wip

Co-authored-by: Amp <amp@ampcode.com>

.github/scripts/bench-reth-build.sh

@@ -1,24 +1,21 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 #
-# Builds (or fetches from cache) reth binaries for benchmarking.
+# Builds reth binaries for benchmarking from local source only.
 #
-# Usage: bench-reth-build.sh <baseline|feature> <source-dir> <commit> [branch-sha]
+# Usage: bench-reth-build.sh <baseline|feature> <source-dir> <commit>
 #
-#   baseline — build/fetch the baseline binary at <commit> (merge-base)
+#   baseline — build the baseline binary at <commit> (merge-base)
 #              source-dir must be checked out at <commit>
-#   feature  — build/fetch the candidate binary + reth-bench at <commit>
+#   feature  — build the candidate binary + reth-bench at <commit>
 #              source-dir must be checked out at <commit>
-#              optional branch-sha is the PR head commit for cache key
 #
 # Outputs:
 #   baseline: <source-dir>/target/profiling/reth (or reth-bb if BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS=true)
 #   feature:  <source-dir>/target/profiling/reth (or reth-bb), reth-bench installed to cargo bin
 #
-# Required: mc (MinIO client) with a configured alias
 # Optional env: BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS (true/false) — build reth-bb instead of reth
 set -euxo pipefail
 
-MC="mc"
 MODE="$1"
 SOURCE_DIR="$2"
 COMMIT="$3"
@@ -42,103 +39,38 @@ if [ "${BENCH_TRACY:-off}" != "off" ]; then
   EXTRA_RUSTFLAGS=" -C force-frame-pointers=yes"
 fi
 
-# Cache suffix: hash of features+rustflags so different build configs get separate cache entries
-if [ -n "$EXTRA_FEATURES" ] || [ -n "$EXTRA_RUSTFLAGS" ]; then
-  BUILD_SUFFIX="-$(echo "${EXTRA_FEATURES}${EXTRA_RUSTFLAGS}" | sha256sum | cut -c1-12)"
-else
-  BUILD_SUFFIX=""
-fi
+# Build the requested node binary with the benchmark profile.
+build_node_binary() {
+  local features_arg=""
+  local workspace_arg=""
 
-# Verify a cached reth binary was built from the expected commit.
-# `reth --version` outputs "Commit SHA: <full-sha>" on its own line.
-verify_binary() {
-  local binary="$1" expected_commit="$2"
-  local version binary_sha
-  version=$("$binary" --version 2>/dev/null) || return 1
-  binary_sha=$(echo "$version" | sed -n 's/^Commit SHA: *//p')
-  if [ -z "$binary_sha" ]; then
-    echo "Warning: could not extract commit SHA from version output"
-    return 1
+  cd "$SOURCE_DIR"
+  if [ -n "$EXTRA_FEATURES" ]; then
+    # --workspace is needed for cross-package feature syntax (tracy-client/ondemand)
+    features_arg="--features ${EXTRA_FEATURES}"
+    workspace_arg="--workspace"
   fi
-  if [ "$binary_sha" = "$expected_commit" ]; then
-    return 0
-  fi
-  echo "Cache mismatch: binary built from ${binary_sha} but expected ${expected_commit}"
-  return 1
+
+  # shellcheck disable=SC2086
+  RUSTFLAGS="-C target-cpu=native${EXTRA_RUSTFLAGS}" \
+    cargo build --profile profiling $NODE_PKG $workspace_arg $features_arg
 }
 
 case "$MODE" in
   baseline|main)
-    BUCKET="minio/reth-binaries/${COMMIT}${BUILD_SUFFIX}"
-    mkdir -p "${SOURCE_DIR}/target/profiling"
-
-    CACHE_VALID=false
-    if $MC stat --no-list "${BUCKET}/${NODE_BIN}" &>/dev/null; then
-      echo "Cache hit for baseline (${COMMIT}), downloading ${NODE_BIN}..."
-      if $MC cp "${BUCKET}/${NODE_BIN}" "${SOURCE_DIR}/target/profiling/${NODE_BIN}" && \
-         chmod +x "${SOURCE_DIR}/target/profiling/${NODE_BIN}" && \
-         verify_binary "${SOURCE_DIR}/target/profiling/${NODE_BIN}" "${COMMIT}"; then
-        CACHE_VALID=true
-      else
-        echo "Cached baseline binary is stale or download failed, rebuilding..."
-      fi
-    fi
-    if [ "$CACHE_VALID" = false ]; then
-      echo "Building baseline ${NODE_BIN} (${COMMIT}) from source..."
-      cd "${SOURCE_DIR}"
-      FEATURES_ARG=""
-      WORKSPACE_ARG=""
-      if [ -n "$EXTRA_FEATURES" ]; then
-        # --workspace is needed for cross-package feature syntax (tracy-client/ondemand)
-        FEATURES_ARG="--features ${EXTRA_FEATURES}"
-        WORKSPACE_ARG="--workspace"
-      fi
-      # shellcheck disable=SC2086
-      RUSTFLAGS="-C target-cpu=native${EXTRA_RUSTFLAGS}" \
-        cargo build --profile profiling $NODE_PKG $WORKSPACE_ARG $FEATURES_ARG
-      $MC cp "target/profiling/${NODE_BIN}" "${BUCKET}/${NODE_BIN}"
-    fi
+    echo "Building baseline ${NODE_BIN} (${COMMIT}) from source..."
+    build_node_binary
     ;;
 
   feature|branch)
-    BRANCH_SHA="${4:-$COMMIT}"
-    BUCKET="minio/reth-binaries/${BRANCH_SHA}${BUILD_SUFFIX}"
-
-    CACHE_VALID=false
-    if $MC stat --no-list "${BUCKET}/${NODE_BIN}" &>/dev/null && $MC stat --no-list "${BUCKET}/reth-bench" &>/dev/null; then
-      echo "Cache hit for ${BRANCH_SHA}, downloading binaries..."
-      mkdir -p "${SOURCE_DIR}/target/profiling"
-      if $MC cp "${BUCKET}/${NODE_BIN}" "${SOURCE_DIR}/target/profiling/${NODE_BIN}" && \
-         $MC cp "${BUCKET}/reth-bench" /home/ubuntu/.cargo/bin/reth-bench && \
-         chmod +x "${SOURCE_DIR}/target/profiling/${NODE_BIN}" /home/ubuntu/.cargo/bin/reth-bench && \
-         verify_binary "${SOURCE_DIR}/target/profiling/${NODE_BIN}" "${COMMIT}"; then
-        CACHE_VALID=true
-      else
-        echo "Cached feature binary is stale or download failed, rebuilding..."
-      fi
-    fi
-    if [ "$CACHE_VALID" = false ]; then
-      echo "Building feature ${NODE_BIN} (${COMMIT}) from source..."
-      cd "${SOURCE_DIR}"
-      rustup show active-toolchain || rustup default stable
-      if [ -n "$EXTRA_FEATURES" ]; then
-        # Can't use `make profiling` when adding features; build explicitly
-        # --workspace is needed for cross-package feature syntax (tracy-client/ondemand)
-        RUSTFLAGS="-C target-cpu=native${EXTRA_RUSTFLAGS}" \
-          cargo build --profile profiling --workspace $NODE_PKG --features "${EXTRA_FEATURES}"
-      else
-        # shellcheck disable=SC2086
-        RUSTFLAGS="-C target-cpu=native${EXTRA_RUSTFLAGS}" \
-          cargo build --profile profiling $NODE_PKG
-      fi
-      make install-reth-bench
-      $MC cp "target/profiling/${NODE_BIN}" "${BUCKET}/${NODE_BIN}"
-      $MC cp "$(which reth-bench)" "${BUCKET}/reth-bench"
-    fi
+    echo "Building feature ${NODE_BIN} (${COMMIT}) from source..."
+    rustup show active-toolchain || rustup default stable
+    build_node_binary
+    make -C "$SOURCE_DIR" install-reth-bench
     ;;
 
   *)
-    echo "Usage: $0 <baseline|feature> <source-dir> <commit> [branch-sha]"
+    echo "Usage: $0 <baseline|feature> <source-dir> <commit>"
     exit 1
     ;;
 esac

.github/scripts/bench-reth-local.sh

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #
 # local-reth-bench.sh — Run the reth Engine API benchmark locally.
 #
-# Replicates the CI bench.yml workflow (build, snapshot, system tuning,
+# Replicates the CI bench.yml workflow (build, local snapshot validation, system tuning,
 # interleaved B-F-F-B execution, summary, charts) without any GitHub
 # Actions glue (no PR comments, no artifact upload, no Slack).
 #
@@ -21,15 +21,17 @@
 # Requires: the reth repo at RETH_REPO (default: ~/reth)
 #
 # Dependencies (install before first run):
-#   mc (MinIO client), schelk, cpupower, taskset, stdbuf, python3, curl,
-#   make, uv, pzstd, jq, Rust toolchain (cargo/rustup)
+#   schelk, cpupower, taskset, stdbuf, python3, curl,
+#   make, uv, jq, Rust toolchain (cargo/rustup)
+# Optional:
+#   mc for Tracy profile upload
 #
 # The script delegates to the existing bench-reth-*.sh scripts in the reth
 # repo for the actual build, snapshot, and run steps.
 set -euxo pipefail
 
 # ── PATH ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-# Ensure cargo and user-local bins (mc, uv) are visible
+# Ensure cargo and user-local bins (uv) are visible
 export PATH="$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
 
 # ── Defaults ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ fi
 
 # ── Check dependencies ───────────────────────────────────────────────
 missing=()
-for cmd in mc schelk cpupower taskset stdbuf python3 curl make uv pzstd jq cargo; do
+for cmd in schelk cpupower taskset stdbuf python3 curl make uv jq cargo; do
   command -v "$cmd" &>/dev/null || missing+=("$cmd")
 done
 if [ ${#missing[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
@@ -238,19 +240,14 @@ echo "  Baseline src : $BASELINE_SRC"
 echo "  Feature src  : $FEATURE_SRC"
 echo
 
-# ── Step 3: Check / download snapshot ────────────────────────────────
-echo "▸ Checking snapshot..."
+# ── Step 3: Validate local snapshot ──────────────────────────────────
+echo "▸ Validating local snapshot..."
 cd "$RETH_REPO"
-SNAPSHOT_NEEDED=false
-if ! "${SCRIPTS_DIR}/bench-reth-snapshot.sh" --check; then
-  SNAPSHOT_NEEDED=true
-  echo "  Snapshot needs update."
-else
-  echo "  Snapshot is up-to-date."
-fi
+"${SCRIPTS_DIR}/bench-reth-snapshot.sh"
+echo "  Snapshot is ready."
 echo
 
-# ── Step 4: Build binaries (+ snapshot download) in parallel ─────────
+# ── Step 4: Build binaries in parallel ───────────────────────────────
 echo "▸ Building binaries (parallel)..."
 cd "$RETH_REPO"
 
@@ -262,19 +259,11 @@ PID_BASELINE=$!
 "${SCRIPTS_DIR}/bench-reth-build.sh" feature "$FEATURE_SRC" "$FEATURE_SHA" &
 PID_FEATURE=$!
 
-PID_SNAPSHOT=
-if [ "$SNAPSHOT_NEEDED" = "true" ]; then
-  echo "  Also downloading snapshot in parallel..."
-  "${SCRIPTS_DIR}/bench-reth-snapshot.sh" &
-  PID_SNAPSHOT=$!
-fi
-
 wait $PID_BASELINE || FAIL=1
 wait $PID_FEATURE  || FAIL=1
-[ -n "$PID_SNAPSHOT" ] && { wait $PID_SNAPSHOT || FAIL=1; }
 
 if [ $FAIL -ne 0 ]; then
-  echo "Error: one or more parallel tasks failed (builds / snapshot)"
+  echo "Error: one or more build tasks failed"
   exit 1
 fi
 echo "  Binaries built successfully."

.github/scripts/bench-reth-run.sh

@@ -88,10 +88,16 @@ trap cleanup EXIT
 # Stop any leftover reth process in the scope, then recover schelk state.
 sudo systemctl stop "$RETH_SCOPE" 2>/dev/null || true
 sudo systemctl reset-failed "$RETH_SCOPE" 2>/dev/null || true
-sudo schelk recover -y --kill || true
+sudo schelk recover -y --kill || sudo schelk full-recover -y || true
 
 # Mount
-sudo schelk mount -y
+sudo schelk mount -y || true
+if [ ! -d "$DATADIR/db" ] || [ ! -d "$DATADIR/static_files" ]; then
+  echo "::error::Failed to mount benchmark datadir at ${DATADIR}"
+  ls -la "$SCHELK_MOUNT" || true
+  ls -la "$DATADIR" || true
+  exit 1
+fi
 sync
 sudo sh -c 'echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches'
 echo "=== Cache state after drop ==="

.github/scripts/bench-reth-snapshot.sh

@@ -1,129 +1,56 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 #
-# Downloads the latest snapshot into the schelk volume using
-# `reth download` with progress reporting to the GitHub PR comment.
-#
-# Skips the download if the manifest content hasn't changed since
-# the last successful download (checked via SHA-256 of the manifest).
+# Validates that the benchmark snapshot has already been populated into the
+# local schelk volume.
 #
 # Usage: bench-reth-snapshot.sh [--check]
-#   --check   Only check if a download is needed; exits 0 if up-to-date, 10 if not.
+#   --check   Exit 0 if the local snapshot is ready, 10 if it is missing.
 #
 # Required env:
-#   SCHELK_MOUNT       – schelk mount point (e.g. /reth-bench)
-#   BENCH_RETH_BINARY  – path to the reth binary
-#   GITHUB_TOKEN       – token for GitHub API calls (only for download)
-#   BENCH_COMMENT_ID   – PR comment ID to update (optional)
-#   BENCH_REPO         – owner/repo (e.g. paradigmxyz/reth)
-#   BENCH_JOB_URL      – link to the Actions job
-#   BENCH_ACTOR        – user who triggered the benchmark
-#   BENCH_CONFIG       – config summary line
+#   SCHELK_MOUNT – schelk mount point (e.g. /reth-bench)
+# Optional env:
+#   BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS   – true when validating the big-blocks snapshot datadir
+#   BENCH_SNAPSHOT_NAME – expected snapshot label for log/error output
 set -euxo pipefail
 
-MC="mc"
-BUCKET="minio/reth-snapshots"
-# Allow overriding the snapshot name (e.g. for big-blocks mode where the
-# big-blocks manifest specifies which base snapshot to use).
-SNAPSHOT_NAME="${BENCH_SNAPSHOT_NAME:-reth-1-minimal-stable}"
-MANIFEST_PATH="${SNAPSHOT_NAME}/manifest.json"
+: "${SCHELK_MOUNT:?SCHELK_MOUNT must be set}"
+
 DATADIR_NAME="datadir"
-HASH_MODE_SUFFIX=""
 if [ "${BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS:-false}" = "true" ]; then
   DATADIR_NAME="datadir-big-blocks"
-  HASH_MODE_SUFFIX="-big-blocks"
 fi
 DATADIR="$SCHELK_MOUNT/$DATADIR_NAME"
-HASH_FILE="$HOME/.reth-bench-snapshot-hash${HASH_MODE_SUFFIX}"
 
-# Fetch manifest and compute content hash for reliable freshness check
-MANIFEST_CONTENT=$($MC cat "${BUCKET}/${MANIFEST_PATH}" 2>/dev/null) || {
-  echo "::error::Failed to fetch snapshot manifest from ${BUCKET}/${MANIFEST_PATH}"
-  exit 2
+describe_snapshot() {
+  if [ -n "${BENCH_SNAPSHOT_NAME:-}" ]; then
+    printf '%s' "${BENCH_SNAPSHOT_NAME}"
+  elif [ "${BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS:-false}" = "true" ]; then
+    printf '%s' 'big-block weekly snapshot'
+  else
+    printf '%s' 'benchmark snapshot'
+  fi
 }
-REMOTE_HASH=$(echo "$MANIFEST_CONTENT" | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}')
 
-LOCAL_HASH=""
-[ -f "$HASH_FILE" ] && LOCAL_HASH=$(cat "$HASH_FILE")
+snapshot_ready() {
+  [ -d "$DATADIR/db" ] && [ -d "$DATADIR/static_files" ]
+}
 
-if [ "$REMOTE_HASH" = "$LOCAL_HASH" ]; then
-  echo "Snapshot is up-to-date (manifest hash: ${REMOTE_HASH:0:16}…)"
+EXPECTED_SNAPSHOT="$(describe_snapshot)"
+
+sudo schelk recover -y --kill || sudo schelk full-recover -y || true
+sudo schelk mount -y || true
+
+if snapshot_ready; then
+  echo "Found local ${EXPECTED_SNAPSHOT} at ${DATADIR}"
   exit 0
 fi
 
-echo "Snapshot needs update (local: ${LOCAL_HASH:+${LOCAL_HASH:0:16}…}${LOCAL_HASH:-<none>}, remote: ${REMOTE_HASH:0:16}…)"
+echo "::error::Missing local ${EXPECTED_SNAPSHOT} at ${DATADIR}. Benchmarks no longer download snapshots; pre-populate the local schelk data first."
+ls -la "$SCHELK_MOUNT" || true
+ls -la "$DATADIR" || true
+
 if [ "${1:-}" = "--check" ]; then
   exit 10
 fi
 
-RETH="${BENCH_RETH_BINARY:?BENCH_RETH_BINARY must be set}"
-if [ ! -x "$RETH" ]; then
-  echo "::error::reth binary not found or not executable at $RETH"
-  exit 1
-fi
-
-# Resolve the MinIO HTTP endpoint from the mc alias so reth can
-# fetch archives over HTTP (the manifest's embedded base_url points
-# to the cluster-internal address which is unreachable from runners).
-MINIO_ENDPOINT=$($MC alias list minio --json 2>/dev/null | jq -r '.URL // empty') || true
-if [ -z "$MINIO_ENDPOINT" ]; then
-  echo "::error::Failed to resolve MinIO endpoint from mc alias 'minio'"
-  exit 1
-fi
-BASE_URL="${MINIO_ENDPOINT}/reth-snapshots/${SNAPSHOT_NAME}"
-
-# Rewrite manifest's base_url with the runner-reachable endpoint
-MANIFEST_TMP=$(mktemp --suffix=.json)
-trap 'rm -f -- "$MANIFEST_TMP"' EXIT
-echo "$MANIFEST_CONTENT" \
-  | jq --arg base "$BASE_URL" '.base_url = $base' > "$MANIFEST_TMP"
-
-# Prepare mount. If a previous run left the volume mounted, recover first.
-sudo schelk recover -y --kill || true
-sudo schelk mount -y
-sudo rm -rf "$DATADIR"
-sudo mkdir -p "$DATADIR"
-# reth download runs as current user (not root), needs write access
-sudo chown -R "$(id -u):$(id -g)" "$DATADIR"
-
-update_comment() {
-  local status="$1"
-  [ -z "${BENCH_COMMENT_ID:-}" ] && return 0
-  local body
-  body="$(printf 'cc @%s\n\n🚀 Benchmark started! [View job](%s)\n\n⏳ **Status:** %s\n\n%s' \
-    "$BENCH_ACTOR" "$BENCH_JOB_URL" "$status" "$BENCH_CONFIG")"
-  curl -sf -X PATCH \
-    -H "Authorization: token ${GITHUB_TOKEN}" \
-    -H "Accept: application/vnd.github.v3+json" \
-    "https://api.github.com/repos/${BENCH_REPO}/issues/comments/${BENCH_COMMENT_ID}" \
-    -d "$(jq -nc --arg body "$body" '{body: $body}')" \
-    > /dev/null 2>&1 || true
-}
-
-update_comment "Downloading snapshot…"
-
-# Download using reth download (manifest-path with rewritten base_url)
-"$RETH" download \
-  --manifest-path "$MANIFEST_TMP" \
-  -y \
-  --minimal \
-  --datadir "$DATADIR"
-
-update_comment "Downloading snapshot… done"
-echo "Snapshot download complete"
-
-# Sanity check: verify expected directories exist
-if [ ! -d "$DATADIR/db" ] || [ ! -d "$DATADIR/static_files" ]; then
-  echo "::error::Snapshot download did not produce expected directory layout (missing db/ or static_files/)"
-  ls -la "$DATADIR" || true
-  exit 1
-fi
-
-# Promote the new snapshot to become the schelk baseline (virgin volume).
-# This copies changed blocks from scratch → virgin so that future
-# `schelk recover` calls restore to this new state.
-sync
-sudo schelk promote -y
-
-# Save manifest hash
-echo "$REMOTE_HASH" > "$HASH_FILE"
-echo "Snapshot promoted to schelk baseline (manifest hash: ${REMOTE_HASH:0:16}…)"
+exit 1

.github/scripts/bench-reth-summary.py

@@ -111,6 +111,14 @@ def compute_stats(combined: list[dict]) -> dict:
     wall_clock_s = sum(total_latencies_ms) / 1_000
     mean_total_lat_ms = sum(total_latencies_ms) / n
 
+    # Persistence wait mean (for main table)
+    persist_values_ms = []
+    for r in combined:
+        v = r.get("persistence_wait_us")
+        if v is not None:
+            persist_values_ms.append(v / 1_000)
+    mean_persist_ms = sum(persist_values_ms) / len(persist_values_ms) if persist_values_ms else 0.0
+
     return {
         "n": n,
         "mean_ms": mean_lat,
@@ -121,6 +129,7 @@ def compute_stats(combined: list[dict]) -> dict:
         "mean_mgas_s": mean_mgas_s,
         "wall_clock_s": wall_clock_s,
         "mean_total_lat_ms": mean_total_lat_ms,
+        "mean_persist_ms": mean_persist_ms,
     }
 
 
@@ -145,7 +154,7 @@ def compute_wait_stats(combined: list[dict], field: str) -> dict:
 
 def _paired_data(
     baseline: list[dict], feature: list[dict]
-) -> tuple[list[tuple[float, float]], list[float], list[float], list[float]]:
+) -> tuple[list[tuple[float, float]], list[float], list[float], list[float], list[float]]:
     """Match blocks and return paired latencies and per-block diffs.
 
     Returns:
@@ -153,6 +162,7 @@ def _paired_data(
         lat_diffs_ms: list of feature − baseline latency diffs in ms
         mgas_diffs: list of feature − baseline Mgas/s diffs
         total_lat_diffs_ms: list of feature − baseline total latency diffs in ms
+        persist_diffs_ms: list of feature − baseline persistence wait diffs in ms
     """
     baseline_by_block = {r["block_number"]: r for r in baseline}
     feature_by_block = {r["block_number"]: r for r in feature}
@@ -162,6 +172,7 @@ def _paired_data(
     lat_diffs_ms = []
     mgas_diffs = []
     total_lat_diffs_ms = []
+    persist_diffs_ms = []
     for bn in common_blocks:
         b = baseline_by_block[bn]
         f = feature_by_block[bn]
@@ -179,7 +190,10 @@ def _paired_data(
         total_lat_diffs_ms.append(
             f["total_latency_us"] / 1_000 - b["total_latency_us"] / 1_000
         )
-    return pairs, lat_diffs_ms, mgas_diffs, total_lat_diffs_ms
+        b_persist = (b.get("persistence_wait_us") or 0) / 1_000
+        f_persist = (f.get("persistence_wait_us") or 0) / 1_000
+        persist_diffs_ms.append(f_persist - b_persist)
+    return pairs, lat_diffs_ms, mgas_diffs, total_lat_diffs_ms, persist_diffs_ms
 
 
 def compute_paired_stats(
@@ -195,13 +209,15 @@ def compute_paired_stats(
     all_lat_diffs = []
     all_mgas_diffs = []
     all_total_lat_diffs = []
+    all_persist_diffs = []
     blocks_per_pair = []
     for baseline, feature in zip(baseline_runs, feature_runs):
-        pairs, lat_diffs, mgas_diffs, total_lat_diffs = _paired_data(baseline, feature)
+        pairs, lat_diffs, mgas_diffs, total_lat_diffs, persist_diffs = _paired_data(baseline, feature)
         all_pairs.extend(pairs)
         all_lat_diffs.extend(lat_diffs)
         all_mgas_diffs.extend(mgas_diffs)
         all_total_lat_diffs.extend(total_lat_diffs)
+        all_persist_diffs.extend(persist_diffs)
         blocks_per_pair.append(len(pairs))
 
     if not all_lat_diffs:
@@ -245,6 +261,11 @@ def compute_paired_stats(
     total_se = std_total_diff / math.sqrt(len(all_total_lat_diffs)) if all_total_lat_diffs else 0.0
     wall_clock_ci_ms = T_CRITICAL * total_se
 
+    mean_persist_diff = sum(all_persist_diffs) / len(all_persist_diffs) if all_persist_diffs else 0.0
+    std_persist_diff = stddev(all_persist_diffs, mean_persist_diff) if len(all_persist_diffs) > 1 else 0.0
+    persist_se = std_persist_diff / math.sqrt(len(all_persist_diffs)) if all_persist_diffs else 0.0
+    persist_ci_ms = T_CRITICAL * persist_se
+
     return {
         "n": n,
         "mean_diff_ms": mean_diff,
@@ -258,6 +279,7 @@ def compute_paired_stats(
         "mean_mgas_diff": mean_mgas_diff,
         "mgas_ci": mgas_ci,
         "wall_clock_ci_ms": wall_clock_ci_ms,
+        "persist_ci_ms": persist_ci_ms,
         "blocks": max(blocks_per_pair),
     }
 
@@ -336,6 +358,7 @@ def compute_changes(
         ("p99", "p99_ms", "p99_ci_ms", "p99_ms", True),
         ("mgas_s", "mean_mgas_s", "mgas_ci", "mean_mgas_s", False),
         ("wall_clock", "wall_clock_s", "wall_clock_ci_ms", "mean_total_lat_ms", True),
+        ("persist_wait", "mean_persist_ms", "persist_ci_ms", "mean_persist_ms", True),
     ]
     changes = {}
     for name, stat_key, ci_key, base_key, lower_is_better in metrics:
@@ -377,6 +400,8 @@ def generate_comparison_table(
     p90_pct = pct(run1["p90_ms"], run2["p90_ms"])
     p99_pct = pct(run1["p99_ms"], run2["p99_ms"])
 
+    persist_pct = pct(run1["mean_persist_ms"], run2["mean_persist_ms"])
+
     # Bootstrap CIs as % of baseline percentile
     p50_ci_pct = paired["p50_ci_ms"] / run1["p50_ms"] * 100.0 if run1["p50_ms"] > 0 else 0.0
     p90_ci_pct = paired["p90_ci_ms"] / run1["p90_ms"] * 100.0 if run1["p90_ms"] > 0 else 0.0
@@ -386,6 +411,7 @@ def generate_comparison_table(
     lat_ci_pct = paired["ci_ms"] / run1["mean_ms"] * 100.0 if run1["mean_ms"] > 0 else 0.0
     mgas_ci_pct = paired["mgas_ci"] / run1["mean_mgas_s"] * 100.0 if run1["mean_mgas_s"] > 0 else 0.0
     wall_ci_pct = paired["wall_clock_ci_ms"] / run1["mean_total_lat_ms"] * 100.0 if run1["mean_total_lat_ms"] > 0 else 0.0
+    persist_ci_pct = paired["persist_ci_ms"] / run1["mean_persist_ms"] * 100.0 if run1["mean_persist_ms"] > 0 else 0.0
 
     base_url = f"https://github.com/{repo}/commit"
     baseline_label = f"[`{baseline_name}`]({base_url}/{baseline_ref})"
@@ -401,6 +427,7 @@ def generate_comparison_table(
         f"| P99 | {fmt_ms(run1['p99_ms'])} | {fmt_ms(run2['p99_ms'])} | {change_str(p99_pct, p99_ci_pct, lower_is_better=True)} |",
         f"| Mgas/s | {fmt_mgas(run1['mean_mgas_s'])} | {fmt_mgas(run2['mean_mgas_s'])} | {change_str(gas_pct, mgas_ci_pct, lower_is_better=False)} |",
         f"| Wall Clock | {fmt_s(run1['wall_clock_s'])} | {fmt_s(run2['wall_clock_s'])} | {change_str(wall_pct, wall_ci_pct, lower_is_better=True)} |",
+        f"| Persist Wait | {fmt_ms(run1['mean_persist_ms'])} | {fmt_ms(run2['mean_persist_ms'])} | {change_str(persist_pct, persist_ci_pct, lower_is_better=True)} |",
         "",
     ]
     meta_parts = [f"{n} {'big blocks' if big_blocks else 'blocks'}"]

.github/scripts/bench-slack-notify.js

@@ -250,6 +250,8 @@ async function success({ core, context }) {
     }
   }
 
+  const slackMode = process.env.BENCH_SLACK || 'always';
+
   // Post to public channel if any metric shows significant improvement or regression
   const channel = process.env.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL;
   let postedToChannel = false;
@@ -264,6 +266,14 @@ async function success({ core, context }) {
     }
   }
 
+  // In on-win mode, only notify on improvement — skip DM fallback entirely
+  if (slackMode === 'on-win') {
+    if (!postedToChannel) {
+      core.info('on-win mode: no improvement detected, skipping all notifications');
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
   // DM the actor only when results were not posted to the public channel
   if (!postedToChannel) {
     if (actorSlackId) {

.github/scripts/bench-utils.js

@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ function metricRows(summary) {
     { label: 'P99',        baseline: fmtMs(b.p99_ms),        feature: fmtMs(f.p99_ms),        change: fmtChange(c.p99) },
     { label: 'Mgas/s',     baseline: fmtMgas(b.mean_mgas_s), feature: fmtMgas(f.mean_mgas_s), change: fmtChange(c.mgas_s) },
     { label: 'Wall Clock', baseline: fmtS(b.wall_clock_s),   feature: fmtS(f.wall_clock_s),   change: fmtChange(c.wall_clock) },
+    { label: 'Persist Wait', baseline: fmtMs(b.mean_persist_ms || 0), feature: fmtMs(f.mean_persist_ms || 0), change: fmtChange(c.persist_wait) },
   ];
 }
 

.github/scripts/fetch-grafana-dashboard.py

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Fetch a Grafana dashboard and convert it to the portable import format.
+
+Fetches the dashboard via API, replaces internal datasource/variable references
+with template variables, and adds __inputs/__requires/__elements so the JSON is
+importable on any Grafana instance.
+
+Usage:
+    export FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_URL=https://<NAMESPACE>.grafana.net
+    export FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_TOKEN=glsa_...
+
+    python3 .github/scripts/fetch-grafana-dashboard.py <dashboard-uid> > output.json
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+import urllib.request
+
+PANEL_TYPE_NAMES = {
+    "bargauge": "Bar gauge",
+    "gauge": "Gauge",
+    "heatmap": "Heatmap",
+    "piechart": "Pie chart",
+    "stat": "Stat",
+    "table": "Table",
+    "timeseries": "Time series",
+    "barchart": "Bar chart",
+    "text": "Text",
+    "dashlist": "Dashboard list",
+    "logs": "Logs",
+    "nodeGraph": "Node Graph",
+    "histogram": "Histogram",
+    "candlestick": "Candlestick",
+    "state-timeline": "State timeline",
+    "status-history": "Status history",
+    "geomap": "Geomap",
+    "canvas": "Canvas",
+    "news": "News",
+    "xychart": "XY Chart",
+    "trend": "Trend",
+    "datagrid": "Datagrid",
+    "flamegraph": "Flame Graph",
+    "traces": "Traces",
+}
+
+
+def fetch_json(base_url: str, token: str, path: str) -> dict:
+    url = f"{base_url}{path}"
+    req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as resp:
+        return json.loads(resp.read())
+
+
+def fetch_dashboard(base_url: str, token: str, uid: str) -> dict:
+    return fetch_json(base_url, token, f"/api/dashboards/uid/{uid}")
+
+
+def fetch_grafana_version(base_url: str) -> str:
+    req = urllib.request.Request(f"{base_url}/api/health")
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as resp:
+        data = json.loads(resp.read())
+    # version string like "13.0.0-23940615780.patch2" -> take just the semver part
+    version = data.get("version", "")
+    # strip build metadata after the first hyphen if it looks like a pre-release
+    parts = version.split("-")
+    return parts[0] if parts else version
+
+
+def collect_panel_types(panels: list) -> set[str]:
+    types = set()
+    for panel in panels:
+        ptype = panel.get("type", "")
+        if ptype and ptype != "row":
+            types.add(ptype)
+        # nested panels inside collapsed rows
+        for sub in panel.get("panels", []):
+            sub_type = sub.get("type", "")
+            if sub_type and sub_type != "row":
+                types.add(sub_type)
+    return types
+
+
+def has_expression_datasource(dashboard: dict) -> bool:
+    return "__expr__" in json.dumps(dashboard)
+
+
+def make_exportable(dashboard: dict, grafana_version: str = "") -> dict:
+    dash = json.loads(json.dumps(dashboard))  # deep copy
+
+    # --- Strip internal fields ---
+    dash.pop("id", None)
+
+    # --- Rewrite links: point to the public repo instead of internal ---
+    dash["links"] = [
+        {
+            "asDropdown": False,
+            "icon": "external link",
+            "includeVars": False,
+            "keepTime": False,
+            "tags": [],
+            "targetBlank": True,
+            "title": "Source (GitHub)",
+            "tooltip": "View source file in repository",
+            "type": "link",
+            "url": "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/tree/main/etc/grafana/dashboards",
+        }
+    ]
+
+    # --- Datasource: victoriametrics -> prometheus ---
+    dash_str = json.dumps(dash)
+    dash_str = dash_str.replace("victoriametrics-metrics-datasource", "prometheus")
+    dash = json.loads(dash_str)
+
+    # --- Templating: instance_label constant -> ${VAR_INSTANCE_LABEL} ---
+    # Also strip default-value fields the API returns that are not needed for import
+    STRIP_VAR_DEFAULTS = {"allowCustomValue", "regexApplyTo"}
+    for var in dash.get("templating", {}).get("list", []):
+        if var.get("name") == "instance_label" and var.get("type") == "constant":
+            var["query"] = "${VAR_INSTANCE_LABEL}"
+            var["current"] = {
+                "value": "${VAR_INSTANCE_LABEL}",
+                "text": "${VAR_INSTANCE_LABEL}",
+                "selected": False,
+            }
+            var["options"] = [
+                {
+                    "value": "${VAR_INSTANCE_LABEL}",
+                    "text": "${VAR_INSTANCE_LABEL}",
+                    "selected": False,
+                }
+            ]
+        # Clear current values for query/datasource vars (not meaningful for import)
+        elif var.get("type") in ("query", "datasource"):
+            var["current"] = {}
+        # Remove noisy default fields
+        for field in STRIP_VAR_DEFAULTS:
+            var.pop(field, None)
+        # Strip falsy defaults on query/datasource vars (API returns them, export omits them)
+        if var.get("type") in ("query", "datasource"):
+            for field in ("hide", "multi", "skipUrlSync"):
+                if not var.get(field):
+                    var.pop(field, None)
+
+    # --- Build __inputs ---
+    inputs = [
+        {
+            "name": "DS_PROMETHEUS",
+            "label": "Prometheus",
+            "description": "",
+            "type": "datasource",
+            "pluginId": "prometheus",
+            "pluginName": "Prometheus",
+        },
+    ]
+
+    if has_expression_datasource(dash):
+        inputs.append(
+            {
+                "name": "DS_EXPRESSION",
+                "label": "Expression",
+                "description": "",
+                "type": "datasource",
+                "pluginId": "__expr__",
+            }
+        )
+
+    inputs.append(
+        {
+            "name": "VAR_INSTANCE_LABEL",
+            "type": "constant",
+            "label": "Instance Label",
+            "value": "job",
+            "description": "",
+        }
+    )
+
+    # --- Build __requires ---
+    requires = []
+
+    if has_expression_datasource(dash):
+        requires.append({"type": "datasource", "id": "__expr__", "version": "1.0.0"})
+
+    panel_types = collect_panel_types(dash.get("panels", []))
+    for pt in sorted(panel_types):
+        requires.append(
+            {
+                "type": "panel",
+                "id": pt,
+                "name": PANEL_TYPE_NAMES.get(pt, pt),
+                "version": "",
+            }
+        )
+
+    requires.append(
+        {"type": "grafana", "id": "grafana", "name": "Grafana", "version": grafana_version}
+    )
+    requires.append(
+        {
+            "type": "datasource",
+            "id": "prometheus",
+            "name": "Prometheus",
+            "version": "1.0.0",
+        }
+    )
+
+    # --- Assemble output (with __inputs/__requires/__elements first) ---
+    output = {
+        "__inputs": inputs,
+        "__elements": {},
+        "__requires": requires,
+    }
+    output.update(dash)
+
+    return output
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
+        print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[0]} <dashboard-uid>", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    uid = sys.argv[1]
+    base_url = os.environ.get("FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_URL", "").rstrip("/")
+    token = os.environ.get("FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_TOKEN", "")
+
+    if not base_url or not token:
+        print(
+            "Error: FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_URL and FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_TOKEN env vars required",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    resp = fetch_dashboard(base_url, token, uid)
+    dashboard = resp["dashboard"]
+
+    grafana_version = fetch_grafana_version(base_url)
+    exported = make_exportable(dashboard, grafana_version)
+    print(json.dumps(exported, indent=2))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

.github/workflows/bench-scheduled.yml

@@ -28,11 +28,16 @@ on:
         required: false
         default: false
         type: boolean
-      no_slack:
-        description: "Suppress Slack notifications"
+      slack:
+        description: "Slack notification policy"
         required: false
-        default: true
-        type: boolean
+        default: "never"
+        type: choice
+        options:
+          - always
+          - on-win
+          - on-error
+          - never
       mode:
         description: "Benchmark mode"
         required: false
@@ -106,8 +111,8 @@ jobs:
           .github/scripts/bench-scheduled-refs.sh "$FORCE" "$MODE"
 
       - name: Alert on long-running hourly
-        if: steps.mode.outputs.mode == 'hourly' && steps.refs.outputs.long-running == 'true'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        if: steps.mode.outputs.mode == 'hourly' && steps.refs.outputs.long-running == 'true' && !(github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.slack == 'never')
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         env:
           SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
           SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
@@ -148,8 +153,8 @@ jobs:
             });
 
       - name: Alert on stale nightly
-        if: steps.mode.outputs.mode == 'nightly' && steps.refs.outputs.is-stale == 'true'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        if: steps.mode.outputs.mode == 'nightly' && steps.refs.outputs.is-stale == 'true' && !(github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.slack == 'never')
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         env:
           SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
           SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
@@ -256,7 +261,7 @@ jobs:
       BENCH_FEATURE_ARGS: ""
       BENCH_ABBA: "true"
       BENCH_COMMENT_ID: ""
-      BENCH_NO_SLACK: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.no_slack == true && 'true' || 'false' }}
+      BENCH_SLACK: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.slack || 'always' }}
       BENCH_METRICS_ADDR: "127.0.0.1:9100"
       BENCH_OTLP_DISABLED: "true"
       BASELINE_REF: ${{ needs.resolve-refs.outputs.baseline-ref }}
@@ -273,7 +278,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Resolve job URL
         id: job-url
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           script: |
             const { data: jobs } = await github.rest.actions.listJobsForWorkflowRun({
@@ -302,12 +307,6 @@ jobs:
             linux-tools-"$(uname -r)" || \
             sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends linux-tools-generic
 
-          # mc (MinIO client)
-          if ! command -v mc &>/dev/null; then
-            curl -sSfL https://dl.min.io/client/mc/release/linux-amd64/mc -o "$HOME/.local/bin/mc"
-            chmod +x "$HOME/.local/bin/mc"
-          fi
-
           # uv (Python package manager)
           if ! command -v uv &>/dev/null; then
             curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | env UV_INSTALL_DIR="$HOME/.local/bin" sh
@@ -335,7 +334,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "$HOME/.local/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
           missing=()
-          for cmd in mc schelk cpupower taskset stdbuf python3 curl make uv pzstd jq; do
+          for cmd in schelk cpupower taskset stdbuf python3 curl make uv jq; do
             command -v "$cmd" &>/dev/null || missing+=("$cmd")
           done
           if [ ${#missing[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
@@ -361,19 +360,9 @@ jobs:
           echo "feature-name=${BENCH_MODE}-${FEATURE_SHORT}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           echo "feature-ref=$FEATURE_REF" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
-      - name: Check if snapshot needs update
+      - name: Validate local snapshot
         id: snapshot-check
-        run: |
-          set +e
-          .github/scripts/bench-reth-snapshot.sh --check
-          rc=$?
-          set -e
-          case "$rc" in
-            0)  echo "needed=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT" ;;
-            10) echo "needed=true"  >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT" ;;
-            *)  echo "::error::Snapshot check failed (exit $rc)"
-                exit "$rc" ;;
-          esac
+        run: .github/scripts/bench-reth-snapshot.sh
 
       - name: Prepare source dirs
         run: |
@@ -413,15 +402,6 @@ jobs:
             exit 1
           fi
 
-      - name: Download snapshot
-        id: snapshot-download
-        if: steps.snapshot-check.outputs.needed == 'true'
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          BENCH_REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
-          BENCH_RETH_BINARY: ${{ github.workspace }}/../reth-feature/target/profiling/reth
-        run: .github/scripts/bench-reth-snapshot.sh
-
       # System tuning for reproducible benchmarks
       - name: System setup
         run: |
@@ -675,7 +655,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Write job summary
         if: success()
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           script: |
             const fs = require('fs');
@@ -753,8 +733,8 @@ jobs:
             await core.summary.addRaw(md).write();
 
       - name: Send Slack notification (success)
-        if: success() && env.BENCH_NO_SLACK != 'true'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        if: success() && (env.BENCH_SLACK == 'always' || env.BENCH_SLACK == 'on-win')
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         env:
           SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
           SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
@@ -781,7 +761,15 @@ jobs:
             // Filter notifications based on mode
             const changes = summary.changes || {};
             const mode = process.env.BENCH_MODE || 'nightly';
+            const slackMode = process.env.BENCH_SLACK || 'always';
             const hasRegression = Object.values(changes).some(c => c.sig === 'bad');
+            const hasImprovement = Object.values(changes).some(c => c.sig === 'good');
+
+            // on-win mode: only notify on improvements
+            if (slackMode === 'on-win' && !hasImprovement) {
+              core.info('on-win mode: no improvement detected, skipping Slack notification');
+              return;
+            }
 
             // Hourly mode: only notify on regressions
             if (mode === 'hourly' && !hasRegression) {
@@ -900,8 +888,8 @@ jobs:
             }
 
       - name: Send Slack notification (failure)
-        if: failure()
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        if: failure() && env.BENCH_SLACK != 'never' && env.BENCH_SLACK != 'on-win'
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         env:
           SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
           SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
@@ -912,8 +900,8 @@ jobs:
             if (!token || !channel) return;
 
             const steps_status = [
+              ['validating local snapshot', '${{ steps.snapshot-check.outcome }}'],
               ['building binaries', '${{ steps.build.outcome }}'],
-              ['downloading snapshot', '${{ steps.snapshot-download.outcome }}'],
               ['running baseline benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-baseline-1.outcome }}'],
               ['running feature benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-1.outcome }}'],
               ['running feature benchmark (2/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-2.outcome }}'],
@@ -935,7 +923,7 @@ jobs:
               },
               {
                 type: 'section',
-                text: { type: 'mrkdwn', text: `*${modeLabel} regression* failed while *${failedStep}*\ncc <@U09FARE0B9Q> <@U09FAL2UMLJ>` },
+                text: { type: 'mrkdwn', text: `*${modeLabel} regression* failed while *${failedStep}*\ncc <@U09FARE0B9Q> <@U09FAL2UMLJ>\n<@U0AAA8F0JEM> investigate this` },
               },
               {
                 type: 'actions',
@@ -962,6 +950,11 @@ jobs:
               }),
             });
 
+      - name: Clean build outputs
+        if: always()
+        run: |
+          sudo rm -rf ../reth-baseline/target ../reth-feature/target "$BENCH_WORK_DIR" 2>/dev/null || true
+
       - name: Restore system settings
         if: always()
         run: |

