapsed();
@@ -1002,7 +1025,7 @@ where
        self.metrics.record_block_execution_gas_bucket(output.result.gas_used, execution_duration);
        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", elapsed = ?execution_duration, "Executed block");

-        Ok((output, senders, result_rx))
+        Ok((output, senders, result_rx, built_bal))
    }

    /// Executes transactions and collects senders, streaming receipts to a background task.
@@ -1014,18 +1037,20 @@ where
    /// - Collecting transaction senders for later use
    ///
    /// Returns the executor (for finalization) and the collected senders.
-    fn execute_transactions<E, Tx, InnerTx, Err>(
+    fn execute_transactions<'a, E, Tx, InnerTx, Err, DB>(
        &self,
        mut executor: E,
        transaction_count: usize,
        transactions: impl Iterator<Item = Result<Tx, Err>>,
        receipt_tx: &crossbeam_channel::Sender<IndexedReceipt<N::Receipt>>,
        executed_tx_index: &AtomicUsize,
+        has_bal: bool,
    ) -> Result<(E, Vec<Address>), BlockExecutionError>
    where
-        E: BlockExecutor<Receipt = N::Receipt>,
+        E: BlockExecutor<Receipt = N::Receipt, Evm: alloy_evm::Evm<DB = &'a mut State<DB>>>,
        Tx: alloy_evm::block::ExecutableTx<E> + alloy_evm::RecoveredTx<InnerTx>,
        InnerTx: TxHashRef,
+        DB: revm::Database + 'a,
        Err: core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let mut senders = Vec::with_capacity(transaction_count);
@@ -1036,6 +1061,11 @@ where
            .in_scope(|| executor.apply_pre_execution_changes())?;
        self.metrics.record_pre_execution(pre_exec_start.elapsed());

+        // Bump BAL index after pre-execution changes (EIP-7928: index 0 is pre-execution)
+        if has_bal {
+            executor.evm_mut().db_mut().bump_bal_index();
+        }
+
        // Execute transactions
        let exec_span = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "execution").entered();
        let mut transactions = transactions.into_iter();
@@ -1080,6 +1110,10 @@ where
                    let _ = receipt_tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(tx_index, receipt.clone()));
                }
            }
+            // Bump BAL index after each transaction (EIP-7928)
+            if has_bal {
+                executor.evm_mut().db_mut().bump_bal_index();
+            }
        }
        drop(exec_span);

@@ -1100,7 +1134,7 @@ where
    fn compute_state_root_parallel(
        &self,
        provider_factory: P,
-        overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder,
+        overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder<N>,
        hashed_state: &LazyHashedPostState,
    ) -> Result<(B256, TrieUpdates), ParallelStateRootError> {
        let hashed_state = hashed_state.get();
@@ -1245,7 +1279,7 @@ where
        &self,
        state_provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
        provider_factory: P,
-        overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder,
+        overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder<N>,
        hashed_state: &LazyHashedPostState,
        task_trie_updates: TrieUpdates,
    ) -> bool {
@@ -1363,6 +1397,7 @@ where
        transaction_root: Option<B256>,
        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
        hashed_state: LazyHashedPostState,
+        built_bal: Option<BlockAccessList>,
    ) -> Result<LazyHashedPostState, InsertBlockErrorKind>
    where
        V: PayloadValidator<T, Block = N::Block>,
@@ -1389,9 +1424,13 @@ where
        let _enter =
            debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "validate_block_post_execution")
                .entered();
-        if let Err(err) =
-            self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(block, output, receipt_root_bloom)
-        {
+
+        if let Err(err) = self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(
+            block,
+            output,
+            receipt_root_bloom,
+            built_bal,
+        ) {
            // call post-block hook
            self.on_invalid_block(parent_block, block, output, None, ctx.state_mut());
            return Err(err.into())
@@ -1448,7 +1487,7 @@ where
        env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
        txs: T,
        provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
-        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P, N>,
        strategy: StateRootStrategy,
    ) -> Result<
        PayloadHandle<
@@ -1568,7 +1607,7 @@ where
    fn get_parent_lazy_overlay(
        parent_hash: B256,
        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
-    ) -> (Option<LazyOverlay>, B256) {
+    ) -> (Option<LazyOverlay<N>>, B256) {
        // Get blocks leading to the parent to determine the anchor
        let (anchor_hash, blocks) =
            state.tree_state.blocks_by_hash(parent_hash).unwrap_or_else(|| (parent_hash, vec![]));
@@ -1596,10 +1635,7 @@ where
            "Creating lazy overlay for in-memory blocks"
        );

-        // Extract deferred trie data handles (non-blocking)
-        let handles: Vec<DeferredTrieData> = blocks.iter().map(|b| b.trie_data_handle()).collect();
-
-        (Some(LazyOverlay::new(anchor_hash, handles)), anchor_hash)
+        (Some(LazyOverlay::new(blocks)), anchor_hash)
    }

    /// Spawns a background task to compute and sort trie data for the executed block.
@@ -2033,8 +2069,7 @@ where
        let (lazy_overlay, anchor_hash) = Self::get_parent_lazy_overlay(parent_hash, state);
        let overlay_factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
            self.provider.clone(),
-            OverlayBuilder::new(self.changeset_cache.clone())
-                .with_block_hash(Some(anchor_hash))
+            OverlayBuilder::<N>::new(anchor_hash, self.changeset_cache.clone())
                .with_lazy_overlay(lazy_overlay),
        );

--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/precompile_cache.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/precompile_cache.rs
@@ -266,6 +266,7 @@ mod tests {
                state_gas_used: 0,
                reservoir: 0,
                gas_refunded: 0,
+                refill_amount: 0,
                bytes: Bytes::default(),
            })
        })
@@ -280,6 +281,7 @@ mod tests {
            state_gas_used: 0,
            reservoir: 0,
            gas_refunded: 0,
+            refill_amount: 0,
            bytes: alloy_primitives::Bytes::copy_from_slice(b"cached_result"),
        };

@@ -314,6 +316,7 @@ mod tests {
                    state_gas_used: 0,
                    reservoir: 0,
                    gas_refunded: 0,
+                    refill_amount: 0,
                    bytes: alloy_primitives::Bytes::copy_from_slice(b"output_from_precompile_1"),
                })
            }
@@ -331,6 +334,7 @@ mod tests {
                    state_gas_used: 0,
                    reservoir: 0,
                    gas_refunded: 0,
+                    refill_amount: 0,
                    bytes: alloy_primitives::Bytes::copy_from_slice(b"output_from_precompile_2"),
                })
            }
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/state.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/state.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use alloy_primitives::{
    map::{B256Map, B256Set},
    BlockNumber, B256,
 };
-use reth_chain_state::{DeferredTrieData, EthPrimitives, ExecutedBlock, LazyOverlay};
+use reth_chain_state::{EthPrimitives, ExecutedBlock, LazyOverlay};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{AlloyBlockHeader, NodePrimitives, SealedHeader};
 use std::{
    collections::{btree_map, hash_map, BTreeMap, VecDeque},
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub struct TreeState<N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
    /// This is optimistically prepared after the canonical head changes, so that
    /// the next payload building on the canonical head can use it immediately
    /// without recomputing.
-    pub(crate) cached_canonical_overlay: Option<PreparedCanonicalOverlay>,
+    pub(crate) cached_canonical_overlay: Option<PreparedCanonicalOverlay<N>>,
 }

 impl<N: NodePrimitives> TreeState<N> {
@@ -106,10 +106,10 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TreeState<N> {
    /// This should be called after the canonical head changes to optimistically
    /// prepare the overlay for the next payload that will likely build on it.
    ///
-    /// Returns a clone of the [`LazyOverlay`] so the caller can spawn a background
-    /// task to trigger computation via [`LazyOverlay::get`]. This ensures the overlay
-    /// is actually computed before the next payload arrives.
-    pub(crate) fn prepare_canonical_overlay(&mut self) -> Option<LazyOverlay> {
+    /// Returns a clone of the prepared overlay so the caller can spawn a background
+    /// task to trigger computation via [`LazyOverlay::get`] for the cached anchor.
+    /// This ensures the overlay is actually computed before the next payload arrives.
+    pub(crate) fn prepare_canonical_overlay(&mut self) -> Option<PreparedCanonicalOverlay<N>> {
        let canonical_hash = self.current_canonical_head.hash;

        // Get blocks leading to the canonical head
@@ -119,25 +119,23 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TreeState<N> {
            return None;
        };

-        // Extract deferred trie data handles from blocks (newest to oldest)
-        let handles: Vec<DeferredTrieData> = blocks.iter().map(|b| b.trie_data_handle()).collect();
-
-        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(anchor_hash, handles);
-        self.cached_canonical_overlay = Some(PreparedCanonicalOverlay {
+        let num_blocks = blocks.len();
+        let prepared = PreparedCanonicalOverlay {
            parent_hash: canonical_hash,
-            overlay: overlay.clone(),
+            overlay: LazyOverlay::new(blocks),
            anchor_hash,
-        });
+        };
+        self.cached_canonical_overlay = Some(prepared.clone());

        debug!(
            target: "engine::tree",
            %canonical_hash,
            %anchor_hash,
-            num_blocks = blocks.len(),
+            num_blocks,
            "Prepared cached canonical overlay"
        );

-        Some(overlay)
+        Some(prepared)
    }

    /// Returns the cached overlay if it matches the requested parent hash and anchor.
@@ -148,7 +146,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TreeState<N> {
        &self,
        parent_hash: B256,
        expected_anchor: B256,
-    ) -> Option<&PreparedCanonicalOverlay> {
+    ) -> Option<&PreparedCanonicalOverlay<N>> {
        self.cached_canonical_overlay.as_ref().filter(|cached| {
            cached.parent_hash == parent_hash && cached.anchor_hash == expected_anchor
        })
@@ -429,10 +427,10 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TreeState<N> {
 /// the next payload (which typically builds on the canonical head) to reuse
 /// the pre-computed overlay immediately without re-traversing in-memory blocks.
 ///
-/// The overlay captures deferred trie data handles from all in-memory blocks
+/// The overlay captures executed blocks from all in-memory blocks
 /// between the canonical head and the persisted anchor. When a new payload
 /// arrives building on the canonical head, this cached overlay can be used
-/// directly instead of calling `blocks_by_hash` and collecting handles again.
+/// directly instead of calling `blocks_by_hash` again.
 ///
 /// # Invalidation
 ///
@@ -440,16 +438,16 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TreeState<N> {
 /// - Persistence completes (anchor changes)
 /// - The canonical head changes to a different block
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct PreparedCanonicalOverlay {
+pub struct PreparedCanonicalOverlay<N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
    /// The block hash for which this overlay is prepared as a parent.
    ///
    /// When a payload arrives with this parent hash, the overlay can be reused.
    pub parent_hash: B256,
-    /// The pre-computed lazy overlay containing deferred trie data handles.
+    /// The pre-computed lazy overlay containing executed blocks for the canonical segment.
    ///
-    /// This is computed optimistically after `set_canonical_head` so subsequent
-    /// payloads don't need to re-collect the handles.
-    pub overlay: LazyOverlay,
+    /// This is computed optimistically after `set_canonical_head` so subsequent payloads don't
+    /// need to walk the in-memory chain again.
+    pub overlay: LazyOverlay<N>,
    /// The anchor hash (persisted ancestor) this overlay is based on.
    ///
    /// Used to verify the overlay is still valid (anchor hasn't changed due to persistence).
--- a/crates/engine/util/src/reorg.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/util/src/reorg.rs
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ where
        let tx_recovered =
            tx.try_into_recovered().map_err(|_| ProviderError::SenderRecoveryError)?;
        let gas_used = match builder.execute_transaction(tx_recovered) {
-            Ok(gas_used) => gas_used,
+            Ok(gas_used) => gas_used.tx_gas_used(),
            Err(BlockExecutionError::Validation(BlockValidationError::InvalidTx {
                hash,
                error,
--- a/crates/ethereum/consensus/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/consensus/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ extern crate alloc;

 use alloc::{fmt::Debug, sync::Arc};
 use alloy_consensus::{constants::MAXIMUM_EXTRA_DATA_SIZE, EMPTY_OMMER_ROOT_HASH};
-use alloy_eips::eip7840::BlobParams;
+use alloy_eips::{eip7840::BlobParams, eip7928::BlockAccessList};
 use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
 use reth_consensus::{
    Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom, TransactionRoot,
@@ -108,9 +108,15 @@ where
        block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
+        block_access_list: Option<BlockAccessList>,
    ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
-        let res =
-            validate_block_post_execution(block, &self.chain_spec, result, receipt_root_bloom);
+        let res = validate_block_post_execution(
+            block,
+            &self.chain_spec,
+            result,
+            receipt_root_bloom,
+            block_access_list,
+        );

        if self.skip_requests_hash_check &&
            let Err(ConsensusError::BodyRequestsHashDiff(_)) = &res
--- a/crates/ethereum/consensus/src/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/consensus/src/validation.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use alloy_consensus::{proofs::calculate_receipt_root, BlockHeader, TxReceipt};
-use alloy_eips::Encodable2718;
+use alloy_eips::{
+    eip7928::{compute_block_access_list_hash, BlockAccessList},
+    Encodable2718,
+};
 use alloy_primitives::{Bloom, Bytes, B256};
 use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
 use reth_consensus::ConsensusError;
@@ -21,6 +24,7 @@ pub fn validate_block_post_execution<B, R, ChainSpec>(
    chain_spec: &ChainSpec,
    result: &BlockExecutionResult<R>,
    receipt_root_bloom: Option<(B256, Bloom)>,
+    block_access_list: Option<BlockAccessList>,
 ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError>
 where
    B: Block,
@@ -79,6 +83,21 @@ where
        }
    }

+    // Validate that the block access list hash matches the calculated block access list hash
+    if chain_spec.is_amsterdam_active_at_timestamp(block.header().timestamp()) &&
+        block_access_list.is_some()
+    {
+        let block_bal_hash = block.header().block_access_list_hash().unwrap_or_default();
+        let default_bal = BlockAccessList::default();
+        let block_access_list_hash =
+            compute_block_access_list_hash(block_access_list.as_ref().unwrap_or(&default_bal));
+        if block_access_list_hash != block_bal_hash {
+            return Err(ConsensusError::BlockAccessListHashMismatch(
+                (block_access_list_hash, block_bal_hash).into(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
    Ok(())
 }

--- a/crates/ethereum/evm/src/build.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/evm/src/build.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ where
            transactions,
            output: BlockExecutionResult { receipts, requests, gas_used, blob_gas_used },
            state_root,
+            block_access_list_hash,
            ..
        } = input;

@@ -90,6 +91,12 @@ where
            };
        }

+        let bal_hash = if self.chain_spec.is_amsterdam_active_at_timestamp(timestamp) {
+            block_access_list_hash
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
        let header = Header {
            parent_hash: ctx.parent_hash,
            ommers_hash: EMPTY_OMMER_ROOT_HASH,
@@ -112,8 +119,8 @@ where
            blob_gas_used: block_blob_gas_used,
            excess_blob_gas,
            requests_hash,
-            block_access_list_hash: None,
-            slot_number: None,
+            block_access_list_hash: bal_hash,
+            slot_number: ctx.slot_number,
        };

        Ok(Block {
--- a/crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/rpc.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/rpc.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use alloy_rpc_types_eth::TransactionRequest;
 use rand::{rngs::StdRng, Rng, SeedableRng};
 use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecBuilder, EthChainSpec, MAINNET};
 use reth_e2e_test_utils::setup_engine;
-use reth_network::types::NatResolver;
+use reth_network::{types::NatResolver, PeersInfo};
 use reth_node_builder::{NodeBuilder, NodeHandle};
 use reth_node_core::{
    args::{NetworkArgs, RpcServerArgs},
@@ -375,3 +375,47 @@ async fn test_admin_external_ip() -> eyre::Result<()> {

    Ok(())
 }
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_admin_node_info_uses_discv5_port_when_discv4_is_disabled() -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+    let runtime = Runtime::test();
+
+    let genesis: Genesis = serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../assets/genesis.json")).unwrap();
+    let chain_spec =
+        Arc::new(ChainSpecBuilder::default().chain(MAINNET.chain).genesis(genesis).build());
+
+    let mut network = NetworkArgs::default().with_unused_ports();
+    network.bootnodes = Some(Vec::new());
+    network.discovery.disable_dns_discovery = true;
+    network.discovery.disable_discv4_discovery = true;
+    network = network.with_nat_resolver(NatResolver::ExternalIp("127.0.0.1".parse().unwrap()));
+
+    let node_config = NodeConfig::test()
+        .with_chain(chain_spec)
+        .with_network(network)
+        .with_rpc(RpcServerArgs::default().with_unused_ports().with_http());
+
+    let NodeHandle { node, node_exit_future: _ } = NodeBuilder::new(node_config)
+        .testing_node(runtime)
+        .node(EthereumNode::default())
+        .launch()
+        .await?;
+
+    assert!(node.network.discv4().is_none());
+    let discv5_port = node.network.discv5().expect("discv5 should be enabled").local_port();
+
+    let local_record = node.network.local_node_record();
+    let local_enr = node.network.local_enr();
+    let info = node.add_ons_handle.admin_api().node_info().await.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(local_record.udp_port, discv5_port);
+    assert_eq!(local_enr.udp4(), Some(discv5_port));
+    assert_eq!(info.ports.discovery, discv5_port);
+    assert_eq!(info.ports.listener, local_record.tcp_port);
+    assert_eq!(info.enode, local_record.to_string());
+    assert!(info.enode.contains(&format!("?discport={discv5_port}")));
+
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/crates/ethereum/payload/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/payload/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]

 use alloy_consensus::Transaction;
-use alloy_primitives::U256;
+use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, U256};
 use alloy_rlp::Encodable;
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::PayloadAttributes as EthPayloadAttributes;
 use reth_basic_payload_builder::{
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use reth_consensus_common::validation::MAX_RLP_BLOCK_SIZE;
 use reth_errors::{BlockExecutionError, BlockValidationError, ConsensusError};
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{EthPrimitives, TransactionSigned};
 use reth_evm::{
+    block::TxResult,
    execute::{BlockBuilder, BlockBuilderOutcome, BlockExecutor},
    ConfigureEvm, Evm, NextBlockEnvAttributes,
 };
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ use reth_transaction_pool::{
    BestTransactions, BestTransactionsAttributes, PoolTransaction, TransactionPool,
    ValidPoolTransaction,
 };
-use revm::context_interface::Block as _;
+use revm::context_interface::{Block as _, Cfg as _};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tracing::{debug, trace, warn};

@@ -204,8 +205,11 @@ where
        .map_err(PayloadBuilderError::other)?;

    debug!(target: "payload_builder", id=%payload_id, parent_header = ?parent_header.hash(), parent_number = parent_header.number, "building new payload");
-    let mut cumulative_gas_used = 0;
+    let mut cumulative_tx_gas_used = 0;
+    let mut block_regular_gas_used = 0;
+    let mut block_state_gas_used = 0;
    let block_gas_limit: u64 = builder.evm_mut().block().gas_limit();
+    let tx_gas_limit_cap = builder.evm_mut().cfg_env().tx_gas_limit_cap();
    let base_fee = builder.evm_mut().block().basefee();

    let mut best_txs = best_txs(BestTransactionsAttributes::new(
@@ -250,13 +254,34 @@ where

    while let Some(pool_tx) = best_txs.next() {
        // ensure we still have capacity for this transaction
-        if cumulative_gas_used + pool_tx.gas_limit() > block_gas_limit {
+        let exceeds_gas_limit = if is_amsterdam {
+            let regular_available_gas = block_gas_limit.saturating_sub(block_regular_gas_used);
+            let state_available_gas = block_gas_limit.saturating_sub(block_state_gas_used);
+            let regular_tx_gas_limit = pool_tx.gas_limit().min(tx_gas_limit_cap);
+
+            if regular_tx_gas_limit > regular_available_gas {
+                Some((regular_tx_gas_limit, regular_available_gas))
+            } else if pool_tx.gas_limit() > state_available_gas {
+                Some((pool_tx.gas_limit(), state_available_gas))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else {
+            let block_available_gas = block_gas_limit.saturating_sub(cumulative_tx_gas_used);
+            (pool_tx.gas_limit() > block_available_gas)
+                .then_some((pool_tx.gas_limit(), block_available_gas))
+        };
+
+        if let Some((transaction_gas_limit, block_available_gas)) = exceeds_gas_limit {
            // we can't fit this transaction into the block, so we need to mark it as invalid
            // which also removes all dependent transaction from the iterator before we can
            // continue
            best_txs.mark_invalid(
                &pool_tx,
-                &InvalidPoolTransactionError::ExceedsGasLimit(pool_tx.gas_limit(), block_gas_limit),
+                &InvalidPoolTransactionError::ExceedsGasLimit(
+                    transaction_gas_limit,
+                    block_available_gas,
+                ),
            );
            continue
        }
@@ -341,8 +366,11 @@ where
        let miner_fee = tx.effective_tip_per_gas(base_fee);
        let tx_hash = *tx.tx_hash();