.github/workflows/bench.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ on:
       blocks:
         description: "Number of blocks to benchmark"
         required: false
-        default: "200"
+        default: "500"
         type: string
       big_blocks:
         description: "Use big blocks mode (pre-generated merged payloads with reth-bb)"
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ on:
       warmup:
         description: "Number of warmup blocks"
         required: false
-        default: "100"
+        default: "200"
         type: string
       baseline:
         description: "Baseline git ref (default: merge-base)"
@@ -71,11 +71,16 @@ on:
         required: false
         default: "0"
         type: string
-      no_slack:
-        description: "Suppress Slack notifications for benchmark results"
+      slack:
+        description: "Slack notification policy"
         required: false
-        default: "true"
-        type: boolean
+        default: "never"
+        type: choice
+        options:
+          - always
+          - on-win
+          - on-error
+          - never
       abba:
         description: "Run ABBA (BFFB) interleaved order; false = single AB pass"
         required: false
@@ -115,7 +120,7 @@ jobs:
       baseline-name: ${{ steps.args.outputs.baseline-name }}
       feature-name: ${{ steps.args.outputs.feature-name }}
       samply: ${{ steps.args.outputs.samply }}
-      no-slack: ${{ steps.args.outputs.no-slack }}
+      slack: ${{ steps.args.outputs.slack }}
       cores: ${{ steps.args.outputs.cores }}
       big-blocks: ${{ steps.args.outputs.big-blocks }}
       bal: ${{ steps.args.outputs.bal }}
@@ -128,7 +133,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Check org membership
         if: github.event_name == 'issue_comment'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           script: |
@@ -147,24 +152,25 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Parse arguments
         id: args
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
           script: |
             const validBalModes = new Set(['false', 'true', 'feature', 'baseline']);
-            const usage = '`@decofe bench [blocks=N] [big-blocks[=true|false]] [bal=true|false|feature|baseline] [warmup=N] [baseline=REF] [feature=REF] [samply] [no-slack] [cores=N] [abba=true|false] [otlp=true|false] [wait-time=DURATION] [baseline-args="..."] [feature-args="..."]`';
+            const validSlackModes = new Set(['always', 'on-win', 'on-error', 'never']);
+            const usage = '`@decofe bench [blocks=N] [big-blocks[=true|false]] [bal=true|false|feature|baseline] [warmup=N] [baseline=REF] [feature=REF] [samply] [slack=always|on-win|on-error|never] [cores=N] [abba=true|false] [otlp=true|false] [wait-time=DURATION] [baseline-args="..."] [feature-args="..."]`';
             let pr, actor, blocks, warmup, baseline, feature, samply, cores, bigBlocks, bal;
             let explicitWarmup = false;
 
             if (context.eventName === 'workflow_dispatch') {
               actor = '${{ github.actor }}';
-              blocks = '${{ github.event.inputs.blocks }}' || '200';
-              warmup = '${{ github.event.inputs.warmup }}' || '100';
-              if (warmup !== '100') explicitWarmup = true;
+              blocks = '${{ github.event.inputs.blocks }}' || '500';
+              warmup = '${{ github.event.inputs.warmup }}' || '200';
+              if (warmup !== '200') explicitWarmup = true;
               baseline = '${{ github.event.inputs.baseline }}';
               feature = '${{ github.event.inputs.feature }}';
               samply = '${{ github.event.inputs.samply }}' === 'true' ? 'true' : 'false';
-              var noSlack = '${{ github.event.inputs.no_slack }}' !== 'false' ? 'true' : 'false';
+              var slack = '${{ github.event.inputs.slack }}' || 'never';
               cores = '${{ github.event.inputs.cores }}' || '0';
               bigBlocks = '${{ github.event.inputs.big_blocks }}' === 'true' ? 'true' : 'false';
               bal = '${{ github.event.inputs.bal }}' || 'false';
@@ -194,12 +200,12 @@ jobs:
               const body = context.payload.comment.body.trim();
               const intArgs = new Set(['warmup', 'cores', 'blocks']);
               const refArgs = new Set(['baseline', 'feature']);
-              const boolArgs = new Set(['samply', 'no-slack', 'big-blocks']);
+              const boolArgs = new Set(['samply', 'big-blocks']);
               const boolDefaultTrue = new Set(['abba', 'otlp']);
-              const enumArgs = new Map([['bal', validBalModes]]);
+              const enumArgs = new Map([['bal', validBalModes], ['slack', validSlackModes]]);
               const durationArgs = new Set(['wait-time']);
               const stringArgs = new Set(['baseline-args', 'feature-args']);
-              const defaults = { blocks: '200', warmup: '100', baseline: '', feature: '', samply: 'false', 'no-slack': 'false', 'big-blocks': 'false', bal: 'false', cores: '0', abba: 'true', otlp: 'true', 'wait-time': '', 'baseline-args': '', 'feature-args': '' };
+              const defaults = { blocks: '500', warmup: '200', baseline: '', feature: '', samply: 'false', slack: 'always', 'big-blocks': 'false', bal: 'false', cores: '0', abba: 'true', otlp: 'true', 'wait-time': '', 'baseline-args': '', 'feature-args': '' };
               const unknown = [];
               const invalid = [];
               const args = body.replace(/^(?:@decofe|derek) bench\s*/, '');
@@ -282,7 +288,7 @@ jobs:
               baseline = defaults.baseline;
               feature = defaults.feature;
               samply = defaults.samply;
-              var noSlack = defaults['no-slack'];
+              var slack = defaults.slack;
               cores = defaults.cores;
               bigBlocks = defaults['big-blocks'];
               bal = defaults.bal;
@@ -341,7 +347,7 @@ jobs:
             core.setOutput('baseline-name', baselineName);
             core.setOutput('feature-name', featureName);
             core.setOutput('samply', samply);
-            core.setOutput('no-slack', noSlack);
+            core.setOutput('slack', slack);
             core.setOutput('cores', cores);
             core.setOutput('big-blocks', bigBlocks);
             core.setOutput('bal', bal);
@@ -353,7 +359,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Acknowledge request
         id: ack
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
           script: |
@@ -407,11 +413,11 @@ jobs:
             const baseline = '${{ steps.args.outputs.baseline-name }}';
             const feature = '${{ steps.args.outputs.feature-name }}';
             const samply = '${{ steps.args.outputs.samply }}' === 'true';
-            const noSlack = '${{ steps.args.outputs.no-slack }}' === 'true';
+            const slack = '${{ steps.args.outputs.slack }}' || 'always';
             const bigBlocks = '${{ steps.args.outputs.big-blocks }}' === 'true';
             const bal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.bal }}' || 'false';
             const samplyNote = samply ? ', samply: `enabled`' : '';
-            const noSlackNote = noSlack ? ', no-slack' : '';
+            const slackNote = slack !== 'always' ? `, slack: \`${slack}\`` : '';
             const balNote = bigBlocks && bal !== 'false' ? `, BAL: \`${bal}\`` : '';
             const cores = '${{ steps.args.outputs.cores }}';
             const coresNote = cores && cores !== '0' ? `, cores: \`${cores}\`` : '';
@@ -426,7 +432,7 @@ jobs:
             const featureArgsVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.feature-args }}';
             const featureArgsNote = featureArgsVal ? `, feature-args: \`${featureArgsVal}\`` : '';
             const blocksDesc = bigBlocks ? 'blocks: `big`' : `${blocks} blocks, ${warmup} warmup blocks`;
-            const config = `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${noSlackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`;
+            const config = `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${slackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`;
 
             const { data: comment } = await github.rest.issues.createComment({
               owner: context.repo.owner,
@@ -439,7 +445,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Poll queue position
         if: steps.ack.outputs.comment-id && steps.ack.outputs.queue-position != '0'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
           script: |
@@ -451,11 +457,11 @@ jobs:
             const baseline = '${{ steps.args.outputs.baseline-name }}';
             const feature = '${{ steps.args.outputs.feature-name }}';
             const samply = '${{ steps.args.outputs.samply }}' === 'true';
-            const noSlack = '${{ steps.args.outputs.no-slack }}' === 'true';
+            const slack = '${{ steps.args.outputs.slack }}' || 'always';
             const bigBlocks = '${{ steps.args.outputs.big-blocks }}' === 'true';
             const bal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.bal }}' || 'false';
             const samplyNote = samply ? ', samply: `enabled`' : '';
-            const noSlackNote = noSlack ? ', no-slack' : '';
+            const slackNote = slack !== 'always' ? `, slack: \`${slack}\`` : '';
             const balNote = bigBlocks && bal !== 'false' ? `, BAL: \`${bal}\`` : '';
             const cores = '${{ steps.args.outputs.cores }}';
             const coresNote = cores && cores !== '0' ? `, cores: \`${cores}\`` : '';
@@ -470,7 +476,7 @@ jobs:
             const featureArgsVal = '${{ steps.args.outputs.feature-args }}';
             const featureArgsNote = featureArgsVal ? `, feature-args: \`${featureArgsVal}\`` : '';
             const blocksDesc = bigBlocks ? 'blocks: `big`' : `${blocks} blocks, ${warmup} warmup blocks`;
-            const config = `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${noSlackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`;
+            const config = `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${slackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`;
             const runUrl = `${context.serverUrl}/${context.repo.owner}/${context.repo.repo}/actions/runs/${context.runId}`;
 
             const numRunners = parseInt(process.env.BENCH_RUNNERS) || 1;
@@ -543,7 +549,7 @@ jobs:
       BENCH_ABBA: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.abba }}
       BENCH_OTLP: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.otlp }}
       BENCH_COMMENT_ID: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.comment-id }}
-      BENCH_NO_SLACK: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.no-slack }}
+      BENCH_SLACK: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.slack }}
       BENCH_NODE_BIN: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.big-blocks == 'true' && 'reth-bb' || 'reth' }}
       BENCH_METRICS_ADDR: "127.0.0.1:9100"
       BENCH_OTLP_TRACES_ENDPOINT: ${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.otlp != 'false' && secrets.BENCH_OTLP_TRACES_ENDPOINT || '' }}
@@ -554,7 +560,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Resolve checkout ref
         id: checkout-ref
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           script: |
             if (!process.env.BENCH_PR) {
@@ -580,7 +586,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Resolve job URL and update status
         if: env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
           script: |
@@ -598,11 +604,11 @@ jobs:
             const baseline = '${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.baseline-name }}';
             const feature = '${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.feature-name }}';
             const samply = process.env.BENCH_SAMPLY === 'true';
-            const noSlack = process.env.BENCH_NO_SLACK === 'true';
+            const slack = process.env.BENCH_SLACK || 'always';
             const bigBlocks = process.env.BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS === 'true';
             const bal = process.env.BENCH_BAL || 'false';
             const samplyNote = samply ? ', samply: `enabled`' : '';
-            const noSlackNote = noSlack ? ', no-slack' : '';
+            const slackNote = slack !== 'always' ? `, slack: \`${slack}\`` : '';
             const balNote = bigBlocks && bal !== 'false' ? `, BAL: \`${bal}\`` : '';
             const cores = process.env.BENCH_CORES || '0';
             const coresNote = cores && cores !== '0' ? `, cores: \`${cores}\`` : '';
@@ -617,7 +623,7 @@ jobs:
             const featureArgsVal = process.env.BENCH_FEATURE_ARGS || '';
             const featureArgsNote = featureArgsVal ? `, feature-args: \`${featureArgsVal}\`` : '';
             const blocksDesc = bigBlocks ? 'blocks: `big`' : `${blocks} blocks, ${warmup} warmup blocks`;
-            core.exportVariable('BENCH_CONFIG', `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${noSlackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`);
+            core.exportVariable('BENCH_CONFIG', `**Config:** ${blocksDesc}, baseline: \`${baseline}\`, feature: \`${feature}\`${samplyNote}${slackNote}${balNote}${coresNote}${abbaNote}${otlpNote}${waitTimeNote}${baselineArgsNote}${featureArgsNote}`);
 
             const { buildBody } = require('./.github/scripts/bench-update-status.js');
             await github.rest.issues.updateComment({
@@ -644,12 +650,6 @@ jobs:
             linux-tools-"$(uname -r)" || \
             sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends linux-tools-generic
 
-          # mc (MinIO client)
-          if ! command -v mc &>/dev/null; then
-            curl -sSfL https://dl.min.io/client/mc/release/linux-amd64/mc -o "$HOME/.local/bin/mc"
-            chmod +x "$HOME/.local/bin/mc"
-          fi
-
           # uv (Python package manager)
           if ! command -v uv &>/dev/null; then
             curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | env UV_INSTALL_DIR="$HOME/.local/bin" sh
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ jobs:
           echo "$HOME/.local/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
           echo "$HOME/.cargo/bin" >> "$GITHUB_PATH"
           missing=()
-          for cmd in mc schelk cpupower taskset stdbuf python3 curl make uv pzstd jq; do
+          for cmd in schelk cpupower taskset stdbuf python3 curl make uv jq; do
             command -v "$cmd" &>/dev/null || missing+=("$cmd")
           done
           if [ ${#missing[@]} -gt 0 ]; then
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ jobs:
       # Build binaries
       - name: Resolve PR head branch
         id: pr-info
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           script: |
             if (process.env.BENCH_PR) {
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Resolve refs
         id: refs
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           script: |
             const { execSync } = require('child_process');
@@ -760,61 +760,45 @@ jobs:
             core.setOutput('feature-ref', featureRef);
             core.setOutput('feature-name', featureName);
 
-      - name: Check big-blocks freshness
+      - name: Validate local big blocks
         if: env.BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS == 'true'
         id: big-blocks-check
         run: |
           set -euo pipefail
-          MC="mc --config-dir /home/ubuntu/.mc"
-          MANIFEST="minio/reth-snapshots/reth-1-minimal-stable-big-blocks.json"
-          HASH_FILE="$HOME/.reth-bench-big-blocks-hash"
-          echo "Fetching big-blocks manifest from $MANIFEST..."
-          BB_MANIFEST=$($MC cat "$MANIFEST" 2>/dev/null) || {
-            echo "::error::Failed to fetch big-blocks manifest from $MANIFEST"
+          BIG_BLOCKS_DIR="$HOME/.reth-bench-big-blocks"
+          PAYLOAD_DIR="$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR/payloads"
+          MANIFEST="$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR/manifest.json"
+          echo "BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS_DIR=${BIG_BLOCKS_DIR}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+          if [ ! -f "$MANIFEST" ]; then
+            echo "::error::Missing local big-blocks manifest at $MANIFEST"
             exit 1
-          }
-          BASE_SNAPSHOT=$(echo "$BB_MANIFEST" | jq -r '.base_snapshot // empty')
+          fi
+
+          BASE_SNAPSHOT=$(jq -r '.base_snapshot // empty' "$MANIFEST")
           if [ -z "$BASE_SNAPSHOT" ]; then
             echo "::error::Big-blocks manifest missing base_snapshot field"
             exit 1
           fi
-          echo "Big-blocks base snapshot: $BASE_SNAPSHOT"
-          echo "BENCH_SNAPSHOT_NAME=${BASE_SNAPSHOT}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
 
-          REMOTE_HASH=$(echo "$BB_MANIFEST" | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}')
-          LOCAL_HASH=""
-          [ -f "$HASH_FILE" ] && LOCAL_HASH=$(cat "$HASH_FILE")
-          if [ "$REMOTE_HASH" = "$LOCAL_HASH" ]; then
-            echo "Big blocks up-to-date (hash: ${REMOTE_HASH:0:16}…)"
-            echo "needed=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-          else
-            echo "Big blocks need update (local: ${LOCAL_HASH:+${LOCAL_HASH:0:16}…}${LOCAL_HASH:-<none>}, remote: ${REMOTE_HASH:0:16}…)"
-            echo "needed=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
-            echo "remote-hash=${REMOTE_HASH}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          if [ ! -d "$PAYLOAD_DIR" ]; then
+            echo "::error::Missing local big-block payload directory at $PAYLOAD_DIR"
+            exit 1
           fi
 
-      - name: Check if snapshot needs update
-        id: snapshot-check
-        run: |
-          set +e
-          .github/scripts/bench-reth-snapshot.sh --check
-          rc=$?
-          set -e
-          case "$rc" in
-            0)  echo "needed=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT" ;;
-            10) echo "needed=true"  >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT" ;;
-            *)  echo "::error::Snapshot check failed (exit $rc)"
-                exit "$rc" ;;
-          esac
+          PAYLOAD_COUNT=$(find "$PAYLOAD_DIR" -name '*.json' | wc -l)
+          if [ "$PAYLOAD_COUNT" -eq 0 ]; then
+            echo "::error::No payload files found in $PAYLOAD_DIR"
+            exit 1
+          fi
 
-      - name: Update status (snapshot needed)
-        if: env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID && steps.snapshot-check.outputs.needed == 'true'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
-        with:
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
-          script: |
-            const s = require('./.github/scripts/bench-update-status.js');
-            await s({github, context, status: 'Building binaries (snapshot update pending)...'});
+          echo "Big-blocks base snapshot: $BASE_SNAPSHOT"
+          echo "Payload files: $PAYLOAD_COUNT"
+          echo "BENCH_SNAPSHOT_NAME=${BASE_SNAPSHOT}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
+
+      - name: Validate local snapshot
+        id: snapshot-check
+        run: .github/scripts/bench-reth-snapshot.sh
 
       - name: Prepare source dirs
         run: |
@@ -856,15 +840,6 @@ jobs:
             exit 1
           fi
 
-      - name: Download snapshot
-        id: snapshot-download
-        if: steps.snapshot-check.outputs.needed == 'true'
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          BENCH_REPO: ${{ github.repository }}
-          BENCH_RETH_BINARY: ${{ github.workspace }}/../reth-feature/target/profiling/${{ needs.reth-bench-ack.outputs.big-blocks == 'true' && 'reth-bb' || 'reth' }}
-        run: .github/scripts/bench-reth-snapshot.sh
-
       # System tuning for reproducible benchmarks
       - name: System setup
         run: |
@@ -904,8 +879,11 @@ jobs:
           for p in /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepages; do
             [ -d "$p" ] && echo never | sudo tee "$p/enabled" && echo never | sudo tee "$p/defrag" && break
           done || true
+          # Replace any stale PM QoS holders left behind by earlier benchmark jobs.
+          sudo pkill -f '^bench-cpu-dma-latency' 2>/dev/null || true
           # Prevent deep C-states (avoids wake-up latency jitter)
-          sudo sh -c 'exec 3<>/dev/cpu_dma_latency; echo -ne "\x00\x00\x00\x00" >&3; sleep infinity' &
+          sudo bash -c 'exec 3<>/dev/cpu_dma_latency; printf "\0\0\0\0" >&3; exec -a bench-cpu-dma-latency sleep infinity' &
+          echo "BENCH_CPU_DMA_LATENCY_PID=$!" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
           # Move all IRQs to core 0 (housekeeping core)
           for irq in /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list; do
             echo 0 | sudo tee "$irq" 2>/dev/null || true
@@ -932,45 +910,6 @@ jobs:
           rm -rf "$BENCH_WORK_DIR"
           mkdir -p "$BENCH_WORK_DIR"
 
-      - name: Download big blocks
-        if: env.BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS == 'true'
-        run: |
-          set -euo pipefail
-          BIG_BLOCKS_DIR="$HOME/.reth-bench-big-blocks"
-          echo "BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS_DIR=${BIG_BLOCKS_DIR}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-          if [ "${{ steps.big-blocks-check.outputs.needed }}" = "false" ]; then
-            echo "Big blocks cached at $BIG_BLOCKS_DIR, skipping download"
-            echo "Payload files: $(find "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR/payloads" -name '*.json' | wc -l)"
-            exit 0
-          fi
-          MC="mc --config-dir /home/ubuntu/.mc"
-          MANIFEST="minio/reth-snapshots/reth-1-minimal-stable-big-blocks.json"
-          rm -rf "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR"; mkdir -p "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR"
-
-          # Download and parse manifest
-          echo "Downloading manifest from $MANIFEST..."
-          $MC cat "$MANIFEST" > "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR/manifest.json"
-          UPLOAD_PATH=$(jq -r '.upload_path' "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR/manifest.json")
-          COUNT=$(jq -r '.count' "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR/manifest.json")
-          TARGET_GAS=$(jq -r '.target_gas' "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR/manifest.json")
-          echo "Manifest: count=$COUNT, target_gas=$TARGET_GAS, archive=$UPLOAD_PATH"
-
-          # Download and extract archive
-          ARCHIVE="minio/$UPLOAD_PATH"
-          echo "Downloading big blocks from $ARCHIVE..."
-          $MC cat "$ARCHIVE" | pzstd -d -p 6 | tar -xf - -C "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR"
-          echo "Big blocks downloaded to $BIG_BLOCKS_DIR"
-
-          # Verify expected directory structure
-          if [ ! -d "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR/payloads" ]; then
-            echo "::error::Big blocks archive missing expected payloads/ directory"
-            ls -laR "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          echo "Payload files: $(find "$BIG_BLOCKS_DIR/payloads" -name '*.json' | wc -l)"
-          # Save manifest hash for freshness check on next run
-          echo "${{ steps.big-blocks-check.outputs.remote-hash }}" > "$HOME/.reth-bench-big-blocks-hash"
-
       - name: Start metrics proxy
         run: |
           BENCH_ID="ci-${{ github.run_id }}"
@@ -993,7 +932,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Update status (running benchmarks)
         if: success() && env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
           script: |
@@ -1255,7 +1194,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Compare & comment
         if: success() && env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
           script: |
@@ -1335,7 +1274,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Write job summary
         if: success()
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           script: |
             const jobSummary = require('./.github/scripts/bench-job-summary.js');
@@ -1348,8 +1287,8 @@ jobs:
             });
 
       - name: Send Slack notification (success)
-        if: success() && env.BENCH_NO_SLACK != 'true'
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        if: success() && (env.BENCH_SLACK == 'always' || env.BENCH_SLACK == 'on-win')
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         env:
           SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
           SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
@@ -1360,14 +1299,16 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Update status (failed)
         if: failure() && env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
           script: |
             const abba = (process.env.BENCH_ABBA || 'true') !== 'false';
+            const bigBlocks = process.env.BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS === 'true';
             const steps_status = [
+              ...(bigBlocks ? [['validating local big-block data', '${{ steps.big-blocks-check.outcome }}']] : []),
+              ['validating local snapshot', '${{ steps.snapshot-check.outcome }}'],
               ['building binaries', '${{ steps.build.outcome }}'],
-              ['downloading snapshot', '${{ steps.snapshot-download.outcome }}'],
               ['running baseline benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-baseline-1.outcome }}'],
               ['running feature benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-1.outcome }}'],
               ...(abba ? [['running feature benchmark (2/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-2.outcome }}']] : []),
@@ -1393,17 +1334,19 @@ jobs:
             });
 
       - name: Send Slack notification (failure)
-        if: failure()
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        if: failure() && env.BENCH_SLACK != 'never' && env.BENCH_SLACK != 'on-win'
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         env:
           SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_BOT_TOKEN }}
           SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL: ${{ secrets.SLACK_BENCH_CHANNEL }}
         with:
           script: |
             const abba = (process.env.BENCH_ABBA || 'true') !== 'false';
+            const bigBlocks = process.env.BENCH_BIG_BLOCKS === 'true';
             const steps_status = [
+              ...(bigBlocks ? [['validating local big-block data', '${{ steps.big-blocks-check.outcome }}']] : []),
+              ['validating local snapshot', '${{ steps.snapshot-check.outcome }}'],
               ['building binaries', '${{ steps.build.outcome }}'],
-              ['downloading snapshot', '${{ steps.snapshot-download.outcome }}'],
               ['running baseline benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-baseline-1.outcome }}'],
               ['running feature benchmark (1/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-1.outcome }}'],
               ...(abba ? [['running feature benchmark (2/2)', '${{ steps.run-feature-2.outcome }}']] : []),
@@ -1416,7 +1359,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Update status (cancelled)
         if: cancelled() && env.BENCH_COMMENT_ID
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.DEREK_PAT }}
           script: |
@@ -1427,6 +1370,11 @@ jobs:
               body: `cc @${process.env.BENCH_ACTOR}\n\n⚠️ Benchmark cancelled. [View logs](${jobUrl})`,
             });
 
+      - name: Clean build outputs
+        if: always()
+        run: |
+          sudo rm -rf ../reth-baseline/target ../reth-feature/target "$BENCH_WORK_DIR" 2>/dev/null || true
+
       - name: Restore system settings
         if: always()
         run: |
@@ -1439,5 +1387,9 @@ jobs:
           done
           # Restore amd-pstate to active (EPP) mode with powersave governor
           echo active | sudo tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/amd_pstate/status 2>/dev/null || true
+          if [ -n "${BENCH_CPU_DMA_LATENCY_PID:-}" ]; then
+            sudo kill "$BENCH_CPU_DMA_LATENCY_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
+          fi
+          sudo pkill -f '^bench-cpu-dma-latency' 2>/dev/null || true
           sudo cpupower frequency-set -g powersave 2>/dev/null || true
           sudo systemctl start irqbalance cron atd 2>/dev/null || true

.github/workflows/book.yml

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/configure-pages@v6
 
       - name: Upload artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v5
         with:
           path: "./docs/vocs/docs/dist"
 

.github/workflows/fetch-grafana-dashboard.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+name: Fetch Grafana Dashboard
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      dashboard_uid:
+        description: "Grafana dashboard UID to export"
+        required: true
+        default: "2k8BXz24x"
+      target_path:
+        description: "Target file path in the repo (e.g. etc/grafana/dashboards/overview.json)"
+        required: true
+        default: "etc/grafana/dashboards/overview.json"
+
+jobs:
+  fetch:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+      pull-requests: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.12"
+
+      - name: Fetch dashboard from Grafana
+        env:
+          FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_URL: ${{ secrets.FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_URL }}
+          FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.FETCH_GRAFANA_DASHBOARD_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          python3 .github/scripts/fetch-grafana-dashboard.py "${{ inputs.dashboard_uid }}" \
+            > "${{ inputs.target_path }}"
+
+      - name: Check for changes
+        id: diff
+        run: |
+          if git diff --quiet "${{ inputs.target_path }}"; then
+            echo "changed=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            echo "No changes detected."
+          else
+            echo "changed=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          fi
+
+      - name: Create pull request
+        if: steps.diff.outputs.changed == 'true'
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          TARGET="${{ inputs.target_path }}"
+          FILENAME="$(basename "$TARGET")"
+          BRANCH="chore/sync-grafana-${FILENAME%.*}-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)"
+          git config user.name "github-actions[bot]"
+          git config user.email "github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
+          git checkout -b "$BRANCH"
+          git add "$TARGET"
+          git commit -m "chore: update Grafana dashboard ${FILENAME}"
+          git push origin "$BRANCH"
+          gh pr create \
+            --title "chore: update Grafana dashboard ${FILENAME}" \
+            --body "Automated export from Grafana (dashboard UID: \`${{ inputs.dashboard_uid }}\`, target: \`${TARGET}\`)."

.github/workflows/grafana.yml

@@ -11,11 +11,22 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-      - name: Check for ${DS_PROMETHEUS} in overview.json
+      - name: Validate dashboard format
         run: |
-          if grep -Fn '${DS_PROMETHEUS}' etc/grafana/dashboards/overview.json; then
-            echo "Error: overview.json contains '\${DS_PROMETHEUS}' placeholder"
-            echo "Please replace it with '\${datasource}'"
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          echo "✓ overview.json does not contain '\${DS_PROMETHEUS}' placeholder"
+          python3 -c "
+          import json, sys
+          with open('etc/grafana/dashboards/overview.json') as f:
+              d = json.load(f)
+          errors = []
+          if '__inputs' not in d:
+              errors.append('missing __inputs')
+          if '__requires' not in d:
+              errors.append('missing __requires')
+          if d.get('id') is not None:
+              errors.append('contains internal id field — use export-dashboard.py')
+          if errors:
+              for e in errors:
+                  print(f'Error: {e}', file=sys.stderr)
+              sys.exit(1)
+          print('✓ overview.json is a valid exported dashboard')
+          "

.github/workflows/label-pr.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
       - name: Label PRs
-        uses: actions/github-script@v8
+        uses: actions/github-script@v9
         with:
           script: |
             const label_pr = require('./.github/scripts/label_pr.js')

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
           body=$(cat <<- "ENDBODY"
-          ![image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/paradigmxyz/reth/main/assets/reth-prod.png)
+          ![image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/paradigmxyz/reth/main/assets/reth-2.png)
 
           ## Testing Checklist (DELETE ME)
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [workspace.package]
-version = "2.0.0"
+version = "2.1.0"
 edition = "2024"
 rust-version = "1.93"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ members = [
     "examples/custom-node-components/",
     "examples/custom-payload-builder/",
     "examples/custom-rlpx-subprotocol",
+    "examples/custom-auth-http-middleware",
     "examples/custom-rpc-middleware",
     "examples/db-access",
     "examples/exex-subscription",
@@ -325,8 +326,8 @@ reth-cli = { path = "crates/cli/cli" }
 reth-cli-commands = { path = "crates/cli/commands" }
 reth-cli-runner = { path = "crates/cli/runner" }
 reth-cli-util = { path = "crates/cli/util" }
-reth-codecs = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
-reth-codecs-derive = "0.2.0"
+reth-codecs = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
+reth-codecs-derive = "0.3.0"
 reth-config = { path = "crates/config", default-features = false }
 reth-consensus = { path = "crates/consensus/consensus", default-features = false }
 reth-consensus-common = { path = "crates/consensus/common", default-features = false }
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@ reth-payload-builder-primitives = { path = "crates/payload/builder-primitives" }
 reth-payload-primitives = { path = "crates/payload/primitives" }
 reth-payload-validator = { path = "crates/payload/validator" }
 reth-payload-util = { path = "crates/payload/util" }
-reth-primitives-traits = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
+reth-primitives-traits = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
 reth-provider = { path = "crates/storage/provider" }
 reth-prune = { path = "crates/prune/prune" }
 reth-prune-types = { path = "crates/prune/types", default-features = false }
@@ -410,7 +411,7 @@ reth-rpc-eth-types = { path = "crates/rpc/rpc-eth-types", default-features = fal
 reth-rpc-layer = { path = "crates/rpc/rpc-layer" }
 reth-rpc-server-types = { path = "crates/rpc/rpc-server-types" }
 reth-rpc-convert = { path = "crates/rpc/rpc-convert" }
-reth-rpc-traits = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
+reth-rpc-traits = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
 reth-stages = { path = "crates/stages/stages" }
 reth-stages-api = { path = "crates/stages/api" }
 reth-stages-types = { path = "crates/stages/types", default-features = false }
@@ -429,17 +430,17 @@ reth-trie-common = { path = "crates/trie/common", default-features = false }
 reth-trie-db = { path = "crates/trie/db" }
 reth-trie-parallel = { path = "crates/trie/parallel" }
 reth-trie-sparse = { path = "crates/trie/sparse", default-features = false }
-reth-zstd-compressors = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
+reth-zstd-compressors = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
 
 # revm
-revm = { version = "36.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-bytecode = { version = "9.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-database = { version = "12.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-state = { version = "10.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-primitives = { version = "22.1.0", default-features = false }
-revm-interpreter = { version = "34.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-database-interface = { version = "10.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-inspectors = "0.37.0"
+revm = { version = "38.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-bytecode = { version = "10.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-database = { version = "13.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-state = { version = "11.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-primitives = { version = "23.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-interpreter = { version = "35.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-database-interface = { version = "11.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-inspectors = "0.39.0"
 
 # eth
 alloy-dyn-abi = "1.5.6"
@@ -448,40 +449,40 @@ alloy-sol-types = { version = "1.5.6", default-features = false }
 
 alloy-chains = { version = "0.2.33", default-features = false }
 alloy-eip2124 = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-evm = { version = "0.31.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.3.4", default-features = false }
+alloy-evm = { version = "0.33.0", default-features = false }
 alloy-rlp = { version = "0.3.13", default-features = false, features = ["core-net"] }
 alloy-trie = { version = "0.9.4", default-features = false }
 
 alloy-hardforks = "0.4.7"
 
-alloy-consensus = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-contract = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-eips = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-genesis = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-json-rpc = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-network = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-network-primitives = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-provider = { version = "2.0.0", features = ["reqwest", "debug-api"], default-features = false }
-alloy-pubsub = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-client = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types = { version = "2.0.0", features = ["eth"], default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-admin = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-debug = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-eth = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-mev = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-trace = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-serde = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-signer = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-signer-local = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-transport = { version = "2.0.0" }
-alloy-transport-http = { version = "2.0.0", features = ["reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
-alloy-transport-ipc = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-transport-ws = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-consensus = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-contract = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-eips = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-genesis = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-json-rpc = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-network = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-network-primitives = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-provider = { version = "2.0.1", features = ["reqwest", "debug-api"], default-features = false }
+alloy-pubsub = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-client = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types = { version = "2.0.1", features = ["eth"], default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-admin = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-debug = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-eth = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-mev = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-trace = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-serde = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-signer = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-signer-local = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-transport = { version = "2.0.1" }
+alloy-transport-http = { version = "2.0.1", features = ["reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
+alloy-transport-ipc = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-transport-ws = { version = "2.0.1", default-features = false }
 
 # misc
 either = { version = "1.15.0", default-features = false }
@@ -506,6 +507,7 @@ eyre = "0.6"
 fdlimit = "0.3.0"
 fixed-map = { version = "0.9", default-features = false }
 humantime = "2.1"
+imbl = "7"
 humantime-serde = "1.1"
 itertools = { version = "0.14", default-features = false }
 linked_hash_set = "0.1"

bin/reth-bb/src/evm.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use alloy_eips::eip7685::Requests;
 use alloy_evm::{
     block::{
         BlockExecutionError, BlockExecutionResult, BlockExecutor, BlockExecutorFactory,
-        BlockExecutorFor, ExecutableTx, OnStateHook, StateChangeSource, StateDB,
+        BlockExecutorFor, ExecutableTx, GasOutput, OnStateHook, StateChangeSource, StateDB,
     },
     eth::{EthBlockExecutionCtx, EthBlockExecutor, EthEvmContext, EthTxResult},
     precompiles::PrecompilesMap,
@@ -238,6 +238,7 @@ where
             withdrawals: prev_segment.ctx.withdrawals.clone(),
             extra_data: prev_segment.ctx.extra_data.clone(),
             tx_count_hint: prev_segment.ctx.tx_count_hint,
+            slot_number: prev_segment.ctx.slot_number,
         };
 
         // Clone the next segment's data before we consume inner.
@@ -252,6 +253,7 @@ where
             withdrawals: new_segment.ctx.withdrawals.clone(),
             extra_data: new_segment.ctx.extra_data.clone(),
             tx_count_hint: new_segment.ctx.tx_count_hint,
+            slot_number: new_segment.ctx.slot_number,
         };
 
         plan.next_segment += 1;
@@ -364,6 +366,7 @@ where
                 withdrawals: seg0.ctx.withdrawals.clone(),
                 extra_data: seg0.ctx.extra_data.clone(),
                 tx_count_hint: seg0.ctx.tx_count_hint,
+                slot_number: seg0.ctx.slot_number,
             };
 
             let inner = self.inner_mut();
@@ -386,7 +389,10 @@ where
         self.inner_mut().execute_transaction_without_commit(tx)
     }
 
-    fn commit_transaction(&mut self, output: Self::Result) -> Result<u64, BlockExecutionError> {
+    fn commit_transaction(
+        &mut self,
+        output: Self::Result,
+    ) -> Result<GasOutput, BlockExecutionError> {
         let gas_used = self.inner_mut().commit_transaction(output)?;
 
         // Fix up cumulative_gas_used on the just-committed receipt so that
@@ -419,6 +425,7 @@ where
                 withdrawals: last_seg.ctx.withdrawals.clone(),
                 extra_data: last_seg.ctx.extra_data.clone(),
                 tx_count_hint: last_seg.ctx.tx_count_hint,
+                slot_number: last_seg.ctx.slot_number,
             };
             self.inner_mut().ctx = last_ctx;
         }

bin/reth-bb/src/evm_config.rs

@@ -266,6 +266,7 @@ where
                     ommers: &[],
                     withdrawals: ctx.withdrawals.map(|w| std::borrow::Cow::Owned(w.into_owned())),
                     extra_data: ctx.extra_data,
+                    slot_number: ctx.slot_number,
                 };
                 BigBlockSegment { start_tx, evm_env, ctx }
             })

bin/reth-bb/src/main.rs

@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ impl BbAddOns {
             BasicEngineApiBuilder::default(),
             BasicEngineValidatorBuilder::default(),
             Default::default(),
+            Default::default(),
         )
     }
 }

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/generate_big_block.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use alloy_eips::{
     eip1559::BaseFeeParams,
     eip7840::BlobParams,
     eip7928::{AccountChanges, BlockAccessList, SlotChanges},
-    BlockNumberOrTag, Typed2718,
+    Typed2718,
 };
 use alloy_primitives::{Bloom, Bytes, B256};
 use alloy_provider::{network::AnyNetwork, Provider, RootProvider};
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{collections::HashMap, future::Future};
 use tracing::{info, warn};
 
+use crate::bench::helpers::fetch_block_access_list;
+
 /// A single transaction with its gas used and raw encoded bytes.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct RawTransaction {
@@ -669,20 +671,6 @@ impl Command {
     }
 }
 
-async fn fetch_block_access_list(
-    provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
-    block_number: u64,
-) -> eyre::Result<BlockAccessList> {
-    provider
-        .client()
-        .request("eth_getBlockAccessListByBlockNumber", (BlockNumberOrTag::Number(block_number),))
-        .await
-        .map_err(Into::into)
-        .and_then(|block_access_list: Option<BlockAccessList>| {
-            block_access_list.ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("BAL not found for block {block_number}"))
-        })
-}
-
 fn merge_block_access_list(
     merged: &mut BlockAccessList,
     incoming: BlockAccessList,

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/helpers.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 //! Common helpers for reth-bench commands.
 
+use alloy_eips::{eip7928::BlockAccessList, BlockNumberOrTag};
+use alloy_provider::{network::AnyNetwork, Provider, RootProvider};
 use eyre::Result;
 use std::{
     io::{BufReader, Read},
@@ -69,6 +71,21 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_duration(s: &str) -> eyre::Result<Duration> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Fetches the block access list for a given block number using the provided provider.
+pub(crate) async fn fetch_block_access_list(
+    provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+    block_number: u64,
+) -> eyre::Result<BlockAccessList> {
+    provider
+        .client()
+        .request("eth_getBlockAccessListByBlockNumber", (BlockNumberOrTag::Number(block_number),))
+        .await
+        .map_err(Into::into)
+        .and_then(|block_access_list: Option<BlockAccessList>| {
+            block_access_list.ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("BAL not found for block {block_number}"))
+        })
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/new_payload_fcu.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 use crate::{
     bench::{
         context::BenchContext,
-        helpers::parse_duration,
+        helpers::{fetch_block_access_list, parse_duration},
         metrics_scraper::MetricsScraper,
         output::{
             write_benchmark_results, CombinedResult, NewPayloadResult, TotalGasOutput, TotalGasRow,
@@ -75,6 +75,10 @@ pub struct Command {
     )]
     rpc_block_buffer_size: usize,
 
+    /// Weather to enable bal by default or not.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "false", verbatim_doc_comment)]
+    enable_bal: bool,
+
     #[command(flatten)]
     benchmark: BenchmarkArgs,
 }
@@ -198,12 +202,21 @@ impl Command {
                 finalized_block_hash: finalized,
             };
 
+            let bal = if rlp.is_none() &&
+                (block.header.block_access_list_hash.is_some() || self.enable_bal)
+            {
+                Some(fetch_block_access_list(&block_provider, block.header.number).await?)
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+
             let (version, params) = block_to_new_payload(
                 block,
                 rlp,
                 use_reth_namespace,
                 wait_for_persistence,
                 no_wait_for_caches,
+                bal,
             )?;
             let start = Instant::now();
             let server_timings =

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/new_payload_only.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use crate::{
     bench::{
         context::BenchContext,
+        helpers::fetch_block_access_list,
         metrics_scraper::MetricsScraper,
         output::{
             NewPayloadResult, TotalGasOutput, TotalGasRow, GAS_OUTPUT_SUFFIX,
@@ -69,7 +70,9 @@ impl Command {
         let (error_sender, mut error_receiver) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
         let (sender, mut receiver) = tokio::sync::mpsc::channel(buffer_size);
 
+        let block_provider_clone = block_provider.clone();
         tokio::task::spawn(async move {
+            let block_provider = block_provider_clone;
             while benchmark_mode.contains(next_block) {
                 let block_res = block_provider
                     .get_block_by_number(next_block.into())
@@ -123,12 +126,19 @@ impl Command {
 
             debug!(target: "reth-bench", number=?block.header.number, "Sending payload to engine");
 
+            let bal = if rlp.is_none() && block.header.block_access_list_hash.is_some() {
+                Some(fetch_block_access_list(&block_provider, block.header.number).await?)
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+
             let (version, params) = block_to_new_payload(
                 block,
                 rlp,
                 use_reth_namespace,
                 wait_for_persistence,
                 no_wait_for_caches,
+                bal,
             )?;
 
             let start = Instant::now();

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/replay_payloads.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use alloy_provider::{network::AnyNetwork, Provider, RootProvider};
 use alloy_rpc_client::ClientBuilder;
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
-    CancunPayloadFields, ExecutionData, ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4,
+    CancunPayloadFields, ExecutionData, ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6,
     ExecutionPayloadSidecar, ExecutionPayloadV4, ForkchoiceState, JwtSecret, PraguePayloadFields,
 };
 use clap::Parser;
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ impl Command {
                 let requests =
                     execution_data.sidecar.requests().cloned().unwrap_or_default().to_vec();
                 (
-                    Some(EngineApiMessageVersion::V4),
+                    Some(EngineApiMessageVersion::V6),
                     serde_json::to_value((
                         execution_data.payload.clone(),
                         Vec::<B256>::new(),
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ impl Command {
     /// Load and parse all payload files from the directory.
     ///
     /// Tries to load each file as a [`BigBlockPayload`] first (which includes `env_switches`),
-    /// falling back to [`ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4`] for backwards compatibility.
+    /// falling back to [`ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6`] for backwards compatibility.
     fn load_payloads(&self) -> eyre::Result<Vec<LoadedPayload>> {
         let mut payloads = Vec::new();
 
@@ -450,12 +450,11 @@ impl Command {
                 let name_str = name.to_string_lossy();
                 let index = if let Some(rest) = name_str.strip_prefix("payload_block_") {
                     rest.strip_suffix(".json")?.parse::<u64>().ok()?
-                } else if let Some(rest) = name_str.strip_prefix("big_block_") {
+                } else {
+                    let rest = name_str.strip_prefix("big_block_")?;
                     // "big_block_FROM_to_TO.json" — use FROM as the index
                     let rest = rest.strip_suffix(".json")?;
                     rest.split("_to_").next()?.parse::<u64>().ok()?
-                } else {
-                    return None;
                 };
                 Some((index, e.path()))
             })
@@ -481,10 +480,10 @@ impl Command {
             {
                 (big_block.execution_data, big_block.big_block_data, big_block.block_access_list)
             } else {
-                let envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4 = serde_json::from_str(&content)
+                let envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6 = serde_json::from_str(&content)
                     .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to parse {:?}", path))?;
                 let execution_data = ExecutionData {
-                    payload: envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.clone().into(),
+                    payload: envelope.execution_payload.clone().into(),
                     sidecar: ExecutionPayloadSidecar::v4(
                         CancunPayloadFields {
                             versioned_hashes: Vec::new(),

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/send_invalid_payload/invalidation.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 use alloy_eips::eip4895::Withdrawal;
 use alloy_primitives::{Address, Bloom, Bytes, B256, U256};
-use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{ExecutionPayloadV1, ExecutionPayloadV2, ExecutionPayloadV3};
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
+    ExecutionPayloadV1, ExecutionPayloadV2, ExecutionPayloadV3, ExecutionPayloadV4,
+};
 
 /// Configuration for invalidating payload fields
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -21,6 +23,7 @@ pub(super) struct InvalidationConfig {
     pub(super) block_hash: Option<B256>,
     pub(super) blob_gas_used: Option<u64>,
     pub(super) excess_blob_gas: Option<u64>,
+    pub(super) slot_number: Option<u64>,
 
     // Auto-invalidation flags
     pub(super) invalidate_parent_hash: bool,
@@ -35,6 +38,8 @@ pub(super) struct InvalidationConfig {
     pub(super) invalidate_withdrawals: bool,
     pub(super) invalidate_blob_gas_used: bool,
     pub(super) invalidate_excess_blob_gas: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_block_access_list: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_slot_number: bool,
 }
 
 impl InvalidationConfig {
@@ -216,4 +221,30 @@ impl InvalidationConfig {
 
         changes
     }
+
+    /// Applies invalidations to a V4 payload, returns list of what was changed.
+    pub(super) fn apply_to_payload_v4(&self, payload: &mut ExecutionPayloadV4) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut changes = self.apply_to_payload_v3(&mut payload.payload_inner);
+
+        // Explicit override for slot_number
+        if let Some(slot_number) = self.slot_number {
+            payload.slot_number = slot_number;
+            changes.push(format!("slot_number = {slot_number}"));
+        }
+
+        // Handle block access list invalidation (V4+)
+        if self.invalidate_block_access_list {
+            let fake_bal = Bytes::from_static(&[0x01, 0x02, 0x03]);
+            payload.block_access_list = fake_bal.clone();
+            changes.push(format!("block_access_list = {fake_bal} (auto-invalidated)"));
+        }
+
+        // Handle slot number invalidation (V4+)
+        if self.invalidate_slot_number {
+            payload.slot_number = u64::MAX;
+            changes.push("slot_number = MAX (auto-invalidated)".to_string());
+        }
+
+        changes
+    }
 }

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/send_invalid_payload/mod.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 //! Command for sending invalid payloads to test Engine API rejection.
 
 mod invalidation;
+use alloy_rpc_client::ClientBuilder;
 use invalidation::InvalidationConfig;
 
+use crate::bench::helpers::fetch_block_access_list;
+
 use super::helpers::{load_jwt_secret, read_input};
 use alloy_consensus::TxEnvelope;
-use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256};
-use alloy_provider::network::AnyRpcBlock;
+use alloy_primitives::{Address, Bytes, B256};
+use alloy_provider::{
+    network::{AnyNetwork, AnyRpcBlock},
+    RootProvider,
+};
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::ExecutionPayload;
 use clap::Parser;
 use eyre::{OptionExt, Result};
@@ -105,6 +111,9 @@ pub struct Command {
     #[arg(long, value_name = "HASH", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
     requests_hash: Option<B256>,
 
+    /// Override the slot number with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "U64", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    slot_number: Option<u64>,
     // ==================== Auto-Invalidation Flags ====================
     /// Invalidate the parent hash by setting it to a random value.
     #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
@@ -158,6 +167,14 @@ pub struct Command {
     #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
     invalidate_requests_hash: bool,
 
+    /// Invalidate the block access list by setting it to a random value (EIP-7928).
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_block_access_list: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the slot number by setting it to an random value.(EIP-7843).
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_slot_number: bool,
+
     // ==================== Meta Flags ====================
     /// Skip block hash recalculation after modifications.
     #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Meta Flags")]
@@ -199,6 +216,7 @@ impl Command {
             block_hash: self.block_hash,
             blob_gas_used: self.blob_gas_used,
             excess_blob_gas: self.excess_blob_gas,
+            slot_number: self.slot_number,
             invalidate_parent_hash: self.invalidate_parent_hash,
             invalidate_state_root: self.invalidate_state_root,
             invalidate_receipts_root: self.invalidate_receipts_root,
@@ -211,6 +229,8 @@ impl Command {
             invalidate_withdrawals: self.invalidate_withdrawals,
             invalidate_blob_gas_used: self.invalidate_blob_gas_used,
             invalidate_excess_blob_gas: self.invalidate_excess_blob_gas,
+            invalidate_block_access_list: self.invalidate_block_access_list,
+            invalidate_slot_number: self.invalidate_slot_number,
         }
     }
 
@@ -234,15 +254,21 @@ impl Command {
         let blob_versioned_hashes =
             block.body.blob_versioned_hashes_iter().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let use_v4 = block.header.requests_hash.is_some();
+        let use_v5 = block.header.block_access_list_hash.is_some();
         let requests_hash = self.requests_hash.or(block.header.requests_hash);
 
-        let mut execution_payload = ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow(&block).0;
+        let mut execution_payload = if use_v5 {
+            let encoded_bal = self.fetch_encoded_block_access_list(block.header.number).await?;
+            ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow_with_bal(&block, encoded_bal).0
+        } else {
+            ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow(&block).0
+        };
 
         let changes = match &mut execution_payload {
             ExecutionPayload::V1(p) => config.apply_to_payload_v1(p),
             ExecutionPayload::V2(p) => config.apply_to_payload_v2(p),
             ExecutionPayload::V3(p) => config.apply_to_payload_v3(p),
-            ExecutionPayload::V4(p) => config.apply_to_payload_v3(&mut p.payload_inner),
+            ExecutionPayload::V4(p) => config.apply_to_payload_v4(p),
         };
 
         let skip_recalc = self.skip_hash_recalc || config.should_skip_hash_recalc();
@@ -312,7 +338,13 @@ impl Command {
         match self.mode {
             Mode::Execute => {
                 let mut command = std::process::Command::new("cast");
-                let method = if use_v4 { "engine_newPayloadV4" } else { "engine_newPayloadV3" };
+                let method = if use_v5 {
+                    "engine_newPayloadV5"
+                } else if use_v4 {
+                    "engine_newPayloadV4"
+                } else {
+                    "engine_newPayloadV3"
+                };
                 command.arg("rpc").arg(method).arg("--raw");
                 if let Some(rpc_url) = self.rpc_url {
                     command.arg("--rpc-url").arg(rpc_url);
@@ -353,4 +385,17 @@ impl Command {
 
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    async fn fetch_encoded_block_access_list(&self, block_number: u64) -> Result<Bytes> {
+        let rpc_url = self
+            .rpc_url
+            .as_deref()
+            .ok_or_eyre("--rpc-url is required to fetch the block access list for V5 payloads")?;
+        let client = ClientBuilder::default()
+            .layer(alloy_transport::layers::RetryBackoffLayer::new(10, 800, u64::MAX))
+            .http(rpc_url.parse()?);
+        let provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(client);
+        let bal = fetch_block_access_list(&provider, block_number).await?;
+        Ok(alloy_rlp::encode(bal).into())
+    }
 }

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/send_payload.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
-use super::helpers::{load_jwt_secret, read_input};
+use super::helpers::{fetch_block_access_list, load_jwt_secret, read_input};
 use alloy_consensus::TxEnvelope;
-use alloy_provider::network::AnyRpcBlock;
+use alloy_primitives::Bytes;
+use alloy_provider::{
+    network::{AnyNetwork, AnyRpcBlock},
+    RootProvider,
+};
+use alloy_rpc_client::ClientBuilder;
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::ExecutionPayload;
 use clap::Parser;
 use eyre::{OptionExt, Result};
@@ -69,6 +74,9 @@ impl Command {
             })?
             .into_consensus();
 
+        let use_v4 = block.header.requests_hash.is_some();
+        let use_v5 = block.header.block_access_list_hash.is_some();
+
         // Extract parent beacon block root
         let parent_beacon_block_root = block.header.parent_beacon_block_root;
 
@@ -76,10 +84,14 @@ impl Command {
         let blob_versioned_hashes =
             block.body.blob_versioned_hashes_iter().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        // Convert to execution payload
-        let execution_payload = ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow(&block).0;
-
-        let use_v4 = block.header.requests_hash.is_some();
+        // V5 payloads must carry the full RLP-encoded block access list, not just the hash stored
+        // in the header.
+        let execution_payload = if use_v5 {
+            let encoded_bal = self.fetch_encoded_block_access_list(block.header.number).await?;
+            ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow_with_bal(&block, encoded_bal).0
+        } else {
+            ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow(&block).0
+        };
 
         // Create JSON request data
         let json_request = if use_v4 {
@@ -102,7 +114,13 @@ impl Command {
             Mode::Execute => {
                 // Create cast command
                 let mut command = std::process::Command::new("cast");
-                let method = if use_v4 { "engine_newPayloadV4" } else { "engine_newPayloadV3" };
+                let method = if use_v5 {
+                    "engine_newPayloadV5"
+                } else if use_v4 {
+                    "engine_newPayloadV4"
+                } else {
+                    "engine_newPayloadV3"
+                };
                 command.arg("rpc").arg(method).arg("--raw");
                 if let Some(rpc_url) = self.rpc_url {
                     command.arg("--rpc-url").arg(rpc_url);
@@ -146,4 +164,17 @@ impl Command {
 
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    async fn fetch_encoded_block_access_list(&self, block_number: u64) -> Result<Bytes> {
+        let rpc_url = self
+            .rpc_url
+            .as_deref()
+            .ok_or_eyre("--rpc-url is required to fetch the block access list for V5 payloads")?;
+        let client = ClientBuilder::default()
+            .layer(alloy_transport::layers::RetryBackoffLayer::new(10, 800, u64::MAX))
+            .http(rpc_url.parse()?);
+        let provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(client);
+        let bal = fetch_block_access_list(&provider, block_number).await?;
+        Ok(alloy_rlp::encode(bal).into())
+    }
 }

bin/reth-bench/src/valid_payload.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //! before sending additional calls.
 
 use alloy_consensus::TxEnvelope;
+use alloy_eips::eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use alloy_primitives::Bytes;
 use alloy_provider::{ext::EngineApi, network::AnyRpcBlock, Network, Provider};
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
@@ -43,6 +44,14 @@ pub trait EngineApiValidWaitExt<N>: Send + Sync {
         fork_choice_state: ForkchoiceState,
         payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
     ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated>;
+
+    /// Calls `engine_forkChoiceUpdatedV4` with the given [`ForkchoiceState`] and optional
+    /// [`PayloadAttributes`], and waits until the response is VALID.
+    async fn fork_choice_updated_v4_wait(
+        &self,
+        fork_choice_state: ForkchoiceState,
+        payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
+    ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated>;
 }
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -162,6 +171,40 @@ where
 
         Ok(status)
     }
+
+    async fn fork_choice_updated_v4_wait(
+        &self,
+        fork_choice_state: ForkchoiceState,
+        payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
+    ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
+        debug!(
+            target: "reth-bench",
+            method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV3",
+            ?fork_choice_state,
+            ?payload_attributes,
+            "Sending forkchoiceUpdated"
+        );
+
+        let mut status =
+            self.fork_choice_updated_v4(fork_choice_state, payload_attributes.clone()).await?;
+
+        while !status.is_valid() {
+            if status.is_invalid() {
+                error!(
+                    target: "reth-bench",
+                    ?status,
+                    ?fork_choice_state,
+                    ?payload_attributes,
+                    "Invalid forkchoiceUpdatedV4 message",
+                );
+                panic!("Invalid forkchoiceUpdatedV4: {status:?}");
+            }
+            status =
+                self.fork_choice_updated_v4(fork_choice_state, payload_attributes.clone()).await?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(status)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Converts an RPC block into versioned engine API params and an [`ExecutionData`].
@@ -176,6 +219,7 @@ pub(crate) fn block_to_new_payload(
     reth_new_payload: bool,
     wait_for_persistence: WaitForPersistence,
     no_wait_for_caches: bool,
+    bal: Option<BlockAccessList>,
 ) -> eyre::Result<(Option<EngineApiMessageVersion>, serde_json::Value)> {
     let block_number = block.header.number;
     let wait_for_persistence = wait_for_persistence.rpc_value(block_number);
@@ -198,7 +242,11 @@ pub(crate) fn block_to_new_payload(
             tx.try_into().map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("unsupported tx type"))
         })?
         .into_consensus();
-    let (payload, sidecar) = ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow(&block);
+
+    let block_access_list = alloy_rlp::encode(bal.unwrap_or_default());
+
+    let (payload, sidecar) =
+        ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow_with_bal(&block, block_access_list.into());
     let (version, params, execution_data) = payload_to_new_payload(payload, sidecar, None)?;
 
     if reth_new_payload {
@@ -227,6 +275,22 @@ pub(crate) fn payload_to_new_payload(
     let execution_data = ExecutionData { payload: payload.clone(), sidecar: sidecar.clone() };
 
     let (version, params) = match payload {
+        ExecutionPayload::V4(payload) => {
+            let cancun = sidecar
+                .cancun()
+                .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("missing cancun sidecar for V4 payload"))?;
+            let version = target_version.unwrap_or(EngineApiMessageVersion::V6);
+            let requests = sidecar.prague().map(|p| p.requests.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+            (
+                version,
+                serde_json::to_value((
+                    payload,
+                    cancun.versioned_hashes.clone(),
+                    cancun.parent_beacon_block_root,
+                    requests,
+                ))?,
+            )
+        }
         ExecutionPayload::V3(payload) => {
             let cancun = sidecar
                 .cancun()
@@ -266,22 +330,6 @@ pub(crate) fn payload_to_new_payload(
         ExecutionPayload::V1(payload) => {
             (EngineApiMessageVersion::V1, serde_json::to_value((payload,))?)
         }
-        ExecutionPayload::V4(payload) => {
-            let cancun = sidecar
-                .cancun()
-                .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("missing cancun sidecar for V4 payload"))?;
-            let version = target_version.unwrap_or(EngineApiMessageVersion::V4);
-            let requests = sidecar.prague().map(|p| p.requests.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
-            (
-                version,
-                serde_json::to_value((
-                    payload,
-                    cancun.versioned_hashes.clone(),
-                    cancun.parent_beacon_block_root,
-                    requests,
-                ))?,
-            )
-        }
     };
 
     Ok((version, params, execution_data))
@@ -386,10 +434,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn call_forkchoice_updated<N, P: EngineApiValidWaitExt<N>>(
 ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
     // FCU V3 is used for both Cancun and Prague (there is no FCU V4)
     match message_version {
-        EngineApiMessageVersion::V3 |
-        EngineApiMessageVersion::V4 |
-        EngineApiMessageVersion::V5 |
         EngineApiMessageVersion::V6 => {
+            provider.fork_choice_updated_v4_wait(forkchoice_state, payload_attributes).await
+        }
+        EngineApiMessageVersion::V3 | EngineApiMessageVersion::V4 | EngineApiMessageVersion::V5 => {
             provider.fork_choice_updated_v3_wait(forkchoice_state, payload_attributes).await
         }
         EngineApiMessageVersion::V2 => {

crates/chainspec/src/spec.rs

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use alloy_consensus::{
 };
 use alloy_eips::{
     eip1559::INITIAL_BASE_FEE, eip7685::EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH, eip7840::BlobParams,
-    eip7892::BlobScheduleBlobParams,
+    eip7892::BlobScheduleBlobParams, eip7928::EMPTY_BLOCK_ACCESS_LIST_HASH,
 };
 use alloy_genesis::{ChainConfig, Genesis};
 use alloy_primitives::{address, b256, Address, BlockNumber, B256, U256};
@@ -76,6 +76,18 @@ pub fn make_genesis_header(genesis: &Genesis, hardforks: &ChainHardforks) -> Hea
         .active_at_timestamp(genesis.timestamp)
         .then_some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH);
 
+    // If Amsterdam is activated at genesis we set block access list hash to an empty bal hash
+    let block_access_list_hash = hardforks
+        .fork(EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam)
+        .active_at_timestamp(genesis.timestamp)
+        .then_some(EMPTY_BLOCK_ACCESS_LIST_HASH);
+
+    // If Amsterdam is activated at genesis we set slot number to 0
+    let slot_number = hardforks
+        .fork(EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam)
+        .active_at_timestamp(genesis.timestamp)
+        .then_some(0);
+
     Header {
         number: genesis.number.unwrap_or_default(),
         parent_hash: genesis.parent_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
@@ -93,6 +105,8 @@ pub fn make_genesis_header(genesis: &Genesis, hardforks: &ChainHardforks) -> Hea
         blob_gas_used,
         excess_blob_gas,
         requests_hash,
+        block_access_list_hash,
+        slot_number,
         ..Default::default()
     }
 }
@@ -297,6 +311,7 @@ pub fn create_chain_config(
         cancun_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Cancun),
         prague_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Prague),
         osaka_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Osaka),
+        amsterdam_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam),
         bpo1_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Bpo1),
         bpo2_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Bpo2),
         bpo3_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Bpo3),
@@ -880,6 +895,7 @@ impl From<Genesis> for ChainSpec {
             (EthereumHardfork::Bpo3.boxed(), genesis.config.bpo3_time),
             (EthereumHardfork::Bpo4.boxed(), genesis.config.bpo4_time),
             (EthereumHardfork::Bpo5.boxed(), genesis.config.bpo5_time),
+            (EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam.boxed(), genesis.config.amsterdam_time),
         ];
 
         let mut time_hardforks = time_hardfork_opts
@@ -1186,6 +1202,19 @@ impl ChainSpecBuilder {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Enable Amsterdam at genesis.
+    pub fn amsterdam_activated(mut self) -> Self {
+        self = self.osaka_activated();
+        self.hardforks.insert(EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Enable Amsterdam at the given timestamp.
+    pub fn with_amsterdam_at(mut self, timestamp: u64) -> Self {
+        self.hardforks.insert(EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam, ForkCondition::Timestamp(timestamp));
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Build the resulting [`ChainSpec`].
     ///
     /// # Panics

crates/cli/commands/src/db/get.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use alloy_primitives::{hex, BlockHash};
+use alloy_primitives::{hex, Address, BlockHash, B256};
 use clap::Parser;
 use reth_db::{
     static_file::{
@@ -10,16 +10,20 @@ use reth_db::{
 use reth_db_api::{
     cursor::{DbCursorRO, DbDupCursorRO},
     database::Database,
+    models::{storage_sharded_key::StorageShardedKey, ShardedKey},
     table::{Compress, Decompress, DupSort, Table},
     tables,
     transaction::DbTx,
-    RawKey, RawTable, Receipts, TableViewer, Transactions,
+    RawKey, RawTable, TableViewer,
 };
 use reth_db_common::DbTool;
 use reth_node_api::{HeaderTy, ReceiptTy, TxTy};
 use reth_node_builder::NodeTypesWithDB;
 use reth_primitives_traits::ValueWithSubKey;
-use reth_provider::{providers::ProviderNodeTypes, ChangeSetReader, StaticFileProviderFactory};
+use reth_provider::{
+    providers::ProviderNodeTypes, ChangeSetReader, RocksDBProviderFactory,
+    StaticFileProviderFactory,
+};
 use reth_static_file_types::StaticFileSegment;
 use reth_storage_api::StorageChangeSetReader;
 use tracing::error;
@@ -73,6 +77,55 @@ enum Subcommand {
         #[arg(long)]
         raw: bool,
     },
+    /// Gets the content of a RocksDB table for the given key
+    ///
+    /// For history tables (accounts-history, storages-history), you can pass a plain address
+    /// instead of a full JSON ShardedKey. Use --block to query a specific block number
+    /// (seeks to the shard containing that block), or --all-shards to list all shards for
+    /// the address.
+    ///
+    /// Examples:
+    ///   reth db get rocksdb accounts-history 0xdBBE3D8c2d2b22A2611c5A94A9a12C2fCD49Eb29
+    ///   reth db get rocksdb accounts-history 0xdBBE...Eb29 --block 1000000
+    ///   reth db get rocksdb accounts-history 0xdBBE...Eb29 --all-shards
+    ///   reth db get rocksdb storages-history 0xdBBE...Eb29 --storage-key 0x0000...0003
+    Rocksdb {
+        /// The RocksDB table
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
+        table: RocksDbTable,
+
+        /// The key to get content for. For history tables, this can be a plain address.
+        #[arg(value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
+        key: String,
+
+        /// Target block number for history tables. Seeks to the shard containing this block.
+        /// Defaults to the latest shard if not specified.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        block: Option<u64>,
+
+        /// Storage key for storages-history table lookups.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        storage_key: Option<String>,
+
+        /// List all shards for the given key (history tables only).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        all_shards: bool,
+
+        /// Output bytes instead of human-readable decoded value
+        #[arg(long)]
+        raw: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+/// RocksDB tables that can be queried.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, clap::ValueEnum)]
+pub enum RocksDbTable {
+    /// Transaction hash to transaction number mapping
+    TransactionHashNumbers,
+    /// Account history indices
+    AccountsHistory,
+    /// Storage history indices
+    StoragesHistory,
 }
 
 impl Command {
@@ -82,6 +135,9 @@ impl Command {
             Subcommand::Mdbx { table, key, subkey, end_key, end_subkey, raw } => {
                 table.view(&GetValueViewer { tool, key, subkey, end_key, end_subkey, raw })?
             }
+            Subcommand::Rocksdb { table, key, block, storage_key, all_shards, raw } => {
+                get_rocksdb(tool, table, &key, block, storage_key.as_deref(), all_shards, raw)?;
+            }
             Subcommand::StaticFile { segment, key, subkey, raw } => {
                 if let StaticFileSegment::StorageChangeSets = segment {
                     let storage_key =
@@ -208,15 +264,12 @@ impl Command {
                                     );
                                 }
                                 StaticFileSegment::Transactions => {
-                                    let transaction = <<Transactions as Table>::Value>::decompress(
-                                        content[0].as_slice(),
-                                    )?;
+                                    let transaction = TxTy::<N>::decompress(content[0].as_slice())?;
                                     println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&transaction)?);
                                 }
                                 StaticFileSegment::Receipts => {
-                                    let receipt = <<Receipts as Table>::Value>::decompress(
-                                        content[0].as_slice(),
-                                    )?;
+                                    let receipt =
+                                        ReceiptTy::<N>::decompress(content[0].as_slice())?;
                                     println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&receipt)?);
                                 }
                                 StaticFileSegment::TransactionSenders => {
@@ -246,6 +299,208 @@ impl Command {
     }
 }
 
+/// Gets a value from a RocksDB table by key.
+fn get_rocksdb<N: ProviderNodeTypes>(
+    tool: &DbTool<N>,
+    table: RocksDbTable,
+    key: &str,
+    block: Option<u64>,
+    storage_key: Option<&str>,
+    all_shards: bool,
+    raw: bool,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    let rocksdb = tool.provider_factory.rocksdb_provider();
+
+    match table {
+        RocksDbTable::TransactionHashNumbers => {
+            if block.is_some() || all_shards || storage_key.is_some() {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!(
+                    "--block, --all-shards, and --storage-key are only supported for history tables"
+                ));
+            }
+            get_rocksdb_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(&rocksdb, key, raw)
+        }
+        RocksDbTable::AccountsHistory => {
+            if storage_key.is_some() {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!("--storage-key is only supported for storages-history"));
+            }
+            get_rocksdb_account_history(&rocksdb, key, block, all_shards, raw)
+        }
+        RocksDbTable::StoragesHistory => {
+            get_rocksdb_storage_history(&rocksdb, key, storage_key, block, all_shards, raw)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Try to parse a key string as a plain address, falling back to JSON `ShardedKey` parsing.
+fn parse_address(key: &str) -> eyre::Result<Address> {
+    // Strip surrounding quotes that `maybe_json_value_parser` may have added
+    let stripped = key.trim_matches('"');
+    stripped.parse::<Address>().map_err(|e| eyre::eyre!("failed to parse address: {e}"))
+}
+
+/// Gets account history from RocksDB with ergonomic key parsing.
+///
+/// Accepts a plain address and uses seek to find the relevant shard.
+fn get_rocksdb_account_history(
+    rocksdb: &reth_provider::providers::RocksDBProvider,
+    key: &str,
+    block: Option<u64>,
+    all_shards: bool,
+    raw: bool,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    // Try parsing as a plain address first, fall back to full JSON ShardedKey
+    match parse_address(key) {
+        Ok(address) => {
+            let block_number = block.unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+            let seek_key = ShardedKey::new(address, block_number);
+
+            if all_shards {
+                // Iterate all shards: seek from (address, 0) until address changes
+                let start = ShardedKey::new(address, 0);
+                let iter = rocksdb.iter_from::<tables::AccountsHistory>(start)?;
+                for result in iter {
+                    let (k, v) = result?;
+                    if k.key != address {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    println!(
+                        "{}",
+                        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&serde_json::json!({
+                            "highest_block_number": k.highest_block_number,
+                            "value": v,
+                        }))?
+                    );
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Seek to the first shard with highest_block_number >= target
+                let mut iter = rocksdb.iter_from::<tables::AccountsHistory>(seek_key)?;
+                match iter.next() {
+                    Some(Ok((k, v))) if k.key == address => {
+                        if raw {
+                            let raw_val = rocksdb.get_raw::<tables::AccountsHistory>(k)?;
+                            if let Some(bytes) = raw_val {
+                                println!("{}", hex::encode_prefixed(&bytes));
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&v)?);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        error!(target: "reth::cli", "No content for the given table key.");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            // Fall back to full JSON key parsing (e.g.
+            // `{"key":"0x...","highest_block_number":...}`)
+            if all_shards || block.is_some() {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!(
+                    "--block and --all-shards require a plain address, not a JSON key"
+                ));
+            }
+            get_rocksdb_table::<tables::AccountsHistory>(rocksdb, key, raw)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Gets storage history from RocksDB with ergonomic key parsing.
+///
+/// Accepts a plain address + optional `--storage-key` and uses seek.
+fn get_rocksdb_storage_history(
+    rocksdb: &reth_provider::providers::RocksDBProvider,
+    key: &str,
+    storage_key: Option<&str>,
+    block: Option<u64>,
+    all_shards: bool,
+    raw: bool,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    match parse_address(key) {
+        Ok(address) => {
+            let storage_key = storage_key
+                .map(|s| s.trim_matches('"').parse::<B256>())
+                .transpose()
+                .map_err(|e| eyre::eyre!("failed to parse storage key: {e}"))?
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            let block_number = block.unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+            let seek_key = StorageShardedKey::new(address, storage_key, block_number);
+
+            if all_shards {
+                let start = StorageShardedKey::new(address, storage_key, 0);
+                let iter = rocksdb.iter_from::<tables::StoragesHistory>(start)?;
+                for result in iter {
+                    let (k, v) = result?;
+                    if k.address != address || k.sharded_key.key != storage_key {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    println!(
+                        "{}",
+                        serde_json::to_string_pretty(&serde_json::json!({
+                            "highest_block_number": k.sharded_key.highest_block_number,
+                            "value": v,
+                        }))?
+                    );
+                }
+            } else {
+                let mut iter = rocksdb.iter_from::<tables::StoragesHistory>(seek_key)?;
+                match iter.next() {
+                    Some(Ok((k, v)))
+                        if k.address == address && k.sharded_key.key == storage_key =>
+                    {
+                        if raw {
+                            let raw_val = rocksdb.get_raw::<tables::StoragesHistory>(k)?;
+                            if let Some(bytes) = raw_val {
+                                println!("{}", hex::encode_prefixed(&bytes));
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&v)?);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        error!(target: "reth::cli", "No content for the given table key.");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            if all_shards || block.is_some() || storage_key.is_some() {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!(
+                    "--block, --all-shards, and --storage-key require a plain address, not a JSON key"
+                ));
+            }
+            get_rocksdb_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>(rocksdb, key, raw)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Gets a value from a specific RocksDB table by exact key and prints it.
+fn get_rocksdb_table<T: Table>(
+    rocksdb: &reth_provider::providers::RocksDBProvider,
+    key_str: &str,
+    raw: bool,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    let key = table_key::<T>(key_str)?;
+
+    if raw {
+        let content = rocksdb.get_raw::<T>(key)?;
+        match content {
+            Some(bytes) => println!("{}", hex::encode_prefixed(&bytes)),
+            None => error!(target: "reth::cli", "No content for the given table key."),
+        }
+    } else {
+        let content = rocksdb.get::<T>(key)?;
+        match content {
+            Some(value) => println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&value)?),
+            None => error!(target: "reth::cli", "No content for the given table key."),
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// Get an instance of key for given table
 pub(crate) fn table_key<T: Table>(key: &str) -> Result<T::Key, eyre::Error> {
     serde_json::from_str(key).map_err(|e| eyre::eyre!(e))

crates/cli/commands/src/db/migrate_v2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+//! `reth db migrate-v2` command for migrating v1 storage layout to v2.
+//!
+//! Migrates data that cannot be recomputed (changesets + receipts) from MDBX to
+//! static files, clears recomputable tables (senders, indices, trie, plain
+//! state), compacts MDBX, then runs the pipeline to rebuild them.
+
+use crate::common::CliNodeTypes;
+use clap::Parser;
+use reth_db::{
+    mdbx::{self, ffi},
+    models::StorageBeforeTx,
+    DatabaseEnv,
+};
+use reth_db_api::{
+    cursor::DbCursorRO,
+    database::Database,
+    table::Table,
+    tables,
+    transaction::{DbTx, DbTxMut},
+};
+use reth_node_builder::NodeTypesWithDBAdapter;
+use reth_provider::{
+    providers::ProviderNodeTypes, DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, MetadataProvider,
+    MetadataWriter, ProviderFactory, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointWriter,
+    StaticFileProviderFactory, StaticFileWriter, StorageSettings,
+};
+use reth_prune_types::PruneSegment;
+use reth_stages_types::{StageCheckpoint, StageId};
+use reth_static_file_types::StaticFileSegment;
+use reth_storage_api::StageCheckpointReader;
+use tracing::info;
+
+/// `reth db migrate-v2` command
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+pub struct Command;
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute the full v1 → v2 migration:
+    ///
+    /// 1. Migrate changesets + receipts to static files
+    /// 2. Flip `StorageSettings` to v2
+    /// 3. Clear recomputable MDBX tables + reset stage checkpoints
+    /// 4. Compact MDBX
+    pub async fn execute<N: CliNodeTypes>(
+        self,
+        provider_factory: ProviderFactory<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, DatabaseEnv>>,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()>
+    where
+        N::Primitives: reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives<
+            Receipt: reth_db_api::table::Value + reth_codecs::Compact,
+        >,
+    {
+        // === Phase 0: Preflight ===
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Starting v1 → v2 storage migration");
+
+        let provider = provider_factory.provider()?;
+        let current_settings = provider.storage_settings()?;
+
+        if current_settings.is_some_and(|s| s.is_v2()) {
+            info!(target: "reth::cli", "Storage is already v2, nothing to do");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let tip =
+            provider.get_stage_checkpoint(StageId::Execution)?.map(|c| c.block_number).unwrap_or(0);
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", tip, "Chain tip block number");
+
+        let sf_provider = provider_factory.static_file_provider();
+
+        for segment in [StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets, StaticFileSegment::StorageChangeSets]
+        {
+            if sf_provider.get_highest_static_file_block(segment).is_some() {
+                eyre::bail!(
+                    "Static file segment {segment:?} already contains data. \
+                     Cannot migrate — target must be empty."
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        drop(provider);
+
+        // === Phase 1: Migrate changesets → static files ===
+        Self::migrate_account_changesets(&provider_factory, tip)?;
+        Self::migrate_storage_changesets(&provider_factory, tip)?;
+
+        // === Phase 2: Migrate receipts → static files ===
+        Self::migrate_receipts::<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, DatabaseEnv>>(&provider_factory, tip)?;
+
+        // === Phase 3: Flip metadata to v2 ===
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Writing StorageSettings v2 metadata");
+        {
+            let provider_rw = provider_factory.database_provider_rw()?;
+            provider_rw.write_storage_settings(StorageSettings::v2())?;
+            provider_rw.commit()?;
+        }
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Storage settings updated to v2");
+
+        // === Phase 4: Clear recomputable tables ===
+        Self::clear_recomputable_tables(&provider_factory)?;
+
+        // === Phase 5: Compact MDBX (before pipeline, so it runs on a smaller DB) ===
+        let db_path = provider_factory.db_ref().path();
+        Self::compact_mdbx(provider_factory.db_ref())?;
+
+        // Drop to release DB handle for swap
+        drop(provider_factory);
+
+        let compact_path = db_path.with_file_name("db_compact");
+        Self::swap_compacted_db(&db_path, &compact_path)?;
+
+        // === Phase 6: Reopen DB and run pipeline ===
+        // The caller will reopen the environment and run the pipeline.
+        // We return here — the pipeline step is handled in mod.rs after
+        // reopening the database with the compacted copy.
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Migration complete. You should now restart the node and let it run the pipeline to rebuild the remaining data.");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn migrate_account_changesets<N: ProviderNodeTypes>(
+        factory: &ProviderFactory<N>,
+        tip: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Migrating AccountChangeSets → static files");
+        let provider = factory.provider()?.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
+        let sf_provider = factory.static_file_provider();
+
+        let mut cursor = provider.tx_ref().cursor_read::<tables::AccountChangeSets>()?;
+
+        let first_block = provider
+            .get_prune_checkpoint(PruneSegment::AccountHistory)?
+            .and_then(|cp| cp.block_number)
+            .map_or(0, |b| b + 1);
+
+        let mut writer =
+            sf_provider.get_writer(first_block, StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets)?;
+
+        let mut count = 0u64;
+        let mut walker = cursor.walk(Some(first_block))?.peekable();
+
+        for block in first_block..=tip {
+            let mut entries = Vec::new();
+
+            while let Some(Ok((block_number, _))) = walker.peek() {
+                if *block_number != block {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let (_, entry) = walker.next().expect("peeked")?;
+                entries.push(entry);
+            }
+
+            count += entries.len() as u64;
+            writer.append_account_changeset(entries, block)?;
+        }
+
+        writer.commit()?;
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", count, "AccountChangeSets migrated");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn migrate_storage_changesets<N: ProviderNodeTypes>(
+        factory: &ProviderFactory<N>,
+        tip: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Migrating StorageChangeSets → static files");
+        let provider = factory.provider()?.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
+        let sf_provider = factory.static_file_provider();
+
+        let mut cursor = provider.tx_ref().cursor_read::<tables::StorageChangeSets>()?;
+
+        let first_block = provider
+            .get_prune_checkpoint(PruneSegment::StorageHistory)?
+            .and_then(|cp| cp.block_number)
+            .map_or(0, |b| b + 1);
+
+        let mut writer =
+            sf_provider.get_writer(first_block, StaticFileSegment::StorageChangeSets)?;
+
+        let mut count = 0u64;
+        let mut walker = cursor.walk(Some(Default::default()))?.peekable();
+
+        for block in first_block..=tip {
+            let mut entries = Vec::new();
+
+            while let Some(Ok((key, _))) = walker.peek() {
+                if key.block_number() != block {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let (key, entry) = walker.next().expect("peeked")?;
+                entries.push(StorageBeforeTx {
+                    address: key.address(),
+                    key: entry.key,
+                    value: entry.value,
+                });
+            }
+
+            count += entries.len() as u64;
+            writer.append_storage_changeset(entries, block)?;
+        }
+
+        writer.commit()?;
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", count, "StorageChangeSets migrated");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn migrate_receipts<N: ProviderNodeTypes>(
+        factory: &ProviderFactory<N>,
+        tip: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()>
+    where
+        N::Primitives: reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives<
+            Receipt: reth_db_api::table::Value + reth_codecs::Compact,
+        >,
+    {
+        let provider = factory.provider()?;
+        if !provider.prune_modes_ref().receipts_log_filter.is_empty() {
+            info!(target: "reth::cli", "Receipt log filter pruning is enabled, keeping receipts in MDBX");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        drop(provider);
+
+        let sf_provider = factory.static_file_provider();
+        let existing = sf_provider.get_highest_static_file_block(StaticFileSegment::Receipts);
+
+        if existing.is_some_and(|b| b >= tip) {
+            info!(target: "reth::cli", "Receipts already in static files, skipping");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Migrating Receipts → static files");
+
+        let provider = factory.provider()?.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
+        let prune_start = provider
+            .get_prune_checkpoint(PruneSegment::Receipts)?
+            .and_then(|cp| cp.block_number)
+            .map_or(0, |b| b + 1);
+        let first_block = prune_start.max(existing.map_or(0, |b| b + 1));
+
+        let block_range = first_block..=tip;
+
+        let segment = reth_static_file::segments::Receipts;
+        reth_static_file::segments::Segment::copy_to_static_files(&segment, provider, block_range)?;
+
+        sf_provider.commit()?;
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Receipts migrated");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Clears tables that can be recomputed by the pipeline and resets their
+    /// stage checkpoints.
+    fn clear_recomputable_tables<N: ProviderNodeTypes>(
+        factory: &ProviderFactory<N>,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Clearing recomputable MDBX tables");
+        let db = factory.db_ref();
+
+        macro_rules! clear_table {
+            ($table:ty) => {{
+                let tx = db.tx_mut()?;
+                tx.clear::<$table>()?;
+                tx.commit()?;
+                info!(target: "reth::cli", table = <$table as Table>::NAME, "Cleared");
+            }};
+        }
+
+        // Migrated changeset tables (now in static files)
+        clear_table!(tables::AccountChangeSets);
+        clear_table!(tables::StorageChangeSets);
+
+        // Senders — rebuilt by SenderRecovery
+        clear_table!(tables::TransactionSenders);
+
+        // Indices — rebuilt by TransactionLookup / IndexAccountHistory / IndexStorageHistory
+        clear_table!(tables::TransactionHashNumbers);
+        clear_table!(tables::AccountsHistory);
+        clear_table!(tables::StoragesHistory);
+
+        // Plain state — superseded by hashed state in v2
+        clear_table!(tables::PlainAccountState);
+        clear_table!(tables::PlainStorageState);
+
+        // Trie — rebuilt by MerkleExecute
+        clear_table!(tables::AccountsTrie);
+        clear_table!(tables::StoragesTrie);
+
+        // Reset stage checkpoints so the pipeline rebuilds everything
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Resetting stage checkpoints");
+        let provider_rw = factory.database_provider_rw()?;
+        for stage in [
+            StageId::SenderRecovery,
+            StageId::TransactionLookup,
+            StageId::IndexAccountHistory,
+            StageId::IndexStorageHistory,
+            StageId::MerkleExecute,
+            StageId::MerkleUnwind,
+        ] {
+            provider_rw.save_stage_checkpoint(stage, StageCheckpoint::new(0))?;
+            info!(target: "reth::cli", %stage, "Checkpoint reset to 0");
+        }
+        provider_rw.save_stage_checkpoint_progress(StageId::MerkleExecute, vec![])?;
+        provider_rw.commit()?;
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Recomputable tables cleared");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a compacted copy of the MDBX database.
+    fn compact_mdbx(db: &mdbx::DatabaseEnv) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let db_path = db.path();
+        let compact_path = db_path.with_file_name("db_compact");
+
+        reth_fs_util::create_dir_all(&compact_path)?;
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", ?db_path, ?compact_path, "Compacting MDBX database");
+
+        let compact_dest = compact_path.join("mdbx.dat");
+        let dest_cstr = std::ffi::CString::new(
+            compact_dest.to_str().ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("compact path must be valid UTF-8"))?,
+        )?;
+
+        let flags = ffi::MDBX_CP_COMPACT | ffi::MDBX_CP_FORCE_DYNAMIC_SIZE;
+
+        let rc = db.with_raw_env_ptr(|env_ptr| unsafe {
+            ffi::mdbx_env_copy(env_ptr, dest_cstr.as_ptr(), flags)
+        });
+
+        if rc != 0 {
+            eyre::bail!("mdbx_env_copy failed with error code {rc}: {}", unsafe {
+                std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr(ffi::mdbx_strerror(rc)).to_string_lossy()
+            });
+        }
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "MDBX compaction complete");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Swaps the original MDBX database with a compacted copy.
+    fn swap_compacted_db(
+        db_path: &std::path::Path,
+        compact_path: &std::path::Path,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let backup_path = db_path.with_file_name("db_pre_compact");
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", ?db_path, ?compact_path, "Swapping compacted database");
+
+        std::fs::rename(db_path, &backup_path)?;
+
+        if let Err(e) = std::fs::rename(compact_path, db_path) {
+            let _ = std::fs::rename(&backup_path, db_path);
+            return Err(e.into());
+        }
+
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(&backup_path)?;
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Database compaction swap complete");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/db/mod.rs

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ mod copy;
 mod diff;
 mod get;
 mod list;
+mod migrate_v2;
 mod prune_checkpoints;
 mod repair_trie;
 mod settings;
@@ -77,6 +78,9 @@ pub enum Subcommands {
     AccountStorage(account_storage::Command),
     /// Gets account state and storage at a specific block
     State(state::Command),
+    /// Migrate storage layout from v1 (MDBX-only) to v2 (static files + RocksDB)
+    #[command(name = "migrate-v2")]
+    MigrateV2(migrate_v2::Command),
 }
 
 impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + EthereumHardforks>> Command<C> {
@@ -231,6 +235,13 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + EthereumHardforks>> Command<C>
                     command.execute(&tool)?;
                 });
             }
+            Subcommands::MigrateV2(command) => {
+                let Environment { provider_factory, .. } =
+                    self.env.init::<N>(AccessRights::RW, ctx.task_executor.clone())?;
+
+                // Migrate changesets+receipts, clear tables, compact MDBX
+                command.execute::<N>(provider_factory).await?;
+            }
         }
 
         Ok(())

crates/cli/commands/src/download/archive.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+use super::{
+    extract::{extract_archive_raw, streaming_download_and_extract, CompressionFormat},
+    fetch::ArchiveFetcher,
+    manifest::SnapshotArchive,
+    planning::{PlannedArchive, PlannedDownloads},
+    progress::{
+        spawn_progress_display, ArchiveDownloadProgress, ArchiveExtractionProgress,
+        ArchiveVerificationProgress, DownloadRequestLimiter, SharedProgress,
+    },
+    session::{ArchiveProcessContext, DownloadSession},
+    verify::OutputVerifier,
+    MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES, RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS,
+};
+use eyre::Result;
+use futures::stream::{self, StreamExt};
+use reth_cli_util::cancellation::CancellationToken;
+use reth_fs_util as fs;
+use std::{
+    path::Path,
+    sync::{atomic::Ordering, Arc},
+    time::Duration,
+};
+use tokio::task;
+use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
+
+const DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR: &str = ".download-cache";
+
+/// Runs all planned modular archive downloads for one command invocation.
+pub(crate) async fn run_modular_downloads(
+    planned_downloads: PlannedDownloads,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+    download_concurrency: usize,
+    cancel_token: CancellationToken,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let download_cache_dir = target_dir.join(DOWNLOAD_CACHE_DIR);
+    fs::create_dir_all(&download_cache_dir)?;
+
+    let shared = SharedProgress::new(
+        planned_downloads.total_download_size,
+        planned_downloads.total_output_size,
+        planned_downloads.total_archives() as u64,
+        cancel_token.clone(),
+    );
+    let session = DownloadSession::new(
+        Some(Arc::clone(&shared)),
+        Some(DownloadRequestLimiter::new(download_concurrency)),
+        cancel_token,
+    );
+    let ctx =
+        ArchiveProcessContext::new(target_dir.to_path_buf(), Some(download_cache_dir), session);
+
+    ModularDownloadJob::new(ctx, download_concurrency).run(planned_downloads).await
+}
+
+/// Schedules modular archive work for one run of `reth download`.
+struct ModularDownloadJob {
+    /// Shared paths and session state for each archive in this job.
+    ctx: ArchiveProcessContext,
+    /// Maximum number of archives processed at once.
+    archive_concurrency: usize,
+}
+
+impl ModularDownloadJob {
+    /// Creates the modular download job for one command run.
+    const fn new(ctx: ArchiveProcessContext, archive_concurrency: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { ctx, archive_concurrency }
+    }
+
+    /// Runs all planned archives and waits for the shared progress task to finish.
+    async fn run(self, planned_downloads: PlannedDownloads) -> Result<()> {
+        let shared = Arc::clone(
+            self.ctx.session().progress().expect("modular downloads always use shared progress"),
+        );
+        let progress_handle = spawn_progress_display(Arc::clone(&shared));
+        let ctx = self.ctx.clone();
+        let results: Vec<Result<()>> = stream::iter(planned_downloads.archives)
+            .map(move |archive| {
+                let ctx = ctx.clone();
+                async move { Self::process_archive(ctx, archive).await }
+            })
+            .buffer_unordered(self.archive_concurrency)
+            .collect()
+            .await;
+
+        shared.done.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let _ = progress_handle.await;
+
+        for result in results {
+            result?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Runs one archive on the blocking pool so fetch and extraction stay off the async executor.
+    async fn process_archive(ctx: ArchiveProcessContext, archive: PlannedArchive) -> Result<()> {
+        task::spawn_blocking(move || ArchiveProcessor::new(archive, ctx).run()).await??;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Explicit retry states for one modular archive.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum ArchiveAttemptState {
+    /// Start or restart one full archive attempt.
+    RunAttempt,
+    /// Check whether the extracted outputs verify.
+    VerifyOutputs,
+    /// Wait and decide whether another full attempt should run.
+    RetryAttempt,
+    /// Finish successfully.
+    Complete,
+    /// Stop with an error after retries are exhausted.
+    Fail,
+}
+
+/// Processes one modular archive from reuse check through extraction and verification.
+struct ArchiveProcessor {
+    /// The concrete archive and component being processed.
+    archive: PlannedArchive,
+    /// Shared paths and session state for this archive attempt.
+    ctx: ArchiveProcessContext,
+}
+
+impl ArchiveProcessor {
+    /// Creates a processor for one archive and the shared download context.
+    fn new(archive: PlannedArchive, ctx: ArchiveProcessContext) -> Self {
+        Self { archive, ctx }
+    }
+
+    /// Runs the archive retry state machine until outputs are verified or retries are exhausted.
+    fn run(self) -> Result<()> {
+        let archive = self.archive();
+        if self.try_reuse_outputs()? {
+            info!(target: "reth::cli", file = %archive.file_name, component = %self.archive.component, "Skipping already verified plain files");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let mode = ArchiveMode::new(&self.ctx)?;
+        let format = CompressionFormat::from_url(&archive.file_name)?;
+        let mut attempt = 1;
+        let mut last_error: Option<eyre::Error> = None;
+        let mut state = ArchiveAttemptState::RunAttempt;
+
+        loop {
+            match state {
+                ArchiveAttemptState::RunAttempt => {
+                    self.cleanup_outputs();
+
+                    if attempt > 1 {
+                        info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                            file = %archive.file_name,
+                            component = %self.archive.component,
+                            attempt,
+                            max = MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES,
+                            "Retrying archive from scratch"
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    match self.run_attempt(mode, format) {
+                        Ok(()) => state = ArchiveAttemptState::VerifyOutputs,
+                        Err(error) if mode.retries_fetch_errors() => {
+                            warn!(target: "reth::cli",
+                                file = %archive.file_name,
+                                component = %self.archive.component,
+                                attempt,
+                                err = %format_args!("{error:#}"),
+                                "Archive attempt failed, retrying from scratch"
+                            );
+                            last_error = Some(error);
+                            state = ArchiveAttemptState::RetryAttempt;
+                        }
+                        Err(error) => return Err(error),
+                    }
+                }
+                ArchiveAttemptState::VerifyOutputs => {
+                    if self.verify_outputs_with_progress()? {
+                        state = ArchiveAttemptState::Complete;
+                    } else {
+                        warn!(target: "reth::cli", file = %archive.file_name, component = %self.archive.component, attempt, "Archive extracted, but output verification failed, retrying");
+                        state = ArchiveAttemptState::RetryAttempt;
+                    }
+                }
+                ArchiveAttemptState::RetryAttempt => {
+                    if attempt >= MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                        state = ArchiveAttemptState::Fail;
+                    } else {
+                        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS));
+                        attempt += 1;
+                        state = ArchiveAttemptState::RunAttempt;
+                    }
+                }
+                ArchiveAttemptState::Complete => return Ok(()),
+                ArchiveAttemptState::Fail => {
+                    if let Some(error) = last_error {
+                        return Err(error.wrap_err(format!(
+                            "Failed after {} attempts for {}",
+                            MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES, archive.file_name
+                        )));
+                    }
+
+                    eyre::bail!(
+                        "Failed integrity validation after {} attempts for {}",
+                        MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES,
+                        archive.file_name
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the concrete archive being fetched or verified.
+    fn archive(&self) -> &SnapshotArchive {
+        &self.archive.archive
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the verifier for this archive's output files.
+    fn output_verifier(&self) -> OutputVerifier<'_> {
+        OutputVerifier::new(self.ctx.target_dir())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if this archive can be reused from existing verified outputs.
+    /// Returns `false` if a fresh archive attempt is still needed.
+    fn try_reuse_outputs(&self) -> Result<bool> {
+        if self.verify_outputs()? {
+            self.mark_complete();
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+
+        Ok(false)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes any partial outputs before a fresh archive attempt.
+    fn cleanup_outputs(&self) {
+        self.output_verifier().cleanup(&self.archive().output_files);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if all declared plain outputs verify.
+    /// Returns `false` if any output is missing or does not match.
+    fn verify_outputs(&self) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.output_verifier().verify(&self.archive().output_files)
+    }
+
+    /// Records archive completion in shared progress once outputs verify.
+    fn mark_complete(&self) {
+        self.ctx.session().record_reused_archive(self.archive().size, self.archive().output_size());
+    }
+
+    /// Executes one archive attempt according to the selected cache-vs-stream mode.
+    fn run_attempt(&self, mode: ArchiveMode, format: CompressionFormat) -> Result<()> {
+        mode.execute(self, format)
+    }
+
+    /// Downloads the archive into the cache, then extracts from the cached file.
+    fn run_cached_attempt(&self, format: CompressionFormat) -> Result<()> {
+        let cache_dir =
+            self.ctx.cache_dir().ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Missing download cache directory"))?;
+        let fetcher =
+            ArchiveFetcher::new(self.archive().url.clone(), cache_dir, self.ctx.session().clone());
+
+        if self.archive.ty == super::manifest::SnapshotComponentType::State {
+            debug!(target: "reth::cli", url = %self.archive().url, "Downloading state snapshot archive");
+        }
+
+        let download_result = {
+            let mut download_progress = ArchiveDownloadProgress::new(self.ctx.session().progress());
+            let result = fetcher.download(Some(&mut download_progress));
+            if let Ok(ref downloaded) = result &&
+                download_progress.has_tracked_bytes()
+            {
+                download_progress.complete(downloaded.size);
+            }
+            result
+        };
+
+        let downloaded = match download_result {
+            Ok(downloaded) => downloaded,
+            Err(error) => {
+                fetcher.cleanup_downloaded_files();
+                return Err(error);
+            }
+        };
+
+        info!(target: "reth::cli",
+            file = %self.archive().file_name,
+            component = %self.archive.component,
+            size = %super::progress::DownloadProgress::format_size(downloaded.size),
+            "Archive download complete"
+        );
+
+        let extract_result = self.extract_cached_archive(&downloaded.path, format);
+        fetcher.cleanup_downloaded_files();
+        extract_result
+    }
+
+    /// Streams the archive directly into extraction without keeping a cached copy.
+    fn run_streaming_attempt(&self, format: CompressionFormat) -> Result<()> {
+        let _download_progress = ArchiveDownloadProgress::new(self.ctx.session().progress());
+        streaming_download_and_extract(
+            &self.archive().url,
+            format,
+            self.ctx.target_dir(),
+            self.ctx.session(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts a cached archive file while updating shared extraction activity.
+    fn extract_cached_archive(&self, archive_path: &Path, format: CompressionFormat) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut extraction_progress = ArchiveExtractionProgress::new(self.ctx.session().progress());
+        let file = fs::open(archive_path)?;
+        let result = extract_archive_raw(
+            file,
+            format,
+            self.ctx.target_dir(),
+            Some(&mut extraction_progress),
+        );
+        extraction_progress.finish();
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if all declared plain outputs verify while updating shared verification
+    /// progress.
+    fn verify_outputs_with_progress(&self) -> Result<bool> {
+        let mut verification_progress =
+            ArchiveVerificationProgress::new(self.ctx.session().progress());
+        let verified = self
+            .output_verifier()
+            .verify_with_progress(&self.archive().output_files, Some(&mut verification_progress))?;
+        if verified {
+            verification_progress.complete(self.archive().output_size());
+        }
+        Ok(verified)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Chooses whether an archive attempt uses the cache or streams directly.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum ArchiveMode {
+    /// Download the archive to the cache, then extract it.
+    Cached,
+    /// Stream the archive directly into extraction.
+    Streaming,
+}
+
+impl ArchiveMode {
+    /// Picks the archive mode from the process context.
+    fn new(ctx: &ArchiveProcessContext) -> Result<Self> {
+        if ctx.cache_dir().is_some() {
+            ctx.session().require_request_limiter()?;
+            return Ok(Self::Cached)
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self::Streaming)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` when fetch failures should retry the whole archive attempt.
+    const fn retries_fetch_errors(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Cached)
+    }
+
+    /// Runs the selected archive mode for a single attempt.
+    fn execute(&self, processor: &ArchiveProcessor, format: CompressionFormat) -> Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Cached => processor.run_cached_attempt(format),
+            Self::Streaming => processor.run_streaming_attempt(format),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/download/config_gen.rs