-        let gas_used = match builder.execute_transaction(tx) {
-            Ok(gas_used) => gas_used,
+        let mut tx_regular_gas_used = 0;
+        let gas_output = match builder.execute_transaction_with_result_closure(tx, |result| {
+            tx_regular_gas_used = result.result().result.gas().block_regular_gas_used();
+        }) {
+            Ok(gas_output) => gas_output,
            Err(BlockExecutionError::Validation(BlockValidationError::InvalidTx {
                error, ..
            })) => {
@@ -362,9 +390,8 @@ where
                }
                continue
            }
-            // EIP-7778: the executor tracks gas_before_refund while the payload builder's
-            // pre-check uses gas_after_refund. Near-full blocks can pass the pre-check but
-            // fail the executor's check. Skip the tx and continue building.
+            // The executor is the source of truth for block gas availability. Keep this
+            // non-fatal in case local builder accounting diverges from executor rules.
            Err(BlockExecutionError::Validation(
                BlockValidationError::TransactionGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas {
                    transaction_gas_limit,
@@ -398,9 +425,12 @@ where
        block_transactions_rlp_length += tx_rlp_len;

        // update and add to total fees
+        let gas_used = gas_output.tx_gas_used();
        let miner_fee = miner_fee.expect("fee is always valid; execution succeeded");
        total_fees += U256::from(miner_fee) * U256::from(gas_used);
-        cumulative_gas_used += gas_used;
+        cumulative_tx_gas_used += gas_used;
+        block_regular_gas_used += tx_regular_gas_used;
+        block_state_gas_used += gas_output.state_gas_used();

        // Add blob tx sidecar to the payload.
        if let Some(sidecar) = blob_tx_sidecar {
@@ -416,7 +446,9 @@ where
        return Ok(BuildOutcome::Aborted { fees: total_fees, cached_reads })
    }

-    let BlockBuilderOutcome { execution_result, block, .. } = if let Some(mut handle) = trie_handle
+    let BlockBuilderOutcome { execution_result, block, block_access_list, .. } = if let Some(
+        mut handle,
+    ) = trie_handle
    {
        // Drop the state hook, which drops the StateHookSender and triggers
        // FinishedStateUpdates via its Drop impl, signaling the trie task to finalize.
@@ -455,8 +487,10 @@ where
            max_rlp_length: MAX_RLP_BLOCK_SIZE,
        }));
    }
+    let block_access_list: Option<Bytes> =
+        block_access_list.map(|block_access_list| alloy_rlp::encode(&block_access_list).into());

-    let payload = EthBuiltPayload::new(sealed_block, total_fees, requests, None)
+    let payload = EthBuiltPayload::new(sealed_block, total_fees, requests, block_access_list)
        // add blob sidecars from the executed txs
        .with_sidecars(blob_sidecars);

--- a/crates/evm/evm/src/aliases.rs
+++ b/crates/evm/evm/src/aliases.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 //! Helper aliases when working with [`ConfigureEvm`] and the traits in this crate.

 use crate::ConfigureEvm;
-use alloy_evm::{block::BlockExecutorFactory, Database, EvmEnv, EvmFactory};
-use revm::{inspector::NoOpInspector, Inspector};
+use alloy_evm::{
+    block::{BlockExecutorFactory, BlockExecutorFor},
+    Database, EvmEnv, EvmFactory,
+};
+use revm::{database::State, inspector::NoOpInspector, Inspector};

 /// Helper to access [`EvmFactory`] for a given [`ConfigureEvm`].
 pub type EvmFactoryFor<Evm> =
@@ -33,6 +36,10 @@ pub type TxEnvFor<Evm> = <EvmFactoryFor<Evm> as EvmFactory>::Tx;
 pub type ExecutionCtxFor<'a, Evm> =
    <<Evm as ConfigureEvm>::BlockExecutorFactory as BlockExecutorFactory>::ExecutionCtx<'a>;

+/// Helper to access [`alloy_evm::block::BlockExecutor`] for a given [`ConfigureEvm`].
+pub type BlockExecutorForEvm<'a, Evm, DB, I = NoOpInspector> =
+    BlockExecutorFor<'a, <Evm as ConfigureEvm>::BlockExecutorFactory, &'a mut State<DB>, I>;
+
 /// Type alias for [`EvmEnv`] for a given [`ConfigureEvm`].
 pub type EvmEnvFor<Evm> = EvmEnv<SpecFor<Evm>, BlockEnvFor<Evm>>;

--- a/crates/evm/evm/src/either.rs
+++ b/crates/evm/evm/src/either.rs
@@ -79,4 +79,11 @@ where
            Self::Right(b) => b.size_hint(),
        }
    }
+
+    fn take_bal(&mut self) -> Option<alloy_eips::eip7928::BlockAccessList> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Left(a) => a.take_bal(),
+            Self::Right(b) => b.take_bal(),
+        }
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/evm/evm/src/execute.rs
+++ b/crates/evm/evm/src/execute.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@
 use crate::{ConfigureEvm, Database, OnStateHook, TxEnvFor};
 use alloc::{boxed::Box, sync::Arc, vec::Vec};
 use alloy_consensus::{BlockHeader, Header};
-use alloy_eips::eip2718::WithEncoded;
-pub use alloy_evm::block::{BlockExecutor, BlockExecutorFactory};
+use alloy_eips::{
+    eip2718::WithEncoded,
+    eip7928::{compute_block_access_list_hash, BlockAccessList},
+};
+pub use alloy_evm::block::{BlockExecutor, BlockExecutorFactory, GasOutput};
 use alloy_evm::{
    block::{CommitChanges, ExecutableTxParts},
    Evm, EvmEnv, EvmFactory, RecoveredTx, ToTxEnv,
@@ -21,7 +24,10 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{
 use reth_storage_api::StateProvider;
 pub use reth_storage_errors::provider::ProviderError;
 use reth_trie_common::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState};
-use revm::database::{states::bundle_state::BundleRetention, BundleState, State};
+use revm::{
+    database::{states::bundle_state::BundleRetention, BundleState, State},
+    state::bal::Bal,
+};

 /// A type that knows how to execute a block. It is assumed to operate on a
 /// [`crate::Evm`] internally and use [`State`] as database.
@@ -145,6 +151,9 @@ pub trait Executor<DB: Database>: Sized {
    ///
    /// This is used to optimize DB commits depending on the size of the state.
    fn size_hint(&self) -> usize;
+
+    /// Take built [`BlockAccessList`] from executor
+    fn take_bal(&mut self) -> Option<BlockAccessList>;
 }

 /// Input for block building. Consumed by [`BlockAssembler`].
@@ -162,6 +171,7 @@ pub trait Executor<DB: Database>: Sized {
 /// - `bundle_state`: Accumulated state changes from all transactions
 /// - `state_provider`: Access to the current state for additional lookups
 /// - `state_root`: The calculated state root after all changes
+/// - `block_access_list_hash`: Block access list hash (EIP-7928, Amsterdam)
 ///
 /// # Usage
 ///
@@ -178,6 +188,7 @@ pub trait Executor<DB: Database>: Sized {
 ///     bundle_state: &state_changes,
 ///     state_provider: &state,
 ///     state_root: calculated_root,
+///     block_access_list_hash: Some(calculated_bal_hash),
 /// };
 ///
 /// let block = assembler.assemble_block(input)?;
@@ -205,6 +216,8 @@ pub struct BlockAssemblerInput<'a, 'b, F: BlockExecutorFactory, H = Header> {
    pub state_provider: &'b dyn StateProvider,
    /// State root for this block.
    pub state_root: B256,
+    /// Block access list hash (EIP-7928, Amsterdam).
+    pub block_access_list_hash: Option<B256>,
 }

 impl<'a, 'b, F: BlockExecutorFactory, H> BlockAssemblerInput<'a, 'b, F, H> {
@@ -222,6 +235,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, F: BlockExecutorFactory, H> BlockAssemblerInput<'a, 'b, F, H> {
        bundle_state: &'a BundleState,
        state_provider: &'b dyn StateProvider,
        state_root: B256,
+        block_access_list_hash: Option<B256>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            evm_env,
@@ -232,6 +246,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, F: BlockExecutorFactory, H> BlockAssemblerInput<'a, 'b, F, H> {
            bundle_state,
            state_provider,
            state_root,
+            block_access_list_hash,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -301,6 +316,8 @@ pub struct BlockBuilderOutcome<N: NodePrimitives> {
    pub trie_updates: TrieUpdates,
    /// The built block.
    pub block: RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
+    /// Block access list built during execution (EIP-7928, Amsterdam).
+    pub block_access_list: Option<BlockAccessList>,
 }

 /// A type that knows how to execute and build a block.
@@ -327,7 +344,7 @@ pub trait BlockBuilder {
        &mut self,
        tx: impl ExecutorTx<Self::Executor>,
        f: impl FnOnce(&<Self::Executor as BlockExecutor>::Result) -> CommitChanges,
-    ) -> Result<Option<u64>, BlockExecutionError>;
+    ) -> Result<Option<GasOutput>, BlockExecutionError>;

    /// Invokes [`BlockExecutor::execute_transaction_with_result_closure`] and saves the
    /// transaction in internal state.
@@ -335,7 +352,7 @@ pub trait BlockBuilder {
        &mut self,
        tx: impl ExecutorTx<Self::Executor>,
        f: impl FnOnce(&<Self::Executor as BlockExecutor>::Result),
-    ) -> Result<u64, BlockExecutionError> {
+    ) -> Result<GasOutput, BlockExecutionError> {
        self.execute_transaction_with_commit_condition(tx, |res| {
            f(res);
            CommitChanges::Yes
@@ -348,7 +365,7 @@ pub trait BlockBuilder {
    fn execute_transaction(
        &mut self,
        tx: impl ExecutorTx<Self::Executor>,
-    ) -> Result<u64, BlockExecutionError> {
+    ) -> Result<GasOutput, BlockExecutionError> {
        self.execute_transaction_with_result_closure(tx, |_| ())
    }

@@ -453,20 +470,26 @@ where
    type Executor = Executor;

    fn apply_pre_execution_changes(&mut self) -> Result<(), BlockExecutionError> {
-        self.executor.apply_pre_execution_changes()
+        self.executor.apply_pre_execution_changes()?;
+        // Bump BAL index after pre-execution changes (EIP-7928: index 0 is pre-execution)
+        self.executor.evm_mut().db_mut().bump_bal_index();
+
+        Ok(())
    }

    fn execute_transaction_with_commit_condition(
        &mut self,
        tx: impl ExecutorTx<Self::Executor>,
        f: impl FnOnce(&<Self::Executor as BlockExecutor>::Result) -> CommitChanges,
-    ) -> Result<Option<u64>, BlockExecutionError> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<GasOutput>, BlockExecutionError> {
        let (tx_env, tx) = tx.into_parts();
        if let Some(gas_used) =
            self.executor.execute_transaction_with_commit_condition((tx_env, &tx), f)?
        {
            self.transactions.push(tx);
-            Ok(Some(gas_used.tx_gas_used()))
+            // Bump BAL index after each committed transaction (EIP-7928)
+            self.executor.evm_mut().db_mut().bump_bal_index();
+            Ok(Some(gas_used))
        } else {
            Ok(None)
        }
@@ -483,6 +506,11 @@ where
        // merge all transitions into bundle state
        db.merge_transitions(BundleRetention::Reverts);

+        // extract the built block access list (EIP-7928, Amsterdam) and compute its hash
+        let block_access_list = db.take_built_alloy_bal();
+        let block_access_list_hash =
+            block_access_list.as_ref().map(|bal| compute_block_access_list_hash(bal));
+
        let hashed_state = state.hashed_post_state(&db.bundle_state);
        let (state_root, trie_updates) = match state_root_precomputed {
            Some(precomputed) => precomputed,
@@ -503,11 +531,18 @@ where
            bundle_state: &db.bundle_state,
            state_provider: &state,
            state_root,
+            block_access_list_hash,
        })?;

        let block = RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(block, senders);

-        Ok(BlockBuilderOutcome { execution_result: result, hashed_state, trie_updates, block })
+        Ok(BlockBuilderOutcome {
+            execution_result: result,
+            hashed_state,
+            trie_updates,
+            block,
+            block_access_list,
+        })
    }

    fn executor_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Executor {
@@ -554,11 +589,33 @@ where
        block: &RecoveredBlock<<Self::Primitives as NodePrimitives>::Block>,
    ) -> Result<BlockExecutionResult<<Self::Primitives as NodePrimitives>::Receipt>, Self::Error>
    {
-        let result = self
+        let mut executor = self
            .strategy_factory
            .executor_for_block(&mut self.db, block)
-            .map_err(BlockExecutionError::other)?
-            .execute_block(block.transactions_recovered())?;
+            .map_err(BlockExecutionError::other)?;
+
+        let has_bal = block.header().block_access_list_hash().is_some();
+
+        if has_bal {
+            executor.evm_mut().db_mut().bal_state.bal_builder = Some(Bal::new());
+        } else {
+            executor.evm_mut().db_mut().bal_state.bal_builder = None;
+        }
+
+        executor.apply_pre_execution_changes()?;
+
+        if has_bal {
+            executor.evm_mut().db_mut().bump_bal_index();
+        }
+
+        for tx in block.transactions_recovered() {
+            executor.execute_transaction(tx)?;
+            if has_bal {
+                executor.evm_mut().db_mut().bump_bal_index();
+            }
+        }
+
+        let result = executor.apply_post_execution_changes()?;

        self.db.merge_transitions(BundleRetention::Reverts);

@@ -592,6 +649,10 @@ where
    fn size_hint(&self) -> usize {
        self.db.bundle_state.size_hint()
    }
+
+    fn take_bal(&mut self) -> Option<BlockAccessList> {
+        self.db.take_built_alloy_bal()
+    }
 }

 /// A helper trait marking a 'static type that can be converted into an [`ExecutableTxParts`] for
@@ -697,6 +758,10 @@ mod tests {
        fn size_hint(&self) -> usize {
            0
        }
+
+        fn take_bal(&mut self) -> Option<BlockAccessList> {
+            None
+        }
    }

    #[test]
--- a/crates/evm/evm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/evm/evm/src/lib.rs
@@ -20,10 +20,7 @@ extern crate alloc;
 use crate::execute::{BasicBlockBuilder, Executor};
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use alloy_eips::eip4895::Withdrawals;
-use alloy_evm::{
-    block::{BlockExecutorFactory, BlockExecutorFor},
-    precompiles::PrecompilesMap,
-};
+use alloy_evm::{block::BlockExecutorFactory, precompiles::PrecompilesMap};
 use alloy_primitives::{Address, Bytes, B256};
 use core::{error::Error, fmt::Debug};
 use execute::{BasicBlockExecutor, BlockAssembler, BlockBuilder};
@@ -312,7 +309,7 @@ pub trait ConfigureEvm: Clone + Debug + Send + Sync + Unpin {
        &'a self,
        evm: EvmFor<Self, &'a mut State<DB>, I>,
        ctx: <Self::BlockExecutorFactory as BlockExecutorFactory>::ExecutionCtx<'a>,
-    ) -> impl BlockExecutorFor<'a, Self::BlockExecutorFactory, &'a mut State<DB>, I>
+    ) -> BlockExecutorForEvm<'a, Self, DB, I>
    where
        DB: Database,
        I: InspectorFor<Self, &'a mut State<DB>> + 'a,
@@ -325,8 +322,7 @@ pub trait ConfigureEvm: Clone + Debug + Send + Sync + Unpin {
        &'a self,
        db: &'a mut State<DB>,
        block: &'a SealedBlock<<Self::Primitives as NodePrimitives>::Block>,
-    ) -> Result<impl BlockExecutorFor<'a, Self::BlockExecutorFactory, &'a mut State<DB>>, Self::Error>
-    {
+    ) -> Result<BlockExecutorForEvm<'a, Self, DB>, Self::Error> {
        let evm = self.evm_for_block(db, block.header())?;
        let ctx = self.context_for_block(block)?;
        Ok(self.create_executor(evm, ctx))
@@ -352,10 +348,7 @@ pub trait ConfigureEvm: Clone + Debug + Send + Sync + Unpin {
        evm: EvmFor<Self, &'a mut State<DB>, I>,
        parent: &'a SealedHeader<HeaderTy<Self::Primitives>>,
        ctx: <Self::BlockExecutorFactory as BlockExecutorFactory>::ExecutionCtx<'a>,
-    ) -> impl BlockBuilder<
-        Primitives = Self::Primitives,
-        Executor: BlockExecutorFor<'a, Self::BlockExecutorFactory, &'a mut State<DB>, I>,
-    >
+    ) -> impl BlockBuilder<Primitives = Self::Primitives, Executor = BlockExecutorForEvm<'a, Self, DB, I>>
    where
        DB: Database,
        I: InspectorFor<Self, &'a mut State<DB>> + 'a,
@@ -404,10 +397,7 @@ pub trait ConfigureEvm: Clone + Debug + Send + Sync + Unpin {
        parent: &'a SealedHeader<<Self::Primitives as NodePrimitives>::BlockHeader>,
        attributes: Self::NextBlockEnvCtx,
    ) -> Result<
-        impl BlockBuilder<
-            Primitives = Self::Primitives,
-            Executor: BlockExecutorFor<'a, Self::BlockExecutorFactory, &'a mut State<DB>>,
-        >,
+        impl BlockBuilder<Primitives = Self::Primitives, Executor = BlockExecutorForEvm<'a, Self, DB>>,
        Self::Error,
    > {
        let evm_env = self.next_evm_env(parent, &attributes)?;
--- a/crates/metrics/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/metrics/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,10 +16,13 @@ workspace = true
 metrics.workspace = true
 metrics-derive.workspace = true

+# reth
+reth-primitives-traits = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
 # async
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"], optional = true }
 futures = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 tokio-util = { workspace = true, optional = true }