@@ -248,6 +248,7 @@ fn selection_to_prune_mode(
         ComponentSelection::Distance(d) => {
             Some(PruneMode::Distance(min_distance.map_or(d, |min| d.max(min))))
         }
+        ComponentSelection::Since(block) => Some(PruneMode::Before(block)),
         ComponentSelection::None => Some(min_distance.map_or(PruneMode::Full, PruneMode::Distance)),
     }
 }
@@ -269,6 +270,7 @@ pub(crate) fn describe_prune_config(config: &Config) -> Vec<String> {
     .collect()
 }
 
+/// Formats one prune mode for the generated config summary.
 fn format_mode(mode: &PruneMode) -> String {
     match mode {
         PruneMode::Full => "\"full\"".to_string(),
@@ -453,6 +455,36 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(config.prune.segments.storage_history, Some(PruneMode::Distance(10_064)));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn selections_since_maps_to_before_prune_mode() {
+        let mut selections = BTreeMap::new();
+        selections.insert(SnapshotComponentType::State, ComponentSelection::All);
+        selections.insert(SnapshotComponentType::Headers, ComponentSelection::All);
+        selections
+            .insert(SnapshotComponentType::Transactions, ComponentSelection::Since(15_537_394));
+        selections.insert(SnapshotComponentType::Receipts, ComponentSelection::Since(15_537_394));
+        selections.insert(
+            SnapshotComponentType::AccountChangesets,
+            ComponentSelection::Since(15_537_394),
+        );
+        selections.insert(
+            SnapshotComponentType::StorageChangesets,
+            ComponentSelection::Since(15_537_394),
+        );
+
+        let config = config_for_selections(
+            &selections,
+            &empty_manifest(),
+            None,
+            None::<&reth_chainspec::ChainSpec>,
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(config.prune.segments.bodies_history, Some(PruneMode::Before(15_537_394)));
+        assert_eq!(config.prune.segments.receipts, Some(PruneMode::Before(15_537_394)));
+        assert_eq!(config.prune.segments.account_history, Some(PruneMode::Before(15_537_394)));
+        assert_eq!(config.prune.segments.storage_history, Some(PruneMode::Before(15_537_394)));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn full_preset_matches_default_full_prune_config() {
         let mut selections = BTreeMap::new();

crates/cli/commands/src/download/extract.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+use super::{
+    fetch::{ArchiveFetcher, DownloadedArchive},
+    progress::{
+        ArchiveExtractionProgress, ArchiveExtractionProgressHandle, DownloadProgress,
+        DownloadRequestLimiter, ProgressReader, SharedProgress, SharedProgressReader,
+    },
+    session::DownloadSession,
+    MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES, RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS,
+};
+use eyre::{Result, WrapErr};
+use lz4::Decoder;
+use reqwest::blocking::Client as BlockingClient;
+use reth_cli_util::cancellation::CancellationToken;
+use reth_fs_util as fs;
+use std::{
+    io::Read,
+    path::{Component, Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+        Arc,
+    },
+    thread,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+use tar::Archive;
+use tokio::task;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+use url::Url;
+use zstd::stream::read::Decoder as ZstdDecoder;
+
+const EXTENSION_TAR_LZ4: &str = ".tar.lz4";
+const EXTENSION_TAR_ZSTD: &str = ".tar.zst";
+const STREAMING_EXTRACTION_PROGRESS_MIN_FILE_SIZE: u64 = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
+const EXTRACTION_PROGRESS_POLL_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);
+
+/// Supported compression formats for snapshots
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) enum CompressionFormat {
+    /// LZ4-compressed tar archive.
+    Lz4,
+    /// Zstandard-compressed tar archive.
+    Zstd,
+}
+
+impl CompressionFormat {
+    /// Detect compression format from file extension
+    pub(crate) fn from_url(url: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        let path =
+            Url::parse(url).map(|u| u.path().to_string()).unwrap_or_else(|_| url.to_string());
+
+        if path.ends_with(EXTENSION_TAR_LZ4) {
+            Ok(Self::Lz4)
+        } else if path.ends_with(EXTENSION_TAR_ZSTD) {
+            Ok(Self::Zstd)
+        } else {
+            Err(eyre::eyre!(
+                "Unsupported file format. Expected .tar.lz4 or .tar.zst, got: {}",
+                path
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extracts a compressed tar archive to the target directory with progress tracking.
+fn extract_archive<R: Read>(
+    reader: R,
+    total_size: u64,
+    format: CompressionFormat,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+    cancel_token: CancellationToken,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let progress_reader = ProgressReader::new(reader, total_size, cancel_token);
+
+    match format {
+        CompressionFormat::Lz4 => {
+            let decoder = Decoder::new(progress_reader)?;
+            Archive::new(decoder).unpack(target_dir)?;
+        }
+        CompressionFormat::Zstd => {
+            let decoder = ZstdDecoder::new(progress_reader)?;
+            Archive::new(decoder).unpack(target_dir)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    println!();
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Extracts a compressed tar archive without progress tracking.
+pub(crate) fn extract_archive_raw<R: Read>(
+    reader: R,
+    format: CompressionFormat,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+    progress: Option<&mut ArchiveExtractionProgress>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    match format {
+        CompressionFormat::Lz4 => {
+            unpack_archive(Archive::new(Decoder::new(reader)?), target_dir, progress)?;
+        }
+        CompressionFormat::Zstd => {
+            unpack_archive(Archive::new(ZstdDecoder::new(reader)?), target_dir, progress)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn unpack_archive<R: Read>(
+    mut archive: Archive<R>,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+    mut progress: Option<&mut ArchiveExtractionProgress>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let entries = archive.entries().wrap_err_with(|| {
+        format!("failed to read archive entries for `{}`", target_dir.display())
+    })?;
+
+    for entry in entries {
+        let mut entry = entry.wrap_err_with(|| {
+            format!("failed to read archive entry for `{}`", target_dir.display())
+        })?;
+        extract_entry_with_progress(&mut entry, target_dir, progress.as_deref_mut())?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn extract_entry_with_progress<R: Read>(
+    entry: &mut tar::Entry<'_, R>,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+    progress: Option<&mut ArchiveExtractionProgress>,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let size = entry.header().entry_size().unwrap_or(0);
+    let entry_type = entry.header().entry_type();
+
+    if !entry_type.is_file() || size == 0 {
+        entry.unpack_in(target_dir).wrap_err_with(|| {
+            format!("failed to extract archive into `{}`", target_dir.display())
+        })?;
+        return Ok(())
+    }
+
+    if size < STREAMING_EXTRACTION_PROGRESS_MIN_FILE_SIZE {
+        entry.unpack_in(target_dir).wrap_err_with(|| {
+            format!("failed to extract archive into `{}`", target_dir.display())
+        })?;
+        if let Some(progress) = progress {
+            progress.record_extracted(size);
+        }
+        return Ok(())
+    }
+
+    let Some(progress_handle) = progress.as_ref().and_then(|progress| progress.handle()) else {
+        entry.unpack_in(target_dir).wrap_err_with(|| {
+            format!("failed to extract archive into `{}`", target_dir.display())
+        })?;
+        return Ok(())
+    };
+
+    let Some(entry_path) = entry_destination_path(entry, target_dir)? else {
+        entry.unpack_in(target_dir).wrap_err_with(|| {
+            format!("failed to extract archive into `{}`", target_dir.display())
+        })?;
+        return Ok(())
+    };
+
+    let stop = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let monitor = spawn_extraction_progress_monitor(entry_path, progress_handle, Arc::clone(&stop));
+    let unpack_result = entry
+        .unpack_in(target_dir)
+        .wrap_err_with(|| format!("failed to extract archive into `{}`", target_dir.display()));
+    stop.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+    let monitor_result = monitor.join();
+    unpack_result?;
+
+    monitor_result.map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("extraction progress monitor panicked"))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn entry_destination_path<R: Read>(
+    entry: &tar::Entry<'_, R>,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>> {
+    let mut file_dst = target_dir.to_path_buf();
+    let path = entry.path().wrap_err("invalid path in archive entry")?;
+
+    for part in path.components() {
+        match part {
+            Component::Prefix(..) | Component::RootDir | Component::CurDir => continue,
+            Component::ParentDir => return Ok(None),
+            Component::Normal(part) => file_dst.push(part),
+        }
+    }
+
+    if file_dst == target_dir {
+        return Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    Ok(Some(file_dst))
+}
+
+fn spawn_extraction_progress_monitor(
+    entry_path: PathBuf,
+    progress: ArchiveExtractionProgressHandle,
+    stop: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+) -> thread::JoinHandle<()> {
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        let mut extracted = 0_u64;
+
+        loop {
+            record_extracted_file_bytes(&entry_path, &progress, &mut extracted);
+            if stop.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+                break;
+            }
+            thread::sleep(EXTRACTION_PROGRESS_POLL_INTERVAL);
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+fn record_extracted_file_bytes(
+    entry_path: &Path,
+    progress: &ArchiveExtractionProgressHandle,
+    extracted: &mut u64,
+) {
+    let Ok(meta) = fs::metadata(entry_path) else { return };
+    let len = meta.len();
+    if len > *extracted {
+        progress.record_extracted(len - *extracted);
+        *extracted = len;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extracts a snapshot from a local file.
+fn extract_from_file(path: &Path, format: CompressionFormat, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let file = std::fs::File::open(path)?;
+    let total_size = file.metadata()?.len();
+    info!(target: "reth::cli",
+        file = %path.display(),
+        size = %DownloadProgress::format_size(total_size),
+        "Extracting local archive"
+    );
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    extract_archive(file, total_size, format, target_dir, CancellationToken::new())?;
+    info!(target: "reth::cli",
+        file = %path.display(),
+        elapsed = %DownloadProgress::format_duration(start.elapsed()),
+        "Local extraction complete"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Streams a remote archive directly into the extractor without writing to disk.
+///
+/// On failure, retries from scratch up to [`MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES`] times.
+pub(crate) fn streaming_download_and_extract(
+    url: &str,
+    format: CompressionFormat,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+    session: &DownloadSession,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let shared = session.progress();
+    let quiet = session.progress().is_some();
+    let mut last_error: Option<eyre::Error> = None;
+
+    for attempt in 1..=MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+        if attempt > 1 {
+            info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                url = %url,
+                attempt,
+                max = MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES,
+                "Retrying streaming download from scratch"
+            );
+        }
+
+        let client = BlockingClient::builder().connect_timeout(Duration::from_secs(30)).build()?;
+        let _request_permit = session
+            .request_limiter()
+            .map(|limiter| limiter.acquire(session.progress(), session.cancel_token()))
+            .transpose()?;
+
+        let response = match client.get(url).send().and_then(|r| r.error_for_status()) {
+            Ok(r) => r,
+            Err(error) => {
+                let err = eyre::Error::from(error);
+                if attempt < MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                    warn!(target: "reth::cli",
+                        url = %url,
+                        attempt,
+                        max = MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES,
+                        err = %err,
+                        "Streaming request failed, retrying"
+                    );
+                }
+                last_error = Some(err);
+                if attempt < MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS));
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        if !quiet && let Some(size) = response.content_length() {
+            info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                url = %url,
+                size = %DownloadProgress::format_size(size),
+                "Streaming archive"
+            );
+        }
+
+        let result = if let Some(progress) = shared {
+            let reader = SharedProgressReader { inner: response, progress: Arc::clone(progress) };
+            extract_archive_raw(reader, format, target_dir, None)
+        } else {
+            let total_size = response.content_length().unwrap_or(0);
+            extract_archive(
+                response,
+                total_size,
+                format,
+                target_dir,
+                session.cancel_token().clone(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        match result {
+            Ok(()) => return Ok(()),
+            Err(error) => {
+                if attempt < MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                    warn!(target: "reth::cli",
+                        url = %url,
+                        attempt,
+                        max = MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES,
+                        err = %error,
+                        "Streaming extraction failed, retrying"
+                    );
+                }
+                last_error = Some(error);
+                if attempt < MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Err(last_error.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        eyre::eyre!("Streaming download failed after {MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES} attempts")
+    }))
+}
+
+/// Fetches the snapshot from a remote URL with resume support, then extracts it.
+fn download_and_extract(
+    url: &str,
+    format: CompressionFormat,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+    session: DownloadSession,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let quiet = session.progress().is_some();
+    let fetcher = ArchiveFetcher::new(url.to_string(), target_dir, session.clone());
+    let DownloadedArchive { path: downloaded_path, size: total_size } = fetcher.download(None)?;
+
+    let file_name =
+        downloaded_path.file_name().map(|f| f.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
+
+    if !quiet {
+        info!(target: "reth::cli",
+            file = %file_name,
+            size = %DownloadProgress::format_size(total_size),
+            "Extracting archive"
+        );
+    }
+    let file = fs::open(&downloaded_path)?;
+
+    if quiet {
+        extract_archive_raw(file, format, target_dir, None)?;
+    } else {
+        extract_archive(file, total_size, format, target_dir, session.cancel_token().clone())?;
+        info!(target: "reth::cli",
+            file = %file_name,
+            "Extraction complete"
+        );
+    }
+
+    fetcher.cleanup_downloaded_files();
+    session.record_archive_output_complete(total_size);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Downloads and extracts a snapshot, blocking until finished.
+///
+/// Supports `file://` URLs for local files and HTTP(S) URLs for remote downloads.
+/// When `resumable` is true, downloads to a `.part` file first with HTTP Range resume
+/// support. Otherwise streams directly into the extractor.
+fn blocking_download_and_extract(
+    url: &str,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+    shared: Option<Arc<SharedProgress>>,
+    resumable: bool,
+    request_limiter: Option<Arc<DownloadRequestLimiter>>,
+    cancel_token: CancellationToken,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let format = CompressionFormat::from_url(url)?;
+
+    if let Ok(parsed_url) = Url::parse(url) &&
+        parsed_url.scheme() == "file"
+    {
+        let session = DownloadSession::new(shared, request_limiter, cancel_token);
+        let file_path = parsed_url
+            .to_file_path()
+            .map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("Invalid file:// URL path: {}", url))?;
+        let result = extract_from_file(&file_path, format, target_dir);
+        if result.is_ok() {
+            session.record_archive_output_complete(file_path.metadata()?.len());
+        }
+        result
+    } else if let Some(request_limiter) = request_limiter {
+        download_and_extract(
+            url,
+            format,
+            target_dir,
+            DownloadSession::new(shared, Some(request_limiter), cancel_token),
+        )
+    } else if resumable {
+        let session =
+            DownloadSession::new(shared, Some(DownloadRequestLimiter::new(1)), cancel_token);
+        download_and_extract(url, format, target_dir, session)
+    } else {
+        let session = DownloadSession::new(shared, None, cancel_token);
+        let result = streaming_download_and_extract(url, format, target_dir, &session);
+        if result.is_ok() {
+            session.record_archive_output_complete(0);
+        }
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downloads and extracts a snapshot archive asynchronously.
+///
+/// When `shared` is provided, download progress is reported to the shared
+/// counter for aggregated display. Otherwise uses a local progress bar.
+/// When `resumable` is true, uses two-phase download with `.part` files.
+pub(crate) async fn stream_and_extract(
+    url: &str,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+    shared: Option<Arc<SharedProgress>>,
+    resumable: bool,
+    request_limiter: Option<Arc<DownloadRequestLimiter>>,
+    cancel_token: CancellationToken,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let target_dir = target_dir.to_path_buf();
+    let url = url.to_string();
+    task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+        blocking_download_and_extract(
+            &url,
+            &target_dir,
+            shared,
+            resumable,
+            request_limiter,
+            cancel_token,
+        )
+    })
+    .await??;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compression_format_detection() {
+        assert!(matches!(
+            CompressionFormat::from_url("https://example.com/snapshot.tar.lz4"),
+            Ok(CompressionFormat::Lz4)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            CompressionFormat::from_url("https://example.com/snapshot.tar.zst"),
+            Ok(CompressionFormat::Zstd)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            CompressionFormat::from_url("file:///path/to/snapshot.tar.lz4"),
+            Ok(CompressionFormat::Lz4)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            CompressionFormat::from_url("file:///path/to/snapshot.tar.zst"),
+            Ok(CompressionFormat::Zstd)
+        ));
+        assert!(CompressionFormat::from_url("https://example.com/snapshot.tar.gz").is_err());
+    }
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/download/manifest.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ use std::{
 };
 use tracing::info;
 
+fn is_zero(value: &u64) -> bool {
+    *value == 0
+}
+
 /// A snapshot manifest describes available components for a snapshot at a given block height.
 ///
 /// Each component is either a single archive (state) or a set of chunked archives (static file
@@ -62,6 +66,12 @@ pub struct SingleArchive {
     pub file: String,
     /// Compressed archive size in bytes.
     pub size: u64,
+    /// Total extracted plain-output size in bytes.
+    ///
+    /// Older manifests may omit this, in which case downloaders should derive it from
+    /// `output_files`.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "is_zero")]
+    pub decompressed_size: u64,
     /// Optional BLAKE3 checksum of the compressed archive.
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub blake3: Option<String>,
@@ -83,6 +93,12 @@ pub struct ChunkedArchive {
     /// Computed during manifest generation. Older manifests may omit this.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub chunk_sizes: Vec<u64>,
+    /// Extracted plain-output size of each chunk in bytes, ordered from first to last.
+    ///
+    /// Older manifests may omit this, in which case downloaders should derive it from
+    /// `chunk_output_files`.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+    pub chunk_decompressed_sizes: Vec<u64>,
     /// Expected extracted plain files per chunk, ordered from first to last.
     ///
     /// This is the authoritative integrity source for the modular download path.
@@ -101,9 +117,9 @@ pub struct OutputFileChecksum {
     pub blake3: String,
 }
 
-/// A single archive with concrete URL and optional integrity metadata.
+/// A concrete snapshot archive with its download and verification metadata.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct ArchiveDescriptor {
+pub struct SnapshotArchive {
     pub url: String,
     pub file_name: String,
     pub size: u64,
@@ -111,6 +127,13 @@ pub struct ArchiveDescriptor {
     pub output_files: Vec<OutputFileChecksum>,
 }
 
+impl SnapshotArchive {
+    /// Returns the total extracted plain-output size for this archive.
+    pub fn output_size(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.output_files.iter().map(|file| file.size).sum()
+    }
+}
+
 /// How much of a component to download.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum ComponentSelection {
@@ -119,6 +142,9 @@ pub enum ComponentSelection {
     /// Download only the most recent chunks covering at least `distance` blocks.
     /// Maps to `PruneMode::Distance(distance)` in the generated config.
     Distance(u64),
+    /// Download chunks starting at the specified block number.
+    /// Maps to `PruneMode::Before(block)` in the generated config.
+    Since(u64),
     /// Don't download this component at all.
     /// Maps to `PruneMode::Full` for tx-based segments, or a minimal distance for others.
     None,
@@ -129,6 +155,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for ComponentSelection {
         match self {
             Self::All => write!(f, "All"),
             Self::Distance(d) => write!(f, "Last {d} blocks"),
+            Self::Since(block) => write!(f, "Since block {block}"),
             Self::None => write!(f, "None"),
         }
     }
@@ -311,19 +338,19 @@ impl SnapshotManifest {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Returns concrete archive descriptors for a component, optionally limited to distance.
-    pub fn archive_descriptors_for_distance(
+    /// Returns concrete snapshot archives for a component, optionally limited to distance.
+    pub fn snapshot_archives_for_distance(
         &self,
         ty: SnapshotComponentType,
         distance: Option<u64>,
-    ) -> Vec<ArchiveDescriptor> {
+    ) -> Vec<SnapshotArchive> {
         let Some(component) = self.component(ty) else {
             return vec![];
         };
 
         match component {
             ComponentManifest::Single(single) => {
-                vec![ArchiveDescriptor {
+                vec![SnapshotArchive {
                     url: format!("{}/{}", self.base_url_or_empty(), single.file),
                     file_name: single.file.clone(),
                     size: single.size,
@@ -353,7 +380,7 @@ impl SnapshotManifest {
                         let output_files =
                             chunked.chunk_output_files.get(i as usize).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
 
-                        ArchiveDescriptor {
+                        SnapshotArchive {
                             url: format!("{}/{}", self.base_url_or_empty(), file_name),
                             file_name,
                             size,
@@ -394,6 +421,36 @@ impl SnapshotManifest {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Returns the exact extracted plain-output size for a component given a distance selection.
+    pub fn output_size_for_distance(
+        &self,
+        ty: SnapshotComponentType,
+        distance: Option<u64>,
+    ) -> u64 {
+        let Some(component) = self.component(ty) else {
+            return 0;
+        };
+
+        match component {
+            ComponentManifest::Single(single) => single.output_size(),
+            ComponentManifest::Chunked(chunked) => {
+                let num_chunks = chunked.num_chunks();
+                let start_chunk = match distance {
+                    Some(dist) => {
+                        let needed = dist.min(chunked.total_blocks);
+                        let needed_chunks = needed.div_ceil(chunked.blocks_per_file);
+                        num_chunks.saturating_sub(needed_chunks)
+                    }
+                    None => 0,
+                };
+
+                (start_chunk..num_chunks)
+                    .map(|index| chunked.chunk_output_size(index as usize))
+                    .sum()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns the number of chunks that would be downloaded for a given distance.
     pub fn chunks_for_distance(&self, ty: SnapshotComponentType, distance: Option<u64>) -> u64 {
         let Some(ComponentManifest::Chunked(chunked)) = self.component(ty) else {
@@ -417,6 +474,14 @@ impl ComponentManifest {
             Self::Chunked(c) => c.chunk_sizes.iter().sum(),
         }
     }
+
+    /// Returns the total extracted plain-output size for this component.
+    pub fn total_output_size(&self) -> u64 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Single(single) => single.output_size(),
+            Self::Chunked(chunked) => chunked.total_output_size(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl ChunkedArchive {
@@ -424,6 +489,39 @@ impl ChunkedArchive {
     pub fn num_chunks(&self) -> u64 {
         self.total_blocks.div_ceil(self.blocks_per_file)
     }
+
+    /// Returns the extracted plain-output size for one chunk.
+    pub fn chunk_output_size(&self, index: usize) -> u64 {
+        self.chunk_decompressed_sizes.get(index).copied().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            self.chunk_output_files
+                .get(index)
+                .map(|files| files.iter().map(|file| file.size).sum())
+                .unwrap_or(0)
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the total extracted plain-output size across all chunks.
+    pub fn total_output_size(&self) -> u64 {
+        if !self.chunk_decompressed_sizes.is_empty() {
+            self.chunk_decompressed_sizes.iter().sum()
+        } else {
+            self.chunk_output_files
+                .iter()
+                .map(|files| files.iter().map(|file| file.size).sum::<u64>())
+                .sum()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SingleArchive {
+    /// Returns the total extracted plain-output size for this archive.
+    pub fn output_size(&self) -> u64 {
+        if self.decompressed_size != 0 {
+            self.decompressed_size
+        } else {
+            self.output_files.iter().map(|file| file.size).sum()
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// Fetch a snapshot manifest from a URL.
@@ -512,6 +610,10 @@ pub fn generate_manifest(
                     blocks_per_file,
                     total_blocks: block,
                     chunk_sizes,
+                    chunk_decompressed_sizes: chunk_output_files
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|files| files.iter().map(|file| file.size).sum())
+                        .collect(),
                     chunk_output_files,
                 }),
             );
@@ -528,6 +630,7 @@ pub fn generate_manifest(
         ComponentManifest::Single(SingleArchive {
             file: "state.tar.zst".to_string(),
             size: state_size,
+            decompressed_size: state_output_files.iter().map(|file| file.size).sum(),
             blake3: None,
             output_files: state_output_files,
         }),
@@ -542,6 +645,7 @@ pub fn generate_manifest(
             ComponentManifest::Single(SingleArchive {
                 file: "rocksdb_indices.tar.zst".to_string(),
                 size: rocksdb_size,
+                decompressed_size: rocksdb_output_files.iter().map(|file| file.size).sum(),
                 blake3: None,
                 output_files: rocksdb_output_files,
             }),
@@ -810,6 +914,7 @@ mod tests {
             ComponentManifest::Single(SingleArchive {
                 file: "state.tar.zst".to_string(),
                 size: 100,
+                decompressed_size: 0,
                 blake3: None,
                 output_files: vec![],
             }),
@@ -820,6 +925,7 @@ mod tests {
                 blocks_per_file: 500_000,
                 total_blocks: 1_500_000,
                 chunk_sizes: vec![80_000, 100_000, 120_000],
+                chunk_decompressed_sizes: vec![],
                 chunk_output_files: vec![vec![], vec![], vec![]],
             }),
         );
@@ -829,6 +935,7 @@ mod tests {
                 blocks_per_file: 500_000,
                 total_blocks: 1_500_000,
                 chunk_sizes: vec![40_000, 50_000, 60_000],
+                chunk_decompressed_sizes: vec![],
                 chunk_output_files: vec![vec![], vec![], vec![]],
             }),
         );
@@ -879,6 +986,7 @@ mod tests {
             ComponentManifest::Single(SingleArchive {
                 file: "rocksdb_indices.tar.zst".to_string(),
                 size: 777,
+                decompressed_size: 0,
                 blake3: None,
                 output_files: vec![],
             }),
@@ -936,6 +1044,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn component_selection_display() {
         assert_eq!(ComponentSelection::All.to_string(), "All");
         assert_eq!(ComponentSelection::Distance(10_064).to_string(), "Last 10064 blocks");
+        assert_eq!(ComponentSelection::Since(15_537_394).to_string(), "Since block 15537394");
         assert_eq!(ComponentSelection::None.to_string(), "None");
     }
 
@@ -950,6 +1059,7 @@ mod tests {
                 blocks_per_file: 500_000,
                 total_blocks: 24_396_822,
                 chunk_sizes: vec![100; 49], // 49 chunks
+                chunk_decompressed_sizes: vec![],
                 chunk_output_files: vec![vec![]; 49],
             }),
         );
@@ -992,6 +1102,68 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(m.size_for_distance(SnapshotComponentType::Receipts, None), 0);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn output_size_for_distance_uses_manifest_or_output_files() {
+        let m = test_manifest();
+        assert_eq!(m.output_size_for_distance(SnapshotComponentType::Transactions, None), 0);
+
+        let mut components = BTreeMap::new();
+        components.insert(
+            "state".to_string(),
+            ComponentManifest::Single(SingleArchive {
+                file: "state.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                size: 100,
+                decompressed_size: 1_000,
+                blake3: None,
+                output_files: vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                    path: "db/mdbx.dat".to_string(),
+                    size: 1_000,
+                    blake3: "h0".to_string(),
+                }],
+            }),
+        );
+        components.insert(
+            "transactions".to_string(),
+            ComponentManifest::Chunked(ChunkedArchive {
+                blocks_per_file: 500_000,
+                total_blocks: 1_000_000,
+                chunk_sizes: vec![80_000, 120_000],
+                chunk_decompressed_sizes: vec![111, 222],
+                chunk_output_files: vec![
+                    vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                        path: "static_files/static_file_transactions_0_499999.bin".to_string(),
+                        size: 111,
+                        blake3: "h0".to_string(),
+                    }],
+                    vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                        path: "static_files/static_file_transactions_500000_999999.bin".to_string(),
+                        size: 222,
+                        blake3: "h1".to_string(),
+                    }],
+                ],
+            }),
+        );
+        let manifest = SnapshotManifest {
+            block: 1_000_000,
+            chain_id: 1,
+            storage_version: 2,
+            timestamp: 0,
+            base_url: Some("https://example.com".to_string()),
+            reth_version: None,
+            components,
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(manifest.output_size_for_distance(SnapshotComponentType::State, None), 1_000);
+        assert_eq!(
+            manifest.output_size_for_distance(SnapshotComponentType::Transactions, None),
+            333
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            manifest.output_size_for_distance(SnapshotComponentType::Transactions, Some(500_000)),
+            222
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn archive_descriptors_include_checksum_metadata() {
         let mut components = BTreeMap::new();
@@ -1000,6 +1172,7 @@ mod tests {
             ComponentManifest::Single(SingleArchive {
                 file: "state.tar.zst".to_string(),
                 size: 100,
+                decompressed_size: 1_000,
                 blake3: Some("abc123".to_string()),
                 output_files: vec![OutputFileChecksum {
                     path: "db/mdbx.dat".to_string(),
@@ -1014,6 +1187,7 @@ mod tests {
                 blocks_per_file: 500_000,
                 total_blocks: 1_000_000,
                 chunk_sizes: vec![80_000, 120_000],
+                chunk_decompressed_sizes: vec![111, 222],
                 chunk_output_files: vec![
                     vec![OutputFileChecksum {
                         path: "static_files/static_file_transactions_0_499999.bin".to_string(),
@@ -1039,13 +1213,13 @@ mod tests {
             components,
         };
 
-        let state = m.archive_descriptors_for_distance(SnapshotComponentType::State, None);
+        let state = m.snapshot_archives_for_distance(SnapshotComponentType::State, None);
         assert_eq!(state.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(state[0].file_name, "state.tar.zst");
         assert_eq!(state[0].blake3.as_deref(), Some("abc123"));
         assert_eq!(state[0].output_files.len(), 1);
 
-        let tx = m.archive_descriptors_for_distance(SnapshotComponentType::Transactions, None);
+        let tx = m.snapshot_archives_for_distance(SnapshotComponentType::Transactions, None);
         assert_eq!(tx.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(tx[0].blake3, None);
         assert_eq!(tx[1].blake3, None);
@@ -1068,6 +1242,7 @@ mod tests {
             panic!("state should be a single archive")
         };
         assert_eq!(state.file, "state.tar.zst");
+        assert!(state.decompressed_size > 0);
         assert!(!state.output_files.is_empty());
         assert_eq!(state.output_files[0].path, "db/mdbx.dat");
         assert!(output.path().join("state.tar.zst").exists());
@@ -1092,6 +1267,7 @@ mod tests {
             panic!("rocksdb indices should be a single archive")
         };
         assert_eq!(rocksdb.file, "rocksdb_indices.tar.zst");
+        assert!(rocksdb.decompressed_size > 0);
         assert!(!rocksdb.output_files.is_empty());
         assert_eq!(rocksdb.output_files[0].path, "rocksdb/CURRENT");
         assert!(output.path().join("rocksdb_indices.tar.zst").exists());

crates/cli/commands/src/download/manifest_cmd.rs

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ pub struct SnapshotManifestCommand {
 }
 
 impl SnapshotManifestCommand {
+    /// Packages snapshot archives and writes the manifest file.
     pub fn execute(self) -> Result<()> {
         let block = match self.block {
             Some(block) => block,
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ impl SnapshotManifestCommand {
     }
 }
 
+/// Infers the snapshot block from the source datadir.
 fn infer_snapshot_block(source_datadir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<u64> {
     if let Ok(block) = infer_snapshot_block_from_db(source_datadir) {
         return Ok(block);
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ fn infer_snapshot_block(source_datadir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<u64> {
     Ok(block)
 }
 
+/// Reads the snapshot block from the source database Finish stage checkpoint.
 fn infer_snapshot_block_from_db(source_datadir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<u64> {
     let candidates = [source_datadir.join("db"), source_datadir.to_path_buf()];
 
@@ -126,6 +129,7 @@ fn infer_snapshot_block_from_db(source_datadir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<u64>
     )
 }
 
+/// Infers the snapshot block from the highest header static-file range.
 fn infer_snapshot_block_from_headers(source_datadir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<u64> {
     let max_end = header_ranges(source_datadir)?
         .into_iter()
@@ -135,6 +139,7 @@ fn infer_snapshot_block_from_headers(source_datadir: &std::path::Path) -> Result
     Ok(max_end)
 }
 
+/// Infers the static-file block span from header file ranges.
 fn infer_blocks_per_file(source_datadir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<u64> {
     let mut inferred = None;
     for (start, end) in header_ranges(source_datadir)? {
@@ -161,6 +166,7 @@ fn infer_blocks_per_file(source_datadir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<u64> {
     })
 }
 
+/// Collects header static-file ranges from the source datadir.
 fn header_ranges(source_datadir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<Vec<(u64, u64)>> {
     let static_files_dir = source_datadir.join("static_files");
     let static_files_dir =
@@ -183,6 +189,7 @@ fn header_ranges(source_datadir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<Vec<(u64, u64)>> {
     Ok(ranges)
 }
 
+/// Parses the block range from a header static-file name.
 fn parse_headers_range(file_name: &str) -> Option<(u64, u64)> {
     let remainder = file_name.strip_prefix("static_file_headers_")?;
     let (start, end_with_suffix) = remainder.split_once('_')?;