 [features]
-common = ["tokio", "futures", "tokio-util"]
+common = ["tokio", "futures", "tokio-util", "reth-primitives-traits"]
--- a/crates/metrics/src/common/mpsc.rs
+++ b/crates/metrics/src/common/mpsc.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,13 @@
 use crate::Metrics;
 use futures::Stream;
 use metrics::Counter;
+use reth_primitives_traits::InMemorySize;
 use std::{
    pin::Pin,
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+        Arc,
+    },
    task::{ready, Context, Poll},
 };
 use tokio::sync::mpsc::{
@@ -399,3 +404,147 @@ struct MeteredPollSenderMetrics {
    /// Number of delayed message deliveries caused by a full channel
    back_pressure_total: Counter,
 }
+
+/// Shared state for tracking memory budget across sender and receiver.
+///
+/// `used` is a pure accounting counter — it does not gate access to any other
+/// shared memory, so all operations on it use [`Ordering::Relaxed`]. Cross-thread
+/// publication of message contents is handled by the underlying mpsc channel.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct MemoryBudget {
+    /// Current number of bytes used by buffered messages.
+    used: AtomicUsize,
+    /// Maximum allowed bytes.
+    max_bytes: usize,
+}
+
+/// Guard that releases memory budget when dropped.
+///
+/// Holds the size of the message and a reference to the shared budget counter.
+/// When dropped, it atomically decreases the used counter.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct BudgetGuard {
+    size: usize,
+    budget: Arc<MemoryBudget>,
+}
+
+impl Drop for BudgetGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.budget.used.fetch_sub(self.size, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Message envelope that holds the memory budget while the message sits in the channel.
+///
+/// The guard is dropped (releasing the budget) as soon as the receiver dequeues
+/// the message via [`MemoryBoundedReceiver::recv`] / [`MemoryBoundedReceiver::poll_recv`],
+/// so the budget tracks bytes *currently in the channel queue*, not bytes in flight
+/// downstream of the receiver.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Budgeted<T> {
+    msg: T,
+    _guard: BudgetGuard,
+}
+
+/// A sender that enforces a byte budget before enqueueing messages.
+///
+/// Uses a shared atomic counter to track memory usage. Each message's size is added
+/// to the counter on send and subtracted when the message is dequeued by the receiver.
+///
+/// The current call sites (specifically [`crate::common::mpsc::MemoryBoundedSender`] used
+/// for the `NetworkManager → TransactionsManager` channel) have a single producer driven
+/// from a single `poll`, so the `fetch_add → check → fetch_sub-on-overflow` reservation
+/// pattern can never race with itself. The atomic is still used so the receiver can
+/// release budget from a different task.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct MemoryBoundedSender<T: InMemorySize> {
+    /// The underlying unbounded metered sender
+    inner: UnboundedMeteredSender<Budgeted<T>>,
+    /// Shared memory budget tracker
+    budget: Arc<MemoryBudget>,
+}
+
+impl<T: InMemorySize> MemoryBoundedSender<T> {
+    /// Tries to send a message if there is sufficient budget.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `TrySendError::Full` if insufficient budget is available.
+    pub fn try_send(&self, msg: T) -> Result<(), TrySendError<T>> {
+        let size = msg.size();
+
+        // Reserve budget: add first, check after
+        let prev = self.budget.used.fetch_add(size, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        if prev.saturating_add(size) > self.budget.max_bytes {
+            // Over budget, undo
+            self.budget.used.fetch_sub(size, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            return Err(TrySendError::Full(msg));
+        }
+
+        let guard = BudgetGuard { size, budget: Arc::clone(&self.budget) };
+        let budgeted = Budgeted { msg, _guard: guard };
+
+        self.inner.send(budgeted).map_err(|e| {
+            // Guard will be dropped here, releasing the budget
+            TrySendError::Closed(e.0.msg)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A receiver for memory-bounded messages.
+///
+/// On receive, the budget reserved for the message is released immediately and the
+/// inner `T` is yielded — callers do not need to opt into any wrapper type.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MemoryBoundedReceiver<T> {
+    /// The underlying unbounded metered receiver
+    inner: UnboundedMeteredReceiver<Budgeted<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T> MemoryBoundedReceiver<T> {
+    /// Receives the next message, returning `None` if the channel is closed.
+    ///
+    /// Releases the message's reserved budget before returning.
+    pub async fn recv(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        self.inner.recv().await.map(unwrap_budgeted)
+    }
+
+    /// Polls to receive the next message on this channel.
+    ///
+    /// Releases the message's reserved budget before returning.
+    pub fn poll_recv(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<T>> {
+        self.inner.poll_recv(cx).map(|opt| opt.map(unwrap_budgeted))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Releases the budget guard and returns the inner message.
+fn unwrap_budgeted<T>(b: Budgeted<T>) -> T {
+    // Destructuring binds `_guard` so it is dropped when this function returns,
+    // which runs `BudgetGuard::drop` and releases the reserved bytes.
+    let Budgeted { msg, _guard } = b;
+    msg
+}
+
+impl<T> Stream for MemoryBoundedReceiver<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn poll_next(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        self.poll_recv(cx)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a new memory-bounded channel with the given byte budget.
+///
+/// The budget tracks bytes currently buffered in the channel; it is reserved on
+/// [`MemoryBoundedSender::try_send`] and released as soon as the receiver dequeues
+/// the message.
+pub fn memory_bounded_channel<T: InMemorySize>(
+    max_bytes: usize,
+    scope: &'static str,
+) -> (MemoryBoundedSender<T>, MemoryBoundedReceiver<T>) {
+    let (tx, rx) = metered_unbounded_channel(scope);
+    let budget = Arc::new(MemoryBudget { used: AtomicUsize::new(0), max_bytes });
+
+    let sender = MemoryBoundedSender { inner: tx, budget };
+    let receiver = MemoryBoundedReceiver { inner: rx };
+
+    (sender, receiver)
+}
--- a/crates/net/discv4/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/net/discv4/src/lib.rs
@@ -47,9 +47,7 @@ use secp256k1::SecretKey;
 use std::{
    cell::RefCell,
    collections::{btree_map, hash_map::Entry, BTreeMap, HashMap, VecDeque},
-    fmt,
-    future::poll_fn,
-    io,
+    fmt, io,
    net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr, SocketAddrV4},
    pin::Pin,
    rc::Rc,
@@ -243,17 +241,56 @@ impl Discv4 {
    /// ```
    pub async fn bind(
        local_address: SocketAddr,
+        local_node_record: NodeRecord,
+        secret_key: SecretKey,
+        config: Discv4Config,
+    ) -> io::Result<(Self, Discv4Service)> {
+        let socket = Arc::new(UdpSocket::bind(local_address).await?);
+        trace!(target: "discv4", local_addr=?socket.local_addr(), "opened UDP socket");
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(config.udp_ingress_message_buffer);
+
+        Self::bind_with_socket(socket, Some(tx), rx, local_node_record, secret_key, config)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `Discv4` instance using a pre-bound shared socket. No receive loop is
+    /// spawned; instead returns an [`IngressHandler`] that should be used to forward raw packets
+    /// received by the socket owner (e.g. discv5 unrecognized frames).
+    pub fn bind_shared(
+        socket: Arc<UdpSocket>,
+        local_node_record: NodeRecord,
+        secret_key: SecretKey,
+        config: Discv4Config,
+    ) -> io::Result<(Self, Discv4Service, IngressHandler)> {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(config.udp_ingress_message_buffer);
+        let local_id = local_node_record.id;
+        let (discv4, service) =
+            Self::bind_with_socket(socket, None, rx, local_node_record, secret_key, config)?;
+
+        let handler = IngressHandler::new(tx, local_id);
+
+        Ok((discv4, service, handler))
+    }
+
+    fn bind_with_socket(
+        socket: Arc<UdpSocket>,
+        ingress_tx: Option<IngressSender>,
+        ingress_rx: IngressReceiver,
        mut local_node_record: NodeRecord,
        secret_key: SecretKey,
        config: Discv4Config,
    ) -> io::Result<(Self, Discv4Service)> {
-        let socket = UdpSocket::bind(local_address).await?;
        let local_addr = socket.local_addr()?;
        local_node_record.udp_port = local_addr.port();
-        trace!(target: "discv4", ?local_addr,"opened UDP socket");

-        let mut service =
-            Discv4Service::new(socket, local_addr, local_node_record, secret_key, config);
+        let mut service = Discv4Service::new(
+            socket,
+            ingress_tx,
+            ingress_rx,
+            local_addr,
+            local_node_record,
+            secret_key,
+            config,
+        );

        // resolve the external address immediately
        service.resolve_external_ip();
@@ -520,20 +557,25 @@ pub struct Discv4Service {

 impl Discv4Service {
    /// Create a new instance for a bound [`UdpSocket`].
+    ///
+    /// If `ingress_tx` is `Some`, the receive loop is spawned to read from the socket. If `None`,
+    /// the caller feeds packets into `ingress_rx` externally (shared socket mode).
    pub(crate) fn new(
-        socket: UdpSocket,
+        socket: Arc<UdpSocket>,
+        ingress_tx: Option<IngressSender>,
+        ingress_rx: IngressReceiver,
        local_address: SocketAddr,
        local_node_record: NodeRecord,
        secret_key: SecretKey,
        config: Discv4Config,
    ) -> Self {
-        let socket = Arc::new(socket);
-        let (ingress_tx, ingress_rx) = mpsc::channel(config.udp_ingress_message_buffer);
        let (egress_tx, egress_rx) = mpsc::channel(config.udp_egress_message_buffer);
        let mut tasks = JoinSet::<()>::new();

-        let udp = Arc::clone(&socket);
-        tasks.spawn(receive_loop(udp, ingress_tx, local_node_record.id));
+        if let Some(ingress_tx) = ingress_tx {
+            let udp = Arc::clone(&socket);
+            tasks.spawn(receive_loop(udp, ingress_tx, local_node_record.id));
+        }

        let udp = Arc::clone(&socket);
        tasks.spawn(send_loop(udp, egress_rx));
@@ -947,7 +989,7 @@ impl Discv4Service {
        let key = kad_key(peer_id);
        match self.kbuckets.entry(&key) {
            BucketEntry::Present(entry, _) => Some(f(entry.value())),
-            BucketEntry::Pending(mut entry, _) => Some(f(entry.value())),
+            BucketEntry::Pending(entry, _) => Some(f(entry.value())),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
@@ -973,7 +1015,9 @@ impl Discv4Service {
            kbucket::Entry::Present(mut entry, _) => {
                entry.value_mut().update_with_enr(last_enr_seq)
            }
-            kbucket::Entry::Pending(mut entry, _) => entry.value().update_with_enr(last_enr_seq),
+            kbucket::Entry::Pending(mut entry, _) => {
+                entry.value_mut().update_with_enr(last_enr_seq)
+            }
            _ => return,
        };

@@ -1025,8 +1069,8 @@ impl Discv4Service {
            }
            kbucket::Entry::Pending(mut entry, mut status) => {
                // endpoint is now proven
-                entry.value().establish_proof();
-                entry.value().update_with_enr(last_enr_seq);
+                entry.value_mut().establish_proof();
+                entry.value_mut().update_with_enr(last_enr_seq);

                if !status.is_connected() {
                    status.state = ConnectionState::Connected;
@@ -1158,7 +1202,7 @@ impl Discv4Service {
                } else {
                    is_proven = entry.value().has_endpoint_proof;
                }
-                entry.value().update_with_enr(ping.enr_sq)
+                entry.value_mut().update_with_enr(ping.enr_sq)
            }
            kbucket::Entry::Absent(entry) => {
                let mut node = NodeEntry::new(record);
@@ -1388,7 +1432,7 @@ impl Discv4Service {
                        (entry.value().record, id)
                    }
                    kbucket::Entry::Pending(mut entry, _) => {
-                        let id = entry.value().update_with_fork_id(fork_id);
+                        let id = entry.value_mut().update_with_fork_id(fork_id);
                        (entry.value().record, id)
                    }
                    _ => return,
@@ -1538,7 +1582,7 @@ impl Discv4Service {
                        }
                    }
                }
-                BucketEntry::Pending(mut entry, _) => {
+                BucketEntry::Pending(entry, _) => {
                    if entry.value().has_endpoint_proof {
                        if entry
                            .value()
@@ -1642,7 +1686,7 @@ impl Discv4Service {
                    entry.value().find_node_failures
                }
                kbucket::Entry::Pending(mut entry, _) => {
-                    entry.value().inc_failed_request();
+                    entry.value_mut().inc_failed_request();
                    entry.value().find_node_failures
                }
                _ => continue,
@@ -1962,80 +2006,100 @@ const MAX_INCOMING_PACKETS_PER_MINUTE_BY_IP: usize = 60usize;

 /// Continuously awaits new incoming messages and sends them back through the channel.
 ///
-/// The receive loop enforce primitive rate limiting for ips to prevent message spams from
-/// individual IPs
+/// The receive loop enforces primitive rate limiting for IPs to prevent message spams from
+/// individual IPs.
 pub(crate) async fn receive_loop(udp: Arc<UdpSocket>, tx: IngressSender, local_id: PeerId) {
-    let send = |event: IngressEvent| async {
-        let _ = tx.send(event).await.map_err(|err| {
-            debug!(
-                target: "discv4",
-                 %err,
-                "failed send incoming packet",
-            )
-        });
-    };
-
-    let mut cache = ReceiveCache::default();
-
-    // tick at half the rate of the limit
-    let tick = MAX_INCOMING_PACKETS_PER_MINUTE_BY_IP / 2;
-    let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(tick as u64));
-
+    let mut handler = IngressHandler::new(tx, local_id);
    let mut buf = [0; MAX_PACKET_SIZE];
    loop {
        let res = udp.recv_from(&mut buf).await;
        match res {
            Err(err) => {
                debug!(target: "discv4", %err, "Failed to read datagram.");
-                send(IngressEvent::RecvError(err)).await;
+                handler.send(IngressEvent::RecvError(err)).await;
            }
            Ok((read, remote_addr)) => {
-                // rate limit incoming packets by IP
-                if cache.inc_ip(remote_addr.ip()) > MAX_INCOMING_PACKETS_PER_MINUTE_BY_IP {
-                    trace!(target: "discv4", ?remote_addr, "Too many incoming packets from IP.");
-                    continue
-                }
-
-                let packet = &buf[..read];
-                match Message::decode(packet) {
-                    Ok(packet) => {
-                        if packet.node_id == local_id {
-                            // received our own message
-                            debug!(target: "discv4", ?remote_addr, "Received own packet.");
-                            continue
-                        }
-
-                        // skip if we've already received the same packet
-                        if cache.contains_packet(packet.hash) {
-                            debug!(target: "discv4", ?remote_addr, "Received duplicate packet.");
-                            continue
-                        }
-
-                        send(IngressEvent::Packet(remote_addr, packet)).await;
-                    }
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        trace!(target: "discv4", %err,"Failed to decode packet");
-                        send(IngressEvent::BadPacket(remote_addr, err, packet.to_vec())).await
-                    }
-                }
+                handler.handle_packet(&buf[..read], remote_addr).await;
            }
        }
+    }
+}

-        // reset the tracked ips if the interval has passed
-        if poll_fn(|cx| match interval.poll_tick(cx) {
-            Poll::Ready(_) => Poll::Ready(true),
-            Poll::Pending => Poll::Ready(false),
-        })
-        .await
-        {
-            cache.tick_ips(tick);
+/// Handles decoding, rate-limiting, and deduplication of incoming discv4 packets.
+///
+/// Used by both the standalone receive loop and the shared-port mode via
+/// [`Discv4::bind_shared`].
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct IngressHandler {
+    tx: IngressSender,
+    local_id: PeerId,
+    tick: usize,
+    tick_interval: Duration,
+    cache: ReceiveCache,
+    last_tick: Instant,
+}
+
+impl IngressHandler {
+    fn new(tx: IngressSender, local_id: PeerId) -> Self {
+        let tick = MAX_INCOMING_PACKETS_PER_MINUTE_BY_IP / 2;
+        Self {
+            tx,
+            local_id,
+            tick,
+            tick_interval: Duration::from_secs(tick as u64),
+            cache: ReceiveCache::default(),
+            last_tick: Instant::now(),
        }
    }
+
+    async fn send(&self, event: IngressEvent) {
+        let _ = self.tx.send(event).await.map_err(|err| {
+            debug!(target: "discv4", %err, "failed send incoming packet");
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Handles an incoming raw packet: decodes, rate-limits, deduplicates, and forwards to the
+    /// discv4 service. Used in shared-port mode to process unrecognized frames from discv5.
+    pub async fn handle_packet(&mut self, data: &[u8], src: SocketAddr) {
+        if self.last_tick.elapsed() >= self.tick_interval {
+            self.cache.tick_ips(self.tick);
+            self.last_tick = Instant::now();
+        }
+
+        // rate limit incoming packets by IP
+        if self.cache.inc_ip(src.ip()) > MAX_INCOMING_PACKETS_PER_MINUTE_BY_IP {
+            trace!(target: "discv4", ?src, "Too many incoming packets from IP.");
+            return
+        }
+
+        let event = match Message::decode(data) {
+            Ok(packet) => {
+                if packet.node_id == self.local_id {
+                    debug!(target: "discv4", ?src, "Received own packet.");
+                    return
+                }
+
+                if self.cache.contains_packet(packet.hash) {
+                    debug!(target: "discv4", ?src, "Received duplicate packet.");
+                    return
+                }
+
+                IngressEvent::Packet(src, packet)
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                trace!(target: "discv4", %err, "Failed to decode packet");
+                IngressEvent::BadPacket(src, err, data.to_vec())
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.send(event).await;
+    }
 }

 /// A cache for received packets and their source address.
 ///
 /// This is used to discard duplicated packets and rate limit messages from the same source.
+#[derive(Debug)]
 struct ReceiveCache {
    /// keeps track of how many messages we've received from a given IP address since the last
    /// tick.
--- a/crates/net/discv5/src/config.rs
+++ b/crates/net/discv5/src/config.rs
@@ -308,6 +308,18 @@ impl Config {
        }
    }

+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the inner [`discv5::Config`]. This allows overriding
+    /// the listen config after the config has been built.
+    pub const fn discv5_config_mut(&mut self) -> &mut discv5::Config {
+        &mut self.discv5_config
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if any socket in the discv5 listen config matches the given address.
+    pub fn has_matching_socket(&self, addr: SocketAddr) -> bool {
+        ipv4(&self.discv5_config.listen_config).is_some_and(|v4| SocketAddr::V4(v4) == addr) ||
+            ipv6(&self.discv5_config.listen_config).is_some_and(|v6| SocketAddr::V6(v6) == addr)
+    }
+
    /// Inserts a new boot node to the list of boot nodes.
    pub fn insert_boot_node(&mut self, boot_node: BootNode) {
        self.bootstrap_nodes.insert(boot_node);
@@ -333,11 +345,11 @@ impl Config {
    /// socket, if both IPv4 and v6 are configured. This socket will be advertised to peers in the
    /// local [`Enr`](discv5::enr::Enr).
    pub fn discovery_socket(&self) -> SocketAddr {
-        match self.discv5_config.listen_config {
-            ListenConfig::Ipv4 { ip, port } => (ip, port).into(),
-            ListenConfig::Ipv6 { ip, port } => (ip, port).into(),
-            ListenConfig::DualStack { ipv6, ipv6_port, .. } => (ipv6, ipv6_port).into(),
-        }
+        // Prefer v6 when both are configured (matches original `DualStack` behavior).
+        ipv6(&self.discv5_config.listen_config)
+            .map(SocketAddr::V6)
+            .or_else(|| ipv4(&self.discv5_config.listen_config).map(SocketAddr::V4))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| SocketAddr::from((std::net::Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED, 0)))
    }

    /// Returns the `RLPx` (TCP) socket contained in the [`discv5::Config`]. This socket will be
@@ -348,24 +360,32 @@ impl Config {
 }

 /// Returns the IPv4 discovery socket if one is configured.
-pub const fn ipv4(listen_config: &ListenConfig) -> Option<SocketAddrV4> {
+pub fn ipv4(listen_config: &ListenConfig) -> Option<SocketAddrV4> {
    match listen_config {
        ListenConfig::Ipv4 { ip, port } |
        ListenConfig::DualStack { ipv4: ip, ipv4_port: port, .. } => {
            Some(SocketAddrV4::new(*ip, *port))
        }
-        ListenConfig::Ipv6 { .. } => None,
+        ListenConfig::FromSockets { ipv4: Some(s), .. } => match s.local_addr().ok()? {
+            SocketAddr::V4(addr) => Some(addr),
+            SocketAddr::V6(_) => None,
+        },
+        _ => None,
    }
 }

 /// Returns the IPv6 discovery socket if one is configured.
-pub const fn ipv6(listen_config: &ListenConfig) -> Option<SocketAddrV6> {
+pub fn ipv6(listen_config: &ListenConfig) -> Option<SocketAddrV6> {
    match listen_config {
-        ListenConfig::Ipv4 { .. } => None,
        ListenConfig::Ipv6 { ip, port } |
        ListenConfig::DualStack { ipv6: ip, ipv6_port: port, .. } => {
            Some(SocketAddrV6::new(*ip, *port, 0, 0))
        }
+        ListenConfig::FromSockets { ipv6: Some(s), .. } => match s.local_addr().ok()? {
+            SocketAddr::V6(addr) => Some(addr),
+            SocketAddr::V4(_) => None,
+        },
+        _ => None,
    }
 }

--- a/crates/net/discv5/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/net/discv5/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ use std::{

 use ::enr::Enr;
 use alloy_primitives::bytes::Bytes;
-use discv5::ListenConfig;
 use enr::{discv4_id_to_discv5_id, EnrCombinedKeyWrapper};
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -247,7 +246,9 @@ impl Discv5 {
        match update {
            discv5::Event::SocketUpdated(_) | discv5::Event::TalkRequest(_) |
            // `Discovered` not unique discovered peers
-            discv5::Event::Discovered(_) => None,
+            discv5::Event::Discovered(_) |
+            // Unrecognized frames are handled separately by the discovery layer
+            discv5::Event::UnrecognizedFrame(_) => None,
            discv5::Event::NodeInserted { .. } => {

                // node has been inserted into kbuckets
@@ -472,39 +473,33 @@ pub fn build_local_enr(

    let Config { discv5_config, fork, tcp_socket, other_enr_kv_pairs, .. } = config;

-    let socket = match discv5_config.listen_config {
-        ListenConfig::Ipv4 { ip, port } => {
-            if ip != Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED {
-                builder.ip4(ip);
-            }
-            builder.udp4(port);
-            builder.tcp4(tcp_socket.port());
+    let socket = {
+        let v4 = crate::config::ipv4(&discv5_config.listen_config);
+        let v6 = crate::config::ipv6(&discv5_config.listen_config);

-            (ip, port).into()
-        }
-        ListenConfig::Ipv6 { ip, port } => {
-            if ip != Ipv6Addr::UNSPECIFIED {
-                builder.ip6(ip);
+        if let Some(addr) = v4 {
+            if *addr.ip() != Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED {
+                builder.ip4(*addr.ip());
            }
-            builder.udp6(port);
+            builder.udp4(addr.port());
+        }
+        if let Some(addr) = v6 {
+            if *addr.ip() != Ipv6Addr::UNSPECIFIED {
+                builder.ip6(*addr.ip());
+            }
+            builder.udp6(addr.port());
+        }
+        // Advertise tcp4 when v4 is configured, else tcp6.
+        if v4.is_some() {
+            builder.tcp4(tcp_socket.port());
+        } else if v6.is_some() {
            builder.tcp6(tcp_socket.port());
-
-            (ip, port).into()
        }
-        ListenConfig::DualStack { ipv4, ipv4_port, ipv6, ipv6_port } => {
-            if ipv4 != Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED {
-                builder.ip4(ipv4);
-            }
-            builder.udp4(ipv4_port);
-            builder.tcp4(tcp_socket.port());