crates/cli/commands/src/download/planning.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+use super::{manifest::*, verify::OutputVerifier};
+use eyre::Result;
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, path::Path};
+use tracing::info;
+
+/// One archive selected from the manifest, along with its component name.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct PlannedArchive {
+    /// Snapshot component type this archive belongs to.
+    pub(crate) ty: SnapshotComponentType,
+    /// User-facing component name used in logs.
+    pub(crate) component: String,
+    /// Concrete snapshot archive metadata resolved from the manifest.
+    pub(crate) archive: SnapshotArchive,
+}
+
+/// The archive list for a modular snapshot download.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct PlannedDownloads {
+    /// Concrete archives that still need reuse checks or processing.
+    pub(crate) archives: Vec<PlannedArchive>,
+    /// Total compressed download size of all planned archives.
+    pub(crate) total_download_size: u64,
+    /// Total extracted plain-output size of all planned archives.
+    pub(crate) total_output_size: u64,
+}
+
+impl PlannedDownloads {
+    /// Returns the number of concrete archives queued for this snapshot selection.
+    pub(crate) const fn total_archives(&self) -> usize {
+        self.archives.len()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the sort priority used to schedule archives.
+pub(crate) const fn archive_priority_rank(ty: SnapshotComponentType) -> u8 {
+    match ty {
+        SnapshotComponentType::State => 0,
+        SnapshotComponentType::RocksdbIndices => 1,
+        _ => 2,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Startup summary showing how much of the selected work can be reused.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct DownloadStartupSummary {
+    /// Archives whose declared outputs already verify on disk.
+    pub(crate) reusable: usize,
+    /// Archives that still need to be downloaded or retried.
+    pub(crate) needs_download: usize,
+}
+
+/// Checks selected archives against existing output files before work begins.
+pub(crate) fn summarize_download_startup(
+    all_downloads: &[PlannedArchive],
+    target_dir: &Path,
+) -> Result<DownloadStartupSummary> {
+    let mut summary = DownloadStartupSummary::default();
+    let verifier = OutputVerifier::new(target_dir);
+
+    for planned in all_downloads {
+        if verifier.verify(&planned.archive.output_files)? {
+            summary.reusable += 1;
+        } else {
+            summary.needs_download += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(summary)
+}
+
+/// Converts a selection into the manifest distance form used for archive lookup.
+fn selection_archive_distance(
+    selection: &ComponentSelection,
+    snapshot_block: u64,
+) -> Option<Option<u64>> {
+    match selection {
+        ComponentSelection::All => Some(None),
+        ComponentSelection::Distance(distance) => Some(Some(*distance)),
+        ComponentSelection::Since(block) => Some(Some(snapshot_block.saturating_sub(*block) + 1)),
+        ComponentSelection::None => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sorts planned archives into a stable processing order.
+fn sort_planned_archives(all_downloads: &mut [PlannedArchive]) {
+    all_downloads.sort_by(|a, b| {
+        archive_priority_rank(a.ty)
+            .cmp(&archive_priority_rank(b.ty))
+            .then_with(|| a.component.cmp(&b.component))
+            .then_with(|| a.archive.file_name.cmp(&b.archive.file_name))
+    });
+}
+
+/// Expands component selections into the archives that need to be processed.
+pub(crate) fn collect_planned_archives(
+    manifest: &SnapshotManifest,
+    selections: &BTreeMap<SnapshotComponentType, ComponentSelection>,
+) -> Result<PlannedDownloads> {
+    let mut archives = Vec::new();
+    let mut total_download_size = 0;
+    let mut total_output_size = 0;
+
+    for (ty, selection) in selections {
+        let Some(distance) = selection_archive_distance(selection, manifest.block) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        total_download_size += manifest.size_for_distance(*ty, distance);
+        total_output_size += manifest.output_size_for_distance(*ty, distance);
+
+        let snapshot_archives = manifest.snapshot_archives_for_distance(*ty, distance);
+        let component = ty.display_name().to_string();
+        if !snapshot_archives.is_empty() {
+            info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                component = %component,
+                archives = snapshot_archives.len(),
+                selection = %selection,
+                "Queued component for download"
+            );
+        }
+
+        for archive in snapshot_archives {
+            if archive.output_files.is_empty() {
+                eyre::bail!(
+                    "Invalid modular manifest: {} is missing plain output checksum metadata",
+                    archive.file_name
+                );
+            }
+
+            archives.push(PlannedArchive { ty: *ty, component: component.clone(), archive });
+        }
+    }
+
+    sort_planned_archives(&mut archives);
+    Ok(PlannedDownloads { archives, total_download_size, total_output_size })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn summarize_download_startup_counts_reusable_and_needs_download() {
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let target_dir = dir.path();
+        let ok_file = target_dir.join("ok.bin");
+        std::fs::write(&ok_file, vec![1_u8; 4]).unwrap();
+        let ok_hash = blake3::hash(&[1_u8; 4]).to_hex().to_string();
+
+        let planned = vec![
+            PlannedArchive {
+                ty: SnapshotComponentType::State,
+                component: "State".to_string(),
+                archive: SnapshotArchive {
+                    url: "https://example.com/ok.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                    file_name: "ok.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                    size: 10,
+                    blake3: None,
+                    output_files: vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                        path: "ok.bin".to_string(),
+                        size: 4,
+                        blake3: ok_hash,
+                    }],
+                },
+            },
+            PlannedArchive {
+                ty: SnapshotComponentType::Headers,
+                component: "Headers".to_string(),
+                archive: SnapshotArchive {
+                    url: "https://example.com/missing.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                    file_name: "missing.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                    size: 10,
+                    blake3: None,
+                    output_files: vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                        path: "missing.bin".to_string(),
+                        size: 1,
+                        blake3: "deadbeef".to_string(),
+                    }],
+                },
+            },
+            PlannedArchive {
+                ty: SnapshotComponentType::Transactions,
+                component: "Transactions".to_string(),
+                archive: SnapshotArchive {
+                    url: "https://example.com/bad-size.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                    file_name: "bad-size.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                    size: 10,
+                    blake3: None,
+                    output_files: vec![],
+                },
+            },
+        ];
+
+        let summary = summarize_download_startup(&planned, target_dir).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(summary.reusable, 1);
+        assert_eq!(summary.needs_download, 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn archive_priority_prefers_state_then_rocksdb() {
+        let mut planned = [
+            PlannedArchive {
+                ty: SnapshotComponentType::Transactions,
+                component: "Transactions".to_string(),
+                archive: SnapshotArchive {
+                    url: "u3".to_string(),
+                    file_name: "t.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                    size: 1,
+                    blake3: None,
+                    output_files: vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                        path: "a".to_string(),
+                        size: 1,
+                        blake3: "x".to_string(),
+                    }],
+                },
+            },
+            PlannedArchive {
+                ty: SnapshotComponentType::RocksdbIndices,
+                component: "RocksDB Indices".to_string(),
+                archive: SnapshotArchive {
+                    url: "u2".to_string(),
+                    file_name: "rocksdb_indices.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                    size: 1,
+                    blake3: None,
+                    output_files: vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                        path: "b".to_string(),
+                        size: 1,
+                        blake3: "y".to_string(),
+                    }],
+                },
+            },
+            PlannedArchive {
+                ty: SnapshotComponentType::State,
+                component: "State (mdbx)".to_string(),
+                archive: SnapshotArchive {
+                    url: "u1".to_string(),
+                    file_name: "state.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                    size: 1,
+                    blake3: None,
+                    output_files: vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                        path: "c".to_string(),
+                        size: 1,
+                        blake3: "z".to_string(),
+                    }],
+                },
+            },
+        ];
+
+        planned.sort_by(|a, b| {
+            archive_priority_rank(a.ty)
+                .cmp(&archive_priority_rank(b.ty))
+                .then_with(|| a.component.cmp(&b.component))
+                .then_with(|| a.archive.file_name.cmp(&b.archive.file_name))
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(planned[0].ty, SnapshotComponentType::State);
+        assert_eq!(planned[1].ty, SnapshotComponentType::RocksdbIndices);
+        assert_eq!(planned[2].ty, SnapshotComponentType::Transactions);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn collect_planned_archives_tracks_download_and_output_totals() {
+        let mut components = BTreeMap::new();
+        components.insert(
+            "state".to_string(),
+            ComponentManifest::Single(SingleArchive {
+                file: "state.tar.zst".to_string(),
+                size: 10,
+                decompressed_size: 100,
+                blake3: None,
+                output_files: vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                    path: "db/mdbx.dat".to_string(),
+                    size: 100,
+                    blake3: "h0".to_string(),
+                }],
+            }),
+        );
+        components.insert(
+            "transactions".to_string(),
+            ComponentManifest::Chunked(ChunkedArchive {
+                blocks_per_file: 500_000,
+                total_blocks: 1_000_000,
+                chunk_sizes: vec![20, 30],
+                chunk_decompressed_sizes: vec![200, 300],
+                chunk_output_files: vec![
+                    vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                        path: "static_files/tx-0".to_string(),
+                        size: 200,
+                        blake3: "h1".to_string(),
+                    }],
+                    vec![OutputFileChecksum {
+                        path: "static_files/tx-1".to_string(),
+                        size: 300,
+                        blake3: "h2".to_string(),
+                    }],
+                ],
+            }),
+        );
+
+        let manifest = SnapshotManifest {
+            block: 1_000_000,
+            chain_id: 1,
+            storage_version: 2,
+            timestamp: 0,
+            base_url: Some("https://example.com".to_string()),
+            reth_version: None,
+            components,
+        };
+
+        let selections = BTreeMap::from([
+            (SnapshotComponentType::State, ComponentSelection::All),
+            (SnapshotComponentType::Transactions, ComponentSelection::Distance(500_000)),
+        ]);
+
+        let planned = collect_planned_archives(&manifest, &selections).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(planned.total_download_size, 40);
+        assert_eq!(planned.total_output_size, 400);
+        assert_eq!(planned.archives.len(), 2);
+    }
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/download/progress.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,844 @@
+use eyre::Result;
+use reth_cli_util::cancellation::CancellationToken;
+use std::{
+    io::{self, Read, Write},
+    sync::{
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering},
+        Arc, Condvar, Mutex,
+    },
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+use tracing::info;
+
+const BYTE_UNITS: [&str; 4] = ["B", "KB", "MB", "GB"];
+
+/// Tracks download progress and throttles display updates to every 100ms.
+pub(crate) struct DownloadProgress {
+    /// Bytes copied so far for this single download.
+    pub(crate) downloaded: u64,
+    /// Total bytes expected for this single download.
+    total_size: u64,
+    /// Time when the progress line was last printed.
+    last_displayed: Instant,
+    /// Time when this progress tracker started.
+    started_at: Instant,
+}
+
+impl DownloadProgress {
+    /// Creates new progress tracker with given total size
+    pub(crate) fn new(total_size: u64) -> Self {
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        Self { downloaded: 0, total_size, last_displayed: now, started_at: now }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts bytes to human readable format (B, KB, MB, GB)
+    pub(crate) fn format_size(size: u64) -> String {
+        let mut size = size as f64;
+        let mut unit_index = 0;
+
+        while size >= 1024.0 && unit_index < BYTE_UNITS.len() - 1 {
+            size /= 1024.0;
+            unit_index += 1;
+        }
+
+        format!("{:.2} {}", size, BYTE_UNITS[unit_index])
+    }
+
+    /// Format duration as human readable string
+    pub(crate) fn format_duration(duration: Duration) -> String {
+        let secs = duration.as_secs();
+        if secs < 60 {
+            format!("{secs}s")
+        } else if secs < 3600 {
+            format!("{}m {}s", secs / 60, secs % 60)
+        } else {
+            format!("{}h {}m", secs / 3600, (secs % 3600) / 60)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Updates progress bar (for single-archive legacy downloads)
+    pub(crate) fn update(&mut self, chunk_size: u64) -> Result<()> {
+        self.downloaded += chunk_size;
+
+        if self.last_displayed.elapsed() >= Duration::from_millis(100) {
+            let formatted_downloaded = Self::format_size(self.downloaded);
+            let formatted_total = Self::format_size(self.total_size);
+            let progress = (self.downloaded as f64 / self.total_size as f64) * 100.0;
+
+            let elapsed = self.started_at.elapsed();
+            let eta = if self.downloaded > 0 {
+                let remaining = self.total_size.saturating_sub(self.downloaded);
+                let speed = self.downloaded as f64 / elapsed.as_secs_f64();
+                if speed > 0.0 {
+                    Duration::from_secs_f64(remaining as f64 / speed)
+                } else {
+                    Duration::ZERO
+                }
+            } else {
+                Duration::ZERO
+            };
+            let eta_str = Self::format_duration(eta);
+
+            print!(
+                "\rDownloading and extracting... {progress:.2}% ({formatted_downloaded} / {formatted_total}) ETA: {eta_str}     ",
+            );
+            io::stdout().flush()?;
+            self.last_displayed = Instant::now();
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct PhaseStart {
+    started_at: Instant,
+    baseline_bytes: u64,
+}
+
+/// Shared progress counters for parallel downloads.
+pub(crate) struct SharedProgress {
+    /// Raw HTTP bytes fetched during this session, including retries.
+    pub(crate) session_fetched_bytes: AtomicU64,
+    /// Compressed bytes from archives that have fully downloaded.
+    pub(crate) completed_download_bytes: AtomicU64,
+    /// Compressed bytes written for currently active archive download attempts.
+    pub(crate) active_download_bytes: AtomicU64,
+    /// Total compressed bytes expected across all planned archives.
+    pub(crate) total_download_bytes: u64,
+    /// Plain-output bytes from archives that have fully verified.
+    pub(crate) completed_output_bytes: AtomicU64,
+    /// Plain-output bytes unpacked by currently active extractions.
+    pub(crate) active_extracted_output_bytes: AtomicU64,
+    /// Plain-output bytes hashed by currently active verifications.
+    pub(crate) active_verified_output_bytes: AtomicU64,
+    /// Total plain-output bytes expected across all planned archives.
+    pub(crate) total_output_bytes: u64,
+    /// Total number of planned archives.
+    pub(crate) total_archives: u64,
+    /// Time when the modular download job started.
+    pub(crate) started_at: Instant,
+    /// Time and baseline when the current extraction phase started.
+    extraction_phase: Mutex<Option<PhaseStart>>,
+    /// Time and baseline when the current verification phase started.
+    verification_phase: Mutex<Option<PhaseStart>>,
+    /// Number of archives that have fully finished.
+    pub(crate) archives_done: AtomicU64,
+    /// Number of archives currently in the fetch phase.
+    pub(crate) active_downloads: AtomicU64,
+    /// Number of in-flight HTTP requests.
+    pub(crate) active_download_requests: AtomicU64,
+    /// Number of archives currently extracting.
+    pub(crate) active_extractions: AtomicU64,
+    /// Number of archives currently verifying extracted outputs.
+    pub(crate) active_verifications: AtomicU64,
+    /// Signals the background progress task to exit.
+    pub(crate) done: AtomicBool,
+    /// Cancellation token shared by the whole command.
+    cancel_token: CancellationToken,
+}
+
+impl SharedProgress {
+    /// Creates the shared progress state for a modular download job.
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        total_download_bytes: u64,
+        total_output_bytes: u64,
+        total_archives: u64,
+        cancel_token: CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Arc<Self> {
+        Arc::new(Self {
+            session_fetched_bytes: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            completed_download_bytes: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            active_download_bytes: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            total_download_bytes,
+            completed_output_bytes: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            active_extracted_output_bytes: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            active_verified_output_bytes: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            total_output_bytes,
+            total_archives,
+            started_at: Instant::now(),
+            extraction_phase: Mutex::new(None),
+            verification_phase: Mutex::new(None),
+            archives_done: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            active_downloads: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            active_download_requests: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            active_extractions: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            active_verifications: AtomicU64::new(0),
+            done: AtomicBool::new(false),
+            cancel_token,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether the whole command has been cancelled.
+    pub(crate) fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cancel_token.is_cancelled()
+    }
+
+    /// Adds raw session traffic bytes without affecting logical progress.
+    pub(crate) fn record_session_fetched_bytes(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        self.session_fetched_bytes.fetch_add(bytes, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn add_active_download_bytes(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        self.active_download_bytes.fetch_add(bytes, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn sub_active_download_bytes(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        sub_bytes(&self.active_download_bytes, bytes);
+    }
+
+    fn add_active_extracted_output_bytes(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        self.active_extracted_output_bytes.fetch_add(bytes, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    fn sub_active_extracted_output_bytes(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        sub_bytes(&self.active_extracted_output_bytes, bytes);
+    }
+
+    fn add_active_verified_output_bytes(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        self.active_verified_output_bytes.fetch_add(bytes, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    fn sub_active_verified_output_bytes(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        sub_bytes(&self.active_verified_output_bytes, bytes);
+    }
+
+    /// Records an archive whose outputs were already present locally.
+    pub(crate) fn record_reused_archive(&self, download_bytes: u64, output_bytes: u64) {
+        self.completed_download_bytes.fetch_add(download_bytes, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        self.completed_output_bytes.fetch_add(output_bytes, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        self.archives_done.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records an archive whose compressed download completed successfully.
+    pub(crate) fn record_archive_download_complete(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        self.completed_download_bytes.fetch_add(bytes, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records an archive whose extracted outputs have fully verified.
+    pub(crate) fn record_archive_output_complete(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        self.completed_output_bytes.fetch_add(bytes, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        self.archives_done.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns logical compressed download progress.
+    pub(crate) fn logical_downloaded_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        (self.completed_download_bytes.load(Ordering::Relaxed) +
+            self.active_download_bytes.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+        .min(self.total_download_bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns verified plain-output bytes.
+    pub(crate) fn verified_output_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.completed_output_bytes.load(Ordering::Relaxed).min(self.total_output_bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns plain-output bytes currently represented by extraction progress.
+    pub(crate) fn extracting_output_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        (self.completed_output_bytes.load(Ordering::Relaxed) +
+            self.active_extracted_output_bytes.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+        .min(self.total_output_bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns plain-output bytes currently represented by verification progress.
+    pub(crate) fn verifying_output_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
+        (self.completed_output_bytes.load(Ordering::Relaxed) +
+            self.active_verified_output_bytes.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+        .min(self.total_output_bytes)
+    }
+
+    fn restart_phase(slot: &Mutex<Option<PhaseStart>>, baseline_bytes: u64) {
+        *slot.lock().unwrap() = Some(PhaseStart { started_at: Instant::now(), baseline_bytes });
+    }
+
+    fn phase_eta(
+        slot: &Mutex<Option<PhaseStart>>,
+        current_bytes: u64,
+        total_bytes: u64,
+    ) -> Option<Duration> {
+        let phase = *slot.lock().unwrap();
+        let phase = phase?;
+        let done = current_bytes.saturating_sub(phase.baseline_bytes);
+        let total = total_bytes.saturating_sub(phase.baseline_bytes);
+        eta_from_progress(phase.started_at.elapsed(), done, total)
+    }
+
+    fn extraction_eta(&self, current_bytes: u64) -> Option<Duration> {
+        Self::phase_eta(&self.extraction_phase, current_bytes, self.total_output_bytes)
+    }
+
+    fn verification_eta(&self, current_bytes: u64) -> Option<Duration> {
+        Self::phase_eta(&self.verification_phase, current_bytes, self.total_output_bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Marks one archive as actively downloading.
+    pub(crate) fn download_started(&self) {
+        self.active_downloads.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    /// Marks one archive download as finished.
+    pub(crate) fn download_finished(&self) {
+        sub_bytes(&self.active_downloads, 1);
+    }
+
+    /// Marks one HTTP request as in flight.
+    pub(crate) fn request_started(&self) {
+        self.active_download_requests.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    /// Marks one HTTP request as finished.
+    pub(crate) fn request_finished(&self) {
+        sub_bytes(&self.active_download_requests, 1);
+    }
+
+    /// Marks one archive as actively extracting.
+    pub(crate) fn extraction_started(&self) {
+        if self.active_extractions.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
+            Self::restart_phase(
+                &self.extraction_phase,
+                self.completed_output_bytes.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Marks one archive extraction as finished.
+    pub(crate) fn extraction_finished(&self) {
+        sub_bytes(&self.active_extractions, 1);
+    }
+
+    /// Marks one archive as actively verifying outputs.
+    pub(crate) fn verification_started(&self) {
+        if self.active_verifications.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) == 0 {
+            Self::restart_phase(
+                &self.verification_phase,
+                self.completed_output_bytes.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Marks one archive verification as finished.
+    pub(crate) fn verification_finished(&self) {
+        sub_bytes(&self.active_verifications, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+fn sub_bytes(counter: &AtomicU64, bytes: u64) {
+    let _ = counter.fetch_update(Ordering::Relaxed, Ordering::Relaxed, |current| {
+        Some(current.saturating_sub(bytes))
+    });
+}
+
+fn eta_from_progress(elapsed: Duration, done: u64, total: u64) -> Option<Duration> {
+    if done == 0 || done >= total {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let secs = elapsed.as_secs_f64();
+    if secs <= 0.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let speed = done as f64 / secs;
+    if speed <= 0.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(Duration::from_secs_f64((total - done) as f64 / speed))
+}
+
+fn format_percent(done: u64, total: u64) -> String {
+    if total == 0 {
+        return "100.0%".to_string();
+    }
+
+    format!("{:.1}%", (done as f64 / total as f64) * 100.0)
+}
+
+fn format_eta(eta: Option<Duration>) -> String {
+    eta.map(DownloadProgress::format_duration).unwrap_or_else(|| "unknown".to_string())
+}
+
+/// Global request limit for the blocking downloader.
+///
+/// This uses `Mutex + Condvar` because the segmented path runs blocking reqwest
+/// clients on OS threads.
+pub(crate) struct DownloadRequestLimiter {
+    /// Maximum number of in-flight HTTP requests.
+    limit: usize,
+    /// Current number of acquired request slots.
+    active: Mutex<usize>,
+    /// Wakes blocked threads when a slot is released.
+    notify: Condvar,
+}
+
+impl DownloadRequestLimiter {
+    /// Creates the shared request limiter.
+    pub(crate) fn new(limit: usize) -> Arc<Self> {
+        Arc::new(Self { limit: limit.max(1), active: Mutex::new(0), notify: Condvar::new() })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the configured request limit.
+    pub(crate) fn max_concurrency(&self) -> usize {
+        self.limit
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn acquire<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        progress: Option<&'a Arc<SharedProgress>>,
+        cancel_token: &CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Result<DownloadRequestPermit<'a>> {
+        let mut active = self.active.lock().unwrap();
+        loop {
+            if cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!("Download cancelled"));
+            }
+
+            if *active < self.limit {
+                *active += 1;
+                if let Some(progress) = progress {
+                    progress.request_started();
+                }
+                return Ok(DownloadRequestPermit { limiter: self, progress });
+            }
+
+            // Wake periodically so cancellation can interrupt waiters even if
+            // no request finishes.
+            let (next_active, _) =
+                self.notify.wait_timeout(active, Duration::from_millis(100)).unwrap();
+            active = next_active;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// RAII permit for one in-flight HTTP request.
+///
+/// Dropping the permit releases a slot in the shared request limit and updates
+/// the live progress counters.
+pub(crate) struct DownloadRequestPermit<'a> {
+    /// Limiter that owns the request slot.
+    limiter: &'a DownloadRequestLimiter,
+    /// Shared progress counters updated when the permit drops.
+    progress: Option<&'a Arc<SharedProgress>>,
+}
+
+impl Drop for DownloadRequestPermit<'_> {
+    /// Releases the request slot and updates shared progress counters.
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let mut active = self.limiter.active.lock().unwrap();
+        *active = active.saturating_sub(1);
+        drop(active);
+        self.limiter.notify.notify_one();
+
+        if let Some(progress) = self.progress {
+            progress.request_finished();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tracks one active archive download attempt.
+pub(crate) struct ArchiveDownloadProgress<'a> {
+    progress: Option<&'a Arc<SharedProgress>>,
+    downloaded: u64,
+    completed: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ArchiveDownloadProgress<'a> {
+    /// Starts tracking one archive download attempt.
+    pub(crate) fn new(progress: Option<&'a Arc<SharedProgress>>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(progress) = progress {
+            progress.download_started();
+        }
+        Self { progress, downloaded: 0, completed: false }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds logical compressed bytes written by this attempt.
+    pub(crate) fn record_downloaded(&mut self, bytes: u64) {
+        self.downloaded += bytes;
+        if let Some(progress) = self.progress {
+            progress.add_active_download_bytes(bytes);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether this tracker has recorded any logical bytes itself.
+    pub(crate) fn has_tracked_bytes(&self) -> bool {
+        self.downloaded > 0
+    }
+
+    /// Moves this archive from active download bytes into completed download bytes.
+    pub(crate) fn complete(&mut self, total_bytes: u64) {
+        if self.completed {
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Some(progress) = self.progress {
+            progress.sub_active_download_bytes(self.downloaded);
+            progress.record_archive_download_complete(total_bytes);
+        }
+        self.downloaded = 0;
+        self.completed = true;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for ArchiveDownloadProgress<'_> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(progress) = self.progress {
+            progress.sub_active_download_bytes(self.downloaded);
+            progress.download_finished();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tracks one active archive extraction attempt.
+pub(crate) struct ArchiveExtractionProgress {
+    progress: Option<Arc<SharedProgress>>,
+    extracted: Arc<AtomicU64>,
+    finished: bool,
+}
+
+/// Cloneable handle for reporting extracted bytes from background monitoring.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct ArchiveExtractionProgressHandle {
+    progress: Arc<SharedProgress>,
+    extracted: Arc<AtomicU64>,
+}
+
+impl ArchiveExtractionProgress {
+    /// Starts tracking one archive extraction attempt.
+    pub(crate) fn new(progress: Option<&Arc<SharedProgress>>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(progress) = progress {
+            progress.extraction_started();
+        }
+        Self {
+            progress: progress.cloned(),
+            extracted: Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0)),
+            finished: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a cloneable handle that can report extraction progress from another thread.
+    pub(crate) fn handle(&self) -> Option<ArchiveExtractionProgressHandle> {
+        Some(ArchiveExtractionProgressHandle {
+            progress: Arc::clone(self.progress.as_ref()?),
+            extracted: Arc::clone(&self.extracted),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Adds plain-output bytes extracted by this attempt.
+    pub(crate) fn record_extracted(&mut self, bytes: u64) {
+        if let Some(handle) = self.handle() {
+            handle.record_extracted(bytes);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ends extraction tracking before verification begins.
+    pub(crate) fn finish(&mut self) {
+        if self.finished {
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Some(progress) = &self.progress {
+            progress.sub_active_extracted_output_bytes(self.extracted.swap(0, Ordering::Relaxed));
+        }
+        self.finished = true;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for ArchiveExtractionProgress {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(progress) = &self.progress {
+            progress.sub_active_extracted_output_bytes(self.extracted.swap(0, Ordering::Relaxed));
+            progress.extraction_finished();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ArchiveExtractionProgressHandle {
+    /// Adds plain-output bytes extracted by this attempt.
+    pub(crate) fn record_extracted(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        self.extracted.fetch_add(bytes, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        self.progress.add_active_extracted_output_bytes(bytes);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tracks one active archive verification attempt.
+pub(crate) struct ArchiveVerificationProgress<'a> {
+    progress: Option<&'a Arc<SharedProgress>>,
+    verified: u64,
+    completed: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> ArchiveVerificationProgress<'a> {
+    /// Starts tracking one archive verification attempt.
+    pub(crate) fn new(progress: Option<&'a Arc<SharedProgress>>) -> Self {
+        if let Some(progress) = progress {
+            progress.verification_started();
+        }
+        Self { progress, verified: 0, completed: false }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds plain-output bytes hashed by this verification attempt.
+    pub(crate) fn record_verified(&mut self, bytes: u64) {
+        self.verified += bytes;
+        if let Some(progress) = self.progress {
+            progress.add_active_verified_output_bytes(bytes);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Moves this archive from active verification bytes into completed output bytes.
+    pub(crate) fn complete(&mut self, total_bytes: u64) {
+        if self.completed {
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Some(progress) = self.progress {
+            progress.sub_active_verified_output_bytes(self.verified);
+            progress.record_archive_output_complete(total_bytes);
+        }
+        self.verified = 0;
+        self.completed = true;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for ArchiveVerificationProgress<'_> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(progress) = self.progress {
+            progress.sub_active_verified_output_bytes(self.verified);
+            progress.verification_finished();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Adapter to track progress while reading (used for extraction in legacy path)
+pub(crate) struct ProgressReader<R> {
+    /// Wrapped reader that provides archive bytes.
+    reader: R,
+    /// Per-download progress tracker for legacy paths.
+    progress: DownloadProgress,
+    /// Cancellation token checked between reads.
+    cancel_token: CancellationToken,
+}
+
+impl<R: Read> ProgressReader<R> {
+    /// Wraps a reader with per-download progress tracking.
+    pub(crate) fn new(reader: R, total_size: u64, cancel_token: CancellationToken) -> Self {
+        Self { reader, progress: DownloadProgress::new(total_size), cancel_token }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: Read> Read for ProgressReader<R> {
+    /// Reads bytes, checks cancellation, and updates the local progress bar.
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        if self.cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Interrupted, "download cancelled"));
+        }
+        let bytes = self.reader.read(buf)?;
+        if bytes > 0 &&
+            let Err(error) = self.progress.update(bytes as u64)
+        {
+            return Err(io::Error::other(error));
+        }
+        Ok(bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wrapper that bumps a shared atomic counter while writing data.
+/// Used for parallel downloads where a single display task shows aggregated progress.
+pub(crate) struct SharedProgressWriter<'a, W> {
+    /// Wrapped writer receiving downloaded bytes.
+    pub(crate) inner: W,
+    /// Shared counters updated as bytes are written.
+    pub(crate) progress: Arc<SharedProgress>,
+    /// Optional callback for logical bytes written by the current archive attempt.
+    pub(crate) on_written: Option<&'a mut dyn FnMut(u64)>,
+}
+
+impl<W: Write> Write for SharedProgressWriter<'_, W> {
+    /// Writes bytes and records them in shared progress.
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        if self.progress.is_cancelled() {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Interrupted, "download cancelled"));
+        }
+        let n = self.inner.write(buf)?;
+        self.progress.record_session_fetched_bytes(n as u64);
+        if let Some(on_written) = self.on_written.as_deref_mut() {
+            on_written(n as u64);
+        }
+        Ok(n)
+    }
+
+    /// Flushes the wrapped writer.
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.inner.flush()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wrapper that bumps a shared atomic counter while reading data.
+/// Used for streaming downloads where a single display task shows aggregated progress.
+pub(crate) struct SharedProgressReader<R> {
+    /// Wrapped reader producing streamed bytes.
+    pub(crate) inner: R,
+    /// Shared counters updated as bytes are read.
+    pub(crate) progress: Arc<SharedProgress>,
+}
+
+impl<R: Read> Read for SharedProgressReader<R> {
+    /// Reads bytes and records them in shared progress.
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        if self.progress.is_cancelled() {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Interrupted, "download cancelled"));
+        }
+        let n = self.inner.read(buf)?;
+        self.progress.record_session_fetched_bytes(n as u64);
+        Ok(n)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Spawns a background task that prints aggregated download progress.
+/// Returns a handle; drop it (or call `.abort()`) to stop.
+pub(crate) fn spawn_progress_display(progress: Arc<SharedProgress>) -> tokio::task::JoinHandle<()> {
+    tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(3));
+        interval.tick().await;
+        loop {
+            interval.tick().await;
+
+            if progress.done.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            let download_total = progress.total_download_bytes;
+            let output_total = progress.total_output_bytes;
+            if download_total == 0 && output_total == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let done = progress.archives_done.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+            let all = progress.total_archives;
+            let active_downloads = progress.active_downloads.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+            let active_requests = progress.active_download_requests.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+            let active_extractions = progress.active_extractions.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+            let active_verifications = progress.active_verifications.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+            let downloaded = progress.logical_downloaded_bytes();
+            let extracted = progress.extracting_output_bytes();
+            let verified = progress.verifying_output_bytes();
+            let elapsed = DownloadProgress::format_duration(progress.started_at.elapsed());
+            let download_total_display = DownloadProgress::format_size(download_total);
+            let output_total_display = DownloadProgress::format_size(output_total);
+            let downloaded_display = DownloadProgress::format_size(downloaded);
+            let extracted_display = DownloadProgress::format_size(extracted);
+            let active_download_phase = active_downloads > 0 || active_requests > 0;
+
+            if active_download_phase {
+                info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                    archives = format_args!("{done}/{all}"),
+                    progress = %format_percent(downloaded, download_total),
+                    elapsed = %elapsed,
+                    eta = %format_eta(eta_from_progress(progress.started_at.elapsed(), downloaded, download_total)),
+                    bytes = format_args!("{downloaded_display}/{download_total_display}"),
+                    "Downloading snapshot archives"
+                );
+            } else if active_extractions > 0 {
+                info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                    archives = format_args!("{done}/{all}"),
+                    progress = %format_percent(extracted, output_total),
+                    elapsed = %elapsed,
+                    eta = %format_eta(progress.extraction_eta(extracted)),
+                    bytes = format_args!("{extracted_display}/{output_total_display}"),
+                    "Extracting snapshot archives"
+                );
+            } else if active_verifications > 0 {
+                info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                    archives = format_args!("{done}/{all}"),
+                    progress = %format_percent(verified, output_total),
+                    elapsed = %elapsed,
+                    eta = %format_eta(progress.verification_eta(verified)),
+                    bytes = format_args!("{}/{output_total_display}", DownloadProgress::format_size(verified)),
+                    "Verifying snapshot archives"
+                );
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let completed = progress.verified_output_bytes();
+        let completed_display = DownloadProgress::format_size(completed);
+        let output_total = DownloadProgress::format_size(progress.total_output_bytes);
+        info!(target: "reth::cli",
+            archives = format_args!("{}/{}", progress.total_archives, progress.total_archives),
+            progress = "100.0%",
+            elapsed = %DownloadProgress::format_duration(progress.started_at.elapsed()),
+            eta = "0s",
+            bytes = format_args!("{completed_display}/{output_total}"),
+            "Snapshot archive processing complete"
+        );
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn shared_progress_separates_session_fetch_from_logical_progress() {
+        let progress = SharedProgress::new(10, 20, 1, CancellationToken::new());
+
+        progress.record_session_fetched_bytes(10);
+        progress.record_session_fetched_bytes(10);
+        progress.record_archive_download_complete(10);
+        progress.record_archive_output_complete(20);
+
+        assert_eq!(progress.session_fetched_bytes.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 20);
+        assert_eq!(progress.logical_downloaded_bytes(), 10);
+        assert_eq!(progress.verified_output_bytes(), 20);
+        assert_eq!(progress.archives_done.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn archive_download_progress_rolls_back_unfinished_attempts() {
+        let progress = SharedProgress::new(10, 20, 1, CancellationToken::new());
+
+        {
+            let mut download = ArchiveDownloadProgress::new(Some(&progress));
+            download.record_downloaded(4);
+            assert_eq!(progress.logical_downloaded_bytes(), 4);
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(progress.logical_downloaded_bytes(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(progress.active_downloads.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn extraction_phase_baseline_restarts_after_idle() {
+        let progress = SharedProgress::new(10, 100, 1, CancellationToken::new());
+
+        progress.extraction_started();
+        assert_eq!(progress.extraction_phase.lock().unwrap().as_ref().unwrap().baseline_bytes, 0);
+
+        progress.completed_output_bytes.store(25, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        progress.extraction_started();
+        assert_eq!(progress.extraction_phase.lock().unwrap().as_ref().unwrap().baseline_bytes, 0);
+
+        progress.extraction_finished();
+        progress.extraction_finished();
+        progress.extraction_started();
+        assert_eq!(progress.extraction_phase.lock().unwrap().as_ref().unwrap().baseline_bytes, 25);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verification_phase_baseline_restarts_after_idle() {
+        let progress = SharedProgress::new(10, 100, 1, CancellationToken::new());
+
+        progress.verification_started();
+        assert_eq!(progress.verification_phase.lock().unwrap().as_ref().unwrap().baseline_bytes, 0);
+
+        progress.completed_output_bytes.store(40, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        progress.verification_started();
+        assert_eq!(progress.verification_phase.lock().unwrap().as_ref().unwrap().baseline_bytes, 0);
+
+        progress.verification_finished();
+        progress.verification_finished();
+        progress.verification_started();
+        assert_eq!(
+            progress.verification_phase.lock().unwrap().as_ref().unwrap().baseline_bytes,
+            40
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/download/session.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+use super::progress::{DownloadRequestLimiter, SharedProgress};
+use eyre::Result;
+use reth_cli_util::cancellation::CancellationToken;
+use std::{
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+/// Shared state for one run of `reth download`.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct DownloadSession {
+    /// Shared progress counters for this command, when enabled.
+    progress: Option<Arc<SharedProgress>>,
+    /// Shared limit for concurrent HTTP requests, when enabled.
+    request_limiter: Option<Arc<DownloadRequestLimiter>>,
+    /// Cancellation token shared by the whole command.
+    cancel_token: CancellationToken,
+}
+
+impl DownloadSession {
+    /// Stores the shared progress, request limiter, and cancellation token.
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        progress: Option<Arc<SharedProgress>>,
+        request_limiter: Option<Arc<DownloadRequestLimiter>>,
+        cancel_token: CancellationToken,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { progress, request_limiter, cancel_token }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the shared progress tracker, if this flow uses one.
+    pub(crate) fn progress(&self) -> Option<&Arc<SharedProgress>> {
+        self.progress.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the shared HTTP request limiter, if this flow uses one.
+    pub(crate) fn request_limiter(&self) -> Option<&Arc<DownloadRequestLimiter>> {
+        self.request_limiter.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the request limiter or errors if the caller needs one.
+    pub(crate) fn require_request_limiter(&self) -> Result<&Arc<DownloadRequestLimiter>> {
+        self.request_limiter().ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Missing download request limiter"))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the cancellation token for this command.
+    pub(crate) fn cancel_token(&self) -> &CancellationToken {
+        &self.cancel_token
+    }
+
+    /// Records one archive whose outputs were already reusable on disk.
+    pub(crate) fn record_reused_archive(&self, download_bytes: u64, output_bytes: u64) {
+        if let Some(progress) = self.progress() {
+            progress.record_reused_archive(download_bytes, output_bytes);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Records one archive whose extracted outputs fully verified.
+    pub(crate) fn record_archive_output_complete(&self, bytes: u64) {
+        if let Some(progress) = self.progress() {
+            progress.record_archive_output_complete(bytes);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Paths used while processing one archive, plus the shared download session.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct ArchiveProcessContext {
+    /// Directory where extracted output files are written.
+    target_dir: PathBuf,
+    /// Directory used for cached archive downloads, when enabled.
+    cache_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// Shared command-scoped download state.
+    session: DownloadSession,
+}
+
+impl ArchiveProcessContext {
+    /// Creates the context used while processing modular archives.
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        target_dir: PathBuf,
+        cache_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+        session: DownloadSession,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { target_dir, cache_dir, session }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the directory where extracted outputs should be written.
+    pub(crate) fn target_dir(&self) -> &Path {
+        &self.target_dir
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the cache directory for two-phase downloads, if enabled.
+    pub(crate) fn cache_dir(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
+        self.cache_dir.as_deref()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the shared download session.
+    pub(crate) fn session(&self) -> &DownloadSession {
+        &self.session
+    }
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/download/source.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+use super::{manifest::SnapshotManifest, progress::DownloadProgress, DownloadDefaults};
+use eyre::{Result, WrapErr};
+use reqwest::Client;
+use reth_fs_util as fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use tracing::info;
+use url::Url;
+
+/// An entry from the snapshot discovery API listing.
+#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub(crate) struct SnapshotApiEntry {
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_string_or_u64")]
+    chain_id: u64,
+    #[serde(deserialize_with = "deserialize_string_or_u64")]
+    block: u64,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    date: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    profile: Option<String>,
+    metadata_url: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    size: u64,
+}
+
+impl SnapshotApiEntry {
+    /// Returns whether this discovery entry points to a modular manifest.
+    fn is_modular(&self) -> bool {
+        self.metadata_url.ends_with("manifest.json")
+    }
+}
+
+/// Discovers the latest snapshot manifest URL for the given chain from the snapshots API.
+///
+/// Queries the configured snapshot API and returns the manifest URL for the most
+/// recent modular snapshot matching the requested chain.
+pub(crate) async fn discover_manifest_url(chain_id: u64) -> Result<String> {
+    let defaults = DownloadDefaults::get_global();
+    let api_url = &*defaults.snapshot_api_url;
+
+    info!(target: "reth::cli", %api_url, %chain_id, "Discovering latest snapshot manifest");
+
+    let entries = fetch_snapshot_api_entries(chain_id).await?;
+    let entry =
+        entries.iter().filter(|s| s.is_modular()).max_by_key(|s| s.block).ok_or_else(|| {
+            eyre::eyre!(
+                "No modular snapshot manifest found for chain \
+             {chain_id} at {api_url}\n\n\
+             You can provide a manifest URL directly with --manifest-url, or\n\
+             use a direct snapshot URL with -u from:\n\
+             \t- {}\n\n\
+             Use --list to see all available snapshots.",
+                api_url.trim_end_matches("/api/snapshots"),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+    info!(target: "reth::cli",
+        block = entry.block,
+        url = %entry.metadata_url,
+        "Found latest snapshot manifest"
+    );
+
+    Ok(entry.metadata_url.clone())
+}
+
+/// Deserializes a JSON value that may be either a number or a string-encoded number.
+fn deserialize_string_or_u64<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<u64, D::Error>
+where
+    D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+{
+    use serde::Deserialize;
+    let value = serde_json::Value::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+    match &value {
+        serde_json::Value::Number(n) => {
+            n.as_u64().ok_or_else(|| serde::de::Error::custom("expected u64"))
+        }
+        serde_json::Value::String(s) => {
+            s.parse::<u64>().map_err(|_| serde::de::Error::custom("expected numeric string"))
+        }
+        _ => Err(serde::de::Error::custom("expected number or string")),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fetches the full snapshot listing from the snapshots API, filtered by chain ID.
+pub(crate) async fn fetch_snapshot_api_entries(chain_id: u64) -> Result<Vec<SnapshotApiEntry>> {
+    let api_url = &*DownloadDefaults::get_global().snapshot_api_url;
+
+    let entries: Vec<SnapshotApiEntry> = Client::new()
+        .get(api_url)
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .and_then(|r| r.error_for_status())
+        .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to fetch snapshot listing from {api_url}"))?
+        .json()
+        .await?;
+
+    Ok(entries.into_iter().filter(|entry| entry.chain_id == chain_id).collect())
+}
+
+/// Prints a formatted table of available modular snapshots.
+pub(crate) fn print_snapshot_listing(entries: &[SnapshotApiEntry], chain_id: u64) {
+    let modular: Vec<_> = entries.iter().filter(|entry| entry.is_modular()).collect();
+
+    let api_url = &*DownloadDefaults::get_global().snapshot_api_url;
+    println!(
+        "Available snapshots for chain {chain_id} ({}):\n",
+        api_url.trim_end_matches("/api/snapshots"),
+    );
+    println!("{:<12}  {:>10}  {:<10}  {:>10}  MANIFEST URL", "DATE", "BLOCK", "PROFILE", "SIZE");
+    println!("{}", "-".repeat(100));
+
+    for entry in &modular {
+        let date = entry.date.as_deref().unwrap_or("-");
+        let profile = entry.profile.as_deref().unwrap_or("-");
+        let size = if entry.size > 0 {
+            DownloadProgress::format_size(entry.size)
+        } else {
+            "-".to_string()
+        };
+
+        println!(
+            "{date:<12}  {:>10}  {profile:<10}  {size:>10}  {}",
+            entry.block, entry.metadata_url
+        );
+    }
+
+    if modular.is_empty() {
+        println!("  (no modular snapshots found)");
+    }
+
+    println!(
+        "\nTo download a specific snapshot, copy its manifest URL and run:\n  \
+         reth download --manifest-url <URL>"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Loads a manifest from an HTTP(S) URL, `file://` URL, or local path.
+pub(crate) async fn fetch_manifest_from_source(source: &str) -> Result<SnapshotManifest> {
+    if let Ok(parsed) = Url::parse(source) {
+        return match parsed.scheme() {
+            "http" | "https" => {
+                let response = Client::new()
+                    .get(source)
+                    .send()
+                    .await
+                    .and_then(|r| r.error_for_status())
+                    .wrap_err_with(|| {
+                        let sources = DownloadDefaults::get_global()
+                            .available_snapshots
+                            .iter()
+                            .map(|snapshot| format!("\t- {snapshot}"))
+                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                            .join("\n");
+                        format!(
+                            "Failed to fetch snapshot manifest from {source}\n\n\
+                             The manifest endpoint may not be available for this snapshot source.\n\
+                             You can use a direct snapshot URL instead:\n\n\
+                             \treth download -u <snapshot-url>\n\n\
+                             Available snapshot sources:\n{sources}"
+                        )
+                    })?;
+                Ok(response.json().await?)
+            }
+            "file" => {
+                let path = parsed
+                    .to_file_path()
+                    .map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("Invalid file:// manifest path: {source}"))?;
+                let content = fs::read_to_string(path)?;
+                Ok(serde_json::from_str(&content)?)
+            }
+            _ => Err(eyre::eyre!("Unsupported manifest URL scheme: {}", parsed.scheme())),
+        };
+    }
+
+    let content = fs::read_to_string(source)?;
+    Ok(serde_json::from_str(&content)?)
+}
+
+/// Resolves the base URL used to join relative archive paths in a manifest.
+pub(crate) fn resolve_manifest_base_url(
+    manifest: &SnapshotManifest,
+    source: &str,
+) -> Result<String> {
+    if let Some(base_url) = manifest.base_url.as_deref() &&
+        !base_url.is_empty()
+    {
+        return Ok(base_url.trim_end_matches('/').to_string());
+    }
+
+    if let Ok(mut url) = Url::parse(source) {
+        if url.scheme() == "file" {
+            let mut path = url
+                .to_file_path()
+                .map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("Invalid file:// manifest path: {source}"))?;
+            path.pop();
+            let mut base = Url::from_directory_path(path)
+                .map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("Invalid manifest directory for source: {source}"))?
+                .to_string();
+            if base.ends_with('/') {
+                base.pop();
+            }
+            return Ok(base);
+        }
+
+        {
+            let mut segments = url
+                .path_segments_mut()
+                .map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("manifest_url must have a hierarchical path"))?;
+            segments.pop_if_empty();
+            segments.pop();
+        }
+        return Ok(url.as_str().trim_end_matches('/').to_string());
+    }
+
+    let path = Path::new(source);
+    let manifest_dir = if path.is_absolute() {
+        path.parent().map(Path::to_path_buf).unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("."))
+    } else {
+        let joined = std::env::current_dir()?.join(path);
+        joined.parent().map(Path::to_path_buf).unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("."))
+    };
+
+    let mut base = Url::from_directory_path(&manifest_dir)
+        .map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("Invalid manifest directory: {}", manifest_dir.display()))?
+        .to_string();
+    if base.ends_with('/') {
+        base.pop();
+    }
+    Ok(base)
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/download/tui.rs

@@ -262,6 +262,7 @@ impl SelectorApp {
             ComponentSelection::None => return 0,
             ComponentSelection::All => None,
             ComponentSelection::Distance(d) => Some(d),
+            ComponentSelection::Since(block) => Some(self.manifest.block - block + 1),
         };
         self.groups[group_idx]
             .types
@@ -344,6 +345,7 @@ fn format_selection(sel: &ComponentSelection) -> String {
     match sel {
         ComponentSelection::All => "All".to_string(),
         ComponentSelection::Distance(d) => format!("Last {d} blocks"),
+        ComponentSelection::Since(block) => format!("Since block {block}"),
         ComponentSelection::None => "None".to_string(),
     }
 }

crates/cli/commands/src/download/verify.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+use super::{manifest::OutputFileChecksum, progress::ArchiveVerificationProgress};
+use blake3::Hasher;
+use eyre::Result;
+use reth_fs_util as fs;
+use std::{io::Read, path::Path};
+
+/// Verifies and cleans up extracted output files in one target directory.
+pub(crate) struct OutputVerifier<'a> {
+    /// Directory containing the output files declared by the manifest.
+    target_dir: &'a Path,
+}
+
+impl<'a> OutputVerifier<'a> {
+    /// Creates a verifier for one extraction target directory.
+    pub(crate) const fn new(target_dir: &'a Path) -> Self {
+        Self { target_dir }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` only when every declared output file exists and matches size and BLAKE3.
+    /// Returns `false` if any file is missing, mismatched, or no outputs were declared.
+    pub(crate) fn verify(&self, output_files: &[OutputFileChecksum]) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.verify_with_progress(output_files, None)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` only when every declared output file exists and matches size and BLAKE3,
+    /// updating the optional verification progress as file bytes are hashed.
+    pub(crate) fn verify_with_progress(
+        &self,
+        output_files: &[OutputFileChecksum],
+        mut progress: Option<&mut ArchiveVerificationProgress<'_>>,
+    ) -> Result<bool> {
+        if output_files.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+
+        for expected in output_files {
+            let output_path = self.target_dir.join(&expected.path);
+            let meta = match fs::metadata(&output_path) {
+                Ok(meta) => meta,
+                Err(_) => return Ok(false),
+            };
+            if meta.len() != expected.size {
+                return Ok(false);
+            }
+
+            let actual = Self::file_blake3_hex(&output_path, progress.as_deref_mut())?;
+            if !actual.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&expected.blake3) {
+                return Ok(false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
+    /// Removes any declared output files so a fresh archive attempt can restart cleanly.
+    pub(crate) fn cleanup(&self, output_files: &[OutputFileChecksum]) {
+        for output in output_files {
+            let _ = fs::remove_file(self.target_dir.join(&output.path));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Computes the hex-encoded BLAKE3 checksum for one plain output file.
+    fn file_blake3_hex(
+        path: &Path,
+        mut progress: Option<&mut ArchiveVerificationProgress<'_>>,
+    ) -> Result<String> {
+        let mut file = fs::open(path)?;
+        let mut hasher = Hasher::new();
+        let mut buf = [0_u8; 64 * 1024];
+
+        loop {
+            let n = file.read(&mut buf)?;
+            if n == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+            hasher.update(&buf[..n]);
+            if let Some(progress) = progress.as_deref_mut() {
+                progress.record_verified(n as u64);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(hasher.finalize().to_hex().to_string())
+    }
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/init_state/mod.rs

@@ -78,9 +78,10 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + EthereumHardforks>> InitStateC
             self.env.init::<N>(AccessRights::RW, runtime)?;
 
         let static_file_provider = provider_factory.static_file_provider();
-        let provider_rw = provider_factory.database_provider_rw()?;
 
         if self.without_evm {
+            let provider_rw = provider_factory.database_provider_rw()?;
+
             // ensure header, total difficulty and header hash are provided
             let header = self.header.ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Header file must be provided"))?;
             let header = without_evm::read_header_from_file::<
@@ -106,23 +107,22 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + EthereumHardforks>> InitStateC
                 // SAFETY: it's safe to commit static files, since in the event of a crash, they
                 // will be unwound according to database checkpoints.
                 //
-                // Necessary to commit, so the header is accessible to provider_rw and
-                // init_state_dump
+                // Necessary to commit, so the header is accessible to init_from_state_dump
                 static_file_provider.commit()?;
             } else if last_block_number > 0 && last_block_number < header.number() {
                 return Err(eyre::eyre!(
                     "Data directory should be empty when calling init-state with --without-evm."
                 ));
             }
+
+            provider_rw.commit()?;
         }
 
         info!(target: "reth::cli", "Initiating state dump");
 
         let reader = BufReader::new(reth_fs_util::open(self.state)?);
 
-        let hash = init_from_state_dump(reader, &provider_rw, config.stages.etl)?;
-
-        provider_rw.commit()?;
+        let hash = init_from_state_dump(reader, &provider_factory, config.stages.etl)?;
 
         info!(target: "reth::cli", hash = ?hash, "Genesis block written");
         Ok(())

crates/cli/commands/src/re_execute.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use reth_provider::{
 };
 use reth_revm::database::StateProviderDatabase;
 use reth_stages::stages::calculate_gas_used_from_headers;
+use reth_storage_api::{DBProvider, TryIntoHistoricalStateProvider};
 use std::{
     sync::{
         atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
@@ -112,7 +113,12 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
             let provider_factory = provider_factory.clone();
             move |block_number: u64| {
                 StateProviderDatabase(
-                    provider_factory.history_by_block_number(block_number).unwrap(),
+                    provider_factory
+                        .provider()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .disable_long_read_transaction_safety()
+                        .try_into_history_at_block(block_number)
+                        .unwrap(),
                 )
             }
         };
@@ -138,7 +144,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
             let cancellation = cancellation.clone();
             let next_block = Arc::clone(&next_block);
             tasks.spawn_blocking(move || {
-                let executor_lifetime = Duration::from_secs(120);
+                let executor_lifetime = Duration::from_secs(600);
 
                 loop {
                     if cancellation.is_cancelled() {
@@ -245,7 +251,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
                         let _ = stats_tx.send(block.gas_used());
 
                         // Reset DB once in a while to avoid OOM or read tx timeouts
-                        if executor.size_hint() > 1_000_000 ||
+                        if executor.size_hint() > 5_000_000 ||
                             executor_created.elapsed() > executor_lifetime
                         {
                             executor =

crates/cli/commands/src/stage/dump/mod.rs

@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ use execution::dump_execution_stage;
 mod merkle;
 use merkle::dump_merkle_stage;
 
-/// `reth dump-stage` command
+/// `reth dump-stage` command.
+///
+/// Note: mutates the source datadir (unwinds hashing/merkle/execution before copying tables).
+/// Stop the node and back up the datadir first.
 #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
 pub struct Command<C: ChainSpecParser> {
     #[command(flatten)]
@@ -100,8 +103,9 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + EthereumHardforks>> Command<C>
         Comp: CliNodeComponents<N>,
         F: FnOnce(Arc<C::ChainSpec>) -> Comp,
     {
+        // `unwind_and_copy` opens a RW provider on the source datadir, so open RW here.
         let Environment { provider_factory, .. } =
-            self.env.init::<N>(AccessRights::RO, runtime.clone())?;
+            self.env.init::<N>(AccessRights::RW, runtime.clone())?;
         let tool = DbTool::new(provider_factory)?;
         let components = components(tool.chain());
         let evm_config = components.evm_config().clone();

crates/consensus/consensus/src/lib.rs

@@ -30,10 +30,16 @@
 
 extern crate alloc;
 
-use alloc::{boxed::Box, fmt::Debug, string::String, sync::Arc, vec::Vec};
+use alloc::{
+    boxed::Box,
+    fmt::Debug,
+    string::{String, ToString},
+    sync::Arc,
+    vec::Vec,
+};
 use alloy_consensus::Header;
 use alloy_primitives::{BlockHash, BlockNumber, Bloom, B256};
-use core::error::Error;
+use core::{error::Error, fmt::Display};
 
 /// Pre-computed receipt root and logs bloom.
 ///
@@ -104,6 +110,18 @@ pub trait Consensus<B: Block>: HeaderValidator<B::Header> {
     /// Note: validating blocks does not include other validations of the Consensus
     fn validate_block_pre_execution(&self, block: &SealedBlock<B>) -> Result<(), ConsensusError>;
 
+    /// Returns `true` if the given consensus error is transient and may resolve on its own.
+    ///
+    /// On fast chains, clock skew between nodes can cause a valid block's timestamp to
+    /// appear briefly in the future. Caching such blocks as permanently invalid would
+    /// prevent them from being re-validated once the local clock catches up.
+    ///
+    /// Transient errors will not cause the block hash to be cached as permanently invalid,
+    /// allowing the block to be re-validated later.
+    fn is_transient_error(&self, _error: &ConsensusError) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
     /// Validate a block disregarding world state using an optional pre-computed transaction root.
     ///
     /// If `transaction_root` is provided, the implementation should use the pre-computed
@@ -456,19 +474,49 @@ pub enum ConsensusError {
     /// EIP-7825: Transaction gas limit exceeds maximum allowed
     #[error(transparent)]
     TransactionGasLimitTooHigh(Box<TxGasLimitTooHighErr>),
-    /// Other, likely an injected L2 error.
-    #[error("{0}")]
-    Other(String),
-    /// Other unspecified error.
+    /// Any additional consensus error, for example L2-specific errors.
     #[error(transparent)]
-    Custom(#[from] Arc<dyn Error + Send + Sync>),
+    Other(#[from] Arc<dyn Error + Send + Sync>),
 }
 
 impl ConsensusError {
+    /// Returns a new [`ConsensusError::Other`] instance with the given error.
+    pub fn other<E>(error: E) -> Self
+    where
+        E: Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        Self::Other(Arc::new(error))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a new [`ConsensusError::Other`] instance with the given message.
+    pub fn msg(msg: impl Display) -> Self {
+        Self::other(MessageError(msg.to_string()))
+    }
+
     /// Returns `true` if the error is a state root error.
     pub const fn is_state_root_error(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Self::BodyStateRootDiff(_))
     }
+
+    /// Returns the arbitrary error if it is [`ConsensusError::Other`].
+    pub fn as_other(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static)> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Other(err) => Some(err.as_ref()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the [`ConsensusError::Other`] value if it is of that type.
+    /// Returns `None` otherwise.
+    pub fn downcast_other_ref<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        let other = self.as_other()?;
+        other.downcast_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if this type is a [`ConsensusError::Other`] of that error type.
+    pub fn is_other<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_other().map(|err| err.is::<T>()).unwrap_or(false)
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<InvalidTransactionError> for ConsensusError {
@@ -500,6 +548,10 @@ pub struct TxGasLimitTooHighErr {
     pub max_allowed: u64,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("{0}")]
+struct MessageError(String);
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -509,24 +561,31 @@ mod tests {
     struct CustomL2Error;
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_custom_error_conversion() {
-        // Test conversion from custom error to ConsensusError
-        let custom_err = CustomL2Error;
-        let arc_err: Arc<dyn Error + Send + Sync> = Arc::new(custom_err);
-        let consensus_err: ConsensusError = arc_err.into();
-
-        // Verify it's the Custom variant
-        assert!(matches!(consensus_err, ConsensusError::Custom(_)));
+    fn test_other_error_conversion() {
+        let consensus_err = ConsensusError::other(CustomL2Error);
+        assert!(matches!(consensus_err, ConsensusError::Other(_)));
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_custom_error_display() {
-        let custom_err = CustomL2Error;
-        let arc_err: Arc<dyn Error + Send + Sync> = Arc::new(custom_err);
-        let consensus_err: ConsensusError = arc_err.into();
-
-        // Verify the error message is preserved through transparent attribute
+    fn test_other_error_display() {
+        let consensus_err = ConsensusError::other(CustomL2Error);
         let error_message = format!("{}", consensus_err);
         assert_eq!(error_message, "Custom L2 consensus error");
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_other_error_downcast() {
+        let consensus_err = ConsensusError::other(CustomL2Error);
+
+        assert!(consensus_err.is_other::<CustomL2Error>());
+        assert!(consensus_err.downcast_other_ref::<CustomL2Error>().is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_other_msg() {
+        let consensus_err = ConsensusError::msg("consensus message");
+
+        assert_eq!(consensus_err.to_string(), "consensus message");
+        assert!(consensus_err.downcast_other_ref::<MessageError>().is_some());
+    }
 }

crates/engine/execution-cache/src/cached_state.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use reth_trie::{
     MultiProofTargets, StorageMultiProof, StorageProof, TrieInput,
 };
 use std::{
+    fmt,
     sync::{
         atomic::{AtomicU64, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
         Arc,
@@ -147,6 +148,29 @@ pub enum CachedStatus<T> {
     Cached(T),
 }
 