-            if ipv6 != Ipv6Addr::UNSPECIFIED {
-                builder.ip6(ipv6);
-            }
-            builder.udp6(ipv6_port);
-
-            (ipv6, ipv6_port).into()
-        }
+        // Prefer v6 when both are configured
+        v6.map(SocketAddr::V6)
+            .or_else(|| v4.map(SocketAddr::V4))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| SocketAddr::from((Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED, 0)))
    };

    let rlpx_ip_mode = if tcp_socket.is_ipv4() { IpMode::Ip4 } else { IpMode::Ip6 };
@@ -711,6 +706,7 @@ mod test {
    #![allow(deprecated)]
    use super::*;
    use ::enr::{CombinedKey, EnrKey};
+    use discv5::ListenConfig;
    use rand_08::thread_rng;
    use reth_chainspec::MAINNET;
    use std::{
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/broadcast.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/broadcast.rs
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@ use alloy_primitives::{
    Bytes, TxHash, B256, U128,
 };
 use alloy_rlp::{
-    Decodable, Encodable, RlpDecodable, RlpDecodableWrapper, RlpEncodable, RlpEncodableWrapper,
+    Decodable, Encodable, Header, RlpDecodable, RlpDecodableWrapper, RlpEncodable,
+    RlpEncodableWrapper,
 };
 use core::{fmt::Debug, mem};
 use derive_more::{Constructor, Deref, DerefMut, From, IntoIterator};
 use reth_codecs_derive::{add_arbitrary_tests, generate_tests};
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::TransactionSigned;
-use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, SignedTransaction};
+use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, InMemorySize, SignedTransaction};

 /// This informs peers of new blocks that have appeared on the network.
 #[derive(
@@ -143,6 +144,53 @@ impl<T> From<Transactions<T>> for Vec<T> {
    }
 }

+impl<T: Decodable + InMemorySize> Transactions<T> {
+    /// Decodes the RLP list of transactions, stopping once the cumulative
+    /// [`InMemorySize`] of decoded transactions exceeds `memory_budget` bytes.
+    /// Any remaining transactions in the payload are skipped.
+    pub fn decode_with_memory_budget(
+        buf: &mut &[u8],
+        memory_budget: usize,
+    ) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self> {
+        decode_list_with_memory_budget(buf, memory_budget).map(Self)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Decodes an RLP list, stopping once the cumulative [`InMemorySize`] of decoded items exceeds
+/// `memory_budget` bytes. Any remaining items in the payload are skipped.
+pub fn decode_list_with_memory_budget<T: Decodable + InMemorySize>(
+    buf: &mut &[u8],
+    memory_budget: usize,
+) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Vec<T>> {
+    let header = Header::decode(buf)?;
+    if !header.list {
+        return Err(alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedString);
+    }
+    if buf.len() < header.payload_length {
+        return Err(alloy_rlp::Error::InputTooShort);
+    }
+
+    let (payload, rest) = buf.split_at(header.payload_length);
+    let mut payload = payload;
+
+    let mut txs = Vec::new();
+    let mut total_size = 0usize;
+
+    while !payload.is_empty() {
+        let item = T::decode(&mut payload)?;
+        total_size = total_size.saturating_add(item.size());
+
+        if total_size > memory_budget {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        txs.push(item);
+    }
+
+    *buf = rest;
+    Ok(txs)
+}
+
 /// Same as [`Transactions`] but this is intended as egress message send from local to _many_ peers.
 ///
 /// The list of transactions is constructed on per-peers basis, but the underlying transaction
@@ -837,6 +885,19 @@ pub struct BlockRangeUpdate {
    pub latest_hash: B256,
 }

+impl InMemorySize for NewPooledTransactionHashes {
+    fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::Eth66(msg) => msg.0.len() * core::mem::size_of::<B256>(),
+            Self::Eth68(msg) => {
+                msg.types.len() * core::mem::size_of::<u8>() +
+                    msg.sizes.len() * core::mem::size_of::<usize>() +
+                    msg.hashes.len() * core::mem::size_of::<B256>()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/message.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/message.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,15 @@ use core::fmt::Debug;
 // https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/30602163d5d8321fbc68afdcbbaf2362b2641bde/eth/protocols/eth/protocol.go#L50
 pub const MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE: usize = 10 * 1024 * 1024;

+/// Multiplier applied to `max_message_size` to derive the in-memory budget for decoding
+/// `Transactions` and `PooledTransactions` messages.
+///
+/// Decoded transactions expand relative to their RLP encoding due to struct overhead and heap
+/// allocations. With many peers in flight this can cause significant memory pressure, so we
+/// stop decoding once the cumulative in-memory size of decoded transactions exceeds
+/// `max_message_size * TX_MEMORY_BUDGET_MULTIPLIER`. Remaining transactions are silently dropped.
+pub const TX_MEMORY_BUDGET_MULTIPLIER: usize = 2;
+
 /// Error when sending/receiving a message
 #[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
 pub enum MessageError {
@@ -87,6 +96,19 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> ProtocolMessage<N> {
    ///
    /// This will enforce decoding according to the given [`EthVersion`] of the connection.
    pub fn decode_message(version: EthVersion, buf: &mut &[u8]) -> Result<Self, MessageError> {
+        Self::decode_message_with_tx_memory_budget(version, buf, usize::MAX)
+    }
+
+    /// Like [`Self::decode_message`], but caps the cumulative in-memory size of decoded
+    /// transactions in `Transactions` and `PooledTransactions` messages. Once exceeded,
+    /// remaining transactions are silently dropped.
+    ///
+    /// Use [`TX_MEMORY_BUDGET_MULTIPLIER`] to derive a reasonable default.
+    pub fn decode_message_with_tx_memory_budget(
+        version: EthVersion,
+        buf: &mut &[u8],
+        tx_memory_budget: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self, MessageError> {
        let message_type = EthMessageID::decode(buf)?;

        // For EIP-7642 (https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-7642.md):
@@ -103,7 +125,9 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> ProtocolMessage<N> {
            EthMessageID::NewBlock => {
                EthMessage::NewBlock(Box::new(N::NewBlockPayload::decode(buf)?))
            }
-            EthMessageID::Transactions => EthMessage::Transactions(Transactions::decode(buf)?),
+            EthMessageID::Transactions => EthMessage::Transactions(
+                Transactions::decode_with_memory_budget(buf, tx_memory_budget)?,
+            ),
            EthMessageID::NewPooledTransactionHashes => {
                if version >= EthVersion::Eth68 {
                    EthMessage::NewPooledTransactionHashes68(NewPooledTransactionHashes68::decode(
@@ -123,7 +147,9 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> ProtocolMessage<N> {
                EthMessage::GetPooledTransactions(RequestPair::decode(buf)?)
            }
            EthMessageID::PooledTransactions => {
-                EthMessage::PooledTransactions(RequestPair::decode(buf)?)
+                EthMessage::PooledTransactions(RequestPair::decode_with(buf, |buf| {
+                    PooledTransactions::decode_with_memory_budget(buf, tx_memory_budget)
+                })?)
            }
            EthMessageID::GetNodeData => {
                if version >= EthVersion::Eth67 {
@@ -732,6 +758,25 @@ impl<T> RequestPair<T> {
        let Self { request_id, message } = self;
        RequestPair { request_id, message: f(message) }
    }
+
+    /// Decodes the request id and then decodes the message payload using `decode_msg`.
+    pub fn decode_with<F>(buf: &mut &[u8], decode_msg: F) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&mut &[u8]) -> alloy_rlp::Result<T>,
+    {
+        let header = Header::decode(buf)?;
+
+        let initial_length = buf.len();
+        let request_id = u64::decode(buf)?;
+        let message = decode_msg(buf)?;
+
+        let consumed_len = initial_length - buf.len();
+        if consumed_len != header.payload_length {
+            return Err(alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedLength)
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self { request_id, message })
+    }
 }

 /// Allows messages with request ids to be serialized into RLP bytes.
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/transactions.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/transactions.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 //! Implements the `GetPooledTransactions` and `PooledTransactions` message types.

+use crate::broadcast::decode_list_with_memory_budget;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use alloy_consensus::transaction::PooledTransaction;
 use alloy_eips::eip2718::Encodable2718;
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
-use alloy_rlp::{RlpDecodableWrapper, RlpEncodableWrapper};
+use alloy_rlp::{Decodable, RlpDecodableWrapper, RlpEncodableWrapper};
 use derive_more::{Constructor, Deref, IntoIterator};
 use reth_codecs_derive::add_arbitrary_tests;
+use reth_primitives_traits::InMemorySize;

 /// A list of transaction hashes that the peer would like transaction bodies for.
 #[derive(
@@ -37,6 +39,12 @@ where
    }
 }

+impl InMemorySize for GetPooledTransactions {
+    fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len() * core::mem::size_of::<B256>()
+    }
+}
+
 /// The response to [`GetPooledTransactions`], containing the transaction bodies associated with
 /// the requested hashes.
 ///
@@ -62,6 +70,18 @@ pub struct PooledTransactions<T = PooledTransaction>(
    pub Vec<T>,
 );

+impl<T: Decodable + InMemorySize> PooledTransactions<T> {
+    /// Decodes the RLP list of transactions, stopping once the cumulative
+    /// [`InMemorySize`] of decoded transactions exceeds `memory_budget` bytes.
+    /// Any remaining transactions in the payload are skipped.
+    pub fn decode_with_memory_budget(
+        buf: &mut &[u8],
+        memory_budget: usize,
+    ) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self> {
+        decode_list_with_memory_budget(buf, memory_budget).map(Self)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: Encodable2718> PooledTransactions<T> {
    /// Returns an iterator over the transaction hashes in this response.
    pub fn hashes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = B256> + '_ {
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/version.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/version.rs
@@ -35,10 +35,11 @@ pub enum EthVersion {

 impl EthVersion {
    /// The latest known eth version
-    pub const LATEST: Self = Self::Eth69;
+    pub const LATEST: Self = Self::Eth70;

    /// All known eth versions
-    pub const ALL_VERSIONS: &'static [Self] = &[Self::Eth69, Self::Eth68, Self::Eth67, Self::Eth66];
+    pub const ALL_VERSIONS: &'static [Self] =
+        &[Self::Eth70, Self::Eth69, Self::Eth68, Self::Eth67, Self::Eth66];

    /// Returns true if the version is eth/66
    pub const fn is_eth66(&self) -> bool {
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire/src/eth_snap_stream.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire/src/eth_snap_stream.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@

 use super::message::MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE;
 use crate::{
-    message::{EthBroadcastMessage, ProtocolBroadcastMessage},
+    message::{EthBroadcastMessage, ProtocolBroadcastMessage, TX_MEMORY_BUDGET_MULTIPLIER},
    EthMessage, EthMessageID, EthNetworkPrimitives, EthVersion, NetworkPrimitives, ProtocolMessage,
    RawCapabilityMessage, SnapProtocolMessage, SnapVersion,
 };
@@ -298,7 +298,11 @@ where
        // See also <https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/blob/main/crates/net/eth-wire/src/capability.rs#L272-L283>.
        if message_id <= EthMessageID::max(self.eth_version) {
            let mut buf = bytes.as_ref();
-            match ProtocolMessage::decode_message(self.eth_version, &mut buf) {
+            match ProtocolMessage::decode_message_with_tx_memory_budget(
+                self.eth_version,
+                &mut buf,
+                self.max_message_size * TX_MEMORY_BUDGET_MULTIPLIER,
+            ) {
                Ok(protocol_msg) => {
                    if matches!(protocol_msg.message, EthMessage::Status(_)) {
                        return Err(EthSnapStreamError::StatusNotInHandshake);
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire/src/ethstream.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire/src/ethstream.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@
 use crate::{
    errors::{EthHandshakeError, EthStreamError},
    handshake::EthereumEthHandshake,
-    message::{EthBroadcastMessage, EthMessageID, ProtocolBroadcastMessage, MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE},
+    message::{
+        EthBroadcastMessage, ProtocolBroadcastMessage, MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE,
+        TX_MEMORY_BUDGET_MULTIPLIER,
+    },
    p2pstream::HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT,
    CanDisconnect, DisconnectReason, EthMessage, EthNetworkPrimitives, EthVersion, ProtocolMessage,
    UnifiedStatus,
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ use alloy_primitives::bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
 use alloy_rlp::Encodable;
 use futures::{ready, Sink, SinkExt};
 use pin_project::pin_project;
-use reth_eth_wire_types::{NetworkPrimitives, RawCapabilityMessage};
+use reth_eth_wire_types::{EthMessageID, NetworkPrimitives, RawCapabilityMessage};
 use reth_ethereum_forks::ForkFilter;
 use std::{
    future::Future,
@@ -158,7 +161,11 @@ where
            return Err(EthStreamError::UnsupportedMessage { message_id: id });
        }

-        let msg = match ProtocolMessage::decode_message(self.version, &mut bytes.as_ref()) {
+        let msg = match ProtocolMessage::decode_message_with_tx_memory_budget(
+            self.version,
+            &mut bytes.as_ref(),
+            self.max_message_size * TX_MEMORY_BUDGET_MULTIPLIER,
+        ) {
            Ok(m) => m,
            Err(err) => {
                let msg = if bytes.len() > 50 {
--- a/crates/net/network/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/net/network/Cargo.toml
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ reth-ethereum-primitives.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
 pin-project.workspace = true
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["io-util", "net", "macros", "rt-multi-thread", "time"] }
+socket2 = { workspace = true, features = ["all"] }
 tokio-stream.workspace = true
 tokio-util = { workspace = true, features = ["codec"] }

--- a/crates/net/network/src/builder.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/builder.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@

 use crate::{
    eth_requests::EthRequestHandler,
+    metrics::NETWORK_POOL_TRANSACTIONS_SCOPE,
    transactions::{
        config::{
            AnnouncementFilteringPolicy, StrictEthAnnouncementFilter, TransactionPropagationKind,
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::{
    NetworkHandle, NetworkManager,
 };
 use reth_eth_wire::{EthNetworkPrimitives, NetworkPrimitives};
+use reth_metrics::common::mpsc::memory_bounded_channel;
 use reth_network_api::test_utils::PeersHandleProvider;
 use reth_storage_api::BalProvider;
 use reth_transaction_pool::TransactionPool;
@@ -122,7 +124,10 @@ impl<Tx, Eth, N: NetworkPrimitives> NetworkBuilder<Tx, Eth, N> {
        announcement_policy: A,
    ) -> NetworkBuilder<TransactionsManager<Pool, N>, Eth, N> {
        let Self { mut network, request_handler, .. } = self;
-        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
+        let (tx, rx) = memory_bounded_channel(
+            transactions_manager_config.tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes,
+            NETWORK_POOL_TRANSACTIONS_SCOPE,
+        );
        network.set_transactions(tx);
        let handle = network.handle().clone();
        let policies = NetworkPolicies::new(propagation_policy, announcement_policy);
--- a/crates/net/network/src/discovery.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/discovery.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use std::{
    sync::Arc,
    task::{ready, Context, Poll},
 };
-use tokio::{sync::mpsc, task::JoinHandle};
+use tokio::{net::UdpSocket, sync::mpsc, task::JoinHandle};
 use tokio_stream::{wrappers::ReceiverStream, Stream};
 use tracing::{debug, trace};

@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ pub struct Discovery {
    discv5: Option<Discv5>,
    /// All KAD table updates from the discv5 service.
    discv5_updates: Option<ReceiverStream<discv5::Event>>,
+    /// Background task that, in shared-port mode, drains `UnrecognizedFrame`s from discv5 and
+    /// feeds them into the discv4 ingress so packets advance without polling `Discovery`.
+    _discv5_forwarder: Option<JoinHandle<()>>,
    /// Handler to interact with the DNS discovery service
    _dns_discovery: Option<DnsDiscoveryHandle>,
    /// Updates from the DNS discovery service.
@@ -76,39 +79,138 @@ impl Discovery {
        discovery_v4_addr: SocketAddr,
        sk: SecretKey,
        discv4_config: Option<Discv4Config>,
-        discv5_config: Option<reth_discv5::Config>, // contains discv5 listen address
+        mut discv5_config: Option<reth_discv5::Config>, // contains discv5 listen address
        dns_discovery_config: Option<DnsDiscoveryConfig>,
    ) -> Result<Self, NetworkError> {
        // setup discv4 with the discovery address and tcp port
        let local_enr =
            NodeRecord::from_secret_key(discovery_v4_addr, &sk).with_tcp_port(tcp_addr.port());

-        let discv4_future = async {
-            let Some(disc_config) = discv4_config else { return Ok((None, None, None)) };
-            let (discv4, mut discv4_service) =
-                Discv4::bind(discovery_v4_addr, local_enr, sk, disc_config).await.map_err(
-                    |err| {
+        // For IPv6 we set IPV6_V6ONLY=true so an IPv4 sibling socket on the same port doesn't
+        // clash with the IPv6 one (Linux's default of V6ONLY=0 has IPv6 also claim the IPv4
+        // port via mapped addresses), matching how discv5 binds its `DualStack` sockets.
+        let bind_socket = async |addr: SocketAddr| {
+            let result = match addr {
+                SocketAddr::V4(_) => UdpSocket::bind(addr).await,
+                SocketAddr::V6(_) => {
+                    use socket2::{Domain, Protocol, Socket, Type};
+                    (|| {
+                        let socket = Socket::new(Domain::IPV6, Type::DGRAM, Some(Protocol::UDP))?;
+                        socket.set_only_v6(true)?;
+                        socket.set_nonblocking(true)?;
+                        socket.bind(&addr.into())?;
+                        UdpSocket::from_std(socket.into())
+                    })()
+                }
+            };
+            result
+                .map(Arc::new)
+                .map_err(|err| NetworkError::from_io_error(err, ServiceKind::Discovery(addr)))
+        };
+
+        // In shared-port mode, bind the shared socket and start discv4 without its own receive
+        // loop. Unrecognized frames from discv5 will be forwarded to the ingress handler.
+        let (discv4, discv4_updates, _discv4_service, discv4_ingress, shared_socket) =
+            if let Some(config) = discv4_config {
+                if let Some(discv5_config) = &mut discv5_config &&
+                    discv5_config.has_matching_socket(discovery_v4_addr)
+                {
+                    let socket = bind_socket(discovery_v4_addr).await?;
+
+                    let (discv4, mut discv4_service, ingress) = Discv4::bind_shared(
+                        socket.clone(),
+                        local_enr,
+                        sk,
+                        config,
+                    )
+                    .map_err(|err| {
                        NetworkError::from_io_error(err, ServiceKind::Discovery(discovery_v4_addr))
-                    },
-                )?;
-            let discv4_updates = discv4_service.update_stream();
-            // spawn the service
-            let discv4_service = discv4_service.spawn();
+                    })?;

-            debug!(target:"net", ?discovery_v4_addr, "started discovery v4");
+                    let discv4_updates = discv4_service.update_stream();
+                    let discv4_service = discv4_service.spawn();
+                    debug!(target:"net", ?discovery_v4_addr, "started discovery v4 (shared port)");
+                    (
+                        Some(discv4),
+                        Some(discv4_updates),
+                        Some(discv4_service),
+                        Some(ingress),
+                        Some(socket),
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    let (discv4, mut discv4_service) =
+                        Discv4::bind(discovery_v4_addr, local_enr, sk, config).await.map_err(
+                            |err| {
+                                NetworkError::from_io_error(
+                                    err,
+                                    ServiceKind::Discovery(discovery_v4_addr),
+                                )
+                            },
+                        )?;
+                    let discv4_updates = discv4_service.update_stream();
+                    // spawn the service
+                    let discv4_service = discv4_service.spawn();

-            Ok((Some(discv4), Some(discv4_updates), Some(discv4_service)))
-        };
+                    debug!(target:"net", ?discovery_v4_addr, "started discovery v4");
+
+                    (Some(discv4), Some(discv4_updates), Some(discv4_service), None, None)
+                }
+            } else {
+                (None, None, None, None, None)
+            };
+
+        // Start discv5, wiring in the shared socket if in shared-port mode.
+        let (discv5, discv5_updates) = if let Some(mut config) = discv5_config {
+            if let Some(socket) = shared_socket {
+                let discv5_cfg = config.discv5_config_mut();
+
+                // The shared socket covers discv4's address family; bind the opposite family
+                // only if discv5 was configured for dual-stack.
+                let (mut ipv4, mut ipv6) = (None, None);
+                if discovery_v4_addr.is_ipv4() {
+                    ipv4 = Some(socket);
+                    if let Some(addr) = reth_discv5::config::ipv6(&discv5_cfg.listen_config) {
+                        ipv6 = Some(bind_socket(SocketAddr::V6(addr)).await?);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    ipv6 = Some(socket);
+                    if let Some(addr) = reth_discv5::config::ipv4(&discv5_cfg.listen_config) {
+                        ipv4 = Some(bind_socket(SocketAddr::V4(addr)).await?);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                discv5_cfg.listen_config = discv5::ListenConfig::FromSockets { ipv4, ipv6 };
+            }

-        let discv5_future = async {
-            let Some(config) = discv5_config else { return Ok::<_, NetworkError>((None, None)) };
            let (discv5, discv5_updates) = Discv5::start(&sk, config).await?;
-            debug!(target:"net", discovery_v5_enr=? discv5.local_enr(), "started discovery v5");
-            Ok((Some(discv5), Some(discv5_updates.into())))
+            debug!(target:"net", discovery_v5_enr=?discv5.local_enr(), "started discovery v5");
+            (Some(discv5), Some(discv5_updates))
+        } else {
+            (None, None)
        };