+/// The source that is using the execution cache.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum CachedStateMetricsSource {
+    /// Engine (validation).
+    Engine,
+    /// Payload builder.
+    Builder,
+    /// Tests.
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-utils"))]
+    Test,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for CachedStateMetricsSource {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Engine => f.write_str("engine"),
+            Self::Builder => f.write_str("builder"),
+            #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-utils"))]
+            Self::Test => f.write_str("test"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Metrics for the cached state provider, showing hits / misses for each cache
 #[derive(Metrics, Clone)]
 #[metrics(scope = "sync.caching")]
@@ -222,9 +246,10 @@ impl CachedStateMetrics {
         self.account_cache_collisions.set(0);
     }
 
-    /// Returns a new zeroed-out instance of [`CachedStateMetrics`].
-    pub fn zeroed() -> Self {
-        let zeroed = Self::default();
+    /// Returns a new zeroed-out instance of [`CachedStateMetrics`] with a `source` label
+    /// to distinguish between different callers (e.g., engine vs builder).
+    pub fn zeroed(source: CachedStateMetricsSource) -> Self {
+        let zeroed = Self::new_with_labels(&[("source", source.to_string())]);
         zeroed.reset();
         zeroed
     }
@@ -919,27 +944,15 @@ pub struct SavedCache {
     /// The caches used for the provider.
     caches: ExecutionCache,
 
-    /// Metrics for the cached state provider (includes size/capacity/collisions from fixed-cache)
-    metrics: CachedStateMetrics,
-
     /// A guard to track in-flight usage of this cache.
     /// The cache is considered available if the strong count is 1.
     usage_guard: Arc<()>,
-
-    /// Whether to skip cache metrics recording (can be expensive with large cached state).
-    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
 }
 
 impl SavedCache {
     /// Creates a new instance with the internals
-    pub fn new(hash: B256, caches: ExecutionCache, metrics: CachedStateMetrics) -> Self {
-        Self { hash, caches, metrics, usage_guard: Arc::new(()), disable_cache_metrics: false }
-    }
-
-    /// Sets whether to disable cache metrics recording.
-    pub const fn with_disable_cache_metrics(mut self, disable: bool) -> Self {
-        self.disable_cache_metrics = disable;
-        self
+    pub fn new(hash: B256, caches: ExecutionCache) -> Self {
+        Self { hash, caches, usage_guard: Arc::new(()) }
     }
 
     /// Returns the hash for this cache
@@ -947,11 +960,6 @@ impl SavedCache {
         self.hash
     }
 
-    /// Splits the cache into its caches, metrics, and `disable_cache_metrics` flag, consuming it.
-    pub fn split(self) -> (ExecutionCache, CachedStateMetrics, bool) {
-        (self.caches, self.metrics, self.disable_cache_metrics)
-    }
-
     /// Returns true if the cache is available for use (no other tasks are currently using it).
     pub fn is_available(&self) -> bool {
         Arc::strong_count(&self.usage_guard) == 1
@@ -967,20 +975,11 @@ impl SavedCache {
         &self.caches
     }
 
-    /// Returns the metrics associated with this cache.
-    pub const fn metrics(&self) -> &CachedStateMetrics {
-        &self.metrics
-    }
-
     /// Updates the cache metrics (size/capacity/collisions) from the stats handlers.
-    ///
-    /// Note: This can be expensive with large cached state. Use
-    /// `with_disable_cache_metrics(true)` to skip.
-    pub fn update_metrics(&self) {
-        if self.disable_cache_metrics {
-            return
+    pub fn update_metrics(&self, metrics: Option<&CachedStateMetrics>) {
+        if let Some(metrics) = metrics {
+            self.caches.update_metrics(metrics);
         }
-        self.caches.update_metrics(&self.metrics);
     }
 
     /// Clears all caches, resetting them to empty state,
@@ -1017,8 +1016,11 @@ mod tests {
         provider.extend_accounts(vec![(address, account)]);
 
         let caches = ExecutionCache::new(1000);
-        let state_provider =
-            CachedStateProvider::new(provider, caches, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());
+        let state_provider = CachedStateProvider::new(
+            provider,
+            caches,
+            CachedStateMetrics::zeroed(CachedStateMetricsSource::Test),
+        );
 
         let res = state_provider.storage(address, storage_key);
         assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -1037,8 +1039,11 @@ mod tests {
         provider.extend_accounts(vec![(address, account)]);
 
         let caches = ExecutionCache::new(1000);
-        let state_provider =
-            CachedStateProvider::new(provider, caches, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());
+        let state_provider = CachedStateProvider::new(
+            provider,
+            caches,
+            CachedStateMetrics::zeroed(CachedStateMetricsSource::Test),
+        );
 
         let res = state_provider.storage(address, storage_key);
         assert!(res.is_ok());
@@ -1075,7 +1080,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_saved_cache_is_available() {
         let execution_cache = ExecutionCache::new(1000);
-        let cache = SavedCache::new(B256::ZERO, execution_cache, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());
+        let cache = SavedCache::new(B256::ZERO, execution_cache);
 
         assert!(cache.is_available(), "Cache should be available initially");
 
@@ -1087,8 +1092,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_saved_cache_multiple_references() {
         let execution_cache = ExecutionCache::new(1000);
-        let cache =
-            SavedCache::new(B256::from([2u8; 32]), execution_cache, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());
+        let cache = SavedCache::new(B256::from([2u8; 32]), execution_cache);
 
         let guard1 = cache.clone_guard_for_test();
         let guard2 = cache.clone_guard_for_test();

crates/engine/execution-cache/src/lib.rs

@@ -165,11 +165,7 @@ mod tests {
         let hash = B256::from([1u8; 32]);
 
         cache.update_with_guard(|slot| {
-            *slot = Some(SavedCache::new(
-                hash,
-                ExecutionCache::new(1_000),
-                CachedStateMetrics::zeroed(),
-            ))
+            *slot = Some(SavedCache::new(hash, ExecutionCache::new(1_000)))
         });
 
         let first = cache.get_cache_for(hash);
@@ -185,11 +181,7 @@ mod tests {
         let hash = B256::from([2u8; 32]);
 
         cache.update_with_guard(|slot| {
-            *slot = Some(SavedCache::new(
-                hash,
-                ExecutionCache::new(1_000),
-                CachedStateMetrics::zeroed(),
-            ))
+            *slot = Some(SavedCache::new(hash, ExecutionCache::new(1_000)))
         });
 
         let checked_out = cache.get_cache_for(hash);
@@ -207,11 +199,7 @@ mod tests {
         let hash_b = B256::from([0xBB; 32]);
 
         cache.update_with_guard(|slot| {
-            *slot = Some(SavedCache::new(
-                hash_a,
-                ExecutionCache::new(1_000),
-                CachedStateMetrics::zeroed(),
-            ))
+            *slot = Some(SavedCache::new(hash_a, ExecutionCache::new(1_000)))
         });
 
         let checked_out = cache.get_cache_for(hash_b);

crates/engine/local/src/miner.rs

@@ -141,6 +141,11 @@ pub struct LocalMiner<T: PayloadTypes, B, Pool: TransactionPool + Unpin> {
     last_header: SealedHeaderFor<<T::BuiltPayload as BuiltPayload>::Primitives>,
     /// Stores latest mined blocks.
     last_block_hashes: VecDeque<B256>,
+    /// Optional sleep duration between initiating payload building and resolving.
+    ///
+    /// When set, the miner sleeps after `fork_choice_updated` before calling
+    /// `resolve_kind`, giving the payload job time for multiple rebuild attempts.
+    payload_wait_time: Option<Duration>,
 }
 
 impl<T, B, Pool> LocalMiner<T, B, Pool>
@@ -170,9 +175,16 @@ where
             payload_builder,
             last_block_hashes: VecDeque::from([last_header.hash()]),
             last_header,
+            payload_wait_time: None,
         }
     }
 
+    /// Sets the payload wait time, if any.
+    pub const fn with_payload_wait_time_opt(mut self, wait_time: Option<Duration>) -> Self {
+        self.payload_wait_time = wait_time;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Runs the [`LocalMiner`] in a loop, polling the miner and building payloads.
     pub async fn run(mut self) {
         let mut fcu_interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_secs(1));
@@ -238,6 +250,10 @@ where
 
         let payload_id = res.payload_id.ok_or_eyre("No payload id")?;
 
+        if let Some(wait_time) = self.payload_wait_time {
+            tokio::time::sleep(wait_time).await;
+        }
+
         let Some(Ok(payload)) =
             self.payload_builder.resolve_kind(payload_id, PayloadKind::WaitForPending).await
         else {

crates/engine/local/src/payload.rs

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ where
                 .chain_spec
                 .is_cancun_active_at_timestamp(timestamp)
                 .then(B256::random),
-            slot_number: None,
+            slot_number: self.chain_spec.is_amsterdam_active_at_timestamp(timestamp).then_some(0),
         }
     }
 }

crates/engine/primitives/src/config.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ pub const DEFAULT_MEMORY_BLOCK_BUFFER_TARGET: u64 = 0;
 /// The size of proof targets chunk to spawn in one multiproof calculation.
 pub const DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 5;
 
+/// Default number of cache hits before an invalid header entry is evicted and reprocessed.
+pub const DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD: u8 = 128;
+
 /// Gas threshold below which the small block chunk size is used.
 pub const SMALL_BLOCK_GAS_THRESHOLD: u64 = 20_000_000;
 
@@ -102,6 +105,11 @@ pub struct TreeConfig {
     block_buffer_limit: u32,
     /// Number of invalid headers to keep in cache.
     max_invalid_header_cache_length: u32,
+    /// Number of cache hits before an invalid header entry is evicted and reprocessed.
+    ///
+    /// Setting this to `0` effectively disables the cache because entries are evicted on the
+    /// first lookup.
+    invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
     /// Maximum number of blocks to execute sequentially in a batch.
     ///
     /// This is used as a cutoff to prevent long-running sequential block execution when we receive
@@ -170,6 +178,23 @@ pub struct TreeConfig {
     share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder: bool,
     /// Whether to share sparse trie with the payload builder.
     share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder: bool,
+    /// Whether to suppress persistence cycles while building a payload.
+    ///
+    /// When enabled, persistence is deferred from the moment an FCU with payload attributes
+    /// arrives until the next FCU without attributes. This avoids persistence I/O competing
+    /// with block building on latency-sensitive chains.
+    suppress_persistence_during_build: bool,
+    /// Whether to disable BAL (Block Access List, EIP-7928) based parallel execution.
+    /// When disabled, falls back to transaction-based prewarming even when a BAL is available.
+    disable_bal_parallel_execution: bool,
+    /// Whether to disable BAL-driven parallel state root computation.
+    /// When disabled, the BAL hashed post state is not sent to the multiproof task for
+    /// early parallel state root computation.
+    disable_bal_parallel_state_root: bool,
+    /// Whether to disable BAL (Block Access List) batched IO during prewarming.
+    /// When disabled, falls back to individual per-slot storage reads instead of
+    /// batched cursor reads via `storage_range`.
+    disable_bal_batch_io: bool,
     /// Maximum random jitter applied before each proof computation (trie-debug only).
     /// When set, each proof worker sleeps for a random duration up to this value
     /// before starting a proof calculation.
@@ -189,6 +214,7 @@ impl Default for TreeConfig {
             persistence_backpressure_threshold: DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_BACKPRESSURE_THRESHOLD,
             block_buffer_limit: DEFAULT_BLOCK_BUFFER_LIMIT,
             max_invalid_header_cache_length: DEFAULT_MAX_INVALID_HEADER_CACHE_LENGTH,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD,
             max_execute_block_batch_size: DEFAULT_MAX_EXECUTE_BLOCK_BATCH_SIZE,
             legacy_state_root: false,
             always_compare_trie_updates: false,
@@ -212,6 +238,10 @@ impl Default for TreeConfig {
             state_root_task_timeout: Some(DEFAULT_STATE_ROOT_TASK_TIMEOUT),
             share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder: false,
             share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder: false,
+            suppress_persistence_during_build: false,
+            disable_bal_parallel_execution: false,
+            disable_bal_parallel_state_root: false,
+            disable_bal_batch_io: false,
             #[cfg(feature = "trie-debug")]
             proof_jitter: None,
         }
@@ -227,6 +257,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         persistence_backpressure_threshold: u64,
         block_buffer_limit: u32,
         max_invalid_header_cache_length: u32,
+        invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
         max_execute_block_batch_size: usize,
         legacy_state_root: bool,
         always_compare_trie_updates: bool,
@@ -260,6 +291,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
             persistence_backpressure_threshold,
             block_buffer_limit,
             max_invalid_header_cache_length,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold,
             max_execute_block_batch_size,
             legacy_state_root,
             always_compare_trie_updates,
@@ -283,6 +315,10 @@ impl TreeConfig {
             state_root_task_timeout,
             share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder,
             share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder,
+            suppress_persistence_during_build: false,
+            disable_bal_parallel_execution: false,
+            disable_bal_parallel_state_root: false,
+            disable_bal_batch_io: false,
             #[cfg(feature = "trie-debug")]
             proof_jitter: None,
         }
@@ -313,6 +349,14 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         self.max_invalid_header_cache_length
     }
 
+    /// Return the invalid header cache hit eviction threshold.
+    ///
+    /// Setting this to `0` effectively disables the cache because entries are evicted on the
+    /// first lookup.
+    pub const fn invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold
+    }
+
     /// Return the maximum execute block batch size.
     pub const fn max_execute_block_batch_size(&self) -> usize {
         self.max_execute_block_batch_size
@@ -443,6 +487,15 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Setter for the invalid header cache hit eviction threshold.
+    pub const fn with_invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(
+        mut self,
+        invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold = invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Setter for maximum execute block batch size.
     pub const fn with_max_execute_block_batch_size(
         mut self,
@@ -646,6 +699,56 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Returns whether persistence is suppressed during payload building.
+    pub const fn suppress_persistence_during_build(&self) -> bool {
+        self.suppress_persistence_during_build
+    }
+
+    /// Setter for whether to suppress persistence during payload building.
+    pub const fn with_suppress_persistence_during_build(mut self, value: bool) -> Self {
+        self.suppress_persistence_during_build = value;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether BAL-based parallel execution is disabled.
+    pub const fn disable_bal_parallel_execution(&self) -> bool {
+        self.disable_bal_parallel_execution
+    }
+
+    /// Setter for whether to disable BAL-based parallel execution.
+    pub const fn without_bal_parallel_execution(
+        mut self,
+        disable_bal_parallel_execution: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.disable_bal_parallel_execution = disable_bal_parallel_execution;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether BAL-driven parallel state root computation is disabled.
+    pub const fn disable_bal_parallel_state_root(&self) -> bool {
+        self.disable_bal_parallel_state_root
+    }
+
+    /// Setter for whether to disable BAL-driven parallel state root computation.
+    pub const fn without_bal_parallel_state_root(
+        mut self,
+        disable_bal_parallel_state_root: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.disable_bal_parallel_state_root = disable_bal_parallel_state_root;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether BAL batched IO is disabled.
+    pub const fn disable_bal_batch_io(&self) -> bool {
+        self.disable_bal_batch_io
+    }
+
+    /// Setter for whether to disable BAL batched IO.
+    pub const fn without_bal_batch_io(mut self, disable_bal_batch_io: bool) -> Self {
+        self.disable_bal_batch_io = disable_bal_batch_io;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Returns the proof jitter duration, if configured (trie-debug only).
     #[cfg(feature = "trie-debug")]
     pub const fn proof_jitter(&self) -> Option<Duration> {

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/invalid_headers.rs

@@ -8,25 +8,28 @@ use schnellru::{ByLength, LruMap};
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use tracing::warn;
 
-/// The max hit counter for invalid headers in the cache before it is forcefully evicted.
-///
-/// In other words, if a header is referenced more than this number of times, it will be evicted to
-/// allow for reprocessing.
-const INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD: u8 = 128;
-
 /// Keeps track of invalid headers.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct InvalidHeaderCache {
     /// This maps a header hash to a reference to its invalid ancestor.
     headers: LruMap<B256, HeaderEntry>,
+    /// Number of cache hits before an invalid header entry is evicted and reprocessed.
+    hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
     /// Metrics for the cache.
     metrics: InvalidHeaderCacheMetrics,
 }
 
 impl InvalidHeaderCache {
     /// Invalid header cache constructor.
-    pub fn new(max_length: u32) -> Self {
-        Self { headers: LruMap::new(ByLength::new(max_length)), metrics: Default::default() }
+    ///
+    /// Setting `hit_eviction_threshold` to `0` effectively disables the cache because entries are
+    /// evicted on the first lookup.
+    pub fn new(max_length: u32, hit_eviction_threshold: u8) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            headers: LruMap::new(ByLength::new(max_length)),
+            hit_eviction_threshold,
+            metrics: Default::default(),
+        }
     }
 
     fn insert_entry(&mut self, hash: B256, header: BlockWithParent) {
@@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ impl InvalidHeaderCache {
         {
             let entry = self.headers.get(hash)?;
             entry.hit_count += 1;
-            if entry.hit_count < INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD {
+            if entry.hit_count < self.hit_eviction_threshold {
                 return Some(entry.header)
             }
         }
@@ -110,17 +113,28 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_hit_eviction() {
-        let mut cache = InvalidHeaderCache::new(10);
+        let hit_eviction_threshold = 3;
+        let mut cache = InvalidHeaderCache::new(10, hit_eviction_threshold);
         let header = Header::default();
         let header = SealedHeader::seal_slow(header);
         cache.insert(header.block_with_parent());
         assert_eq!(cache.headers.get(&header.hash()).unwrap().hit_count, 0);
 
-        for hit in 1..INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD {
+        for hit in 1..hit_eviction_threshold {
             assert!(cache.get(&header.hash()).is_some());
             assert_eq!(cache.headers.get(&header.hash()).unwrap().hit_count, hit);
         }
 
         assert!(cache.get(&header.hash()).is_none());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_zero_hit_eviction_threshold_effectively_disables_cache() {
+        let mut cache = InvalidHeaderCache::new(10, 0);
+        let header = SealedHeader::seal_slow(Header::default());
+        cache.insert(header.block_with_parent());
+
+        assert!(cache.get(&header.hash()).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(cache.headers.len(), 0);
+    }
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
     ForkchoiceState, PayloadStatus, PayloadStatusEnum, PayloadValidationError,
 };
-use error::{InsertBlockError, InsertBlockFatalError};
+use error::{InsertBlockError, InsertBlockFatalError, InsertBlockValidationError};
 use reth_chain_state::{
     CanonicalInMemoryState, ComputedTrieData, ExecutedBlock, ExecutionTimingStats,
     MemoryOverlayStateProvider, NewCanonicalChain,
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ pub use payload_validator::{BasicEngineValidator, EngineValidator};
 pub use persistence_state::PersistenceState;
 pub use reth_engine_primitives::TreeConfig;
 pub use reth_execution_cache::{
-    CachedStateMetrics, CachedStateProvider, ExecutionCache, PayloadExecutionCache, SavedCache,
+    CachedStateMetrics, CachedStateMetricsSource, CachedStateProvider, ExecutionCache,
+    PayloadExecutionCache, SavedCache,
 };
 
 pub mod state;
@@ -150,11 +151,15 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> EngineApiTreeState<N> {
     fn new(
         block_buffer_limit: u32,
         max_invalid_header_cache_length: u32,
+        invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
         canonical_block: BlockNumHash,
         engine_kind: EngineApiKind,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
-            invalid_headers: InvalidHeaderCache::new(max_invalid_header_cache_length),
+            invalid_headers: InvalidHeaderCache::new(
+                max_invalid_header_cache_length,
+                invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold,
+            ),
             buffer: BlockBuffer::new(block_buffer_limit),
             tree_state: TreeState::new(canonical_block, engine_kind),
             forkchoice_state_tracker: ForkchoiceStateTracker::default(),
@@ -304,6 +309,9 @@ where
     /// Stored here (not in `ExecutedBlock`) to avoid leaking observability concerns into the block
     /// type. Entries are removed when blocks are persisted or invalidated.
     execution_timing_stats: HashMap<B256, Box<ExecutionTimingStats>>,
+    /// Set when an FCU with payload attributes is received, cleared on the next FCU without.
+    /// Suppresses persistence cycles during payload building.
+    building_payload: bool,
     /// Task runtime for spawning blocking work on named, reusable threads.
     runtime: reth_tasks::Runtime,
 }
@@ -395,6 +403,7 @@ where
             evm_config,
             changeset_cache,
             execution_timing_stats: HashMap::new(),
+            building_payload: false,
             runtime,
         }
     }
@@ -431,6 +440,7 @@ where
         let state = EngineApiTreeState::new(
             config.block_buffer_limit(),
             config.max_invalid_header_cache_length(),
+            config.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(),
             header.num_hash(),
             kind,
         );
@@ -1111,6 +1121,8 @@ where
     ) -> ProviderResult<TreeOutcome<OnForkChoiceUpdated>> {
         trace!(target: "engine::tree", ?attrs, "invoked forkchoice update");
 
+        self.building_payload = attrs.is_some() && self.config.suppress_persistence_during_build();
+
         // Record metrics
         self.record_forkchoice_metrics();
 
@@ -2004,9 +2016,13 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Returns true if the canonical chain length minus the last persisted
-    /// block is greater than or equal to the persistence threshold and
-    /// backfill is not running.
+    /// block is greater than or equal to the persistence threshold,
+    /// backfill is not running, and no payload is currently being built.
     pub const fn should_persist(&self) -> bool {
+        if self.building_payload {
+            return false
+        }
+
         if !self.backfill_sync_state.is_idle() {
             // can't persist if backfill is running
             return false
@@ -3008,8 +3024,14 @@ where
         );
         let latest_valid_hash = self.latest_valid_hash_for_invalid_payload(block.parent_hash())?;
 
-        // keep track of the invalid header
-        self.state.invalid_headers.insert(block.block_with_parent());
+        // keep track of the invalid header unless the consensus impl considers it transient
+        let is_transient = match &validation_err {
+            InsertBlockValidationError::Consensus(err) => self.consensus.is_transient_error(err),
+            _ => false,
+        };
+        if !is_transient {
+            self.state.invalid_headers.insert(block.block_with_parent());
+        }
         self.emit_event(EngineApiEvent::BeaconConsensus(ConsensusEngineEvent::InvalidBlock(
             Box::new(block),
         )));

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs

@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ use super::precompile_cache::PrecompileCacheMap;
 use crate::tree::{
     payload_processor::prewarm::{PrewarmCacheTask, PrewarmContext, PrewarmMode, PrewarmTaskEvent},
     sparse_trie::SparseTrieCacheTask,
-    CacheWaitDurations, CachedStateMetrics, ExecutionCache, PayloadExecutionCache, SavedCache,
-    StateProviderBuilder, TreeConfig, WaitForCaches,
+    CacheWaitDurations, CachedStateMetrics, CachedStateMetricsSource, ExecutionCache,
+    PayloadExecutionCache, SavedCache, StateProviderBuilder, TreeConfig, WaitForCaches,
 };
-use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
+use alloy_eip7928::bal::DecodedBal;
 use alloy_eips::{eip1898::BlockWithParent, eip4895::Withdrawal};
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use crossbeam_channel::{Receiver as CrossbeamReceiver, Sender as CrossbeamSender};
@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@ where
     executor: Runtime,
     /// The most recent cache used for execution.
     execution_cache: PayloadExecutionCache,
+    /// Metrics for the execution cache.
+    cache_metrics: Option<CachedStateMetrics>,
     /// Metrics for trie operations
     trie_metrics: MultiProofTaskMetrics,
     /// Cross-block cache size in bytes.
@@ -120,8 +122,12 @@ where
     sparse_trie_max_hot_accounts: usize,
     /// Whether sparse trie cache pruning is fully disabled.
     disable_sparse_trie_cache_pruning: bool,
-    /// Whether to disable cache metrics recording.
-    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
+    /// Whether to disable BAL-based parallel execution (falls back to tx-based prewarming).
+    disable_bal_parallel_execution: bool,
+    /// Whether to disable BAL-driven parallel state root computation.
+    disable_bal_parallel_state_root: bool,
+    /// Whether BAL batched IO is disabled.
+    disable_bal_batch_io: bool,
 }
 
 impl<N, Evm> PayloadProcessor<Evm>
@@ -155,7 +161,11 @@ where
             sparse_trie_max_hot_slots: config.sparse_trie_max_hot_slots(),
             sparse_trie_max_hot_accounts: config.sparse_trie_max_hot_accounts(),
             disable_sparse_trie_cache_pruning: config.disable_sparse_trie_cache_pruning(),
-            disable_cache_metrics: config.disable_cache_metrics(),
+            cache_metrics: (!config.disable_cache_metrics())
+                .then(|| CachedStateMetrics::zeroed(CachedStateMetricsSource::Engine)),
+            disable_bal_parallel_execution: config.disable_bal_parallel_execution(),
+            disable_bal_parallel_state_root: config.disable_bal_parallel_state_root(),
+            disable_bal_batch_io: config.disable_bal_batch_io(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -240,7 +250,6 @@ where
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
         multiproof_provider_factory: F,
         config: &TreeConfig,
-        bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
     ) -> IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N>
     where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
@@ -263,13 +272,12 @@ where
             halve_workers,
             config,
         );
-        let install_state_hook = bal.is_none();
+        let install_state_hook = env.decoded_bal.is_none();
         let prewarm_handle = self.spawn_caching_with(
             env,
             prewarm_rx,
             provider_builder,
             Some(state_root_handle.updates_tx().clone()),
-            bal,
         );
 
         PayloadHandle {
@@ -290,14 +298,13 @@ where
         env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
         transactions: I,
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
-        bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
     ) -> IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N>
     where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
     {
         let (prewarm_rx, execution_rx) =
             self.spawn_tx_iterator(transactions, env.transaction_count);
-        let prewarm_handle = self.spawn_caching_with(env, prewarm_rx, provider_builder, None, bal);
+        let prewarm_handle = self.spawn_caching_with(env, prewarm_rx, provider_builder, None);
         PayloadHandle {
             state_root_handle: None,
             install_state_hook: false,
@@ -455,7 +462,7 @@ where
         level = "debug",
         target = "engine::tree::payload_processor",
         skip_all,
-        fields(bal=%bal.is_some())
+        fields(bal=%env.decoded_bal.is_some())
     )]
     fn spawn_caching_with<P>(
         &self,
@@ -463,7 +470,6 @@ where
         transactions: mpsc::Receiver<(usize, impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + Clone + Send + 'static)>,
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
         to_sparse_trie_task: Option<CrossbeamSender<StateRootMessage>>,
-        bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
     ) -> CacheTaskHandle<N::Receipt>
     where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
@@ -474,7 +480,7 @@ where
         let saved_cache = self.disable_state_cache.not().then(|| self.cache_for(env.parent_hash));
 
         let executed_tx_index = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
-
+        let maybe_decoded_bal = env.decoded_bal.clone();
         // configure prewarming
         let prewarm_ctx = PrewarmContext {
             env,
@@ -482,10 +488,13 @@ where
             saved_cache: saved_cache.clone(),
             provider: provider_builder,
             metrics: PrewarmMetrics::default(),
+            cache_metrics: self.cache_metrics.clone(),
             terminate_execution: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
             executed_tx_index: Arc::clone(&executed_tx_index),
             precompile_cache_disabled: self.precompile_cache_disabled,
             precompile_cache_map: self.precompile_cache_map.clone(),
+            disable_bal_parallel_state_root: self.disable_bal_parallel_state_root,
+            disable_bal_batch_io: self.disable_bal_batch_io,
         };
 
         let (prewarm_task, to_prewarm_task) = PrewarmCacheTask::new(
@@ -494,14 +503,16 @@ where
             prewarm_ctx,
             to_sparse_trie_task,
         );
-
         {
             let to_prewarm_task = to_prewarm_task.clone();
+            let disable_bal_parallel_execution = self.disable_bal_parallel_execution;
             self.executor.spawn_blocking_named("prewarm", move || {
                 let mode = if skip_prewarm {
                     PrewarmMode::Skipped
-                } else if let Some(bal) = bal {
-                    PrewarmMode::BlockAccessList(bal)
+                } else if let Some(decoded_bal) =
+                    maybe_decoded_bal.filter(|_| !disable_bal_parallel_execution)
+                {
+                    PrewarmMode::BlockAccessList(decoded_bal)
                 } else {
                     PrewarmMode::Transactions(transactions)
                 };
@@ -509,7 +520,12 @@ where
             });
         }
 
-        CacheTaskHandle { saved_cache, to_prewarm_task: Some(to_prewarm_task), executed_tx_index }
+        CacheTaskHandle {
+            saved_cache,
+            to_prewarm_task: Some(to_prewarm_task),
+            executed_tx_index,
+            cache_metrics: self.cache_metrics.clone(),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Returns the cache for the given parent hash.
@@ -525,10 +541,10 @@ where
             debug!("creating new execution cache on cache miss");
             let start = Instant::now();
             let cache = ExecutionCache::new(self.cross_block_cache_size);
-            let metrics = CachedStateMetrics::zeroed();
-            metrics.record_cache_creation(start.elapsed());
-            SavedCache::new(parent_hash, cache, metrics)
-                .with_disable_cache_metrics(self.disable_cache_metrics)
+            if let Some(metrics) = &self.cache_metrics {
+                metrics.record_cache_creation(start.elapsed());
+            }
+            SavedCache::new(parent_hash, cache)
         }
     }
 
@@ -590,6 +606,7 @@ where
                 proof_worker_handle,
                 trie_metrics.clone(),
                 sparse_state_trie,
+                parent_state_root,
                 chunk_size,
             );
 
@@ -675,7 +692,7 @@ where
         block_with_parent: BlockWithParent,
         bundle_state: &BundleState,
     ) {
-        let disable_cache_metrics = self.disable_cache_metrics;
+        let cache_metrics = self.cache_metrics.clone();
         self.execution_cache.update_with_guard(|cached| {
             if cached.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| c.executed_block_hash() != block_with_parent.parent) {
                 debug!(
@@ -687,25 +704,19 @@ where
             }
 
             // Take existing cache (if any) or create fresh caches
-            let (caches, cache_metrics, _) = match cached.take() {
-                Some(existing) => existing.split(),
-                None => (
-                    ExecutionCache::new(self.cross_block_cache_size),
-                    CachedStateMetrics::zeroed(),
-                    false,
-                ),
+            let caches = match cached.take() {
+                Some(existing) => existing.cache().clone(),
+                None => ExecutionCache::new(self.cross_block_cache_size),
             };
 
             // Insert the block's bundle state into cache
-            let new_cache =
-                SavedCache::new(block_with_parent.block.hash, caches, cache_metrics)
-                    .with_disable_cache_metrics(disable_cache_metrics);
+            let new_cache = SavedCache::new(block_with_parent.block.hash, caches);
             if new_cache.cache().insert_state(bundle_state).is_err() {
                 *cached = None;
                 debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on update error");
                 return
             }
-            new_cache.update_metrics();
+            new_cache.update_metrics(cache_metrics.as_ref());
 
             // Replace with the updated cache
             *cached = Some(new_cache);
@@ -799,9 +810,9 @@ impl<Tx, Err, R: Send + Sync + 'static> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err, R> {
         self.prewarm_handle.saved_cache.as_ref().map(|cache| cache.cache().clone())
     }
 
-    /// Returns a clone of the cache metrics used by prewarming
+    /// Returns engine cache metrics if a cache exists for prewarming.
     pub fn cache_metrics(&self) -> Option<CachedStateMetrics> {
-        self.prewarm_handle.saved_cache.as_ref().map(|cache| cache.metrics().clone())
+        self.prewarm_handle.cache_metrics.clone()
     }
 
     /// Returns a reference to the shared executed transaction index counter.
@@ -852,6 +863,8 @@ pub struct CacheTaskHandle<R> {
     /// Shared counter tracking the next transaction index to be executed by the main execution
     /// loop. Prewarm workers skip transactions below this index.
     executed_tx_index: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+    /// Metrics for the execution cache.
+    cache_metrics: Option<CachedStateMetrics>,
 }
 
 impl<R: Send + Sync + 'static> CacheTaskHandle<R> {
@@ -920,6 +933,9 @@ pub struct ExecutionEnv<Evm: ConfigureEvm> {
     /// Withdrawals included in the block.
     /// Used to generate prefetch targets for withdrawal addresses.
     pub withdrawals: Option<Vec<Withdrawal>>,
+    /// Optional decoded BAL for the block.
+    /// Used to validate and optimize execution.
+    pub decoded_bal: Option<Arc<DecodedBal>>,
 }
 
 impl<Evm: ConfigureEvm> ExecutionEnv<Evm>
@@ -937,6 +953,7 @@ where
             transaction_count: 0,
             gas_used: 0,
             withdrawals: None,
+            decoded_bal: None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -946,8 +963,7 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::tree::{
         payload_processor::{evm_state_to_hashed_post_state, ExecutionEnv, PayloadProcessor},
         precompile_cache::PrecompileCacheMap,
-        CachedStateMetrics, ExecutionCache, PayloadExecutionCache, SavedCache,
-        StateProviderBuilder, TreeConfig,
+        ExecutionCache, PayloadExecutionCache, SavedCache, StateProviderBuilder, TreeConfig,
     };
     use alloy_eips::eip1898::{BlockNumHash, BlockWithParent};
     use alloy_evm::block::StateChangeSource;
@@ -973,7 +989,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     fn make_saved_cache(hash: B256) -> SavedCache {
         let execution_cache = ExecutionCache::new(1_000);
-        SavedCache::new(hash, execution_cache, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed())
+        SavedCache::new(hash, execution_cache)
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1236,7 +1252,6 @@ mod tests {
             StateProviderBuilder::new(provider_factory.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
             OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory, ChangesetCache::new()),
             &TreeConfig::default(),
-            None, // No BAL for test
         );
 
         let mut state_hook = handle.state_hook().expect("state hook is None");

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs

@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@
 use crate::tree::{
     payload_processor::multiproof::StateRootMessage,
     precompile_cache::{CachedPrecompile, PrecompileCacheMap},
-    CachedStateProvider, ExecutionEnv, PayloadExecutionCache, SavedCache, StateProviderBuilder,
+    CachedStateMetrics, CachedStateProvider, ExecutionEnv, PayloadExecutionCache, SavedCache,
+    StateProviderBuilder,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::transaction::TxHashRef;
-use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
+use alloy_eip7928::bal::DecodedBal;
 use alloy_eips::eip4895::Withdrawal;
 use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, StorageKey, B256};
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ pub enum PrewarmMode<Tx> {
     /// Prewarm by executing transactions from a stream, each paired with its block index.
     Transactions(Receiver<(usize, Tx)>),
     /// Prewarm by prefetching slots from a Block Access List.
-    BlockAccessList(Arc<BlockAccessList>),
+    BlockAccessList(Arc<DecodedBal>),
     /// Transaction prewarming is skipped (e.g. small blocks where the overhead exceeds the
     /// benefit). No workers are spawned.
     Skipped,
@@ -276,19 +277,20 @@ where
     ) {
         let start = Instant::now();
 
-        let Self { execution_cache, ctx: PrewarmContext { env, metrics, saved_cache, .. }, .. } =
-            self;
+        let Self {
+            execution_cache,
+            ctx: PrewarmContext { env, metrics, cache_metrics, saved_cache, .. },
+            ..
+        } = self;
         let hash = env.hash;
 
         if let Some(saved_cache) = saved_cache {
             debug!(target: "engine::caching", parent_hash=?hash, "Updating execution cache");
-            // Perform all cache operations atomically under the lock
             execution_cache.update_with_guard(|cached| {
                 // consumes the `SavedCache` held by the prewarming task, which releases its usage
                 // guard
-                let (caches, cache_metrics, disable_cache_metrics) = saved_cache.split();
-                let new_cache = SavedCache::new(hash, caches, cache_metrics)
-                    .with_disable_cache_metrics(disable_cache_metrics);
+                let caches = saved_cache.cache().clone();
+                let new_cache = SavedCache::new(hash, caches);
 
                 // Insert state into cache while holding the lock
                 // Access the BundleState through the shared ExecutionOutcome
@@ -299,7 +301,7 @@ where
                     return;
                 }
 
-                new_cache.update_metrics();
+                new_cache.update_metrics(cache_metrics.as_ref());
 
                 if valid_block_rx.recv().is_ok() {
                     // Replace the shared cache with the new one; the previous cache (if any) is
@@ -329,9 +331,10 @@ where
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", skip_all)]
     fn run_bal_prewarm(
         &self,
-        bal: Arc<BlockAccessList>,
+        decoded_bal: Arc<DecodedBal>,
         actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
     ) {
+        let bal = decoded_bal.as_bal();
         if bal.is_empty() {
             if let Some(to_sparse_trie_task) = self.to_sparse_trie_task.as_ref() {
                 let _ = to_sparse_trie_task.send(StateRootMessage::FinishedStateUpdates);
@@ -353,8 +356,8 @@ where
         let parent_span = Span::current();
         let prefetch_parent_span = parent_span.clone();
         let stream_parent_span = parent_span;
-        let prefetch_bal = Arc::clone(&bal);
-        let stream_bal = Arc::clone(&bal);
+        let prefetch_bal = Arc::clone(&decoded_bal);
+        let stream_bal = Arc::clone(&decoded_bal);
         let (prefetch_tx, prefetch_rx) = oneshot::channel();
         let (stream_tx, stream_rx) = oneshot::channel();
 
@@ -365,12 +368,12 @@ where
                     target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
                     parent: &prefetch_parent_span,
                     "bal_prefetch_storage",
-                    bal_accounts = prefetch_bal.len(),
+                    bal_accounts = prefetch_bal.as_bal().len(),
                 );
                 let provider_parent_span = branch_span.clone();
                 let _span = branch_span.entered();
 
-                prefetch_bal.par_iter().for_each_init(
+                prefetch_bal.as_bal().par_iter().for_each_init(
                     || {
                         (
                             prefetch_ctx.clone(),
@@ -398,12 +401,12 @@ where
                     target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
                     parent: &stream_parent_span,
                     "bal_hashed_state_stream",
-                    bal_accounts = stream_bal.len(),
+                    bal_accounts = stream_bal.as_bal().len(),
                 );
                 let provider_parent_span = branch_span.clone();
                 let _span = branch_span.entered();
 
-                stream_bal.par_iter().for_each_init(
+                stream_bal.as_bal().par_iter().for_each_init(
                     || (ctx.clone(), None::<Box<dyn AccountReader>>, provider_parent_span.clone()),
                     |(ctx, provider, parent_span), account_changes| {
                         ctx.send_bal_hashed_state(
@@ -521,6 +524,9 @@ where
     pub provider: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
     /// The metrics for the prewarm task.
     pub metrics: PrewarmMetrics,
+    /// Metrics for the execution cache.
+    /// Metrics for the execution cache. `None` disables metrics recording.
+    pub cache_metrics: Option<CachedStateMetrics>,
     /// An atomic bool that tells prewarm tasks to not start any more execution.
     pub terminate_execution: Arc<AtomicBool>,
     /// Shared counter tracking the next transaction index to be executed by the main execution
@@ -531,6 +537,10 @@ where
     pub precompile_cache_disabled: bool,
     /// The precompile cache map.
     pub precompile_cache_map: PrecompileCacheMap<SpecFor<Evm>>,
+    /// Whether to disable BAL-driven parallel state root computation.
+    pub disable_bal_parallel_state_root: bool,
+    /// Whether BAL batched IO is disabled.
+    pub disable_bal_batch_io: bool,
 }
 
 /// Per-thread EVM state initialised by [`PrewarmContext::evm_for_ctx`] and stored in
@@ -562,9 +572,11 @@ where
         // Use the caches to create a new provider with caching
         if let Some(saved_cache) = &self.saved_cache {
             let caches = saved_cache.cache().clone();
-            let cache_metrics = saved_cache.metrics().clone();
-            state_provider =
-                Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new_prewarm(state_provider, caches, cache_metrics));
+            state_provider = Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new_prewarm(
+                state_provider,
+                caches,
+                self.cache_metrics.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            ));
         }
 
         let state_provider = StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider);
@@ -624,6 +636,9 @@ where
         account_changes: &alloy_eip7928::AccountChanges,
         to_sparse_trie_task: &CrossbeamSender<StateRootMessage>,
     ) {
+        if self.disable_bal_parallel_state_root {
+            return;
+        }
         let address = account_changes.address;
         let mut hashed_address = None;
 
@@ -665,8 +680,11 @@ where
             };
             let boxed: Box<dyn AccountReader> = if let Some(saved) = &self.saved_cache {
                 let caches = saved.cache().clone();
-                let cache_metrics = saved.metrics().clone();
-                Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new_prewarm(inner, caches, cache_metrics))
+                Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new_prewarm(
+                    inner,
+                    caches,
+                    self.cache_metrics.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+                ))
             } else {
                 Box::new(inner)
             };
@@ -761,8 +779,11 @@ where
                 let saved_cache =
                     self.saved_cache.as_ref().expect("BAL prewarm should only run with cache");
                 let caches = saved_cache.cache().clone();
-                let cache_metrics = saved_cache.metrics().clone();
-                slot.insert(CachedStateProvider::new_prewarm(built, caches, cache_metrics))
+                slot.insert(CachedStateProvider::new_prewarm(
+                    built,
+                    caches,
+                    self.cache_metrics.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+                ))
             }
         };
 

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/sparse_trie.rs

@@ -27,8 +27,9 @@ use reth_trie_parallel::{
     root::ParallelStateRootError,
 };
 use reth_trie_sparse::{
-    errors::SparseTrieResult, ConfigurableSparseTrie, DeferredDrops, LeafUpdate,
-    RevealableSparseTrie, SparseStateTrie, SparseTrie,
+    errors::{SparseStateTrieErrorKind, SparseTrieErrorKind, SparseTrieResult},
+    ConfigurableSparseTrie, DeferredDrops, LeafUpdate, RevealableSparseTrie, SparseStateTrie,
+    SparseTrie,
 };
 use revm_primitives::{hash_map::Entry, B256Map};
 use tracing::{debug, debug_span, error, instrument, trace_span};
@@ -46,6 +47,8 @@ pub(super) struct SparseTrieCacheTask<A = ConfigurableSparseTrie, S = Configurab
     updates: CrossbeamReceiver<SparseTrieTaskMessage>,
     /// `SparseStateTrie` used for computing the state root.
     trie: SparseStateTrie<A, S>,
+    /// The parent block's state root.
+    parent_state_root: B256,
     /// Handle to the proof worker pools (storage and account).
     proof_worker_handle: ProofWorkerHandle,
 
@@ -120,6 +123,7 @@ where
         proof_worker_handle: ProofWorkerHandle,
         metrics: MultiProofTaskMetrics,
         trie: SparseStateTrie<A, S>,
+        parent_state_root: B256,
         chunk_size: usize,
     ) -> Self {
         let (proof_result_tx, proof_result_rx) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
@@ -138,6 +142,7 @@ where
             updates: hashed_state_rx,
             proof_worker_handle,
             trie,
+            parent_state_root,
             chunk_size,
             max_targets_for_chunking: DEFAULT_MAX_TARGETS_FOR_CHUNKING,
             account_updates: Default::default(),
@@ -359,10 +364,25 @@ where
         debug!(target: "engine::root", "All proofs processed, ending calculation");
 
         let start = Instant::now();
-        let (state_root, trie_updates) =
-            self.trie.root_with_updates(&self.proof_worker_handle).map_err(|e| {
-                ParallelStateRootError::Other(format!("could not calculate state root: {e:?}"))
-            })?;
+        let (state_root, trie_updates) = match self.trie.root_with_updates() {
+            Ok(result) => result,
+            Err(err)
+                if matches!(
+                    err.kind(),
+                    SparseStateTrieErrorKind::Sparse(SparseTrieErrorKind::Blind)
+                ) =>
+            {
+                // A still-blind account trie means this block never changed state, so preserve
+                // the cached parent root instead of fetching and revealing
+                // the unchanged root node.
+                (self.parent_state_root, TrieUpdates::default())
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                return Err(ParallelStateRootError::Other(format!(
+                    "could not calculate state root: {err:?}"
+                )))
+            }
+        };
 
         #[cfg(feature = "trie-debug")]
         let debug_recorders = self.trie.take_debug_recorders();
@@ -873,6 +893,11 @@ enum SparseTrieTaskMessage {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, Address, B256, U256};
+    use reth_provider::{
+        providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, test_utils::create_test_provider_factory,
+    };
+    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
+    use reth_trie_parallel::proof_task::ProofTaskCtx;
     use reth_trie_sparse::ArenaParallelSparseTrie;
 
     #[test]
@@ -953,4 +978,43 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(decoded.storage_root, storage_root);
         assert_eq!(account_rlp_buf, encoded);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn run_returns_parent_root_without_revealing_blind_trie_when_no_state_updates() {
+        let runtime = reth_tasks::Runtime::test();
+        let provider_factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        let overlay_factory =
+            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory, ChangesetCache::new());
+        let proof_worker_handle =
+            ProofWorkerHandle::new(&runtime, ProofTaskCtx::new(overlay_factory), false);
+
+        let default_trie = RevealableSparseTrie::blind_from(ConfigurableSparseTrie::Arena(
+            ArenaParallelSparseTrie::default(),
+        ));
+        let trie = SparseStateTrie::default()
+            .with_accounts_trie(default_trie.clone())
+            .with_default_storage_trie(default_trie)
+            .with_updates(true);
+
+        let parent_state_root = B256::from([0x55; 32]);
+        let (updates_tx, updates_rx) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
+        let mut task = SparseTrieCacheTask::new_with_trie(
+            &runtime,
+            updates_rx,
+            proof_worker_handle,
+            MultiProofTaskMetrics::default(),
+            trie,
+            parent_state_root,
+            1,
+        );
+
+        updates_tx.send(StateRootMessage::FinishedStateUpdates).unwrap();
+        drop(updates_tx);
+
+        let outcome = task.run().expect("state root computation should succeed");
+
+        assert_eq!(outcome.state_root, parent_state_root);
+        assert!(outcome.trie_updates.is_empty());
+        assert!(task.trie.state_trie_ref().is_none(), "blind trie should not be revealed");
+    }
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs

@@ -48,7 +48,10 @@ use crate::tree::{
     PayloadHandle, StateProviderBuilder, StateProviderDatabase, TreeConfig, WaitForCaches,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::transaction::{Either, TxHashRef};
-use alloy_eip7928::{bal::Bal, BlockAccessList};
+use alloy_eip7928::{
+    bal::{Bal, DecodedBal},
+    BlockAccessList,
+};
 use alloy_eips::{eip1898::BlockWithParent, eip4895::Withdrawal, NumHash};
 use alloy_evm::Evm;
 use alloy_primitives::{map::B256Set, B256};
@@ -487,6 +490,12 @@ where
             .in_scope(|| self.evm_env_for(&input))
             .map_err(NewPayloadError::other)?;
 
+        // Extract the decoded BAL, if valid and available.
+        let decoded_bal = ensure_ok!(input
+            .try_decoded_access_list()
+            .map_err(|err| { Box::<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>::from(err) }))
+        .map(Arc::new);
+
         let env = ExecutionEnv {
             evm_env,
             hash: input.hash(),
@@ -495,6 +504,7 @@ where
             transaction_count: input.transaction_count(),
             gas_used: input.gas_used(),
             withdrawals: input.withdrawals().map(|w| w.to_vec()),
+            decoded_bal,
         };
 
         // Plan the strategy used for state root computation.
@@ -509,14 +519,6 @@ where
         // Get an iterator over the transactions in the payload
         let txs = self.tx_iterator_for(&input)?;
 
-        // Extract the BAL, if valid and available
-        let block_access_list = ensure_ok!(input
-            .block_access_list()
-            .transpose()
-            // Eventually gets converted to a `InsertBlockErrorKind::Other`
-            .map_err(Box::<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>::from))
-        .map(Arc::new);
-
         // Create lazy overlay from ancestors - this doesn't block, allowing execution to start
         // before the trie data is ready. The overlay will be computed on first access.
         let (lazy_overlay, anchor_hash) = Self::get_parent_lazy_overlay(parent_hash, ctx.state());
@@ -532,10 +534,9 @@ where
         let mut handle = ensure_ok!(self.spawn_payload_processor(
             env.clone(),
             txs,
-            provider_builder,
+            provider_builder.clone(),
             overlay_factory.clone(),
             strategy,
-            block_access_list,
         ));
 
         // Create optional cache stats for detailed block logging
@@ -763,10 +764,19 @@ where
             }
 
             let (root, updates) = ensure_ok_post_block!(
-                Self::compute_state_root_serial(overlay_factory.clone(), &hashed_state),
+                Self::compute_state_root_serial_with_provider(
+                    provider_builder.clone(),
+                    &hashed_state
+                ),
                 block
             );
 
+            self.compare_trie_updates_with_serial(
+                overlay_factory.clone(),
+                &hashed_state,
+                updates.clone(),
+            );
+
             if state_root_task_failed {
                 self.metrics.block_validation.state_root_task_fallback_success_total.increment(1);
             }
@@ -1125,6 +1135,14 @@ where
             .root_with_updates()?)
     }
 
+    fn compute_state_root_serial_with_provider(
+        provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
+        hashed_state: &LazyHashedPostState,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
+        let provider = provider_builder.build()?;
+        provider.state_root_with_updates(hashed_state.get().clone())
+    }
+
     /// Awaits the state root from the background task, with an optional timeout fallback.
     ///
     /// If a timeout is configured (`state_root_task_timeout`), this method first waits for the
@@ -1439,7 +1457,6 @@ where
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
         overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
         strategy: StateRootStrategy,
-        block_access_list: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
     ) -> Result<
         PayloadHandle<
             impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + use<N, P, Evm, V, T>,
@@ -1459,7 +1476,6 @@ where
                     provider_builder,
                     overlay_factory,
                     &self.config,
-                    block_access_list,
                 );
 
                 // record prewarming initialization duration
@@ -1472,12 +1488,8 @@ where
             }
             StateRootStrategy::Parallel | StateRootStrategy::Synchronous => {
                 let start = Instant::now();
-                let handle = self.payload_processor.spawn_cache_exclusive(
-                    env,
-                    txs,
-                    provider_builder,
-                    block_access_list,
-                );
+                let handle =
+                    self.payload_processor.spawn_cache_exclusive(env, txs, provider_builder);
 
                 // Record prewarming initialization duration
                 self.metrics
@@ -2110,6 +2122,17 @@ impl<T: PayloadTypes> BlockOrPayload<T> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Returns the decoded block access list, if present and successfully decoded.
+    pub fn try_decoded_access_list(&self) -> Result<Option<DecodedBal>, alloy_rlp::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Payload(payload) => payload
+                .block_access_list()
+                .map(|block_access_list| DecodedBal::from_rlp_bytes(block_access_list.clone()))
+                .transpose(),
+            Self::Block(_) => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns the number of transactions in the payload or block.
     pub fn transaction_count(&self) -> usize
     where
@@ -2142,4 +2165,15 @@ impl<T: PayloadTypes> BlockOrPayload<T> {
             Self::Block(block) => block.gas_used(),
         }
     }
+
+    /// Returns the gas limit used by the block.
+    pub fn gas_limit(&self) -> u64
+    where
+        T::ExecutionData: ExecutionPayload,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Self::Payload(payload) => payload.gas_limit(),
+            Self::Block(block) => block.gas_limit(),
+        }
+    }
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/precompile_cache.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::dashmap::DashMap;
 use revm::precompile::{PrecompileId, PrecompileOutput, PrecompileResult};
 use revm_primitives::Address;
 use std::{hash::Hash, sync::Arc};
+use tracing::error;
 
 /// Default max cache size for [`PrecompileCache`]
 const MAX_CACHE_SIZE: u32 = 10_000;
@@ -73,7 +74,9 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-/// Cache entry, precompile successful output.
+/// Cache entry for a successful precompile output.
+///
+/// We intentionally do not cache non-successful statuses or errors.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct CacheEntry<S> {
     output: PrecompileOutput,
@@ -85,8 +88,14 @@ impl<S> CacheEntry<S> {
         self.output.gas_used
     }
 
-    fn to_precompile_result(&self) -> PrecompileResult {
-        Ok(self.output.clone())
+    /// Converts the cache entry to a precompile result. Accepts state gas reservoir as input.
+    ///
+    /// All cached precompiles are not expected to access/created state and thus reservoir is always
+    /// kept as is.
+    fn to_precompile_result(&self, reservoir: u64) -> PrecompileResult {
+        let mut output = self.output.clone();
+        output.reservoir = reservoir;
+        Ok(output)
     }
 }
 
@@ -173,20 +182,34 @@ where
             input.gas >= entry.gas_used()
         {
             self.increment_by_one_precompile_cache_hits();
-            return entry.to_precompile_result()
+            return entry.to_precompile_result(input.reservoir);
         }
 
         let calldata = input.data;
+        let reservoir = input.reservoir;
         let result = self.precompile.call(input);
 
         match &result {
-            Ok(output) => {
-                let size = self.cache.insert(
-                    Bytes::copy_from_slice(calldata),
-                    CacheEntry { output: output.clone(), spec: self.spec_id.clone() },
-                );
-                self.set_precompile_cache_size_metric(size as f64);
-                self.increment_by_one_precompile_cache_misses();
+            // Only successful outputs are cacheable. Non-success statuses and errors must execute
+            // again instead of poisoning the cache for subsequent calls.
+            Ok(output) if output.is_success() => {
+                // Sanity-check precompile output to ensure that it does not affect state gas in any
+                // way.
+                //
+                // This does not fully protect us from caching stateful precompiles but might make
+                // it obvious when the node is misconfigured.
+                if output.reservoir != reservoir {
+                    error!(target: "engine::tree", precompile_id = self.precompile.precompile_id().name(), "cacheable precompile decremented reservoir, skipping cache insertion");
+                } else if output.state_gas_used != 0 {
+                    error!(target: "engine::tree", precompile_id = self.precompile.precompile_id().name(), "cacheable precompile used state gas, skipping cache insertion");
+                } else {
+                    let size = self.cache.insert(
+                        Bytes::copy_from_slice(calldata),
+                        CacheEntry { output: output.clone(), spec: self.spec_id.clone() },
+                    );
+                    self.set_precompile_cache_size_metric(size as f64);
+                    self.increment_by_one_precompile_cache_misses();
+                }
             }
             _ => {
                 self.increment_by_one_precompile_errors();
@@ -228,17 +251,22 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use reth_evm::{EthEvmFactory, Evm, EvmEnv, EvmFactory};
     use reth_revm::db::EmptyDB;
-    use revm::{context::TxEnv, precompile::PrecompileOutput};
+    use revm::{
+        context::TxEnv,
+        precompile::{PrecompileOutput, PrecompileStatus},
+    };
     use revm_primitives::hardfork::SpecId;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_precompile_cache_basic() {
         let dyn_precompile: DynPrecompile = (|_input: PrecompileInput<'_>| -> PrecompileResult {
             Ok(PrecompileOutput {
+                status: PrecompileStatus::Success,
                 gas_used: 0,
+                state_gas_used: 0,
+                reservoir: 0,
                 gas_refunded: 0,
                 bytes: Bytes::default(),
-                reverted: false,
             })
         })
         .into();
@@ -247,10 +275,12 @@ mod tests {
             CachedPrecompile::new(dyn_precompile, PrecompileCache::default(), SpecId::PRAGUE, None);
 
         let output = PrecompileOutput {
+            status: PrecompileStatus::Success,
             gas_used: 50,
+            state_gas_used: 0,
+            reservoir: 0,
             gas_refunded: 0,
             bytes: alloy_primitives::Bytes::copy_from_slice(b"cached_result"),
-            reverted: false,
         };
 
         let input = b"test_input";
@@ -279,10 +309,12 @@ mod tests {
                 assert_eq!(input.data, input_data);
 
                 Ok(PrecompileOutput {
+                    status: PrecompileStatus::Success,
                     gas_used: 5000,
+                    state_gas_used: 0,
+                    reservoir: 0,
                     gas_refunded: 0,
                     bytes: alloy_primitives::Bytes::copy_from_slice(b"output_from_precompile_1"),
-                    reverted: false,
                 })
             }
         })
@@ -294,10 +326,12 @@ mod tests {
                 assert_eq!(input.data, input_data);
 
                 Ok(PrecompileOutput {
+                    status: PrecompileStatus::Success,
                     gas_used: 7000,
+                    state_gas_used: 0,
+                    reservoir: 0,
                     gas_refunded: 0,
                     bytes: alloy_primitives::Bytes::copy_from_slice(b"output_from_precompile_2"),
-                    reverted: false,
                 })
             }
         })

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/tests.rs

@@ -184,11 +184,18 @@ impl TestHarness {
         let payload_validator = MockEngineValidator;
 
         let (from_tree_tx, from_tree_rx) = unbounded_channel();
+        let tree_config =
+            TreeConfig::default().with_legacy_state_root(false).with_has_enough_parallelism(true);
 
         let header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
         let header = SealedHeader::seal_slow(header);
-        let engine_api_tree_state =
-            EngineApiTreeState::new(10, 10, header.num_hash(), EngineApiKind::Ethereum);
+        let engine_api_tree_state = EngineApiTreeState::new(
+            10,
+            10,
+            tree_config.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(),
+            header.num_hash(),
+            EngineApiKind::Ethereum,
+        );
         let canonical_in_memory_state = CanonicalInMemoryState::with_head(header, None, None);
 
         let (to_payload_service, _payload_command_rx) = unbounded_channel();
@@ -217,8 +224,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
             persistence_handle,
             PersistenceState { last_persisted_block: BlockNumHash::default(), rx: None },
             payload_builder,
-            // always assume enough parallelism for tests
-            TreeConfig::default().with_legacy_state_root(false).with_has_enough_parallelism(true),
+            tree_config,
             EngineApiKind::Ethereum,
             evm_config,
             changeset_cache,

crates/era-utils/src/export.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 //! and injecting them into era1 files with `Era1Writer`.
 
 use crate::calculate_td_by_number;
-use alloy_consensus::BlockHeader;
-use alloy_primitives::{BlockNumber, B256, U256};
+use alloy_consensus::{BlockHeader, Sealable, TxReceipt};
+use alloy_primitives::{BlockNumber, U256};
 use eyre::{eyre, Result};
 use reth_era::{
     common::file_ops::{EraFileId, StreamWriter},
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use reth_era::{
         types::{
             execution::{
                 Accumulator, BlockTuple, CompressedBody, CompressedHeader, CompressedReceipts,
-                TotalDifficulty, MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1,
+                HeaderRecord, TotalDifficulty, MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1,
             },
             group::{BlockIndex, Era1Id},
         },
@@ -139,17 +139,21 @@ where
 
         let headers = provider.headers_range(start_block..=end_block)?;
 
-        // Extract first 4 bytes of last block's state root as historical identifier
-        let historical_root = headers
-            .last()
-            .map(|header| {
-                let state_root = header.state_root();
-                [state_root[0], state_root[1], state_root[2], state_root[3]]
+        // Pre-compute accumulator from headers to determine filename
+        let mut precompute_td = total_difficulty;
+        let header_records: Vec<HeaderRecord> = headers
+            .iter()
+            .map(|h| {
+                precompute_td += h.difficulty();
+                HeaderRecord { block_hash: h.hash_slow(), total_difficulty: precompute_td }
             })
-            .unwrap_or([0u8; 4]);
+            .collect();
+        let accumulator = Accumulator::from_header_records(&header_records)
+            .map_err(|e| eyre!("Failed to compute accumulator: {e}"))?;
+        let file_hash: [u8; 4] = accumulator.root[..4].try_into().unwrap();
 
-        let era1_id = Era1Id::new(&config.network, start_block, block_count as u32)
-            .with_hash(historical_root);
+        let era1_id =
+            Era1Id::new(&config.network, start_block, block_count as u32).with_hash(file_hash);
 
         let era1_id = if config.max_blocks_per_file == MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1 as u64 {
             era1_id
@@ -166,7 +170,6 @@ where
         let mut offsets = Vec::<i64>::with_capacity(block_count);
         let mut position = VERSION_ENTRY_SIZE as i64;
         let mut blocks_written = 0;
-        let mut final_header_data = Vec::new();
 
         for (i, header) in headers.into_iter().enumerate() {
             let expected_block_number = start_block + i as u64;
@@ -178,11 +181,6 @@ where
                 &mut total_difficulty,
             )?;
 
-            // Save last block's header data for accumulator
-            if expected_block_number == end_block {
-                final_header_data = compressed_header.data.clone();
-            }
-
             let difficulty = TotalDifficulty::new(total_difficulty);
 
             let header_size = compressed_header.data.len() + ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE;
@@ -218,10 +216,12 @@ where
             }
         }
         if blocks_written > 0 {
-            let accumulator_hash =
-                B256::from_slice(&final_header_data[0..32.min(final_header_data.len())]);
-            let accumulator = Accumulator::new(accumulator_hash);
-            let block_index = BlockIndex::new(start_block, offsets);
+            // Convert absolute offsets to relative (measured from block-index entry start)
+            let accumulator_entry_size = (ENTRY_HEADER_SIZE + 32) as i64;
+            let block_index_position = position + accumulator_entry_size;
+            let relative_offsets: Vec<i64> =
+                offsets.iter().map(|&abs| abs - block_index_position).collect();
+            let block_index = BlockIndex::new(start_block, relative_offsets);
 
             writer.write_accumulator(&accumulator)?;
             writer.write_block_index(&block_index)?;
@@ -310,7 +310,9 @@ where
 
     let compressed_header = CompressedHeader::from_header(&header)?;
     let compressed_body = CompressedBody::from_body(&body)?;
-    let compressed_receipts = CompressedReceipts::from_encodable_list(&receipts)
+    let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> =
+        receipts.iter().map(|r| TxReceipt::with_bloom_ref(r)).collect();
+    let compressed_receipts = CompressedReceipts::from_encodable_list(&receipts_with_bloom)
         .map_err(|e| eyre!("Failed to compress receipts: {}", e))?;
 
     Ok((compressed_header, compressed_body, compressed_receipts))

crates/era/Cargo.toml

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ snap.workspace = true
 # ssz encoding and decoding
 ethereum_ssz.workspace = true
 ethereum_ssz_derive.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 eyre.workspace = true

crates/era/src/era1/types/execution.rs

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ use crate::{
 use alloy_consensus::{Block, BlockBody, Header};
 use alloy_primitives::{B256, U256};
 use alloy_rlp::{Decodable, Encodable};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use snap::{read::FrameDecoder, write::FrameEncoder};
 use std::{
     io::{Read, Write},
@@ -493,6 +494,73 @@ impl Accumulator {
 
         Ok(Self { root: B256::from(root) })
     }
+
+    /// Compute the accumulator from a list of header records.
+    ///
+    /// Implements `hash_tree_root(List[HeaderRecord, 8192])` per the ERA1 spec:
+    /// - Each leaf is `sha256(block_hash || total_difficulty_le_bytes32)`
+    /// - Leaves are padded to `MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1` (8192) with zero hashes
+    /// - Binary Merkle tree is computed bottom-up
+    /// - Final root is `sha256(merkle_root || le_bytes32(actual_count))`
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Err` if `records` exceeds [`MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1`].
+    pub fn from_header_records(records: &[HeaderRecord]) -> Result<Self, E2sError> {
+        let capacity = MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1;
+
+        if records.len() > capacity {
+            return Err(E2sError::Ssz(format!(
+                "Too many header records: got {}, max {}",
+                records.len(),
+                capacity
+            )));
+        }
+
+        // Compute leaf hash for each header record
+        let mut leaves = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);
+        for record in records {
+            let mut data = [0u8; 64];
+            data[..32].copy_from_slice(record.block_hash.as_slice());
+            data[32..].copy_from_slice(&record.total_difficulty.to_le_bytes::<32>());
+            leaves.push(<[u8; 32]>::from(Sha256::digest(data)));
+        }
+
+        // Pad to capacity with zero hashes
+        leaves.resize(capacity, [0u8; 32]);
+
+        // Binary Merkle tree bottom-up (capacity is always a power of two)
+        while leaves.len() > 1 {
+            let mut next_level = Vec::with_capacity(leaves.len() / 2);
+            for pair in leaves.chunks_exact(2) {
+                let mut data = [0u8; 64];
+                data[..32].copy_from_slice(&pair[0]);
+                data[32..].copy_from_slice(&pair[1]);
+                next_level.push(<[u8; 32]>::from(Sha256::digest(data)));
+            }
+            leaves = next_level;
+        }
+
+        let merkle_root = leaves[0];
+
+        // mix_in_length: sha256(merkle_root || le_bytes32(actual_length))
+        let mut mix = [0u8; 64];
+        mix[..32].copy_from_slice(&merkle_root);
+        let length = records.len() as u64;
+        mix[32..40].copy_from_slice(&length.to_le_bytes());
+        // remaining bytes stay zero (uint256 LE padding)
+
+        Ok(Self { root: B256::from(<[u8; 32]>::from(Sha256::digest(mix))) })
+    }
+}
+
+/// A header record used to compute the ERA1 accumulator.
+///
+/// Per the ERA1 spec: `header-record := { block-hash: Bytes32, total-difficulty: Uint256 }`
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct HeaderRecord {
+    /// The block hash (keccak256 of RLP-encoded header)
+    pub block_hash: B256,
+    /// The cumulative total difficulty at this block
+    pub total_difficulty: U256,
 }
 
 /// A block tuple in an Era1 file, containing all components for a single block
@@ -691,6 +759,44 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_accumulator_from_header_records_known_vectors() {
+        // Known-answer vectors computed from the SSZ spec:
+        //   hash_tree_root(List[HeaderRecord, 8192])
+        let expected_empty: B256 =
+            "4a8c3a07c8d23adc5bac61157555c3c784d53d9bc110c1370809bd23cd93777d".parse().unwrap();
+        let expected_single_zero: B256 =
+            "81fd641249670887a731386e756a7a1538dc781b1b0bf016889045d350812817".parse().unwrap();
+        let expected_single_nonzero: B256 =
+            "ada35c48d81117f4fd588554cd4c4752356336e84cb41106dea1ceb4cfac8799".parse().unwrap();
+
+        // Empty list
+        let acc_empty = Accumulator::from_header_records(&[]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(acc_empty.root, expected_empty);
+
+        // Single record with zero values
+        let records = vec![HeaderRecord { block_hash: B256::ZERO, total_difficulty: U256::ZERO }];
+        let acc = Accumulator::from_header_records(&records).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(acc.root, expected_single_zero);
+
+        // Single record with non-zero values
+        let records2 = vec![HeaderRecord {
+            block_hash: B256::from([1u8; 32]),
+            total_difficulty: U256::from(100u64),
+        }];
+        let acc2 = Accumulator::from_header_records(&records2).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(acc2.root, expected_single_nonzero);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_accumulator_rejects_oversized_input() {
+        let records = vec![
+            HeaderRecord { block_hash: B256::ZERO, total_difficulty: U256::ZERO };
+            MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1 + 1
+        ];
+        assert!(Accumulator::from_header_records(&records).is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_receipt_list_compression() {
         let receipts = create_test_receipts();

crates/era/src/era1/types/group.rs

@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ pub struct Era1Id {
     /// Number of blocks in the file
     pub block_count: u32,
 
-    /// Optional hash identifier for this file
-    /// First 4 bytes of the last historical root in the last state in the era file
+    /// Optional hash identifier for this file.
+    /// First 4 bytes of the accumulator root hash.
     pub hash: Option<[u8; 4]>,
 
     /// Whether to include era count in filename

crates/ethereum/cli/src/interface.rs

@@ -491,7 +491,6 @@ mod tests {
     fn parse_env_filter_directives() {
         let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
 
-        unsafe { std::env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "info,evm=debug") };
         let reth = Cli::try_parse_args_from([
             "reth",
             "init",

crates/ethereum/consensus/src/lib.rs

@@ -109,13 +109,8 @@ where
         result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
         receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
-        let res = validate_block_post_execution(
-            block,
-            &self.chain_spec,
-            &result.receipts,
-            &result.requests,
-            receipt_root_bloom,
-        );
+        let res =
+            validate_block_post_execution(block, &self.chain_spec, result, receipt_root_bloom);
 
         if self.skip_requests_hash_check &&
             let Err(ConsensusError::BodyRequestsHashDiff(_)) = &res

crates/ethereum/consensus/src/validation.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use alloy_consensus::{proofs::calculate_receipt_root, BlockHeader, TxReceipt};
-use alloy_eips::{eip7685::Requests, Encodable2718};
+use alloy_eips::Encodable2718;
 use alloy_primitives::{Bloom, Bytes, B256};
 use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
 use reth_consensus::ConsensusError;
+use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
     receipt::gas_spent_by_transactions, Block, GotExpected, Receipt, RecoveredBlock,
 };
@@ -18,8 +19,7 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{
 pub fn validate_block_post_execution<B, R, ChainSpec>(
     block: &RecoveredBlock<B>,
     chain_spec: &ChainSpec,
-    receipts: &[R],
-    requests: &Requests,
+    result: &BlockExecutionResult<R>,
     receipt_root_bloom: Option<(B256, Bloom)>,
 ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError>
 where
@@ -28,12 +28,10 @@ where
     ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks,
 {
     // Check if gas used matches the value set in header.
-    let cumulative_gas_used =
-        receipts.last().map(|receipt| receipt.cumulative_gas_used()).unwrap_or(0);
-    if block.header().gas_used() != cumulative_gas_used {
+    if block.header().gas_used() != result.gas_used {
         return Err(ConsensusError::BlockGasUsed {
-            gas: GotExpected { got: cumulative_gas_used, expected: block.header().gas_used() },
-            gas_spent_by_tx: gas_spent_by_transactions(receipts),
+            gas: GotExpected { got: result.gas_used, expected: block.header().gas_used() },
+            gas_spent_by_tx: gas_spent_by_transactions(&result.receipts),
         })
     }
 
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ where
     // transaction This was replaced with is_success flag.
     // See more about EIP here: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-658
     if chain_spec.is_byzantium_active_at_block(block.header().number()) {
-        let result = if let Some((receipts_root, logs_bloom)) = receipt_root_bloom {
+        let res = if let Some((receipts_root, logs_bloom)) = receipt_root_bloom {
             compare_receipts_root_and_logs_bloom(
                 receipts_root,
                 logs_bloom,
@@ -50,11 +48,16 @@ where
                 block.header().logs_bloom(),
             )
         } else {
-            verify_receipts(block.header().receipts_root(), block.header().logs_bloom(), receipts)
+            verify_receipts(
+                block.header().receipts_root(),
+                block.header().logs_bloom(),
+                &result.receipts,
+            )
         };
 
-        if let Err(error) = result {
-            let receipts = receipts
+        if let Err(error) = res {
+            let receipts = result
+                .receipts
                 .iter()
                 .map(|r| Bytes::from(r.with_bloom_ref().encoded_2718()))
                 .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -68,7 +71,7 @@ where
         let Some(header_requests_hash) = block.header().requests_hash() else {
             return Err(ConsensusError::RequestsHashMissing)
         };
-        let requests_hash = requests.requests_hash();
+        let requests_hash = result.requests.requests_hash();
         if requests_hash != header_requests_hash {
             return Err(ConsensusError::BodyRequestsHashDiff(
                 GotExpected::new(requests_hash, header_requests_hash).into(),

crates/ethereum/engine-primitives/src/error.rs

@@ -10,4 +10,7 @@ pub enum BuiltPayloadConversionError {
     /// Unexpected EIP-7594 sidecars in the built payload.
     #[error("unexpected EIP-7594 sidecars")]
     UnexpectedEip7594Sidecars,
+    /// Missing block access list (required for V6 envelope).
+    #[error("missing block access list")]
+    MissingBlockAccessList,
 }

crates/ethereum/engine-primitives/src/payload.rs

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ use alloy_eips::{
     eip7594::{BlobTransactionSidecarEip7594, BlobTransactionSidecarVariant},
     eip7685::Requests,
 };
-use alloy_primitives::U256;
+use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, U256};
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
     BlobsBundleV1, BlobsBundleV2, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV2, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV3,
     ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV5, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6,
-    ExecutionPayloadFieldV2, ExecutionPayloadV1, ExecutionPayloadV3,
+    ExecutionPayloadFieldV2, ExecutionPayloadV1, ExecutionPayloadV3, ExecutionPayloadV4,
 };
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives;
 use reth_payload_primitives::BuiltPayload;
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ pub struct EthBuiltPayload<N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
     pub(crate) sidecars: BlobSidecars,
     /// The requests of the payload
     pub(crate) requests: Option<Requests>,
+    /// The block access list of the payload
+    pub(crate) block_access_list: Option<Bytes>,
 }
 
 // === impl BuiltPayload ===
@@ -48,8 +50,9 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> EthBuiltPayload<N> {
         block: Arc<SealedBlock<N::Block>>,
         fees: U256,
         requests: Option<Requests>,
+        block_access_list: Option<Bytes>,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self { block, fees, requests, sidecars: BlobSidecars::Empty }
+        Self { block, fees, requests, sidecars: BlobSidecars::Empty, block_access_list }
     }
 
     /// Returns the built block(sealed)
@@ -152,9 +155,39 @@ impl EthBuiltPayload {
 
     /// Try converting built payload into [`ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6`].
     ///
-    /// Note: Amsterdam fork is not yet implemented, so this conversion is not yet supported.
+    /// Returns an error if the block access list is missing, as it's required for V6 envelopes.
     pub fn try_into_v6(self) -> Result<ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6, BuiltPayloadConversionError> {
-        unimplemented!("ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6 not yet supported")
+        let Self { block, fees, sidecars, requests, block_access_list, .. } = self;
+
+        let block_access_list =
+            block_access_list.ok_or(BuiltPayloadConversionError::MissingBlockAccessList)?;
+
+        let blobs_bundle = match sidecars {
+            BlobSidecars::Empty => BlobsBundleV2::empty(),
+            BlobSidecars::Eip7594(sidecars) => BlobsBundleV2::from(sidecars),
+            BlobSidecars::Eip4844(_) => {
+                return Err(BuiltPayloadConversionError::UnexpectedEip4844Sidecars)
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6 {
+            execution_payload: ExecutionPayloadV4::from_block_unchecked_with_bal(
+                block.hash(),
+                &Arc::unwrap_or_clone(block).into_block(),
+                block_access_list,
+            ),
+            block_value: fees,
+            // From the engine API spec:
+            //
+            // > Client software **MAY** use any heuristics to decide whether to set
+            // `shouldOverrideBuilder` flag or not. If client software does not implement any
+            // heuristic this flag **SHOULD** be set to `false`.
+            //
+            // Spec:
+            // <https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/blob/fe8e13c288c592ec154ce25c534e26cb7ce0530d/src/engine/cancun.md#specification-2>
+            should_override_builder: false,
+            blobs_bundle,
+            execution_requests: requests.unwrap_or_default(),
+        })
     }
 }
 

crates/ethereum/evm/src/lib.rs

@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ where
                 suggested_fee_recipient: attributes.suggested_fee_recipient,
                 prev_randao: attributes.prev_randao,
                 gas_limit: attributes.gas_limit,
+                slot_number: attributes.slot_number,
             },
             self.chain_spec().next_block_base_fee(parent, attributes.timestamp).unwrap_or_default(),
             self.chain_spec(),
@@ -194,6 +195,7 @@ where
             ommers: &block.body().ommers,
             withdrawals: block.body().withdrawals.as_ref().map(|w| Cow::Borrowed(w.as_slice())),
             extra_data: block.header().extra_data.clone(),
+            slot_number: block.header().slot_number,
         })
     }
 
@@ -209,6 +211,7 @@ where
             ommers: &[],
             withdrawals: attributes.withdrawals.map(|w| Cow::Owned(w.into_inner())),
             extra_data: attributes.extra_data,
+            slot_number: attributes.slot_number,
         })
     }
 }
@@ -273,7 +276,7 @@ where
             gas_limit: payload.payload.gas_limit(),
             basefee: payload.payload.saturated_base_fee_per_gas(),
             blob_excess_gas_and_price,
-            slot_num: 0,
+            slot_num: payload.payload.as_v4().map(|v4| v4.slot_number).unwrap_or_default(),
         };
 
         Ok(EvmEnv { cfg_env, block_env })
@@ -290,6 +293,7 @@ where
             ommers: &[],
             withdrawals: payload.payload.withdrawals().map(|w| Cow::Borrowed(w.as_slice())),
             extra_data: payload.payload.as_v1().extra_data.clone(),
+            slot_number: payload.payload.as_v4().map(|v4| v4.slot_number),
         })
     }
 

crates/ethereum/node/Cargo.toml

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ reth-rpc-eth-types.workspace = true
 reth-engine-local.workspace = true
 reth-engine-primitives = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
 reth-payload-primitives.workspace = true
-
 # ethereum
 alloy-eips.workspace = true
 alloy-network.workspace = true

crates/ethereum/node/src/node.rs

@@ -26,9 +26,10 @@ use reth_node_builder::{
     },
     node::{FullNodeTypes, NodeTypes},
     rpc::{
-        BasicEngineApiBuilder, BasicEngineValidatorBuilder, EngineApiBuilder, EngineValidatorAddOn,
-        EngineValidatorBuilder, EthApiBuilder, EthApiCtx, Identity, PayloadValidatorBuilder,
-        RethRpcAddOns, RpcAddOns, RpcHandle,
+        BasicEngineApiBuilder, BasicEngineValidatorBuilder, Either, EngineApiBuilder,
+        EngineValidatorAddOn, EngineValidatorBuilder, EthApiBuilder, EthApiCtx, Identity,
+        PayloadValidatorBuilder, RethAuthHttpMiddleware, RethRpcAddOns, RethRpcMiddleware,
+        RpcAddOns, RpcHandle, Stack,
     },
     BuilderContext, DebugNode, Node, NodeAdapter,
 };
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ use reth_rpc::{
     TestingApi, ValidationApi,
 };
 use reth_rpc_api::servers::{BlockSubmissionValidationApiServer, TestingApiServer};
-use reth_rpc_builder::{config::RethRpcServerConfig, middleware::RethRpcMiddleware};
+use reth_rpc_builder::config::RethRpcServerConfig;
 use reth_rpc_eth_api::{
     helpers::{
         config::{EthConfigApiServer, EthConfigHandler},
@@ -165,17 +166,21 @@ pub struct EthereumAddOns<
     EB = BasicEngineApiBuilder<PVB>,
     EVB = BasicEngineValidatorBuilder<PVB>,
     RpcMiddleware = Identity,
+    AuthHttpMiddleware = Identity,
 > {
-    inner: RpcAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>,
+    inner: RpcAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>,
 }
 
-impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
+    EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     N: FullNodeComponents,
     EthB: EthApiBuilder<N>,
 {
     /// Creates a new instance from the inner `RpcAddOns`.
-    pub const fn new(inner: RpcAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new(
+        inner: RpcAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self { inner }
     }
 }
@@ -199,11 +204,13 @@ where
             BasicEngineApiBuilder::default(),
             BasicEngineValidatorBuilder::default(),
             Default::default(),
+            Identity::new(),
         ))
     }
 }
 
-impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
+    EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     N: FullNodeComponents,
     EthB: EthApiBuilder<N>,
@@ -212,7 +219,7 @@ where
     pub fn with_engine_api<T>(
         self,
         engine_api_builder: T,
-    ) -> EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, T, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+    ) -> EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, T, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
     where
         T: Send,
     {
@@ -224,7 +231,7 @@ where
     pub fn with_payload_validator<V, T>(
         self,
         payload_validator_builder: T,
-    ) -> EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, T, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> {
+    ) -> EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, T, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware> {
         let Self { inner } = self;
         EthereumAddOns::new(inner.with_payload_validator(payload_validator_builder))
     }
@@ -233,7 +240,7 @@ where
     pub fn with_rpc_middleware<T>(
         self,
         rpc_middleware: T,
-    ) -> EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, T>
+    ) -> EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, T, AuthHttpMiddleware>
     where
         T: Send,
     {
@@ -241,6 +248,45 @@ where
         EthereumAddOns::new(inner.with_rpc_middleware(rpc_middleware))
     }
 
+    /// Configures the HTTP transport middleware for the auth / Engine API server.
+    pub fn with_auth_http_middleware<T>(
+        self,
+        auth_http_middleware: T,
+    ) -> EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, T>
+    where
+        T: Send,
+    {
+        let Self { inner } = self;
+        EthereumAddOns::new(inner.with_auth_http_middleware(auth_http_middleware))
+    }
+
+    /// Stacks an additional HTTP transport middleware layer for the auth / Engine API server.
+    pub fn layer_auth_http_middleware<T>(
+        self,
+        layer: T,
+    ) -> EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, Stack<AuthHttpMiddleware, T>> {
+        let Self { inner } = self;
+        EthereumAddOns::new(inner.layer_auth_http_middleware(layer))
+    }
+
+    /// Conditionally stacks an HTTP transport middleware layer for the auth / Engine API server.
+    #[expect(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    pub fn option_layer_auth_http_middleware<T>(
+        self,
+        layer: Option<T>,
+    ) -> EthereumAddOns<
+        N,
+        EthB,
+        PVB,
+        EB,
+        EVB,
+        RpcMiddleware,
+        Stack<AuthHttpMiddleware, Either<T, Identity>>,
+    > {
+        let Self { inner } = self;
+        EthereumAddOns::new(inner.option_layer_auth_http_middleware(layer))
+    }
+
     /// Sets the tokio runtime for the RPC servers.
     ///
     /// Caution: This runtime must not be created from within asynchronous context.
@@ -250,8 +296,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> NodeAddOns<N>
-    for EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware> NodeAddOns<N>
+    for EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     N: FullNodeComponents<
         Types: NodeTypes<
@@ -268,6 +314,7 @@ where
     EthApiError: FromEvmError<N::Evm>,
     EvmFactoryFor<N::Evm>: EvmFactory<Tx = TxEnv>,
     RpcMiddleware: RethRpcMiddleware,
+    AuthHttpMiddleware: RethAuthHttpMiddleware<Identity>,
 {
     type Handle = RpcHandle<N, EthB::EthApi>;
 
@@ -323,8 +370,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> RethRpcAddOns<N>
-    for EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware> RethRpcAddOns<N>
+    for EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     N: FullNodeComponents<
         Types: NodeTypes<
@@ -341,6 +388,7 @@ where
     EthApiError: FromEvmError<N::Evm>,
     EvmFactoryFor<N::Evm>: EvmFactory<Tx = TxEnv>,
     RpcMiddleware: RethRpcMiddleware,
+    AuthHttpMiddleware: RethAuthHttpMiddleware<Identity>,
 {
     type EthApi = EthB::EthApi;
 
@@ -349,8 +397,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> EngineValidatorAddOn<N>
-    for EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware> EngineValidatorAddOn<N>
+    for EthereumAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     N: FullNodeComponents<
         Types: NodeTypes<
@@ -367,6 +415,7 @@ where
     EthApiError: FromEvmError<N::Evm>,
     EvmFactoryFor<N::Evm>: EvmFactory<Tx = TxEnv>,
     RpcMiddleware: Send,
+    AuthHttpMiddleware: Send,
 {
     type ValidatorBuilder = EVB;
 

crates/ethereum/payload/src/lib.rs

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use reth_evm::{
     ConfigureEvm, Evm, NextBlockEnvAttributes,
 };
 use reth_evm_ethereum::EthEvmConfig;
-use reth_execution_cache::CachedStateProvider;
+use reth_execution_cache::{CachedStateMetrics, CachedStateMetricsSource, CachedStateProvider};
 use reth_payload_builder::{BlobSidecars, EthBuiltPayload};
 use reth_payload_builder_primitives::PayloadBuilderError;
 use reth_payload_primitives::PayloadAttributes;
@@ -172,12 +172,19 @@ where
         state_provider = Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new(
             state_provider,
             execution_cache.cache().clone(),
-            execution_cache.metrics().clone(),
+            // It's ok to recreate the cache every time, because it's cheap to do so for a vanilla
+            // Ethereum builder every 12s.
+            CachedStateMetrics::zeroed(CachedStateMetricsSource::Builder),
         ));
     }
     let state = StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider.as_ref());
-    let mut db =
-        State::builder().with_database(cached_reads.as_db_mut(state)).with_bundle_update().build();
+    let chain_spec = client.chain_spec();
+    let is_amsterdam = chain_spec.is_amsterdam_active_at_timestamp(attributes.timestamp());
+    let mut db = State::builder()
+        .with_database(cached_reads.as_db_mut(state))
+        .with_bundle_update()
+        .with_bal_builder_if(is_amsterdam)
+        .build();
 
     let mut builder = evm_config
         .builder_for_next_block(
@@ -191,12 +198,11 @@ where
                 parent_beacon_block_root: attributes.parent_beacon_block_root(),
                 withdrawals: attributes.withdrawals.clone().map(Into::into),
                 extra_data: builder_config.extra_data,
+                slot_number: attributes.slot_number(),
             },
         )
         .map_err(PayloadBuilderError::other)?;
 
-    let chain_spec = client.chain_spec();
-
     debug!(target: "payload_builder", id=%payload_id, parent_header = ?parent_header.hash(), parent_number = parent_header.number, "building new payload");
     let mut cumulative_gas_used = 0;
     let block_gas_limit: u64 = builder.evm_mut().block().gas_limit();
@@ -356,6 +362,25 @@ where
                 }
                 continue
             }
+            // EIP-7778: the executor tracks gas_before_refund while the payload builder's
+            // pre-check uses gas_after_refund. Near-full blocks can pass the pre-check but
+            // fail the executor's check. Skip the tx and continue building.
+            Err(BlockExecutionError::Validation(
+                BlockValidationError::TransactionGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas {
+                    transaction_gas_limit,
+                    block_available_gas,
+                },
+            )) => {
+                trace!(target: "payload_builder", %transaction_gas_limit, %block_available_gas, ?tx_hash, "skipping transaction exceeding block gas limit");
+                best_txs.mark_invalid(
+                    &pool_tx,
+                    &InvalidPoolTransactionError::ExceedsGasLimit(
+                        transaction_gas_limit,
+                        block_available_gas,
+                    ),
+                );
+                continue
+            }
             // this is an error that we should treat as fatal for this attempt
             Err(err) => return Err(PayloadBuilderError::evm(err)),
         };
@@ -431,7 +456,7 @@ where
         }));
     }
 
-    let payload = EthBuiltPayload::new(sealed_block, total_fees, requests)
+    let payload = EthBuiltPayload::new(sealed_block, total_fees, requests, None)
         // add blob sidecars from the executed txs
         .with_sidecars(blob_sidecars);
 

crates/evm/evm/src/execute.rs

@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ where
             self.executor.execute_transaction_with_commit_condition((tx_env, &tx), f)?
         {
             self.transactions.push(tx);
-            Ok(Some(gas_used))
+            Ok(Some(gas_used.tx_gas_used()))
         } else {
             Ok(None)
         }

crates/evm/evm/src/lib.rs

@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ pub use alloy_evm::{
 ///     gas_limit: 30_000_000,
 ///     withdrawals: Some(withdrawals),
 ///     parent_beacon_block_root: Some(beacon_root),
+///     slot_number: None,
 /// };
 ///
 /// // Build a new block on top of parent
@@ -501,4 +502,6 @@ pub struct NextBlockEnvAttributes {
     pub withdrawals: Option<Withdrawals>,
     /// Optional extra data.
     pub extra_data: Bytes,
+    /// Optional slot number for post-Amsterdam payloads.
+    pub slot_number: Option<u64>,
 }

crates/net/discv4/src/lib.rs

@@ -346,6 +346,15 @@ impl Discv4 {
         self.send_to_service(cmd);
     }
 
+    /// Adds the node as a bootnode.
+    ///
+    /// This registers the node in the configured bootstrap set and inserts it into the routing
+    /// table, pinging it to establish the endpoint proof, same as the nodes provided at startup.
+    pub fn add_boot_node(&self, node_record: NodeRecord) {
+        let cmd = Discv4Command::AddBootNode(node_record);
+        self.send_to_service(cmd);
+    }
+
     /// Adds the peer and id to the ban list.
     ///
     /// This will prevent any future inclusion in the table
@@ -719,6 +728,15 @@ impl Discv4Service {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Adds the node to the bootstrap set and to the routing table.
+    ///
+    /// Behaves like [`Self::add_node`] but also registers the node in the configured bootstrap
+    /// set so it is used for subsequent bootstrap attempts.
+    pub fn add_boot_node(&mut self, record: NodeRecord) -> bool {
+        self.config.bootstrap_nodes.insert(record);
+        self.add_node(record)
+    }
+
     /// Spawns this services onto a new task
     ///
     /// Note: requires a running tokio runtime
@@ -1750,6 +1768,9 @@ impl Discv4Service {
                     Discv4Command::Add(enr) => {
                         self.add_node(enr);
                     }
+                    Discv4Command::AddBootNode(record) => {
+                        self.add_boot_node(record);
+                    }
                     Discv4Command::Lookup { node_id, tx } => {
                         let node_id = node_id.unwrap_or(self.local_node_record.id);
                         self.lookup_with(node_id, tx);
@@ -2066,6 +2087,7 @@ impl Default for ReceiveCache {
 /// The commands sent from the frontend [Discv4] to the service [`Discv4Service`].
 enum Discv4Command {
     Add(NodeRecord),
+    AddBootNode(NodeRecord),
     SetTcpPort(u16),
     SetEIP868RLPPair { key: Vec<u8>, rlp: Bytes },
     Ban(PeerId, IpAddr),

crates/net/discv5/src/lib.rs

@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ impl Discv5 {
             discv5::Event::SocketUpdated(_) | discv5::Event::TalkRequest(_) |
             // `Discovered` not unique discovered peers
             discv5::Event::Discovered(_) => None,
-            discv5::Event::NodeInserted { replaced: _, .. } => {
+            discv5::Event::NodeInserted { .. } => {
 
                 // node has been inserted into kbuckets
 
@@ -698,8 +698,6 @@ mod test {
     use ::enr::{CombinedKey, EnrKey};
     use rand_08::thread_rng;
     use reth_chainspec::MAINNET;
-    use reth_tracing::init_test_tracing;
-    use std::env;
     use tracing::trace;
 
     fn discv5_noop() -> Discv5 {
@@ -937,11 +935,6 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn get_fork_id_with_different_network_stack_ids() {
-        unsafe {
-            env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "net::discv5=trace");
-        }
-        init_test_tracing();
-
         let fork_id = MAINNET.latest_fork_id();
         let sk = SecretKey::new(&mut thread_rng());
 

crates/net/eth-wire-types/Cargo.toml

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ reth-primitives-traits.workspace = true
 
 # ethereum
 alloy-chains = { workspace = true, features = ["rlp"] }
+alloy-eip7928 = { workspace = true, features = ["rlp"], optional = true }
 alloy-eips.workspace = true
 alloy-primitives = { workspace = true, features = ["map"] }
 alloy-rlp = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ alloy-hardforks.workspace = true
 reth-ethereum-primitives = { workspace = true, features = ["arbitrary"] }
 alloy-primitives = { workspace = true, features = ["arbitrary", "rand"] }
 alloy-consensus = { workspace = true, features = ["arbitrary"] }
+alloy-eip7928 = { workspace = true, features = ["arbitrary", "rlp"] }
 alloy-eips = { workspace = true, features = ["arbitrary"] }
 alloy-genesis.workspace = true
 alloy-chains = { workspace = true, features = ["arbitrary"] }
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ default = ["std"]
 std = [
     "alloy-chains/std",
     "alloy-consensus/std",
+    "alloy-eip7928?/std",
     "alloy-eips/std",
     "alloy-genesis/std",
     "alloy-primitives/std",
@@ -68,6 +71,8 @@ std = [
 arbitrary = [
     "reth-ethereum-primitives/arbitrary",
     "alloy-chains/arbitrary",
+    "dep:alloy-eip7928",
+    "alloy-eip7928/arbitrary",
     "dep:arbitrary",
     "dep:proptest",
     "dep:proptest-arbitrary-interop",
@@ -88,4 +93,5 @@ serde = [
     "reth-primitives-traits/serde",
     "reth-ethereum-primitives/serde",
     "alloy-hardforks/serde",
+    "alloy-eip7928?/serde",
 ]

crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/block_access_lists.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, B256};
-use alloy_rlp::{RlpDecodableWrapper, RlpEncodableWrapper};
+use alloy_rlp::{BufMut, Decodable, Encodable, Header, RlpDecodableWrapper, RlpEncodableWrapper};
 use reth_codecs_derive::add_arbitrary_tests;
 