-        let ((discv4, discv4_updates, _discv4_service), (discv5, discv5_updates)) =
-            tokio::try_join!(discv4_future, discv5_future)?;
+        // In shared-port mode, spawn a task that peels `UnrecognizedFrame` events off the discv5
+        // update stream and feeds them into discv4's ingress. Other events are forwarded through
+        // a new channel that `Discovery::poll` reads. This keeps both protocols moving without
+        // requiring the main `Discovery::poll` loop to be driven for packets to be routed.
+        let (discv5_updates, _discv5_forwarder) = match (discv4_ingress, discv5_updates) {
+            (Some(mut ingress), Some(mut updates)) => {
+                let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(updates.max_capacity());
+                let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    while let Some(event) = updates.recv().await {
+                        if let discv5::Event::UnrecognizedFrame(frame) = &event {
+                            ingress.handle_packet(&frame.packet, frame.src_address).await;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if tx.send(event).await.is_err() {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+                (Some(ReceiverStream::new(rx)), Some(handle))
+            }
+            (_, updates) => (updates.map(ReceiverStream::new), None),
+        };

        // setup DNS discovery
        let (_dns_discovery, dns_discovery_updates, _dns_disc_service) =
@@ -132,6 +234,7 @@ impl Discovery {
            _discv4_service,
            discv5,
            discv5_updates,
+            _discv5_forwarder,
            discovered_nodes: LruMap::new(DEFAULT_MAX_CAPACITY_DISCOVERED_PEERS_CACHE),
            queued_events: Default::default(),
            _dns_disc_service,
@@ -309,6 +412,9 @@ impl Drop for Discovery {
        if let Some(handle) = self._discv4_service.take() {
            handle.abort();
        }
+        if let Some(handle) = self._discv5_forwarder.take() {
+            handle.abort();
+        }
        if let Some(handle) = self._dns_disc_service.take() {
            handle.abort();
        }
@@ -342,10 +448,11 @@ impl Discovery {
            },
            discv4: Default::default(),
            discv4_updates: Default::default(),
+            _discv4_service: Default::default(),
+            _discv5_forwarder: None,
            discv5: None,
            discv5_updates: None,
            queued_events: Default::default(),
-            _discv4_service: Default::default(),
            _dns_discovery: None,
            dns_discovery_updates: None,
            _dns_disc_service: None,
@@ -487,4 +594,179 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(1, node_1.discovered_nodes.len());
        assert_eq!(1, node_2.discovered_nodes.len());
    }
+
+    /// Starts a discovery node with discv4 and discv5 sharing the same UDP port.
+    async fn start_shared_port_node(port: u16) -> Discovery {
+        let secret_key = SecretKey::new(&mut rand_08::thread_rng());
+        let disc_addr: SocketAddr = format!("127.0.0.1:{port}").parse().unwrap();
+        // Use a non-zero TCP port so the node record isn't filtered out by
+        // `on_node_record_update` (which drops peers with tcp port == 0).
+        let tcp_addr: SocketAddr = "127.0.0.1:30303".parse().unwrap();
+
+        let discv4_config = Discv4ConfigBuilder::default().external_ip_resolver(None).build();
+
+        let discv5_listen_config = discv5::ListenConfig::from(disc_addr);
+        let discv5_config = reth_discv5::Config::builder(tcp_addr)
+            .discv5_config(discv5::ConfigBuilder::new(discv5_listen_config).build())
+            .build();
+
+        // Both protocols use the same address, triggering shared-port mode
+        Discovery::new(
+            tcp_addr,
+            disc_addr,
+            secret_key,
+            Some(discv4_config),
+            Some(discv5_config),
+            None,
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("should start with shared port")
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    async fn test_shared_port_setup() {
+        reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+        // Use port 0 so the OS picks a free port
+        let node = start_shared_port_node(0).await;
+
+        // Both protocols should be active
+        assert!(node.discv4.is_some(), "discv4 should be running");
+        assert!(node.discv5.is_some(), "discv5 should be running");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    async fn test_shared_port_discv5_discovery() {
+        reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+        let mut node_1 = start_shared_port_node(0).await;
+        let mut node_2 = start_shared_port_node(0).await;
+
+        let discv5_enr_1 = node_1.discv5.as_ref().unwrap().with_discv5(|discv5| discv5.local_enr());
+        let discv5_enr_2 = node_2.discv5.as_ref().unwrap().with_discv5(|discv5| discv5.local_enr());
+
+        let peer_id_1 = enr_to_discv4_id(&discv5_enr_1).unwrap();
+        let peer_id_2 = enr_to_discv4_id(&discv5_enr_2).unwrap();
+
+        // Add node_2's ENR to node_1's discv5 kbuckets and trigger a ping to establish a session.
+        // send_ping awaits the PONG, so the handshake completes before we poll the Discovery
+        // stream. The discv5 service runs its own background task.
+        node_1.add_discv5_node(EnrCombinedKeyWrapper(discv5_enr_2.clone()).into()).unwrap();
+        node_1
+            .discv5
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .with_discv5(|discv5| discv5.send_ping(discv5_enr_2))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Both SessionEstablished events should now be buffered in the update channels.
+        // Drive both nodes concurrently to collect them.
+        let mut event_1 = None;
+        let mut event_2 = None;
+        let timeout = tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5));
+        tokio::pin!(timeout);
+        loop {
+            tokio::select! {
+                ev = node_1.next(), if event_1.is_none() => {
+                    event_1 = ev;
+                }
+                ev = node_2.next(), if event_2.is_none() => {
+                    event_2 = ev;
+                }
+                _ = &mut timeout => {
+                    panic!("timed out waiting for discv5 discovery events");
+                }
+            }
+            if event_1.is_some() && event_2.is_some() {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        assert!(matches!(
+            event_1.unwrap(),
+            DiscoveryEvent::NewNode(DiscoveredEvent::EventQueued { peer_id, .. })
+                if peer_id == peer_id_2
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            event_2.unwrap(),
+            DiscoveryEvent::NewNode(DiscoveredEvent::EventQueued { peer_id, .. })
+                if peer_id == peer_id_1
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    async fn test_shared_port_discv4_discovery() {
+        reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+        let mut node_1 = start_shared_port_node(0).await;
+        let mut node_2 = start_shared_port_node(0).await;
+
+        let enr_1 = node_1.discv4.as_ref().unwrap().node_record();
+        let enr_2 = node_2.discv4.as_ref().unwrap().node_record();
+
+        // Introduce node_2 to node_1 via discv4
+        node_1.add_discv4_node(enr_2);
+
+        // Both nodes should discover each other via discv4 ping/pong
+        let event_1 = node_1.next().await.unwrap();
+        let event_2 = node_2.next().await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            DiscoveryEvent::NewNode(DiscoveredEvent::EventQueued {
+                peer_id: enr_2.id,
+                addr: PeerAddr::new(enr_2.tcp_addr(), Some(enr_2.udp_addr())),
+                fork_id: None
+            }),
+            event_1
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            DiscoveryEvent::NewNode(DiscoveredEvent::EventQueued {
+                peer_id: enr_1.id,
+                addr: PeerAddr::new(enr_1.tcp_addr(), Some(enr_1.udp_addr())),
+                fork_id: None
+            }),
+            event_2
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies that shared-port mode binds correctly when discv5 is configured for dual-stack.
+    /// On Linux this exercises the IPv6 V6ONLY path: without it, the IPv4 sibling would clash
+    /// with the IPv6 socket bound to the same port.
+    #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+    async fn test_shared_port_dual_stack() {
+        reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+        // Find a port that's free on the v4 wildcard so we can use it for both v4 and v6.
+        let probe = UdpSocket::bind("0.0.0.0:0").await.expect("probe bind");
+        let port = probe.local_addr().unwrap().port();
+        drop(probe);
+
+        let secret_key = SecretKey::new(&mut rand_08::thread_rng());
+        let v4_addr: SocketAddr = format!("0.0.0.0:{port}").parse().unwrap();
+        let tcp_addr: SocketAddr = "0.0.0.0:30303".parse().unwrap();
+
+        let discv4_config = Discv4ConfigBuilder::default().external_ip_resolver(None).build();
+
+        let discv5_listen_config = discv5::ListenConfig::DualStack {
+            ipv4: std::net::Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED,
+            ipv4_port: port,
+            ipv6: std::net::Ipv6Addr::UNSPECIFIED,
+            ipv6_port: port,
+        };
+        let discv5_config = reth_discv5::Config::builder(tcp_addr)
+            .discv5_config(discv5::ConfigBuilder::new(discv5_listen_config).build())
+            .build();
+
+        Discovery::new(
+            tcp_addr,
+            v4_addr,
+            secret_key,
+            Some(discv4_config),
+            Some(discv5_config),
+            None,
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("discovery should start with shared port + dual-stack");
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/net/network/src/eth_requests.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/eth_requests.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,11 @@ pub const MAX_HEADERS_SERVE: usize = 1024;
 /// `SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT`.
 pub const MAX_BODIES_SERVE: usize = 1024;

+/// Maximum number of block access lists to serve.
+///
+/// Used to limit lookups.
+pub const MAX_BLOCK_ACCESS_LISTS_SERVE: usize = 1024;
+
 /// Maximum size of replies to data retrievals: 2MB
 pub const SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT: usize = 2 * 1024 * 1024;

@@ -323,9 +328,11 @@ where
    fn on_block_access_lists_request(
        &self,
        _peer_id: PeerId,
-        request: GetBlockAccessLists,
+        mut request: GetBlockAccessLists,
        response: oneshot::Sender<RequestResult<BlockAccessLists>>,
    ) {
+        request.0.truncate(MAX_BLOCK_ACCESS_LISTS_SERVE);
+
        let limit = GetBlockAccessListLimit::ResponseSizeSoftLimit(SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT);
        let access_lists = self
            .client
--- a/crates/net/network/src/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/manager.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use crate::{
    message::{NewBlockMessage, PeerMessage},
    metrics::{
        BackedOffPeersMetrics, ClosedSessionsMetrics, DirectionalDisconnectMetrics, NetworkMetrics,
-        PendingSessionFailureMetrics, NETWORK_POOL_TRANSACTIONS_SCOPE,
+        PendingSessionFailureMetrics,
    },
    network::{NetworkHandle, NetworkHandleMessage},
    peers::{BackoffReason, PeersManager},
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use reth_chainspec::EnrForkIdEntry;
 use reth_eth_wire::{DisconnectReason, EthNetworkPrimitives, NetworkPrimitives};
 use reth_fs_util::{self as fs, FsPathError};
-use reth_metrics::common::mpsc::UnboundedMeteredSender;
+use reth_metrics::common::mpsc::MemoryBoundedSender;
 use reth_network_api::{
    events::{PeerEvent, SessionInfo},
    test_utils::PeersHandle,
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ pub struct NetworkManager<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
    event_sender: EventSender<NetworkEvent<PeerRequest<N>>>,
    /// Sender half to send events to the
    /// [`TransactionsManager`](crate::transactions::TransactionsManager) task, if configured.
-    to_transactions_manager: Option<UnboundedMeteredSender<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>>,
+    to_transactions_manager: Option<MemoryBoundedSender<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>>,
    /// Sender half to send events to the
    /// [`EthRequestHandler`](crate::eth_requests::EthRequestHandler) task, if configured.
    ///
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> NetworkManager<N> {
    /// [`TransactionsManager`](crate::transactions::TransactionsManager).
    pub fn with_transactions(
        mut self,
-        tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>,
+        tx: MemoryBoundedSender<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>,
    ) -> Self {
        self.set_transactions(tx);
        self
@@ -183,9 +183,8 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> NetworkManager<N> {

    /// Sets the dedicated channel for events intended for the
    /// [`TransactionsManager`](crate::transactions::TransactionsManager).
-    pub fn set_transactions(&mut self, tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>) {
-        self.to_transactions_manager =
-            Some(UnboundedMeteredSender::new(tx, NETWORK_POOL_TRANSACTIONS_SCOPE));
+    pub fn set_transactions(&mut self, tx: MemoryBoundedSender<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>) {
+        self.to_transactions_manager = Some(tx);
    }

    /// Sets the dedicated channel for events intended for the
@@ -496,8 +495,16 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> NetworkManager<N> {
    /// Sends an event to the [`TransactionsManager`](crate::transactions::TransactionsManager) if
    /// configured.
    fn notify_tx_manager(&self, event: NetworkTransactionEvent<N>) {
-        if let Some(ref tx) = self.to_transactions_manager {
-            let _ = tx.send(event);
+        if let Some(ref tx) = self.to_transactions_manager &&
+            let Err(e) = tx.try_send(event)
+        {
+            match e {
+                TrySendError::Full(_) => {
+                    trace!(target: "net", "Transaction events channel at capacity, dropping event");
+                    self.metrics.total_dropped_tx_events_at_full_capacity.increment(1);
+                }
+                TrySendError::Closed(_) => {}
+            }
        }
    }

@@ -765,7 +772,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> NetworkManager<N> {
            NetworkHandleMessage::AddRlpxSubProtocol(proto) => self.add_rlpx_sub_protocol(proto),
            NetworkHandleMessage::GetTransactionsHandle(tx) => {
                if let Some(ref tx_inner) = self.to_transactions_manager {
-                    let _ = tx_inner.send(NetworkTransactionEvent::GetTransactionsHandle(tx));
+                    let _ = tx_inner.try_send(NetworkTransactionEvent::GetTransactionsHandle(tx));
                } else {
                    let _ = tx.send(None);
                }
--- a/crates/net/network/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/metrics.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ pub struct NetworkMetrics {
    /// Number of Eth Requests dropped due to channel being at full capacity
    pub(crate) total_dropped_eth_requests_at_full_capacity: Counter,

+    /// Number of transaction events dropped due to the tx manager channel being at full capacity
+    pub(crate) total_dropped_tx_events_at_full_capacity: Counter,
+
    /* ================ POLL DURATION ================ */

    /* -- Total poll duration of `NetworksManager` future -- */
--- a/crates/net/network/src/test_utils/testnet.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/test_utils/testnet.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use reth_eth_wire::{
 };
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{PooledTransactionVariant, TransactionSigned};
 use reth_evm_ethereum::EthEvmConfig;
+use reth_metrics::common::mpsc::memory_bounded_channel;
 use reth_network_api::{
    events::{PeerEvent, SessionInfo},
    test_utils::{PeersHandle, PeersHandleProvider},
@@ -46,13 +47,12 @@ use std::{
    task::{Context, Poll},
 };
 use tokio::{
-    sync::{
-        mpsc::{channel, unbounded_channel},
-        oneshot,
-    },
+    sync::{mpsc::channel, oneshot},
    task::JoinHandle,
 };

+use crate::transactions::constants::tx_manager::DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES;
+
 /// A test network consisting of multiple peers.
 pub struct Testnet<C, Pool> {
    /// All running peers in the network.
@@ -478,7 +478,10 @@ where

    /// Set a new transactions manager that's connected to the peer's network
    pub fn install_transactions_manager(&mut self, pool: Pool) {
-        let (tx, rx) = unbounded_channel();
+        let (tx, rx) = memory_bounded_channel(
+            DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES,
+            "test_tx_channel",
+        );
        self.network.set_transactions(tx);
        let transactions_manager = TransactionsManager::new(
            self.handle(),
@@ -496,7 +499,10 @@ where
        P: TransactionPool,
    {
        let Self { mut network, request_handler, client, secret_key, .. } = self;
-        let (tx, rx) = unbounded_channel();
+        let (tx, rx) = memory_bounded_channel(
+            DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES,
+            "test_tx_channel",
+        );
        network.set_transactions(tx);
        let transactions_manager = TransactionsManager::new(
            network.handle().clone(),
@@ -537,7 +543,10 @@ where
        P: TransactionPool,
    {
        let Self { mut network, request_handler, client, secret_key, .. } = self;
-        let (tx, rx) = unbounded_channel();
+        let (tx, rx) = memory_bounded_channel(
+            DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES,
+            "test_tx_channel",
+        );
        network.set_transactions(tx);

        let announcement_policy = StrictEthAnnouncementFilter::default();
--- a/crates/net/network/src/transactions/config.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/transactions/config.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,12 @@ use super::{
    DEFAULT_SOFT_LIMIT_BYTE_SIZE_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_RESP_ON_PACK_GET_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_REQ,
    SOFT_LIMIT_BYTE_SIZE_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_RESPONSE,
 };
-use crate::transactions::constants::tx_fetcher::{
-    DEFAULT_MAX_CAPACITY_CACHE_PENDING_FETCH, DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_CONCURRENT_REQUESTS,
-    DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_PEER,
+use crate::transactions::constants::{
+    tx_fetcher::{
+        DEFAULT_MAX_CAPACITY_CACHE_PENDING_FETCH, DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_CONCURRENT_REQUESTS,
+        DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_PEER,
+    },
+    tx_manager::DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES,
 };
 use alloy_eips::eip2718::IsTyped2718;
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
@@ -30,6 +33,17 @@ pub struct TransactionsManagerConfig {
    /// Which peers we accept incoming transactions or announcements from.
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(default))]
    pub ingress_policy: TransactionIngressPolicy,
+    /// Memory limit (in bytes) for the channel that carries
+    /// `NetworkTransactionEvent`s from the `NetworkManager` to the `TransactionsManager`.
+    ///
+    /// When the budget is exhausted, new events are dropped.
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(default = "default_tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes"))]
+    pub tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes: usize,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+const fn default_tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes() -> usize {
+    DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES
 }

 impl Default for TransactionsManagerConfig {
@@ -39,6 +53,7 @@ impl Default for TransactionsManagerConfig {
            max_transactions_seen_by_peer_history: DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_TRANSACTIONS_SEEN_BY_PEER,
            propagation_mode: TransactionPropagationMode::default(),
            ingress_policy: TransactionIngressPolicy::default(),
+            tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes: DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES,
        }
    }
 }
--- a/crates/net/network/src/transactions/constants.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/transactions/constants.rs
@@ -53,6 +53,15 @@ pub mod tx_manager {
    ///
    /// Default is 100 KiB, i.e. 3 200 transaction hashes.
    pub const DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_BAD_IMPORTS: u32 = 100 * 1024 / 32;
+
+    /// Default memory limit (in bytes) for the channel between
+    /// [`NetworkManager`](crate::NetworkManager) and
+    /// [`TransactionsManager`](crate::transactions::TransactionsManager).
+    ///
+    /// Caps the total in-flight bytes of `NetworkTransactionEvent`s buffered between the two
+    /// tasks. When the budget is exhausted, new events are dropped (see metric
+    /// `total_dropped_tx_events_at_full_capacity`).
+    pub const DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES: usize = 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
 }

 /// Constants used by [`TransactionFetcher`](super::TransactionFetcher).
--- a/crates/net/network/src/transactions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/transactions/mod.rs
@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ use crate::{
    },
    cache::LruCache,
    duration_metered_exec, metered_poll_nested_stream_with_budget,
-    metrics::{
-        AnnouncedTxTypesMetrics, TransactionsManagerMetrics, NETWORK_POOL_TRANSACTIONS_SCOPE,
-    },
+    metrics::{AnnouncedTxTypesMetrics, TransactionsManagerMetrics},
    transactions::config::{StrictEthAnnouncementFilter, TransactionPropagationKind},
    NetworkHandle, TxTypesCounter,
 };
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ use reth_eth_wire::{
    RequestTxHashes, Transactions, ValidAnnouncementData,
 };
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{TransactionSigned, TxType};
-use reth_metrics::common::mpsc::UnboundedMeteredReceiver;
+use reth_metrics::common::mpsc::MemoryBoundedReceiver;
 use reth_network_api::{
    events::{PeerEvent, SessionInfo},
    NetworkEvent, NetworkEventListenerProvider, PeerKind, PeerRequest, PeerRequestSender, Peers,
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ use reth_network_p2p::{
 };
 use reth_network_peers::PeerId;
 use reth_network_types::ReputationChangeKind;
-use reth_primitives_traits::SignedTransaction;
+use reth_primitives_traits::{InMemorySize, SignedTransaction};
 use reth_tokio_util::EventStream;
 use reth_transaction_pool::{
    error::{PoolError, PoolResult},
@@ -333,7 +331,7 @@ pub struct TransactionsManager<Pool, N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives
    ///   - account has enough balance to cover the transaction's gas
    pending_transactions: mpsc::Receiver<TxHash>,
    /// Incoming events from the [`NetworkManager`](crate::NetworkManager).
-    transaction_events: UnboundedMeteredReceiver<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>,
+    transaction_events: MemoryBoundedReceiver<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>,
    /// How the `TransactionsManager` is configured.
    config: TransactionsManagerConfig,
    /// Network Policies
@@ -351,7 +349,7 @@ impl<Pool: TransactionPool, N: NetworkPrimitives> TransactionsManager<Pool, N> {
    pub fn new(
        network: NetworkHandle<N>,
        pool: Pool,
-        from_network: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>,
+        from_network: MemoryBoundedReceiver<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>,
        transactions_manager_config: TransactionsManagerConfig,
    ) -> Self {
        Self::with_policy(
@@ -374,7 +372,7 @@ impl<Pool: TransactionPool, N: NetworkPrimitives> TransactionsManager<Pool, N> {
    pub fn with_policy(
        network: NetworkHandle<N>,
        pool: Pool,
-        from_network: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>,
+        from_network: MemoryBoundedReceiver<NetworkTransactionEvent<N>>,
        transactions_manager_config: TransactionsManagerConfig,
        policies: NetworkPolicies<N>,
    ) -> Self {
@@ -409,10 +407,7 @@ impl<Pool: TransactionPool, N: NetworkPrimitives> TransactionsManager<Pool, N> {
            command_tx,
            command_rx: UnboundedReceiverStream::new(command_rx),
            pending_transactions: pending,
-            transaction_events: UnboundedMeteredReceiver::new(
-                from_network,
-                NETWORK_POOL_TRANSACTIONS_SCOPE,
-            ),
+            transaction_events: from_network,
            config: transactions_manager_config,
            policies,
            metrics,
@@ -1626,7 +1621,7 @@ where
            "Network transaction events stream",
            DEFAULT_BUDGET_TRY_DRAIN_NETWORK_TRANSACTION_EVENTS,
            this.transaction_events.poll_next_unpin(cx),
-            |event| this.on_network_tx_event(event),
+            |event: NetworkTransactionEvent<N>| this.on_network_tx_event(event),
        );

        // Advance inflight fetch requests (flush transaction fetcher and queue for
@@ -2174,6 +2169,28 @@ struct TxManagerPollDurations {
    acc_cmds: Duration,
 }

+impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> InMemorySize for NetworkTransactionEvent<N> {
+    // `N::BroadcastedTransaction` and `N::PooledTransaction` already implement
+    // `InMemorySize` via `SignedTransaction: InMemorySize`, so no extra bound is needed.
+    fn size(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::IncomingTransactions { peer_id, msg } => {
+                core::mem::size_of_val(peer_id) +
+                    msg.0.iter().map(InMemorySize::size).sum::<usize>()
+            }
+            Self::IncomingPooledTransactionHashes { peer_id, msg } => {
+                core::mem::size_of_val(peer_id) + msg.size()
+            }
+            Self::GetPooledTransactions { peer_id, request, response } => {
+                core::mem::size_of_val(peer_id) +
+                    request.0.len() * core::mem::size_of::<TxHash>() +
+                    core::mem::size_of_val(response)
+            }
+            Self::GetTransactionsHandle(_) => 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
@@ -3106,7 +3123,12 @@ mod tests {

        let mut network_manager = NetworkManager::new(network_config).await.unwrap();
        let (to_tx_manager_tx, from_network_rx) =
-            mpsc::unbounded_channel::<NetworkTransactionEvent<EthNetworkPrimitives>>();
+            reth_metrics::common::mpsc::memory_bounded_channel::<
+                NetworkTransactionEvent<EthNetworkPrimitives>,
+            >(
+                crate::transactions::constants::tx_manager::DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES,
+                "test_tx_channel",
+            );
        network_manager.set_transactions(to_tx_manager_tx);
        let network_handle = network_manager.handle().clone();
        let network_service_handle = tokio::spawn(network_manager);
--- a/crates/net/network/tests/it/requests.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/tests/it/requests.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use rand::Rng;
 use reth_eth_wire::{BlockAccessLists, EthVersion, GetBlockAccessLists, HeadersDirection};
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::Block;
 use reth_network::{
-    eth_requests::SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT,
+    eth_requests::{MAX_BLOCK_ACCESS_LISTS_SERVE, SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT},
    test_utils::{NetworkEventStream, PeerConfig, Testnet, TestnetHandle},
    BlockDownloaderProvider, NetworkEventListenerProvider,
 };
@@ -607,6 +607,26 @@ async fn test_eth71_get_block_access_lists_empty_request() {
    assert_eq!(response, BlockAccessLists(Vec::new()));
 }

+// Ensures BAL responses are capped at MAX_BLOCK_ACCESS_LISTS_SERVE entries.
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn test_eth71_get_block_access_lists_caps_count() {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+    let (net, bal_store) = spawn_eth71_bal_testnet().await;
+
+    // Request more hashes than the count cap.
+    let request_count = MAX_BLOCK_ACCESS_LISTS_SERVE + 100;
+    let hashes: Vec<B256> = (0..request_count).map(|_| B256::random()).collect();
+
+    // Insert one BAL so the store isn't entirely empty (not strictly needed,
+    // but keeps the test path closer to real usage).
+    let bal = Bytes::from_static(&[0xc1, 0x01]);
+    bal_store.insert(hashes[0], 1, bal).unwrap();
+
+    let response = request_block_access_lists(&net, hashes).await;
+
+    assert_eq!(response.0.len(), MAX_BLOCK_ACCESS_LISTS_SERVE);
+}
+
 // Ensures the fetch client can request BALs through an eth/71 peer.
 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
 async fn test_eth71_fetch_client_get_block_access_lists() {
--- a/crates/net/network/tests/it/startup.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/tests/it/startup.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::{
 };

 use reth_chainspec::MAINNET;
-use reth_discv4::{Discv4Config, NatResolver, DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_ADDR, DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_PORT};
+use reth_discv4::{Discv4Config, NatResolver, DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_ADDR};
 use reth_network::{
    error::{NetworkError, ServiceKind},
    Discovery, NetworkConfigBuilder, NetworkManager,
@@ -73,27 +73,31 @@ async fn test_discovery_addr_in_use() {
 }

 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
-async fn test_discv5_and_discv4_same_socket_fails() {
+async fn test_discv5_and_discv4_same_socket_ok() {
+    // Pick a free port for the shared UDP discovery socket and TCP RLPx listener.
+    let test_port: u16 = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0")
+        .await
+        .expect("Failed to bind to a port")
+        .local_addr()
+        .unwrap()
+        .port();
+
    let secret_key = SecretKey::new(&mut rand_08::thread_rng());
    let config = NetworkConfigBuilder::eth(secret_key, Runtime::test())
-        .listener_port(DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_PORT)
+        .listener_port(test_port)
+        .discovery_port(test_port)
        .discovery_v5(
-            reth_discv5::Config::builder((DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_ADDR, DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_PORT).into())
-                .discv5_config(
-                    discv5::ConfigBuilder::new(discv5::ListenConfig::from_ip(
-                        DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_ADDR,
-                        DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_PORT,
-                    ))
-                    .build(),
-                ),
+            reth_discv5::Config::builder((DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_ADDR, test_port).into()).discv5_config(
+                discv5::ConfigBuilder::new(discv5::ListenConfig::from_ip(
+                    DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_ADDR,
+                    test_port,
+                ))
+                .build(),
+            ),
        )
        .disable_dns_discovery()
        .build(NoopProvider::default());
-    let addr = config.listener_addr;
-    let result = NetworkManager::new(config).await;
-    let err = result.err().unwrap();
-
-    assert!(is_addr_in_use_kind(&err, ServiceKind::Listener(addr)), "{err:?}")
+    let _network = NetworkManager::new(config).await.expect("shared port discovery should start");
 }

 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
--- a/crates/node/core/src/args/engine.rs
+++ b/crates/node/core/src/args/engine.rs
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ impl Default for DefaultEngineValues {
            share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder: false,
            share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder: false,
            suppress_persistence_during_build: false,
-            bal_parallel_execution_disabled: false,
+            bal_parallel_execution_disabled: true,
            bal_parallel_state_root_disabled: false,
        }
    }
@@ -511,8 +511,8 @@ pub struct EngineArgs {
    )]
    pub suppress_persistence_during_build: bool,

-    /// Disable BAL (Block Access List, EIP-7928) based parallel execution. When set, falls back
-    /// to transaction-based prewarming even when a BAL is available.
+    /// Disable BAL (Block Access List, EIP-7928) based parallel execution. Defaults to disabled,
+    /// falling back to transaction-based prewarming even when a BAL is available.
    #[arg(long = "engine.disable-bal-parallel-execution", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().bal_parallel_execution_disabled)]
    pub bal_parallel_execution_disabled: bool,

--- a/crates/node/core/src/args/network.rs
+++ b/crates/node/core/src/args/network.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ use reth_network::{
                DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_PEER,
            },
            tx_manager::{
-                DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_PENDING_POOL_IMPORTS, DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_TRANSACTIONS_SEEN_BY_PEER,
+                DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_PENDING_POOL_IMPORTS,
+                DEFAULT_MAX_COUNT_TRANSACTIONS_SEEN_BY_PEER,
+                DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES,
            },
        },
        TransactionFetcherConfig, TransactionPropagationMode, TransactionsManagerConfig,
@@ -76,6 +78,8 @@ pub struct DefaultNetworkArgs {
    pub soft_limit_byte_size_pooled_transactions_response_on_pack_request: usize,
    /// Default max capacity of cache of hashes for transactions pending fetch.
    pub max_capacity_cache_txns_pending_fetch: u32,
+    /// Default memory limit (in bytes) for the network manager → transactions manager channel.
+    pub tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes: usize,
    /// Default transaction propagation policy.
    pub tx_propagation_policy: TransactionPropagationKind,
    /// Default transaction ingress policy.
@@ -169,6 +173,13 @@ impl DefaultNetworkArgs {
        self
    }

+    /// Set the default memory limit (in bytes) for the network manager → transactions
+    /// manager channel.
+    pub const fn with_tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes(mut self, v: usize) -> Self {
+        self.tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes = v;
+        self
+    }
+
    /// Set the default transaction propagation policy.
    pub const fn with_tx_propagation_policy(mut self, v: TransactionPropagationKind) -> Self {
        self.tx_propagation_policy = v;
@@ -210,6 +221,7 @@ impl Default for DefaultNetworkArgs {
            soft_limit_byte_size_pooled_transactions_response_on_pack_request:
                DEFAULT_SOFT_LIMIT_BYTE_SIZE_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_RESP_ON_PACK_GET_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_REQ,
            max_capacity_cache_txns_pending_fetch: DEFAULT_MAX_CAPACITY_CACHE_PENDING_FETCH,
+            tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes: DEFAULT_TX_MANAGER_CHANNEL_MEMORY_LIMIT_BYTES,
            tx_propagation_policy: TransactionPropagationKind::default(),
            tx_ingress_policy: TransactionIngressPolicy::default(),
            propagation_mode: TransactionPropagationMode::Sqrt,
@@ -348,6 +360,15 @@ pub struct NetworkArgs {
    #[arg(long = "max-tx-pending-fetch", value_name = "COUNT", default_value_t = DefaultNetworkArgs::get_global().max_capacity_cache_txns_pending_fetch, verbatim_doc_comment)]
    pub max_capacity_cache_txns_pending_fetch: u32,

+    /// Memory limit (in bytes) for the channel that buffers transaction events flowing
+    /// from the network manager to the transactions manager.
+    ///
+    /// When the budget is exhausted, new events are dropped (see metric
+    /// `total_dropped_tx_events_at_full_capacity`). Acts as a backstop against unbounded
+    /// memory growth under sustained P2P transaction flooding.
+    #[arg(long = "tx-channel-memory-limit", value_name = "BYTES", default_value_t = DefaultNetworkArgs::get_global().tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes, verbatim_doc_comment)]
+    pub tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes: usize,
+
    /// Name of network interface used to communicate with peers.
    ///
    /// If flag is set, but no value is passed, the default interface for docker `eth0` is tried.
@@ -485,6 +506,7 @@ impl NetworkArgs {
            max_transactions_seen_by_peer_history: self.max_seen_tx_history,
            propagation_mode: self.propagation_mode,
            ingress_policy: self.tx_ingress_policy,
+            tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes: self.tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes,
        }
    }

@@ -660,6 +682,7 @@ impl Default for NetworkArgs {
            soft_limit_byte_size_pooled_transactions_response,
            soft_limit_byte_size_pooled_transactions_response_on_pack_request,
            max_capacity_cache_txns_pending_fetch,
+            tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes,
            tx_propagation_policy,
            tx_ingress_policy,
            propagation_mode,
@@ -689,6 +712,7 @@ impl Default for NetworkArgs {
            max_pending_pool_imports,
            max_seen_tx_history,
            max_capacity_cache_txns_pending_fetch,
+            tx_channel_memory_limit_bytes,
            net_if: None,
            tx_propagation_policy,
            tx_ingress_policy,
--- a/crates/rpc/rpc-eth-api/src/helpers/pending_block.rs
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc-eth-api/src/helpers/pending_block.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ use alloy_primitives::{B256, U256};
 use alloy_rpc_types_eth::BlockNumberOrTag;
 use futures::Future;
 use reth_chain_state::{BlockState, ComputedTrieData, ExecutedBlock};
-use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecProvider, EthChainSpec};
+use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecProvider, EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
 use reth_errors::{BlockExecutionError, BlockValidationError, ProviderError, RethError};
 use reth_evm::{
+    block::TxResult,
    execute::{BlockBuilder, BlockBuilderOutcome, BlockExecutionOutput},
    ConfigureEvm, Evm, EvmEnvFor, NextBlockEnvAttributes,
 };
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ use reth_transaction_pool::{
    error::InvalidPoolTransactionError, BestTransactions, BestTransactionsAttributes,
    PoolTransaction, TransactionPool,
 };
-use revm::context_interface::Block;
+use revm::context_interface::{Block, Cfg as _};
 use std::{
    sync::Arc,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
@@ -263,6 +264,10 @@ pub trait LoadPendingBlock:
        builder.apply_pre_execution_changes().map_err(Self::Error::from_eth_err)?;

        let block_gas_limit: u64 = builder.evm().block().gas_limit();
+        let is_amsterdam = self
+            .provider()
+            .chain_spec()
+            .is_amsterdam_active_at_timestamp(builder.evm().block().timestamp().saturating_to());
        let basefee = builder.evm().block().basefee();
        let blob_gasprice = builder.evm().block().blob_gasprice().map(|p| p as u64);

@@ -271,8 +276,11 @@ pub trait LoadPendingBlock:
            .chain_spec()
            .blob_params_at_timestamp(parent.timestamp())
            .unwrap_or_else(BlobParams::cancun);
-        let mut cumulative_gas_used = 0;
+        let mut cumulative_tx_gas_used = 0;
+        let mut block_regular_gas_used = 0;
+        let mut block_state_gas_used = 0;
        let mut sum_blob_gas_used = 0;
+        let tx_gas_limit_cap = builder.evm().cfg_env().tx_gas_limit_cap();

        // Only include transactions if not configured as Empty
        if !self.pending_block_kind().is_empty() {
@@ -287,15 +295,35 @@ pub trait LoadPendingBlock:

            while let Some(pool_tx) = best_txs.next() {
                // ensure we still have capacity for this transaction
-                if cumulative_gas_used + pool_tx.gas_limit() > block_gas_limit {
+                let exceeds_gas_limit = if is_amsterdam {
+                    let regular_available_gas =
+                        block_gas_limit.saturating_sub(block_regular_gas_used);
+                    let state_available_gas = block_gas_limit.saturating_sub(block_state_gas_used);
+                    let regular_tx_gas_limit = pool_tx.gas_limit().min(tx_gas_limit_cap);
+
+                    if regular_tx_gas_limit > regular_available_gas {
+                        Some((regular_tx_gas_limit, regular_available_gas))
+                    } else if pool_tx.gas_limit() > state_available_gas {
+                        Some((pool_tx.gas_limit(), state_available_gas))
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let block_available_gas =
+                        block_gas_limit.saturating_sub(cumulative_tx_gas_used);
+                    (pool_tx.gas_limit() > block_available_gas)
+                        .then_some((pool_tx.gas_limit(), block_available_gas))
+                };
+
+                if let Some((transaction_gas_limit, block_available_gas)) = exceeds_gas_limit {
                    // we can't fit this transaction into the block, so we need to mark it as
                    // invalid which also removes all dependent transaction from
                    // the iterator before we can continue
                    best_txs.mark_invalid(
                        &pool_tx,
                        &InvalidPoolTransactionError::ExceedsGasLimit(
-                            pool_tx.gas_limit(),
-                            block_gas_limit,
+                            transaction_gas_limit,
+                            block_available_gas,
                        ),
                    );
                    continue
@@ -337,29 +365,48 @@ pub trait LoadPendingBlock:
                    continue
                }

-                let gas_used = match builder.execute_transaction(tx) {
-                    Ok(gas_used) => gas_used,
-                    Err(BlockExecutionError::Validation(BlockValidationError::InvalidTx {
-                        error,
-                        ..
-                    })) => {
-                        if error.is_nonce_too_low() {
-                            // if the nonce is too low, we can skip this transaction
-                        } else {
-                            // if the transaction is invalid, we can skip it and all of its
-                            // descendants
+                let mut tx_regular_gas_used = 0;
+                let gas_output =
+                    match builder.execute_transaction_with_result_closure(tx, |result| {
+                        tx_regular_gas_used = result.result().result.gas().block_regular_gas_used();
+                    }) {
+                        Ok(gas_output) => gas_output,
+                        Err(BlockExecutionError::Validation(BlockValidationError::InvalidTx {
+                            error,
+                            ..
+                        })) => {
+                            if error.is_nonce_too_low() {
+                                // if the nonce is too low, we can skip this transaction
+                            } else {
+                                // if the transaction is invalid, we can skip it and all of its
+                                // descendants
+                                best_txs.mark_invalid(
+                                    &pool_tx,
+                                    &InvalidPoolTransactionError::Consensus(
+                                        InvalidTransactionError::TxTypeNotSupported,
+                                    ),
+                                );
+                            }
+                            continue
+                        }
+                        Err(BlockExecutionError::Validation(
+                            BlockValidationError::TransactionGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas {
+                                transaction_gas_limit,
+                                block_available_gas,
+                            },
+                        )) => {
                            best_txs.mark_invalid(
                                &pool_tx,
-                                &InvalidPoolTransactionError::Consensus(
-                                    InvalidTransactionError::TxTypeNotSupported,
+                                &InvalidPoolTransactionError::ExceedsGasLimit(
+                                    transaction_gas_limit,
+                                    block_available_gas,
                                ),
                            );
+                            continue
                        }
-                        continue
-                    }
-                    // this is an error that we should treat as fatal for this attempt
-                    Err(err) => return Err(Self::Error::from_eth_err(err)),
-                };
+                        // this is an error that we should treat as fatal for this attempt
+                        Err(err) => return Err(Self::Error::from_eth_err(err)),
+                    };

                // add to the total blob gas used if the transaction successfully executed
                if let Some(tx_blob_gas) = tx_blob_gas {
@@ -371,9 +418,11 @@ pub trait LoadPendingBlock:
                    }
                }

-                // add gas used by the transaction to cumulative gas used, before creating the
-                // receipt
-                cumulative_gas_used += gas_used;
+                // Track receipt gas and the Amsterdam block-capacity counter separately.
+                let gas_used = gas_output.tx_gas_used();
+                cumulative_tx_gas_used += gas_used;
+                block_regular_gas_used += tx_regular_gas_used;
+                block_state_gas_used += gas_output.state_gas_used();
            }
        }

--- a/crates/rpc/rpc/src/testing.rs
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc/src/testing.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ where

                    let tip = tx.effective_tip_per_gas(base_fee).unwrap_or_default();
                    let gas_used = match builder.execute_transaction(tx) {
-                        Ok(gas_used) => gas_used,
+                        Ok(gas_used) => gas_used.tx_gas_used(),
                        Err(err) => {
                            if skip_invalid_transactions {
                                debug!(
--- a/crates/rpc/rpc/src/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc/src/validation.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ where
        // update the cached reads
        self.update_cached_reads(parent_header_hash, request_cache).await;

-        self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(&block, &output, None)?;
+        self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(&block, &output, None, None)?;

        self.ensure_payment(&block, &output, &message)?;

--- a/crates/stages/stages/src/stages/execution/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/stages/stages/src/stages/execution/mod.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use alloy_primitives::BlockNumber;
 use num_traits::Zero;
 use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecProvider, EthereumHardforks};
 use reth_config::config::ExecutionConfig;
-use reth_consensus::FullConsensus;
+use reth_consensus::{validate_block_access_list_gas, FullConsensus};
 use reth_db::{static_file::HeaderMask, tables};
 use reth_evm::{execute::Executor, metrics::ExecutorMetrics, ConfigureEvm};
 use reth_execution_types::Chain;
@@ -357,7 +357,19 @@ where
                })
            })?;

-            if let Err(err) = self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(&block, &result, None) {
+            let bal = executor.take_bal().unwrap_or_default();
+            if block.header().block_access_list_hash().is_some() &&
+                let Err(err) = validate_block_access_list_gas(Some(&bal), block.gas_limit())
+            {
+                return Err(StageError::Block {
+                    block: Box::new(block.block_with_parent()),
+                    error: BlockErrorKind::Validation(err),
+                })
+            }
+
+            if let Err(err) =
+                self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(&block, &result, None, Some(bal))
+            {
                return Err(StageError::Block {
                    block: Box::new(block.block_with_parent()),
                    error: BlockErrorKind::Validation(err),
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/state/historical.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/state/historical.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use reth_db_api::{
    transaction::DbTx,
    BlockNumberList,
 };
-use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, Bytecode};
+use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, Bytecode, NodePrimitives};
 use reth_storage_api::{
    BlockNumReader, BytecodeReader, DBProvider, NodePrimitivesProvider, PruneCheckpointReader,
    StageCheckpointReader, StateProofProvider, StorageChangeSetReader, StorageRootProvider,
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ use reth_trie_db::{
    ChangesetCache, DatabaseProof, DatabaseStateRoot, DatabaseStorageProof, DatabaseStorageRoot,
 };

-use std::{fmt::Debug, sync::Arc};
+use std::{fmt::Debug, marker::PhantomData, sync::Arc};

 type DbStateRoot<'a, TX, A> = StateRoot<
    reth_trie_db::DatabaseTrieCursorFactory<&'a TX, A>,
@@ -121,7 +121,13 @@ impl HistoryInfo {
 /// - [`tables::AccountChangeSets`]
 /// - [`tables::StorageChangeSets`]
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct HistoricalStateProviderRef<'b, Provider> {
+pub struct HistoricalStateProviderRef<
+    'b,
+    Provider,
+    N: NodePrimitives = <Provider as NodePrimitivesProvider>::Primitives,
+> where
+    Provider: NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+{
    /// Database provider
    provider: &'b Provider,
    /// Changeset cache handle for retrieving trie changesets.
@@ -130,10 +136,18 @@ pub struct HistoricalStateProviderRef<'b, Provider> {
    block_number: BlockNumber,
    /// Lowest blocks at which different parts of the state are available.
    lowest_available_blocks: LowestAvailableBlocks,
+    /// Marker for the provider's node primitives.
+    _primitives: PhantomData<N>,
 }

-impl<'b, Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + BlockNumReader>
-    HistoricalStateProviderRef<'b, Provider>
+impl<'b, Provider, N> HistoricalStateProviderRef<'b, Provider, N>
+where
+    Provider: DBProvider
+        + ChangeSetReader
+        + StorageChangeSetReader
+        + BlockNumReader
+        + NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+    N: NodePrimitives,
 {
    /// Create new `StateProvider` for historical block number
    pub fn new(
@@ -146,6 +160,7 @@ impl<'b, Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + Block
            changeset_cache,
            block_number,
            lowest_available_blocks: Default::default(),
+            _primitives: PhantomData,
        }
    }

@@ -157,7 +172,13 @@ impl<'b, Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + Block
        lowest_available_blocks: LowestAvailableBlocks,
        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
    ) -> Self {
-        Self { provider, changeset_cache, block_number, lowest_available_blocks }
+        Self {
+            provider,
+            changeset_cache,
+            block_number,
+            lowest_available_blocks,
+            _primitives: PhantomData,
+        }
    }

    /// Lookup an account in the `AccountsHistory` table using `EitherReader`.
@@ -282,14 +303,13 @@ impl<'b, Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + Block
        // Historical providers expose state at the start of `self.block_number`, so the overlay
        // builder needs the previous canonical block hash to preserve those semantics.
        let target_block = self.block_number.saturating_sub(1);
-        let block_hash = self
+        let anchor_hash = self
            .provider
            .block_hash(target_block)?
            .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::HeaderNotFound(target_block.into()))?;

        let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, prefix_sets } = input;
-        let overlay_builder = OverlayBuilder::new(self.changeset_cache.clone())
-            .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
+        let overlay_builder = OverlayBuilder::<N>::new(anchor_hash, self.changeset_cache.clone())
            .with_overlay_source(Some(OverlaySource::Immediate { trie: nodes, state }));
        let Overlay { trie_updates, hashed_post_state } =
            overlay_builder.build_overlay(self.provider)?;
@@ -316,21 +336,26 @@ impl<'b, Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + Block
    }
 }

-impl<Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader> HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider> {
+impl<Provider, N> HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider, N>
+where
+    Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader + NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+    N: NodePrimitives,
+{
    fn tx(&self) -> &Provider::Tx {
        self.provider.tx_ref()
    }
 }

-impl<
-        Provider: DBProvider
-            + BlockNumReader
-            + ChangeSetReader
-            + StorageChangeSetReader
-            + StorageSettingsCache
-            + RocksDBProviderFactory
-            + NodePrimitivesProvider,
-    > AccountReader for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
+impl<Provider, N> AccountReader for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider, N>
+where
+    Provider: DBProvider
+        + BlockNumReader
+        + ChangeSetReader
+        + StorageChangeSetReader
+        + StorageSettingsCache
+        + RocksDBProviderFactory
+        + NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+    N: NodePrimitives,
 {
    /// Get basic account information.
    fn basic_account(&self, address: &Address) -> ProviderResult<Option<Account>> {
@@ -358,8 +383,11 @@ impl<
    }
 }

-impl<Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader + BlockHashReader> BlockHashReader
-    for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
+impl<Provider, N> BlockHashReader for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider, N>
+where
+    Provider:
+        DBProvider + BlockNumReader + BlockHashReader + NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+    N: NodePrimitives,
 {
    /// Get block hash by number.
    fn block_hash(&self, number: u64) -> ProviderResult<Option<B256>> {
@@ -375,16 +403,18 @@ impl<Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader + BlockHashReader> BlockHashReader
    }
 }

-impl<
-        Provider: DBProvider
-            + ChangeSetReader
-            + StorageChangeSetReader
-            + BlockNumReader
-            + BlockHashReader
-            + PruneCheckpointReader
-            + StageCheckpointReader
-            + StorageSettingsCache,
-    > StateRootProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
+impl<Provider, N> StateRootProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider, N>
+where
+    Provider: DBProvider
+        + ChangeSetReader
+        + StorageChangeSetReader
+        + BlockNumReader
+        + BlockHashReader
+        + PruneCheckpointReader
+        + StageCheckpointReader
+        + StorageSettingsCache
+        + NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+    N: NodePrimitives,
 {
    fn state_root(&self, hashed_state: HashedPostState) -> ProviderResult<B256> {
        reth_trie_db::with_adapter!(self.provider, |A| {
@@ -425,16 +455,18 @@ impl<
    }
 }

-impl<
-        Provider: DBProvider
-            + ChangeSetReader
-            + StorageChangeSetReader
-            + BlockNumReader
-            + BlockHashReader
-            + PruneCheckpointReader
-            + StageCheckpointReader
-            + StorageSettingsCache,
-    > StorageRootProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
+impl<Provider, N> StorageRootProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider, N>
+where
+    Provider: DBProvider
+        + ChangeSetReader
+        + StorageChangeSetReader
+        + BlockNumReader
+        + BlockHashReader
+        + PruneCheckpointReader
+        + StageCheckpointReader
+        + StorageSettingsCache
+        + NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+    N: NodePrimitives,
 {
    fn storage_root(
        &self,
@@ -521,16 +553,18 @@ impl<
    }
 }

-impl<
-        Provider: DBProvider
-            + ChangeSetReader
-            + StorageChangeSetReader
-            + BlockNumReader
-            + BlockHashReader
-            + PruneCheckpointReader
-            + StageCheckpointReader
-            + StorageSettingsCache,
-    > StateProofProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
+impl<Provider, N> StateProofProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider, N>
+where
+    Provider: DBProvider
+        + ChangeSetReader
+        + StorageChangeSetReader
+        + BlockNumReader
+        + BlockHashReader
+        + PruneCheckpointReader
+        + StageCheckpointReader
+        + StorageSettingsCache
+        + NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+    N: NodePrimitives,
 {
    /// Get account and storage proofs.
    fn proof(
@@ -604,24 +638,29 @@ impl<
    }
 }

-impl<Provider> HashedPostStateProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider> {
+impl<Provider, N> HashedPostStateProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider, N>
+where
+    Provider: NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+    N: NodePrimitives,
+{
    fn hashed_post_state(&self, bundle_state: &revm_database::BundleState) -> HashedPostState {
        HashedPostState::from_bundle_state::<KeccakKeyHasher>(bundle_state.state())
    }
 }

-impl<
-        Provider: DBProvider
-            + BlockNumReader
-            + BlockHashReader
-            + ChangeSetReader
-            + StorageChangeSetReader
-            + PruneCheckpointReader
-            + StageCheckpointReader
-            + StorageSettingsCache
-            + RocksDBProviderFactory
-            + NodePrimitivesProvider,
-    > StateProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
+impl<Provider, N> StateProvider for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider, N>
+where
+    Provider: DBProvider
+        + BlockNumReader
+        + BlockHashReader
+        + ChangeSetReader
+        + StorageChangeSetReader
+        + PruneCheckpointReader
+        + StageCheckpointReader
+        + StorageSettingsCache
+        + RocksDBProviderFactory
+        + NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+    N: NodePrimitives,
 {
    /// Expects a plain (unhashed) storage key slot.
    fn storage(
@@ -633,8 +672,10 @@ impl<
    }
 }

-impl<Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader> BytecodeReader
-    for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider>
+impl<Provider, N> BytecodeReader for HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider, N>
+where
+    Provider: DBProvider + BlockNumReader + NodePrimitivesProvider<Primitives = N>,
+    N: NodePrimitives,
 {
    /// Get account code by its hash
    fn bytecode_by_hash(&self, code_hash: &B256) -> ProviderResult<Option<Bytecode>> {
@@ -690,7 +731,16 @@ impl<Provider: DBProvider + ChangeSetReader + StorageChangeSetReader + BlockNumR
        self.lowest_available_blocks.storage_history_block_number = Some(block_number);
        self
    }
+}

+impl<
+        Provider: DBProvider
+            + ChangeSetReader
+            + StorageChangeSetReader
+            + BlockNumReader
+            + NodePrimitivesProvider,
+    > HistoricalStateProvider<Provider>
+{
    /// Returns a new provider that takes the `TX` as reference
    #[inline(always)]
    fn as_ref(&self) -> HistoricalStateProviderRef<'_, Provider> {
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/state/overlay.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/state/overlay.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
-use alloy_primitives::{BlockNumber, B256};
+use alloy_eips::BlockNumHash;
+use alloy_primitives::{BlockHash, BlockNumber, B256};
 use metrics::{Counter, Histogram};
-use reth_chain_state::LazyOverlay;
+use reth_chain_state::{EthPrimitives, LazyOverlay};
 use reth_db_api::{tables, transaction::DbTx, DatabaseError};
 use reth_errors::{ProviderError, ProviderResult};
 use reth_metrics::Metrics;
-use reth_primitives_traits::dashmap::{self, DashMap};
+use reth_primitives_traits::{
+    dashmap::{self, DashMap},
+    NodePrimitives,
+};
 use reth_prune_types::PruneSegment;
 use reth_stages_types::StageId;
 use reth_storage_api::{
@@ -24,6 +28,7 @@ use reth_trie_db::{
    PackedStoragesTrie,
 };
 use std::{
+    ops::RangeInclusive,
    sync::Arc,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
@@ -61,7 +66,7 @@ pub(super) struct Overlay {
 /// Either provides immediate pre-computed overlay data, or a lazy overlay that computes
 /// on first access.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub enum OverlaySource {
+pub(super) enum OverlaySource<N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
    /// Immediate overlay with already-computed data.
    Immediate {
        /// Trie updates overlay.
@@ -70,19 +75,7 @@ pub enum OverlaySource {
        state: Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>,
    },
    /// Lazy overlay computed on first access.
-    Lazy(LazyOverlay),
-}
-
-impl OverlaySource {
-    /// Resolve the overlay source into (trie, state) tuple.
-    ///
-    /// For lazy overlays, this may block waiting for deferred data.
-    fn resolve(&self) -> (Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>) {
-        match self {
-            Self::Immediate { trie, state } => (Arc::clone(trie), Arc::clone(state)),
-            Self::Lazy(lazy) => lazy.as_overlay(),
-        }
-    }
+    Lazy(LazyOverlay<N>),
 }

 /// Builder for calculating trie and hashed-state overlays.
@@ -90,54 +83,61 @@ impl OverlaySource {
 /// This stores the overlay configuration and the logic for resolving immediate/lazy overlays and
 /// collecting reverts. It is intentionally independent from any provider factory or overlay cache.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct OverlayBuilder {
-    /// Optional block hash for collecting reverts
-    block_hash: Option<B256>,
+pub struct OverlayBuilder<N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
+    /// Anchor hash to revert the DB state to before applying overlays.
+    anchor_hash: B256,
    /// Optional overlay source (lazy or immediate).
-    overlay_source: Option<OverlaySource>,
+    overlay_source: Option<OverlaySource<N>>,
    /// Changeset cache handle for retrieving trie changesets
    changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
    /// Metrics for tracking provider operations
    metrics: OverlayStateProviderMetrics,
 }

-impl OverlayBuilder {
+impl<N: NodePrimitives> OverlayBuilder<N> {
    /// Create a new overlay builder.
-    pub fn new(changeset_cache: ChangesetCache) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(anchor_hash: B256, changeset_cache: ChangesetCache) -> Self {
        Self {
-            block_hash: None,
+            anchor_hash,
            overlay_source: None,
            changeset_cache,
            metrics: OverlayStateProviderMetrics::default(),
        }
    }

-    /// Set the block hash for collecting reverts. All state will be reverted to the point
-    /// _after_ this block has been processed.
-    pub const fn with_block_hash(mut self, block_hash: Option<B256>) -> Self {
-        self.block_hash = block_hash;
-        self
-    }
-
    /// Set the overlay source (lazy or immediate).
    ///
-    /// This overlay will be applied on top of any reverts applied via `with_block_hash`.
-    pub fn with_overlay_source(mut self, source: Option<OverlaySource>) -> Self {
+    /// This overlay will be applied on top of any reverts applied via `anchor_hash`.
+    pub(super) fn with_overlay_source(mut self, source: Option<OverlaySource<N>>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(OverlaySource::Lazy(lazy_overlay)) = source.as_ref() {
+            self.assert_lazy_overlay_anchor(lazy_overlay);
+        }
        self.overlay_source = source;
        self
    }

+    fn assert_lazy_overlay_anchor(&self, lazy_overlay: &LazyOverlay<N>) {
+        let Some(lazy_overlay_anchor) = lazy_overlay.anchor_hash() else { return };
+        assert!(
+            lazy_overlay_anchor == self.anchor_hash,
+            "LazyOverlay's anchor ({}) != OverlayBuilder's anchor ({})",
+            lazy_overlay_anchor,
+            self.anchor_hash,
+        );
+    }
+
    /// Set a lazy overlay that will be computed on first access.
    ///
-    /// Convenience method that wraps the lazy overlay in `OverlaySource::Lazy`.
-    pub fn with_lazy_overlay(mut self, lazy_overlay: Option<LazyOverlay>) -> Self {
+    /// Panics if the [`LazyOverlay`]'s anchor hash does not match [`Self`]'s `anchor_hash`.
+    pub fn with_lazy_overlay(mut self, lazy_overlay: Option<LazyOverlay<N>>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(lazy_overlay) = lazy_overlay.as_ref() {
+            self.assert_lazy_overlay_anchor(lazy_overlay);
+        }
        self.overlay_source = lazy_overlay.map(OverlaySource::Lazy);
        self
    }

    /// Set the hashed state overlay.
-    ///
-    /// This overlay will be applied on top of any reverts applied via `with_block_hash`.
    pub fn with_hashed_state_overlay(
        mut self,
        hashed_state_overlay: Option<Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>>,
@@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {
            Some(OverlaySource::Immediate { state, .. }) => {
                Arc::make_mut(state).extend_ref_and_sort(&other);
            }
-            Some(OverlaySource::Lazy(lazy)) => {
+            Some(OverlaySource::Lazy(overlay)) => {
                // Resolve lazy overlay and convert to immediate with extension
-                let (trie, mut state) = lazy.as_overlay();
+                let (trie, mut state) = overlay.as_overlay(self.anchor_hash);
                Arc::make_mut(&mut state).extend_ref_and_sort(&other);
                self.overlay_source = Some(OverlaySource::Immediate { trie, state });
            }
@@ -180,45 +180,56 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {
    ///
    /// If an overlay source is set, it is resolved (blocking if lazy).
    /// Otherwise, returns empty defaults.
-    fn resolve_overlays(&self) -> (Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>) {
+    fn resolve_overlays(
+        &self,
+        anchor_hash: BlockHash,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<(Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>)> {
        match &self.overlay_source {
-            Some(source) => source.resolve(),
-            None => {
-                (Arc::new(TrieUpdatesSorted::default()), Arc::new(HashedPostStateSorted::default()))
+            Some(OverlaySource::Lazy(lazy_overlay)) => Ok(lazy_overlay.as_overlay(anchor_hash)),
+            Some(OverlaySource::Immediate { trie, state }) => {
+                if anchor_hash != self.anchor_hash {
+                    return Err(ProviderError::other(std::io::Error::other(format!(
+                        "anchor_hash {anchor_hash} doesn't match OverlayBuilder's configured anchor ({})",
+                        self.anchor_hash
+                    ))))
+                }
+                Ok((Arc::clone(trie), Arc::clone(state)))
            }
+            None => Ok((
+                Arc::new(TrieUpdatesSorted::default()),
+                Arc::new(HashedPostStateSorted::default()),
+            )),
        }
    }

-    /// Returns the block number for [`Self`]'s `block_hash` field, if any.
-    fn get_requested_block_number<Provider>(
-        &self,
-        provider: &Provider,
-    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<BlockNumber>>
+    /// Returns the block number for [`Self`]'s `anchor_hash` field.
+    fn get_block_number<Provider>(&self, provider: &Provider) -> ProviderResult<BlockNumber>
    where
        Provider: BlockNumReader,
    {
-        if let Some(block_hash) = self.block_hash {
-            Ok(Some(
-                provider
-                    .convert_hash_or_number(block_hash.into())?
-                    .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::BlockHashNotFound(block_hash))?,
-            ))
-        } else {
-            Ok(None)
-        }
+        provider
+            .convert_hash_or_number(self.anchor_hash.into())?
+            .ok_or(ProviderError::BlockHashNotFound(self.anchor_hash))
    }

    /// Returns the block which is at the tip of the DB, i.e. the block which the state tables of
    /// the DB are currently synced to.
-    fn get_db_tip_block_number<Provider>(&self, provider: &Provider) -> ProviderResult<BlockNumber>
+    fn get_db_tip_block<Provider>(&self, provider: &Provider) -> ProviderResult<BlockNumHash>
    where
-        Provider: StageCheckpointReader,
+        Provider: StageCheckpointReader + BlockNumReader,
    {
-        provider
+        let block_number = provider
            .get_stage_checkpoint(StageId::Finish)?
            .as_ref()
            .map(|chk| chk.block_number)
-            .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::InsufficientChangesets { requested: 0, available: 0..=0 })
+            .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::InsufficientChangesets {
+                requested: 0,
+                available: 0..=0,
+            })?;
+        let hash = provider
+            .convert_number(block_number.into())?
+            .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::HeaderNotFound(block_number.into()))?;
+        Ok(BlockNumHash::new(block_number, hash))
    }

    /// Returns whether or not it is required to collect reverts, and validates that there are
@@ -229,18 +240,27 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {
    fn reverts_required<Provider>(
        &self,
        provider: &Provider,
-        db_tip_block: BlockNumber,
-        requested_block: BlockNumber,
-    ) -> ProviderResult<bool>
+        db_tip_block: BlockNumHash,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<RangeInclusive<BlockNumber>>>
    where
-        Provider: PruneCheckpointReader,
+        Provider: BlockNumReader + PruneCheckpointReader,
    {
-        // If the requested block is the DB tip then there won't be any reverts necessary, and we
-        // can simply return Ok.
-        if db_tip_block == requested_block {
-            return Ok(false)
+        // If the anchor is the DB tip then there won't be any reverts necessary.
+        if db_tip_block.hash == self.anchor_hash {
+            return Ok(None)
        }

+        // If the DB tip has moved forward into the `LazyOverlay` then we still don't need to
+        // revert, the `LazyOverlay` will generate a new in-memory overlay using only the relevant
+        // blocks data.
+        if let Some(OverlaySource::Lazy(lazy_overlay)) = &self.overlay_source &&
+            lazy_overlay.has_anchor_hash(db_tip_block.hash)
+        {
+            return Ok(None)
+        }
+
+        let anchor_number = self.get_block_number(provider)?;
+
        // Check account history prune checkpoint to determine the lower bound of available data.
        // The prune checkpoint's block_number is the highest pruned block, so data is available
        // starting from the next block.
@@ -250,17 +270,17 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {
            .map(|block_number| block_number + 1)
            .unwrap_or_default();

-        let available_range = lower_bound..=db_tip_block;
+        let available_range = lower_bound..=db_tip_block.number;

        // Check if the requested block is within the available range
-        if !available_range.contains(&requested_block) {
+        if !available_range.contains(&anchor_number) {
            return Err(ProviderError::InsufficientChangesets {
-                requested: requested_block,
+                requested: anchor_number,
                available: available_range,
            });
        }

-        Ok(true)
+        Ok(Some(anchor_number + 1..=db_tip_block.number))
    }

    /// Calculates a new [`Overlay`] given a transaction and the current db tip.
@@ -268,12 +288,12 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {
        level = "debug",
        target = "providers::state::overlay",
        skip_all,
-        fields(%db_tip_block)
+        fields(?db_tip_block, anchor_hash = ?self.anchor_hash)
    )]
    fn calculate_overlay<Provider>(
        &self,
        provider: &Provider,
-        db_tip_block: BlockNumber,
+        db_tip_block: BlockNumHash,
    ) -> ProviderResult<Overlay>
    where
        Provider: ChangeSetReader
@@ -292,18 +312,13 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {
        let trie_updates_total_len;
        let hashed_state_updates_total_len;

-        // If block_hash is provided, collect reverts
-        let (trie_updates, hashed_post_state) = if let Some(from_block) =
-            self.get_requested_block_number(provider)? &&
-            self.reverts_required(provider, db_tip_block, from_block)?
+        // Collect any reverts which are required to bring the DB view back to the anchor hash.
+        let (trie_updates, hashed_post_state) = if let Some(revert_blocks) =
+            self.reverts_required(provider, db_tip_block)?
        {
            debug!(
                target: "providers::state::overlay",
-                block_hash = ?self.block_hash,
-                from_block,
-                db_tip_block,
-                range_start = from_block + 1,
-                range_end = db_tip_block,
+                ?revert_blocks,
                "Collecting trie reverts for overlay state provider"
            );

@@ -317,9 +332,8 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {

                // Use changeset cache to retrieve and accumulate reverts to restore state after
                // from_block
-                let accumulated_reverts = self
-                    .changeset_cache
-                    .get_or_compute_range(provider, (from_block + 1)..=db_tip_block)?;
+                let accumulated_reverts =
+                    self.changeset_cache.get_or_compute_range(provider, revert_blocks.clone())?;

                retrieve_trie_reverts_duration = start.elapsed();
                accumulated_reverts
@@ -330,14 +344,14 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {
                let _guard = debug_span!(target: "providers::state::overlay", "retrieving_hashed_state_reverts").entered();

                let start = Instant::now();
-                let res = reth_trie_db::from_reverts_auto(provider, from_block + 1..)?;
+                let res = reth_trie_db::from_reverts_auto(provider, revert_blocks)?;
                retrieve_hashed_state_reverts_duration = start.elapsed();
                res
            };

            // Resolve overlays (lazy or immediate) and extend reverts with them.
            // If reverts are empty, use overlays directly to avoid cloning.
-            let (overlay_trie, overlay_state) = self.resolve_overlays();
+            let (overlay_trie, overlay_state) = self.resolve_overlays(self.anchor_hash)?;

            let trie_updates = if trie_reverts.is_empty() {
                overlay_trie
@@ -362,8 +376,6 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {

            debug!(
                target: "providers::state::overlay",
-                block_hash = ?self.block_hash,
-                ?from_block,
                num_trie_updates = ?trie_updates_total_len,
                num_state_updates = ?hashed_state_updates_total_len,
                "Reverted to target block",
@@ -371,8 +383,9 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {

            (trie_updates, hashed_state_updates)
        } else {
-            // If no block_hash, use overlays directly (resolving lazy if set)
-            let (trie_updates, hashed_state) = self.resolve_overlays();
+            // If no reverts are needed then we can assume that the db tip is the anchor hash or
+            // overlaps with the `LazyOverlay`. Use overlays directly.
+            let (trie_updates, hashed_state) = self.resolve_overlays(db_tip_block.hash)?;

            retrieve_trie_reverts_duration = Duration::ZERO;
            retrieve_hashed_state_reverts_duration = Duration::ZERO;
@@ -407,12 +420,7 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {
            + BlockNumReader
            + StorageSettingsCache,
    {
-        if self.block_hash.is_none() {
-            let (trie_updates, hashed_post_state) = self.resolve_overlays();
-            return Ok(Overlay { trie_updates, hashed_post_state })
-        }
-
-        let db_tip_block = self.get_db_tip_block_number(provider)?;
+        let db_tip_block = self.get_db_tip_block(provider)?;
        self.calculate_overlay(provider, db_tip_block)
    }
 }
@@ -422,22 +430,46 @@ impl OverlayBuilder {
 /// This factory allows building an `OverlayStateProvider` whose DB state has been reverted to a
 /// particular block, and/or with additional overlay information added on top.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
+pub struct OverlayStateProviderFactory<F, N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
    /// The underlying database provider factory
    factory: F,
    /// Overlay builder containing the configuration and overlay calculation logic.
-    overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder,
+    overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder<N>,
    /// A cache which maps `db_tip -> Overlay`. If the db tip changes during usage of the factory
    /// then a new entry will get added to this, but in most cases only one entry is present.
-    overlay_cache: Arc<DashMap<BlockNumber, Overlay>>,
+    overlay_cache: Arc<DashMap<BlockHash, Overlay>>,
 }

-impl<F> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
+impl<F, N: NodePrimitives> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F, N> {
    /// Create a new overlay state provider factory
-    pub fn new(factory: F, overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(factory: F, overlay_builder: OverlayBuilder<N>) -> Self {
        Self { factory, overlay_builder, overlay_cache: Default::default() }
    }

+    /// Set a lazy overlay that will be computed on first access.
+    pub fn with_lazy_overlay(mut self, lazy_overlay: Option<LazyOverlay<N>>) -> Self {
+        self.overlay_builder = self.overlay_builder.with_lazy_overlay(lazy_overlay);
+        self.overlay_cache = Default::default();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the hashed state overlay.
+    pub fn with_hashed_state_overlay(
+        mut self,
+        hashed_state_overlay: Option<Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.overlay_builder = self.overlay_builder.with_hashed_state_overlay(hashed_state_overlay);
+        self.overlay_cache = Default::default();
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Extends the existing hashed state overlay with the given [`HashedPostStateSorted`].
+    pub fn with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(mut self, other: HashedPostStateSorted) -> Self {
+        self.overlay_builder = self.overlay_builder.with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(other);
+        self.overlay_cache = Default::default();
+        self
+    }
+
    /// Fetches an [`Overlay`] from the cache based on the current db tip block. If there is no
    /// cached value then this calculates the [`Overlay`] and populates the cache.
    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "providers::state::overlay", skip_all)]
@@ -451,14 +483,9 @@ impl<F> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
            + BlockNumReader
            + StorageSettingsCache,
    {
-        // No anchor block — just resolve the in-memory overlay directly.
-        if self.overlay_builder.block_hash.is_none() {
-            return self.overlay_builder.build_overlay(provider)
-        }
+        let db_tip_block = self.overlay_builder.get_db_tip_block(provider)?;

-        let db_tip_block = self.overlay_builder.get_db_tip_block_number(provider)?;
-
-        let overlay = match self.overlay_cache.entry(db_tip_block) {
+        let overlay = match self.overlay_cache.entry(db_tip_block.hash) {
            dashmap::Entry::Occupied(entry) => entry.get().clone(),
            dashmap::Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
                self.overlay_builder.metrics.overlay_cache_misses.increment(1);
@@ -472,11 +499,13 @@ impl<F> OverlayStateProviderFactory<F> {
    }
 }

-impl<F> DatabaseProviderROFactory for OverlayStateProviderFactory<F>
+impl<F, N> DatabaseProviderROFactory for OverlayStateProviderFactory<F, N>
 where
+    N: NodePrimitives,
    F: DatabaseProviderFactory,
    F::Provider: StageCheckpointReader
        + PruneCheckpointReader
+        + DBProvider
        + BlockNumReader
        + ChangeSetReader
        + StorageChangeSetReader
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/writer.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/writer.rs
@@ -696,14 +696,15 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProviderRW<N> {

    /// Updates the `self.reader` internal index.
    fn update_index(&self) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        let segment = self.writer.user_header().segment();
+
        // We find the maximum block of the segment by checking this writer's last block.
        //
        // However if there's no block range (because there's no data), we try to calculate it by
        // subtracting 1 from the expected block start, resulting on the last block of the
-        // previous file.
-        //
-        // If that expected block start is 0, then it means that there's no actual block data, and
-        // there's no block data in static files.
+        // previous file — but only if that file actually exists. If the previous file doesn't
+        // exist (e.g. first-ever file for a segment starting past range boundary), there's
+        // nothing to index.
        let segment_max_block = self
            .writer
            .user_header()
@@ -711,12 +712,18 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProviderRW<N> {
            .as_ref()
            .map(|block_range| block_range.end())
            .or_else(|| {
-                (self.writer.user_header().expected_block_start() >
-                    self.reader().genesis_block_number())
-                .then(|| self.writer.user_header().expected_block_start() - 1)
+                let expected_start = self.writer.user_header().expected_block_start();
+                if expected_start <= self.reader().genesis_block_number() {
+                    return None;
+                }
+
+                let prev_block = expected_start - 1;
+                let prev_range = self.reader().find_fixed_range(segment, prev_block);
+                let prev_path = self.reader().directory().join(segment.filename(&prev_range));
+                prev_path.exists().then_some(prev_block)
            });

-        self.reader().update_index(self.writer.user_header().segment(), segment_max_block)
+        self.reader().update_index(segment, segment_max_block)
    }

    /// Ensures that the writer is positioned at the specified block number.
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/writer_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/writer_tests.rs
@@ -809,4 +809,78 @@ mod tests {
            "Should have 7 blocks * 5 changes = 35 rows"
        );
    }
+
+    /// Opening a writer for a block past the first range boundary should succeed
+    /// even when no previous static file exists for the segment.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_writer_no_previous_file() {
+        let (static_dir, _) = create_test_static_files_dir();
+        let provider = setup_test_provider(&static_dir, 100);
+
+        // Request a writer starting at block 250, which falls into range 200..=299.
+        // No file exists for range 100..=199 (the "previous" range).
+        // This must not panic or error.
+        let mut writer = provider
+            .get_writer(250, StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets)
+            .expect("get_writer should succeed without previous file");
+
+        // The index should have no entry for AccountChangeSets yet (empty jar).
+        assert!(
+            provider.get_highest_static_file_block(StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets).is_none(),
+            "Empty jar should not create an index entry"
+        );
+
+        // Writing data requires padding from the range start (200) to block 250,
+        // same as the migration code does.
+        let writer_start = writer.next_block_number();
+        for block in writer_start..250 {
+            writer.append_account_changeset(vec![], block).unwrap();
+        }
+        let changeset = generate_test_changeset(250, 2);
+        writer.append_account_changeset(changeset, 250).unwrap();
+        writer.commit().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            provider.get_highest_static_file_block(StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets).unwrap(),
+            250,
+            "After writing block 250, highest block should be 250"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// When a previous file DOES exist, opening a new empty writer for the next
+    /// range should still update the index to point at the previous file.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_get_writer_with_previous_file() {
+        let (static_dir, _) = create_test_static_files_dir();
+        let provider = setup_test_provider(&static_dir, 100);
+
+        // Write blocks 0..=99 to fill the first file completely.
+        {
+            let mut writer = provider.get_writer(0, StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets).unwrap();
+            for block in 0..100 {
+                writer.append_account_changeset(generate_test_changeset(block, 1), block).unwrap();
+            }
+            writer.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            provider.get_highest_static_file_block(StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets).unwrap(),
+            99
+        );
+
+        // Now get a writer for block 100 (next range 100..=199).
+        // The previous file (0..=99) exists, so this should succeed.
+        let writer = provider
+            .get_writer(100, StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets)
+            .expect("get_writer should succeed with previous file");
+
+        // The index should still reflect the previous file's max block.
+        assert_eq!(
+            provider.get_highest_static_file_block(StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets).unwrap(),
+            99,
+            "Index should still point at previous file's max block"
+        );
+
+        drop(writer);
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/transaction-pool/src/validate/eth.rs
+++ b/crates/transaction-pool/src/validate/eth.rs
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ where
            }
        }

-        ensure_intrinsic_gas(transaction, &self.fork_tracker, block_gas_limit)?;
+        ensure_intrinsic_gas(transaction, &self.fork_tracker)?;

        // light blob tx pre-checks
        if transaction.is_eip4844() {
@@ -1404,7 +1404,6 @@ impl ForkTracker {
 pub fn ensure_intrinsic_gas<T: EthPoolTransaction>(
    transaction: &T,
    fork_tracker: &ForkTracker,
-    block_gas_limit: u64,
 ) -> Result<(), InvalidPoolTransactionError> {
    use revm_primitives::hardfork::SpecId;
    let spec_id = if fork_tracker.is_prague_activated() {
@@ -1425,7 +1424,7 @@ pub fn ensure_intrinsic_gas<T: EthPoolTransaction>(
            .map(|l| l.iter().map(|i| i.storage_keys.len()).sum::<usize>())
            .unwrap_or_default() as u64,
        transaction.authorization_list().map(|l| l.len()).unwrap_or_default() as u64,
-        revm_primitives::eip8037::cost_per_state_byte(block_gas_limit),
+        revm_primitives::eip8037::CPSB_GLAMSTERDAM,
    );

    let gas_limit = transaction.gas_limit();
@@ -1480,11 +1479,11 @@ mod tests {
            tx_gas_limit_cap: AtomicU64::new(0),
        };

-        let res = ensure_intrinsic_gas(&transaction, &fork_tracker, 30_000_000);
+        let res = ensure_intrinsic_gas(&transaction, &fork_tracker);
        assert!(res.is_ok());

        fork_tracker.shanghai = true.into();
-        let res = ensure_intrinsic_gas(&transaction, &fork_tracker, 30_000_000);
+        let res = ensure_intrinsic_gas(&transaction, &fork_tracker);
        assert!(res.is_ok());

        let provider = MockEthProvider::default().with_genesis_block();
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Matthias Seitz	fda7636c92	chore: remove duplicated hive expected failures	2026-04-29 10:06:40 +02:00
Matthias Seitz	82f36c066d	chore: reduce BAL validation log verbosity	2026-04-29 10:06:08 +02:00
Matthias Seitz	768977e4cf	chore: remove reth-bb merge noise	2026-04-29 10:03:00 +02:00
Matthias Seitz	4a8a14e91a	Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/main' into bal-devnet-5 # Conflicts: # .github/workflows/hive.yml # Cargo.lock # bin/reth-bb/src/evm.rs # crates/evm/evm/src/lib.rs	2026-04-29 09:59:08 +02:00
Arsenii Kulikov	ad08829288	feat: introduce memory-bound channel for network<->tx manager messages (#23802 ) Co-authored-by: Matthias Seitz <matthias.seitz@outlook.de> Co-authored-by: Amp <amp@ampcode.com>	2026-04-28 21:29:19 +00:00
grandizzy	b89288582b	ci: harden supply chain across all workflows (#23785 )	2026-04-28 15:44:05 +00:00
Arsenii Kulikov	87d878a979	feat: support binding discv5 and discv4 to the same port (#23613 )	2026-04-28 15:08:19 +00:00
Matthias Seitz	473f85c558	test(rpc): cover admin node info discv5 port (#23781 )	2026-04-28 15:02:24 +00:00
Brian Picciano	a8eee6028f	fix(bench): run feature first in GitHub workflow (#23777 ) Co-authored-by: Brian Picciano <933154+mediocregopher@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Amp <amp@ampcode.com>	2026-04-28 14:56:06 +00:00
Alexey Shekhirin	2fce3e701d	bblock -> block	2026-04-28 16:44:31 +02:00
Sergei Shulepov	671da55884	refactor: expose executor transaction result type (#23759 )	2026-04-28 14:36:45 +00:00
Alexey Shekhirin	938313028d	Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/main' into bal-devnet-5 # Conflicts: # Cargo.lock	2026-04-28 16:29:28 +02:00
Alexey Shekhirin	a8fc13dc25	deps: bump alloy-evm to 0.33.3 (#23778 )	2026-04-28 16:07:13 +02:00
Matthias Seitz	4c1f6b6507	fix(payload): track Amsterdam block gas in builders (#23743 )	2026-04-28 13:31:25 +00:00
RandoomWalks	b850f2a81d	fix(net): apply count cap to BlockAccessLists request handler (#23754 ) Co-authored-by: Matthias Seitz <matthias.seitz@outlook.de>	2026-04-28 12:57:59 +00:00
Alexey Shekhirin	0790359003	fix(consensus): BAL exceeds gas limit error message	2026-04-28 14:38:23 +02:00
Sergei Shulepov	79144cb430	fix(bench): reth-bb multiple executors (#23763 )	2026-04-28 11:53:53 +00:00
Alexey Shekhirin	089c0e2629	Merge branch 'main' into bal-devnet-4	2026-04-28 12:52:01 +01:00
Alexey Shekhirin	b04346ffe5	feat(engine): disable BAL storage prefetch on CLI arg (#23770 )	2026-04-28 11:40:53 +00:00
Alexey Shekhirin	674623f14e	ci(hive): ignore more EIP-7610 tests (#23769 )	2026-04-28 11:37:42 +00:00
Matthias Seitz	bc80e2a66b	feat(net): enable ETH70 by default (#23768 )	2026-04-28 13:31:12 +02:00
Alexey Shekhirin	9af8265047	allow to run hive.yml on reth-oss	2026-04-28 12:57:53 +02:00
Sergei Shulepov	97b1b56b2d	fix(bench): dedupe merged BAL storage reads (#23758 )	2026-04-28 10:39:31 +00:00
Soubhik Singha Mahapatra	f3e30a3111	Merge branch 'paradigmxyz:bal-devnet-4' into bal-devnet-4	2026-04-28 15:42:54 +05:30
Alexey Shekhirin	6715a093f1	Merge branch 'main' into bal-devnet-4	2026-04-28 11:11:07 +01:00
Soubhik Singha Mahapatra	d5bff1d478	Merge branch 'paradigmxyz:bal-devnet-4' into bal-devnet-4	2026-04-28 15:38:51 +05:30
Alexey Shekhirin	af6d20b5ea	ci(hive): tag Reth image correctly and update fixtures (#23765 )	2026-04-28 09:59:55 +00:00
Sergei Shulepov	64cf412aaf	chore(engine): disable BAL parallel execution by default (#23764 )	2026-04-28 09:27:19 +00:00
Matthias Seitz	5b10e03c5c	perf(engine): spawn BAL hashed state before storage prefetch (#23761 )	2026-04-28 08:39:55 +00:00
rakita	20141a2ea0	fmt a second try	2026-04-28 10:37:08 +02:00
Soubhik Singha Mahapatra	57962a1b95	Merge branch 'paradigmxyz:bal-devnet-4' into bal-devnet-4	2026-04-28 14:06:15 +05:30
rakita	60468fe256	fix test compilation: add missing fields in PrecompileOutput	2026-04-28 10:29:33 +02:00
rakita	ce3a171ce0	fmt	2026-04-28 10:22:46 +02:00
rakita	ce7e80ad33	chore(bal): bump bal-devnet-4 deps Update revm, revm-inspectors, alloy-evm, and reth-core patches to their latest bal-devnet-4 commits, and adjust call sites for the new revm/alloy APIs (e.g. `ensure_intrinsic_gas` no longer takes `block_gas_limit`).	2026-04-28 10:15:45 +02:00
Soubhik Singha Mahapatra	0c6a10d3fa	Merge branch 'paradigmxyz:bal-devnet-4' into bal-devnet-4	2026-04-27 20:39:33 +05:30
Arsenii Kulikov	91d248e6fa	feat: bound memory footpring of p2p messages (#23718 )	2026-04-27 14:37:40 +00:00
Emma Jamieson-Hoare	d41a9a4078	Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/main' into bal-devnet-4 Amp-Thread-ID: https://ampcode.com/threads/T-019dcf3c-4f22-724f-86bc-0968fe053595 Co-authored-by: Amp <amp@ampcode.com> # Conflicts: # crates/evm/evm/src/execute.rs	2026-04-27 16:02:19 +02:00
Emma Jamieson-Hoare	b984ddd275	chore(bal): latest devnet changes (#23737 ) Co-authored-by: Amp <amp@ampcode.com> Co-authored-by: Soubhik Singha Mahapatra <160333583+Soubhik-10@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Ishika Choudhury <117741714+Rimeeeeee@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Brian Picciano <me@mediocregopher.com> Co-authored-by: JOJO <wataxiwajojo@protonmail.com> Co-authored-by: Alexey Shekhirin <github@shekhirin.com>	2026-04-27 15:45:26 +02:00
Brian Picciano	344037d04e	perf(db): Pass ExecutedBlocks to OverlayBuilder, reduce reverts queried (#23657 ) Co-authored-by: Brian Picciano <933154+mediocregopher@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Amp <amp@ampcode.com>	2026-04-27 13:22:34 +00:00
Matthias Seitz	aca6261107	refactor(evm): return gas output from block builder (#23744 )	2026-04-27 12:52:45 +00:00
Emma Jamieson-Hoare	b9c330e1a9	Merge branch 'main' into bal-devnet-4	2026-04-27 13:32:42 +01:00
Alexey Shekhirin	d4ca2e2687	ci: add Amsterdam Hive variant (#23736 ) Co-authored-by: Soubhik Singha Mahapatra <soubhiksmp2004@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Soubhik Singha Mahapatra <160333583+Soubhik-10@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-04-27 12:00:04 +00:00
Alexey Shekhirin	e5e0abb47e	perf(docker): add platform-specific RUSTFLAGS to Dockerfile (#23738 )	2026-04-27 09:12:25 +00:00
JOJO	225e3ae238	fix(trie): account for heap-allocated blinded hashes in `SparseNode::memory_size` (#23726 )	2026-04-27 07:50:35 +00:00
Brian Picciano	345fbbbfdb	perf(trie): skip DB seek on exact overlay hits (#23559 ) Co-authored-by: Amp <amp@ampcode.com> Co-authored-by: Brian Picciano <933154+mediocregopher@users.noreply.github.com>	2026-04-27 07:28:48 +00:00
Alexey Shekhirin	db17c899c3	fix(storage): `reth db migrate-v2` for pruned nodes (#23716 )	2026-04-27 07:14:03 +00:00