 /// A request for block access lists from the given block hashes.
@@ -16,12 +16,209 @@ pub struct GetBlockAccessLists(
 );
 
 /// Response for [`GetBlockAccessLists`] containing one BAL per requested block hash.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodableWrapper, RlpDecodableWrapper, Default)]
+///
+/// The inner `Bytes` values store raw BAL RLP payloads and are encoded as nested RLP items, not
+/// as RLP byte strings.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
-#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
 #[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
 pub struct BlockAccessLists(
-    /// The requested block access lists as opaque bytes. Unavailable entries are represented by
-    /// empty byte slices.
+    /// The requested block access lists as raw RLP blobs. Per EIP-8159, unavailable entries are
+    /// represented by an RLP-encoded empty list (`0xc0`).
     pub Vec<Bytes>,
 );
+
+impl Encodable for BlockAccessLists {
+    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn BufMut) {
+        let payload_length = self.0.iter().map(|bytes| bytes.len()).sum();
+        Header { list: true, payload_length }.encode(out);
+        for bal in &self.0 {
+            out.put_slice(bal);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn length(&self) -> usize {
+        let payload_length = self.0.iter().map(|bytes| bytes.len()).sum();
+        Header { list: true, payload_length }.length_with_payload()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Decodable for BlockAccessLists {
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8]) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self> {
+        let header = Header::decode(buf)?;
+        if !header.list {
+            return Err(alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedString)
+        }
+
+        let (mut payload, rest) = buf.split_at(header.payload_length);
+        *buf = rest;
+        let mut bals = Vec::new();
+
+        while !payload.is_empty() {
+            let item_start = payload;
+            let item_header = Header::decode(&mut payload)?;
+            if !item_header.list {
+                return Err(alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedString)
+            }
+
+            let item_length = item_header.length_with_payload();
+            bals.push(Bytes::copy_from_slice(&item_start[..item_length]));
+            payload = &payload[item_header.payload_length..];
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self(bals))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"))]
+impl<'a> arbitrary::Arbitrary<'a> for BlockAccessLists {
+    fn arbitrary(u: &mut arbitrary::Unstructured<'a>) -> arbitrary::Result<Self> {
+        let entries = Vec::<Vec<alloy_eip7928::AccountChanges>>::arbitrary(u)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|entry| {
+                let mut out = Vec::new();
+                alloy_rlp::encode_list(&entry, &mut out);
+                Bytes::from(out)
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Ok(Self(entries))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use alloy_eip7928::{
+        AccountChanges, BalanceChange, CodeChange, NonceChange, SlotChanges, StorageChange,
+    };
+    use alloy_primitives::{Address, U256};
+    use alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE;
+
+    fn elaborate_account_changes(seed: u8) -> Vec<AccountChanges> {
+        vec![
+            AccountChanges {
+                address: Address::from([seed; 20]),
+                storage_changes: vec![SlotChanges::new(
+                    U256::from_be_bytes([seed.wrapping_add(1); 32]),
+                    vec![
+                        StorageChange::new(1, U256::from_be_bytes([seed.wrapping_add(2); 32])),
+                        StorageChange::new(2, U256::from_be_bytes([seed.wrapping_add(3); 32])),
+                    ],
+                )],
+                storage_reads: vec![
+                    U256::from_be_bytes([seed.wrapping_add(4); 32]),
+                    U256::from_be_bytes([seed.wrapping_add(5); 32]),
+                ],
+                balance_changes: vec![
+                    BalanceChange::new(1, U256::from(1_000 + seed as u64)),
+                    BalanceChange::new(2, U256::from(2_000 + seed as u64)),
+                ],
+                nonce_changes: vec![
+                    NonceChange::new(1, seed as u64),
+                    NonceChange::new(2, seed as u64 + 1),
+                ],
+                code_changes: vec![CodeChange::new(
+                    1,
+                    Bytes::from(vec![0x60, seed, 0x61, seed.wrapping_add(1), 0x56]),
+                )],
+            },
+            AccountChanges {
+                address: Address::from([seed.wrapping_add(9); 20]),
+                storage_changes: Vec::new(),
+                storage_reads: vec![U256::from_be_bytes([seed.wrapping_add(10); 32])],
+                balance_changes: vec![BalanceChange::new(3, U256::from(3_000 + seed as u64))],
+                nonce_changes: vec![NonceChange::new(3, seed as u64 + 2)],
+                code_changes: vec![CodeChange::new(2, Bytes::from(vec![0x5f, 0x5f, 0xf3]))],
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+
+    fn elaborate_bal_entry(seed: u8) -> Bytes {
+        let account_changes = elaborate_account_changes(seed);
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        alloy_rlp::encode_list(&account_changes, &mut out);
+        Bytes::from(out)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_bal_entry_encodes_as_empty_list() {
+        let encoded =
+            alloy_rlp::encode(BlockAccessLists(vec![Bytes::from_static(&[EMPTY_LIST_CODE])]));
+        assert_eq!(encoded, vec![0xc1, EMPTY_LIST_CODE]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn block_access_lists_roundtrip_preserves_raw_bal_items() {
+        let original = BlockAccessLists(vec![
+            Bytes::from_static(&[EMPTY_LIST_CODE]),
+            Bytes::from_static(&[0xc1, EMPTY_LIST_CODE]),
+            Bytes::from_static(&[0xc2, EMPTY_LIST_CODE, EMPTY_LIST_CODE]),
+        ]);
+
+        let encoded = alloy_rlp::encode(&original);
+        let decoded = alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<BlockAccessLists>(&encoded).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(decoded, original);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_response_roundtrips() {
+        let original = BlockAccessLists(Vec::new());
+        let encoded = alloy_rlp::encode(&original);
+        let decoded = alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<BlockAccessLists>(&encoded).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(decoded, original);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_non_list_bal_entries() {
+        let err = alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<BlockAccessLists>(&[0xc1, 0x01]).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(err, alloy_rlp::Error::UnexpectedString));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn elaborate_bal_entry_roundtrips_into_account_changes() {
+        let expected = elaborate_account_changes(0x11);
+        let decoded =
+            alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<Vec<AccountChanges>>(&elaborate_bal_entry(0x11)).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(decoded, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn elaborate_block_access_lists_roundtrip_preserves_complex_bal_contents() {
+        let original = BlockAccessLists(vec![
+            elaborate_bal_entry(0x11),
+            Bytes::from_static(&[EMPTY_LIST_CODE]),
+            elaborate_bal_entry(0x77),
+        ]);
+
+        let encoded = alloy_rlp::encode(&original);
+        let decoded = alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<BlockAccessLists>(&encoded).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(decoded, original);
+        assert_eq!(
+            alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<Vec<AccountChanges>>(&decoded.0[0]).unwrap(),
+            elaborate_account_changes(0x11)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<Vec<AccountChanges>>(&decoded.0[1]).unwrap(), vec![]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            alloy_rlp::decode_exact::<Vec<AccountChanges>>(&decoded.0[2]).unwrap(),
+            elaborate_account_changes(0x77)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn elaborate_block_access_lists_embed_raw_bal_payloads_without_reencoding() {
+        let first = elaborate_bal_entry(0x21);
+        let second = elaborate_bal_entry(0x42);
+        let encoded = alloy_rlp::encode(BlockAccessLists(vec![first.clone(), second.clone()]));
+
+        let header = alloy_rlp::Header::decode(&mut &encoded[..]).unwrap();
+        let payload = &encoded[header.length()..];
+        let expected_payload = [first.as_ref(), second.as_ref()].concat();
+
+        assert!(header.list);
+        assert_eq!(payload, expected_payload.as_slice());
+    }
+}

crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/capability.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! All capability related types
 
-use crate::{EthMessageID, EthVersion};
+use crate::{EthMessageID, EthVersion, SnapVersion};
 use alloc::{borrow::Cow, string::String, vec::Vec};
 use alloy_primitives::bytes::Bytes;
 use alloy_rlp::{Decodable, Encodable, RlpDecodable, RlpEncodable};
@@ -85,6 +85,11 @@ impl Capability {
         Self::new_static("eth", version as usize)
     }
 
+    /// Returns the corresponding snap capability for the given version.
+    pub const fn snap(version: SnapVersion) -> Self {
+        Self::new_static("snap", version as usize)
+    }
+
     /// Returns the [`EthVersion::Eth66`] capability.
     pub const fn eth_66() -> Self {
         Self::eth(EthVersion::Eth66)
@@ -115,6 +120,16 @@ impl Capability {
         Self::eth(EthVersion::Eth71)
     }
 
+    /// Returns the `snap/1` capability.
+    pub const fn snap_1() -> Self {
+        Self::snap(SnapVersion::V1)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `snap/2` capability.
+    pub const fn snap_2() -> Self {
+        Self::snap(SnapVersion::V2)
+    }
+
     /// Whether this is eth v66 protocol.
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_eth_v66(&self) -> bool {

crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/disconnect_reason.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 //! `RLPx` disconnect reason sent to/received from peer
 
-use alloc::vec;
 use alloy_primitives::bytes::{Buf, BufMut};
 use alloy_rlp::{Decodable, Encodable, Header};
 use derive_more::Display;
@@ -84,10 +83,10 @@ impl Encodable for DisconnectReason {
     /// The [`Encodable`] implementation for [`DisconnectReason`] encodes the disconnect reason in
     /// a single-element RLP list.
     fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn BufMut) {
-        vec![*self as u8].encode(out);
+        alloy_rlp::encode_list(&[*self as u8], out);
     }
     fn length(&self) -> usize {
-        vec![*self as u8].length()
+        alloy_rlp::list_length(&[*self as u8])
     }
 }
 

crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/snap.rs

@@ -3,13 +3,41 @@
 //! facilitating the exchange of Ethereum state snapshots between peers
 //! Reference: [Ethereum Snapshot Protocol](https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/caps/snap.md#protocol-messages)
 //!
-//! Current version: snap/1
+//! This module currently includes snap/1 plus preparatory snap/2 message definitions.
 
+use crate::BlockAccessLists;
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, B256};
 use alloy_rlp::{Decodable, Encodable, RlpDecodable, RlpEncodable};
 use reth_codecs_derive::add_arbitrary_tests;
 
+/// Supported SNAP protocol versions.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum SnapVersion {
+    /// The original snapshot protocol.
+    #[default]
+    V1 = 1,
+    /// BAL-based healing as proposed by EIP-8189.
+    V2 = 2,
+}
+
+impl SnapVersion {
+    /// Returns the number of messages supported by this version.
+    pub const fn message_count(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Self::V1 => 8,
+            Self::V2 => 10,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the highest supported message id for this version.
+    pub const fn max_message_id(self) -> u8 {
+        self.message_count() - 1
+    }
+}
+
 /// Message IDs for the snap sync protocol
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SnapMessageId {
@@ -27,9 +55,21 @@ pub enum SnapMessageId {
     /// Response for the number of requested contract codes.
     ByteCodes = 0x05,
     /// Request of the number of state (either account or storage) Merkle trie nodes by path.
+    ///
+    /// Only valid for `snap/1`. Replaced by BAL-based healing in `snap/2`.
     GetTrieNodes = 0x06,
     /// Response for the number of requested state trie nodes.
+    ///
+    /// Only valid for `snap/1`. Replaced by BAL-based healing in `snap/2`.
     TrieNodes = 0x07,
+    /// Request BALs for a list of block hashes.
+    ///
+    /// Only valid for `snap/2`.
+    GetBlockAccessLists = 0x08,
+    /// Response containing BALs for the requested block hashes.
+    ///
+    /// Only valid for `snap/2`.
+    BlockAccessLists = 0x09,
 }
 
 /// Request for a range of accounts from the state trie.
@@ -187,6 +227,30 @@ pub struct TrieNodesMessage {
     pub nodes: Vec<Bytes>,
 }
 
+/// Request BALs for the given block hashes.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
+#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
+#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
+pub struct GetBlockAccessListsMessage {
+    /// Request ID to match up responses with.
+    pub request_id: u64,
+    /// Block hashes to retrieve BALs for.
+    pub block_hashes: Vec<B256>,
+    /// Soft limit at which to stop returning data (in bytes).
+    pub response_bytes: u64,
+}
+
+/// Response containing one BAL per requested block hash.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RlpEncodable, RlpDecodable)]
+#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
+#[add_arbitrary_tests(rlp)]
+pub struct BlockAccessListsMessage {
+    /// ID of the request this is a response for.
+    pub request_id: u64,
+    /// Raw BAL payloads in request order.
+    pub block_access_lists: BlockAccessLists,
+}
+
 /// Represents all types of messages in the snap sync protocol.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum SnapProtocolMessage {
@@ -203,9 +267,21 @@ pub enum SnapProtocolMessage {
     /// Response with contract codes - see [`ByteCodesMessage`]
     ByteCodes(ByteCodesMessage),
     /// Request for trie nodes - see [`GetTrieNodesMessage`]
+    ///
+    /// Only valid for `snap/1`. Replaced by BAL-based healing in `snap/2`.
     GetTrieNodes(GetTrieNodesMessage),
     /// Response with trie nodes - see [`TrieNodesMessage`]
+    ///
+    /// Only valid for `snap/1`. Replaced by BAL-based healing in `snap/2`.
     TrieNodes(TrieNodesMessage),
+    /// Request for block access lists - see [`GetBlockAccessListsMessage`]
+    ///
+    /// Only valid for `snap/2`.
+    GetBlockAccessLists(GetBlockAccessListsMessage),
+    /// Response with block access lists - see [`BlockAccessListsMessage`]
+    ///
+    /// Only valid for `snap/2`.
+    BlockAccessLists(BlockAccessListsMessage),
 }
 
 impl SnapProtocolMessage {
@@ -222,6 +298,8 @@ impl SnapProtocolMessage {
             Self::ByteCodes(_) => SnapMessageId::ByteCodes,
             Self::GetTrieNodes(_) => SnapMessageId::GetTrieNodes,
             Self::TrieNodes(_) => SnapMessageId::TrieNodes,
+            Self::GetBlockAccessLists(_) => SnapMessageId::GetBlockAccessLists,
+            Self::BlockAccessLists(_) => SnapMessageId::BlockAccessLists,
         }
     }
 
@@ -241,6 +319,8 @@ impl SnapProtocolMessage {
             Self::ByteCodes(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
             Self::GetTrieNodes(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
             Self::TrieNodes(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
+            Self::GetBlockAccessLists(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
+            Self::BlockAccessLists(msg) => msg.encode(&mut buf),
         }
 
         Bytes::from(buf)
@@ -314,6 +394,20 @@ impl SnapProtocolMessage {
             TrieNodes,
             TrieNodesMessage
         );
+        decode_snap_message_variant!(
+            message_id,
+            buf,
+            SnapMessageId::GetBlockAccessLists,
+            GetBlockAccessLists,
+            GetBlockAccessListsMessage
+        );
+        decode_snap_message_variant!(
+            message_id,
+            buf,
+            SnapMessageId::BlockAccessLists,
+            BlockAccessLists,
+            BlockAccessListsMessage
+        );
 
         Err(alloy_rlp::Error::Custom("Unknown message ID"))
     }
@@ -344,6 +438,9 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_all_message_roundtrips() {
+        assert_eq!(SnapVersion::V1.message_count(), 8);
+        assert_eq!(SnapVersion::V2.message_count(), 10);
+
         test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::GetAccountRange(GetAccountRangeMessage {
             request_id: 42,
             root_hash: b256_from_u64(123),
@@ -404,6 +501,20 @@ mod tests {
             request_id: 42,
             nodes: vec![Bytes::from(vec![1, 2, 3])],
         }));
+
+        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::GetBlockAccessLists(GetBlockAccessListsMessage {
+            request_id: 42,
+            block_hashes: vec![b256_from_u64(123), b256_from_u64(456)],
+            response_bytes: 4096,
+        }));
+
+        test_roundtrip(SnapProtocolMessage::BlockAccessLists(BlockAccessListsMessage {
+            request_id: 42,
+            block_access_lists: BlockAccessLists(vec![
+                Bytes::from_static(&[alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE]),
+                Bytes::from_static(&[0xc1, alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE]),
+            ]),
+        }));
     }
 
     #[test]

crates/net/eth-wire/src/eth_snap_stream.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use super::message::MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE;
 use crate::{
     message::{EthBroadcastMessage, ProtocolBroadcastMessage},
     EthMessage, EthMessageID, EthNetworkPrimitives, EthVersion, NetworkPrimitives, ProtocolMessage,
-    RawCapabilityMessage, SnapMessageId, SnapProtocolMessage,
+    RawCapabilityMessage, SnapProtocolMessage, SnapVersion,
 };
 use alloy_rlp::{Bytes, BytesMut, Encodable};
 use core::fmt::Debug;
@@ -74,6 +74,18 @@ where
         Self { eth_snap: EthSnapStreamInner::new(eth_version), inner: stream }
     }
 
+    /// Create a new eth and snap protocol stream with an explicit snap version.
+    pub const fn new_with_snap_version(
+        stream: S,
+        eth_version: EthVersion,
+        snap_version: SnapVersion,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            eth_snap: EthSnapStreamInner::new_with_snap_version(eth_version, snap_version),
+            inner: stream,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Create a new eth and snap protocol stream with a custom max message size.
     pub const fn with_max_message_size(
         stream: S,
@@ -86,12 +98,35 @@ where
         }
     }
 
+    /// Create a new eth and snap protocol stream with a custom max message size and snap version.
+    pub const fn with_max_message_size_and_snap_version(
+        stream: S,
+        eth_version: EthVersion,
+        snap_version: SnapVersion,
+        max_message_size: usize,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            eth_snap: EthSnapStreamInner::with_max_message_size_and_snap_version(
+                eth_version,
+                snap_version,
+                max_message_size,
+            ),
+            inner: stream,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns the eth version
     #[inline]
     pub const fn eth_version(&self) -> EthVersion {
         self.eth_snap.eth_version()
     }
 
+    /// Returns the snap version.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn snap_version(&self) -> SnapVersion {
+        self.eth_snap.snap_version()
+    }
+
     /// Returns the underlying stream
     #[inline]
     pub const fn inner(&self) -> &S {
@@ -193,13 +228,13 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-/// Stream handling combined eth and snap protocol logic
-/// Snap version is not critical to specify yet,
-/// Only one version, snap/1, does exist.
+/// Stream handling combined eth and snap protocol logic.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 struct EthSnapStreamInner<N> {
     /// Eth protocol version
     eth_version: EthVersion,
+    /// Snap protocol version
+    snap_version: SnapVersion,
     /// Maximum allowed ETH/Snap message size.
     max_message_size: usize,
     /// Type marker
@@ -212,12 +247,26 @@ where
 {
     /// Create a new eth and snap protocol stream
     const fn new(eth_version: EthVersion) -> Self {
-        Self::with_max_message_size(eth_version, MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
+        Self::new_with_snap_version(eth_version, SnapVersion::V1)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new eth and snap protocol stream with an explicit snap version.
+    const fn new_with_snap_version(eth_version: EthVersion, snap_version: SnapVersion) -> Self {
+        Self::with_max_message_size_and_snap_version(eth_version, snap_version, MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE)
     }
 
     /// Create a new eth and snap protocol stream with a custom max message size.
     const fn with_max_message_size(eth_version: EthVersion, max_message_size: usize) -> Self {
-        Self { eth_version, max_message_size, _pd: PhantomData }
+        Self::with_max_message_size_and_snap_version(eth_version, SnapVersion::V1, max_message_size)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new eth and snap protocol stream with a custom max message size and snap version.
+    const fn with_max_message_size_and_snap_version(
+        eth_version: EthVersion,
+        snap_version: SnapVersion,
+        max_message_size: usize,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { eth_version, snap_version, max_message_size, _pd: PhantomData }
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -225,6 +274,11 @@ where
         self.eth_version
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    const fn snap_version(&self) -> SnapVersion {
+        self.snap_version
+    }
+
     /// Decode a message from the stream
     fn decode_message(&self, bytes: BytesMut) -> Result<EthSnapMessage<N>, EthSnapStreamError> {
         if bytes.len() > self.max_message_size {
@@ -256,8 +310,9 @@ where
                 }
             }
         } else if message_id > EthMessageID::max(self.eth_version) &&
-            message_id <=
-                EthMessageID::message_count(self.eth_version) + SnapMessageId::TrieNodes as u8
+            message_id <
+                EthMessageID::message_count(self.eth_version) +
+                    self.snap_version.message_count()
         {
             // Checks for multiplexed snap message IDs :
             // - message_id > EthMessageID::max() : ensures it's not an eth message
@@ -313,8 +368,8 @@ mod tests {
     use alloy_primitives::B256;
     use alloy_rlp::Encodable;
     use reth_eth_wire_types::{
-        message::RequestPair, GetAccountRangeMessage, GetBlockAccessLists, GetBlockHeaders,
-        HeadersDirection,
+        message::RequestPair, BlockAccessLists, BlockAccessListsMessage, GetAccountRangeMessage,
+        GetBlockAccessLists, GetBlockAccessListsMessage, GetBlockHeaders, HeadersDirection,
     };
 
     // Helper to create eth message and its bytes
@@ -352,6 +407,22 @@ mod tests {
         (snap_msg, BytesMut::from(&encoded[..]))
     }
 
+    fn create_snap2_message() -> (SnapProtocolMessage, BytesMut) {
+        let snap_msg = SnapProtocolMessage::GetBlockAccessLists(GetBlockAccessListsMessage {
+            request_id: 1,
+            block_hashes: vec![B256::default()],
+            response_bytes: 1000,
+        });
+
+        let inner = EthSnapStreamInner::<EthNetworkPrimitives>::new_with_snap_version(
+            EthVersion::Eth67,
+            SnapVersion::V2,
+        );
+        let encoded = inner.encode_snap_message(snap_msg.clone());
+
+        (snap_msg, BytesMut::from(&encoded[..]))
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_eth_message_roundtrip() {
         let inner = EthSnapStreamInner::<EthNetworkPrimitives>::new(EthVersion::Eth67);
@@ -412,6 +483,25 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_snap2_protocol() {
+        let inner = EthSnapStreamInner::<EthNetworkPrimitives>::new_with_snap_version(
+            EthVersion::Eth67,
+            SnapVersion::V2,
+        );
+        let (snap_msg, snap_bytes) = create_snap2_message();
+
+        let encoded_bytes = inner.encode_snap_message(snap_msg.clone());
+        assert!(!encoded_bytes.is_empty());
+
+        let decoded_result = inner.decode_message(snap_bytes.clone());
+        assert!(matches!(decoded_result, Ok(EthSnapMessage::Snap(_))));
+
+        if let Ok(EthSnapMessage::Snap(decoded_msg)) = inner.decode_message(snap_bytes) {
+            assert_eq!(decoded_msg, snap_msg);
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_message_id_boundaries() {
         let inner = EthSnapStreamInner::<EthNetworkPrimitives>::new(EthVersion::Eth67);
@@ -475,4 +565,24 @@ mod tests {
         };
         assert_eq!(decoded_eth, eth_msg);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_snap1_rejects_snap2_message_ids() {
+        let inner = EthSnapStreamInner::<EthNetworkPrimitives>::new(EthVersion::Eth67);
+        let snap2_msg = SnapProtocolMessage::BlockAccessLists(BlockAccessListsMessage {
+            request_id: 1,
+            block_access_lists: BlockAccessLists(vec![alloy_primitives::Bytes::from_static(&[
+                alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE,
+            ])]),
+        });
+
+        let encoded = EthSnapStreamInner::<EthNetworkPrimitives>::new_with_snap_version(
+            EthVersion::Eth67,
+            SnapVersion::V2,
+        )
+        .encode_snap_message(snap2_msg);
+
+        let decoded = inner.decode_message(BytesMut::from(&encoded[..]));
+        assert!(matches!(decoded, Err(EthSnapStreamError::UnknownMessageId(_))));
+    }
 }

crates/net/eth-wire/src/protocol.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! A Protocol defines a P2P subprotocol in an `RLPx` connection
 
-use crate::{Capability, EthMessageID, EthVersion};
+use crate::{Capability, EthMessageID, EthVersion, SnapVersion};
 
 /// Type that represents a [Capability] and the number of messages it uses.
 ///
@@ -30,6 +30,13 @@ impl Protocol {
         Self::new(cap, messages)
     }
 
+    /// Returns the corresponding snap capability for the given version.
+    pub const fn snap(version: SnapVersion) -> Self {
+        let cap = Capability::snap(version);
+        let messages = version.message_count();
+        Self::new(cap, messages)
+    }
+
     /// Returns the [`EthVersion::Eth66`] capability.
     pub const fn eth_66() -> Self {
         Self::eth(EthVersion::Eth66)
@@ -45,6 +52,16 @@ impl Protocol {
         Self::eth(EthVersion::Eth68)
     }
 
+    /// Returns the `snap/1` capability.
+    pub const fn snap_1() -> Self {
+        Self::snap(SnapVersion::V1)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `snap/2` capability.
+    pub const fn snap_2() -> Self {
+        Self::snap(SnapVersion::V2)
+    }
+
     /// Consumes the type and returns a tuple of the [Capability] and number of messages.
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn split(self) -> (Capability, u8) {
@@ -86,5 +103,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(Protocol::eth(EthVersion::Eth69).messages(), 18);
         assert_eq!(Protocol::eth(EthVersion::Eth70).messages(), 18);
         assert_eq!(Protocol::eth(EthVersion::Eth71).messages(), 20);
+        assert_eq!(Protocol::snap(SnapVersion::V1).messages(), 8);
+        assert_eq!(Protocol::snap(SnapVersion::V2).messages(), 10);
     }
 }

crates/net/network-api/src/lib.rs

@@ -115,14 +115,14 @@ pub trait Peers: PeersInfo {
     ///
     /// If the peer already exists, then this will update its tracked info.
     fn add_peer(&self, peer: PeerId, tcp_addr: SocketAddr) {
-        self.add_peer_kind(peer, PeerKind::Static, tcp_addr, None);
+        self.add_peer_kind(peer, Some(PeerKind::Static), tcp_addr, None);
     }
 
     /// Adds a peer to the peer set with TCP and UDP `SocketAddr`.
     ///
     /// If the peer already exists, then this will update its tracked info.
     fn add_peer_with_udp(&self, peer: PeerId, tcp_addr: SocketAddr, udp_addr: SocketAddr) {
-        self.add_peer_kind(peer, PeerKind::Static, tcp_addr, Some(udp_addr));
+        self.add_peer_kind(peer, Some(PeerKind::Static), tcp_addr, Some(udp_addr));
     }
 
     /// Adds a trusted [`PeerId`] to the peer set.
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ pub trait Peers: PeersInfo {
 
     /// Adds a trusted peer to the peer set with TCP `SocketAddr`.
     fn add_trusted_peer(&self, peer: PeerId, tcp_addr: SocketAddr) {
-        self.add_peer_kind(peer, PeerKind::Trusted, tcp_addr, None);
+        self.add_peer_kind(peer, Some(PeerKind::Trusted), tcp_addr, None);
     }
 
     /// Adds a trusted peer with TCP and UDP `SocketAddr` to the peer set.
     fn add_trusted_peer_with_udp(&self, peer: PeerId, tcp_addr: SocketAddr, udp_addr: SocketAddr) {
-        self.add_peer_kind(peer, PeerKind::Trusted, tcp_addr, Some(udp_addr));
+        self.add_peer_kind(peer, Some(PeerKind::Trusted), tcp_addr, Some(udp_addr));
     }
 
     /// Adds a peer to the known peer set, with the given kind.
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ pub trait Peers: PeersInfo {
     fn add_peer_kind(
         &self,
         peer: PeerId,
-        kind: PeerKind,
+        kind: Option<PeerKind>,
         tcp_addr: SocketAddr,
         udp_addr: Option<SocketAddr>,
     );

crates/net/network-api/src/noop.rs

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ where
     fn add_peer_kind(
         &self,
         _peer: PeerId,
-        _kind: PeerKind,
+        _kind: Option<PeerKind>,
         _tcp_addr: SocketAddr,
         _udp_addr: Option<SocketAddr>,
     ) {

crates/net/network/src/eth_requests.rs

@@ -284,14 +284,22 @@ where
 
     /// Handles [`GetBlockAccessLists`] queries.
     ///
-    /// For now this returns one empty BAL per requested hash.
+    /// EIP-8159 defines the final `BlockAccessLists` response semantics:
+    /// <https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-8159>
     fn on_block_access_lists_request(
         &self,
         _peer_id: PeerId,
         request: GetBlockAccessLists,
         response: oneshot::Sender<RequestResult<BlockAccessLists>>,
     ) {
-        let access_lists = request.0.into_iter().map(|_| Bytes::new()).collect();
+        // TODO: BAL serving is not fully implemented yet. Per EIP-8159, unavailable BALs are
+        // returned as empty BAL entries while preserving request order, so we currently return
+        // one RLP-encoded empty BAL (`0xc0`) per requested hash.
+        let access_lists = request
+            .0
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|_| Bytes::from_static(&[alloy_rlp::EMPTY_LIST_CODE]))
+            .collect();
         let _ = response.send(Ok(BlockAccessLists(access_lists)));
     }
 

crates/net/network/src/metrics.rs

@@ -577,6 +577,9 @@ pub struct AnnouncedTxTypesMetrics {
 
     /// Histogram for tracking frequency of EIP-7702 transaction type
     pub(crate) eip7702: Histogram,
+
+    /// Histogram for tracking frequency of unknown/other transaction types
+    pub(crate) other: Histogram,
 }
 
 /// Counts the number of transactions by their type in a block or collection.
@@ -599,6 +602,9 @@ pub struct TxTypesCounter {
 
     /// Count of transactions conforming to EIP-7702 (Restricted Storage Windows).
     pub(crate) eip7702: usize,
+
+    /// Count of unknown/other transaction types not matching any known EIP.
+    pub(crate) other: usize,
 }
 
 impl TxTypesCounter {
@@ -621,6 +627,10 @@ impl TxTypesCounter {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    pub(crate) const fn increase_other(&mut self) {
+        self.other += 1;
+    }
 }
 
 impl AnnouncedTxTypesMetrics {
@@ -632,5 +642,6 @@ impl AnnouncedTxTypesMetrics {
         self.eip1559.record(tx_types_counter.eip1559 as f64);
         self.eip4844.record(tx_types_counter.eip4844 as f64);
         self.eip7702.record(tx_types_counter.eip7702 as f64);
+        self.other.record(tx_types_counter.other as f64);
     }
 }

crates/net/network/src/network.rs

@@ -190,6 +190,16 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> NetworkHandle<N> {
     pub fn secret_key(&self) -> &SecretKey {
         &self.inner.secret_key
     }
+
+    /// Returns the [`Discv4`] handle if discv4 is enabled.
+    pub fn discv4(&self) -> Option<&Discv4> {
+        self.inner.discv4.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`Discv5`] handle if discv5 is enabled.
+    pub fn discv5(&self) -> Option<&Discv5> {
+        self.inner.discv5.as_ref()
+    }
 }
 
 // === API Implementations ===
@@ -315,7 +325,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> Peers for NetworkHandle<N> {
     fn add_peer_kind(
         &self,
         peer: PeerId,
-        kind: PeerKind,
+        kind: Option<PeerKind>,
         tcp_addr: SocketAddr,
         udp_addr: Option<SocketAddr>,
     ) {
@@ -516,7 +526,7 @@ pub(crate) enum NetworkHandleMessage<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives
     /// Marks a peer as trusted.
     AddTrustedPeerId(PeerId),
     /// Adds an address for a peer, including its ID, kind, and socket address.
-    AddPeerAddress(PeerId, PeerKind, PeerAddr),
+    AddPeerAddress(PeerId, Option<PeerKind>, PeerAddr),
     /// Removes a peer from the peerset corresponding to the given kind.
     RemovePeer(PeerId, PeerKind),
     /// Disconnects a connection to a peer if it exists, optionally providing a disconnect reason.

crates/net/network/src/state.rs

@@ -308,8 +308,13 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> NetworkState<N> {
     }
 
     /// Adds a peer and its address with the given kind to the peerset.
-    pub(crate) fn add_peer_kind(&mut self, peer_id: PeerId, kind: PeerKind, addr: PeerAddr) {
-        self.peers_manager.add_peer_kind(peer_id, Some(kind), addr, None)
+    pub(crate) fn add_peer_kind(
+        &mut self,
+        peer_id: PeerId,
+        kind: Option<PeerKind>,
+        addr: PeerAddr,
+    ) {
+        self.peers_manager.add_peer_kind(peer_id, kind, addr, None)
     }
 
     /// Connects a peer and its address with the given kind

crates/net/network/src/transactions/mod.rs

@@ -700,11 +700,11 @@ impl<Pool: TransactionPool, N: NetworkPrimitives> TransactionsManager<Pool, N> {
                 }
             };
 
-            if is_eth68_message &&
-                let Some((actual_ty_byte, _)) = *metadata_ref_mut &&
-                let Ok(parsed_tx_type) = TxType::try_from(actual_ty_byte)
-            {
-                tx_types_counter.increase_by_tx_type(parsed_tx_type);
+            if is_eth68_message && let Some((actual_ty_byte, _)) = *metadata_ref_mut {
+                match TxType::try_from(actual_ty_byte) {
+                    Ok(parsed_tx_type) => tx_types_counter.increase_by_tx_type(parsed_tx_type),
+                    Err(_) => tx_types_counter.increase_other(),
+                }
             }
 
             let decision = self

crates/net/p2p/src/full_block.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::headers::client::HeadersRequest;
 use crate::{
+    block_access_lists::client::BlockAccessListsClient,
     bodies::client::{BodiesClient, SingleBodyRequest},
     download::DownloadClient,
     error::PeerRequestResult,
@@ -10,15 +11,17 @@ use crate::{
 use alloy_consensus::BlockHeader;
 use alloy_primitives::{Sealable, B256};
 use core::marker::PhantomData;
+use futures::FutureExt;
 use reth_consensus::Consensus;
-use reth_eth_wire_types::{EthNetworkPrimitives, HeadersDirection, NetworkPrimitives};
+use reth_eth_wire_types::{
+    BlockAccessLists, EthNetworkPrimitives, HeadersDirection, NetworkPrimitives,
+};
 use reth_network_peers::{PeerId, WithPeerId};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
 use std::{
     cmp::Reverse,
     collections::{HashMap, VecDeque},
     fmt::Debug,
-    future::Future,
     hash::Hash,
     ops::RangeInclusive,
     pin::Pin,
@@ -64,18 +67,7 @@ where
     /// Caution: This does no validation of body (transactions) response but guarantees that the
     /// [`SealedHeader`] matches the requested hash.
     pub fn get_full_block(&self, hash: B256) -> FetchFullBlockFuture<Client> {
-        let client = self.client.clone();
-        FetchFullBlockFuture {
-            hash,
-            consensus: self.consensus.clone(),
-            request: FullBlockRequest {
-                header: Some(client.get_header(hash.into())),
-                body: Some(client.get_block_body(hash)),
-            },
-            client,
-            header: None,
-            body: None,
-        }
+        FetchFullBlockFuture::new(self.client.clone(), self.consensus.clone(), hash)
     }
 
     /// Returns a future that fetches [`SealedBlock`]s for the given hash and count.
@@ -109,6 +101,49 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+impl<Client> FetchFullBlockFuture<Client>
+where
+    Client: BlockClient,
+{
+    fn new(client: Client, consensus: Arc<dyn Consensus<Client::Block>>, hash: B256) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            hash,
+            consensus,
+            request: FullBlockRequest {
+                header: Some(client.get_header(hash.into())),
+                body: Some(client.get_block_body(hash)),
+            },
+            client,
+            header: None,
+            body: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Client> FullBlockClient<Client>
+where
+    Client: BlockClient + BlockAccessListsClient,
+{
+    /// Returns a future that fetches the [`SealedBlock`] and its [`BlockAccessLists`] for the
+    /// given hash.
+    ///
+    /// Note: this future is cancel safe
+    ///
+    /// Caution: This does no validation of body (transactions) response but guarantees that the
+    /// [`SealedHeader`] matches the requested hash.
+    pub fn get_full_block_with_access_lists(
+        &self,
+        hash: B256,
+    ) -> FetchFullBlockWithAccessListsFuture<Client> {
+        let client = self.client.clone();
+        FetchFullBlockWithAccessListsFuture {
+            block: FetchFullBlockFuture::new(client.clone(), self.consensus.clone(), hash),
+            block_result: None,
+            bal_request_state: BalRequestState::Pending(client.get_block_access_lists(vec![hash])),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A future that downloads a full block from the network.
 ///
 /// This will attempt to fetch both the header and body for the given block hash at the same time.
@@ -128,7 +163,7 @@ where
 
 impl<Client> FetchFullBlockFuture<Client>
 where
-    Client: BlockClient<Header: BlockHeader>,
+    Client: BlockClient,
 {
     /// Returns the hash of the block being requested.
     pub const fn hash(&self) -> &B256 {
@@ -251,6 +286,155 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+/// A future that downloads a full block and its block access lists from the network.
+///
+/// This composes the existing full block downloader with a block access list request so the
+/// header/body logic stays centralized.
+#[must_use = "futures do nothing unless polled"]
+pub struct FetchFullBlockWithAccessListsFuture<Client>
+where
+    Client: BlockClient + BlockAccessListsClient,
+{
+    block: FetchFullBlockFuture<Client>,
+    block_result: Option<SealedBlock<Client::Block>>,
+    bal_request_state: BalRequestState<<Client as BlockAccessListsClient>::Output>,
+}
+
+impl<Client> FetchFullBlockWithAccessListsFuture<Client>
+where
+    Client: BlockClient<Header: BlockHeader> + BlockAccessListsClient,
+{
+    /// Returns the hash of the block being requested.
+    pub const fn hash(&self) -> &B256 {
+        self.block.hash()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Client> FetchFullBlockWithAccessListsFuture<Client>
+where
+    Client: BlockClient<Header: BlockHeader + Sealable> + BlockAccessListsClient + 'static,
+{
+    /// If the header request is already complete, this returns the block number.
+    pub fn block_number(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        self.block_result.as_ref().map(|block| block.number()).or_else(|| self.block.block_number())
+    }
+
+    fn send_bal_request(&mut self) {
+        let hash = *self.block.hash();
+        self.bal_request_state =
+            BalRequestState::Pending(self.block.client.get_block_access_lists(vec![hash]));
+    }
+
+    // This retries BAL failures inline instead of surfacing them to the outer future, so
+    // `FetchFullBlockWithAccessListsFuture` only makes progress once the BAL request either
+    // becomes pending again or resolves with a single access-list entry.
+    fn poll_bal_request(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) {
+        loop {
+            let poll = match &mut self.bal_request_state {
+                BalRequestState::Pending(fut) => fut.poll_unpin(cx),
+                BalRequestState::Ready(_) => return,
+            };
+
+            match poll {
+                Poll::Pending => return,
+                Poll::Ready(res) => match res {
+                    Ok(bal) => {
+                        let (peer, access_lists) = bal.split();
+                        if access_lists.0.len() == 1 {
+                            self.bal_request_state = BalRequestState::Ready(access_lists);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        debug!(
+                            target: "downloaders",
+                            hash = ?self.block.hash(),
+                            expected = 1,
+                            received = access_lists.0.len(),
+                            "Received wrong access list response",
+                        );
+                        self.block.client.report_bad_message(peer);
+                        self.send_bal_request();
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        debug!(
+                            target: "downloaders",
+                            %err,
+                            hash = ?self.block.hash(),
+                            "Access list download failed",
+                        );
+                        self.send_bal_request();
+                    }
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn take_block_and_access_lists(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> Option<(SealedBlock<Client::Block>, BlockAccessLists)> {
+        if self.block_result.is_some() && self.bal_request_state.is_ready() {
+            let block = self.block_result.take().expect("block result should exist");
+            let access_lists = match &mut self.bal_request_state {
+                BalRequestState::Ready(access_lists) => std::mem::take(access_lists),
+                BalRequestState::Pending(_) => unreachable!("access lists should be ready"),
+            };
+            return Some((block, access_lists))
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Client> Future for FetchFullBlockWithAccessListsFuture<Client>
+where
+    Client: BlockClient<Header: BlockHeader + Sealable> + BlockAccessListsClient + 'static,
+{
+    type Output = (SealedBlock<Client::Block>, BlockAccessLists);
+
+    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        let this = self.get_mut();
+
+        if this.block_result.is_none() &&
+            let Poll::Ready(block) = this.block.poll_unpin(cx)
+        {
+            this.block_result = Some(block);
+        }
+
+        this.poll_bal_request(cx);
+
+        if let Some(res) = this.take_block_and_access_lists() {
+            return Poll::Ready(res)
+        }
+
+        Poll::Pending
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Client> Debug for FetchFullBlockWithAccessListsFuture<Client>
+where
+    Client: BlockClient<Header: BlockHeader> + BlockAccessListsClient,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("FetchFullBlockWithAccessListsFuture")
+            .field("hash", &self.block.hash())
+            .field("block_ready", &self.block_result.is_some())
+            .field("bal_request_ready", &self.bal_request_state.is_ready())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tracks the BAL request and its completed result.
+enum BalRequestState<Req> {
+    Pending(Req),
+    Ready(BlockAccessLists),
+}
+
+impl<Req> BalRequestState<Req> {
+    const fn is_ready(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Ready(_))
+    }
+}
+
 impl<Client> Debug for FetchFullBlockFuture<Client>
 where
     Client: BlockClient<Header: Debug, Body: Debug>,
@@ -752,12 +936,21 @@ mod tests {
 
     use super::*;
     use crate::{error::RequestError, test_utils::TestFullBlockClient};
+    use alloy_primitives::Bytes;
+    use parking_lot::Mutex;
     use std::{
+        collections::HashMap,
         ops::Range,
-        sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+        sync::{
+            atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+            Arc,
+        },
     };
     use tokio::time::{timeout, Duration};
 
+    // RLP encoding for an empty list.
+    const EMPTY_LIST_CODE: u8 = 0xc0;
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn download_single_full_block() {
         let client = TestFullBlockClient::default();
@@ -783,6 +976,50 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(*received, SealedBlock::from_sealed_parts(header, body));
     }
 
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn download_single_full_block_with_access_lists() {
+        let client = FullBlockWithAccessListsClient::default();
+        let header: SealedHeader = SealedHeader::default();
+        let body = BlockBody::default();
+        let access_list = Bytes::from_static(&[EMPTY_LIST_CODE]);
+        client.insert(header.clone(), body.clone(), access_list.clone());
+
+        let request_count = Arc::clone(&client.access_list_requests);
+        let client = FullBlockClient::test_client(client);
+
+        let (received_block, received_access_lists) =
+            client.get_full_block_with_access_lists(header.hash()).await;
+
+        assert_eq!(received_block, SealedBlock::from_sealed_parts(header, body));
+        assert_eq!(received_access_lists, BlockAccessLists(vec![access_list]));
+        assert_eq!(request_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn download_single_full_block_with_access_lists_retries_after_invalid_response() {
+        let client = FullBlockWithAccessListsClient::default();
+        client.empty_first_response.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+        let header: SealedHeader = SealedHeader::default();
+        let body = BlockBody::default();
+        let access_list = Bytes::from_static(&[EMPTY_LIST_CODE]);
+        client.insert(header.clone(), body.clone(), access_list.clone());
+
+        let request_count = Arc::clone(&client.access_list_requests);
+        let bad_messages = Arc::clone(&client.bad_messages);
+        let client = FullBlockClient::test_client(client);
+
+        let (received_block, received_access_lists) =
+            timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), client.get_full_block_with_access_lists(header.hash()))
+                .await
+                .expect("access list request retry should complete");
+
+        assert_eq!(received_block, SealedBlock::from_sealed_parts(header, body));
+        assert_eq!(received_access_lists, BlockAccessLists(vec![access_list]));
+        assert_eq!(request_count.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2);
+        assert_eq!(bad_messages.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+    }
+
     /// Inserts headers and returns the last header and block body.
     fn insert_headers_into_client(
         client: &TestFullBlockClient,
@@ -804,6 +1041,111 @@ mod tests {
         (sealed_header, body)
     }
 
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+    struct FullBlockWithAccessListsClient {
+        inner: TestFullBlockClient,
+        access_lists: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<B256, Bytes>>>,
+        access_list_requests: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+        bad_messages: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+        empty_first_response: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    }
+
+    impl Default for FullBlockWithAccessListsClient {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Self {
+                inner: TestFullBlockClient::default(),
+                access_lists: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::default())),
+                access_list_requests: Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
+                bad_messages: Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
+                empty_first_response: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl FullBlockWithAccessListsClient {
+        fn insert(&self, header: SealedHeader, body: BlockBody, access_list: Bytes) {
+            self.inner.insert(header.clone(), body);
+            self.access_lists.lock().insert(header.hash(), access_list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl DownloadClient for FullBlockWithAccessListsClient {
+        fn report_bad_message(&self, peer_id: PeerId) {
+            self.bad_messages.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            self.inner.report_bad_message(peer_id);
+        }
+
+        fn num_connected_peers(&self) -> usize {
+            self.inner.num_connected_peers()
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl HeadersClient for FullBlockWithAccessListsClient {
+        type Header = <TestFullBlockClient as HeadersClient>::Header;
+        type Output = <TestFullBlockClient as HeadersClient>::Output;
+
+        fn get_headers_with_priority(
+            &self,
+            request: HeadersRequest,
+            priority: Priority,
+        ) -> Self::Output {
+            self.inner.get_headers_with_priority(request, priority)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl BodiesClient for FullBlockWithAccessListsClient {
+        type Body = <TestFullBlockClient as BodiesClient>::Body;
+        type Output = <TestFullBlockClient as BodiesClient>::Output;
+
+        fn get_block_bodies_with_priority_and_range_hint(
+            &self,
+            hashes: Vec<B256>,
+            priority: Priority,
+            range_hint: Option<RangeInclusive<u64>>,
+        ) -> Self::Output {
+            self.inner.get_block_bodies_with_priority_and_range_hint(hashes, priority, range_hint)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl BlockAccessListsClient for FullBlockWithAccessListsClient {
+        type Output = futures::future::Ready<PeerRequestResult<BlockAccessLists>>;
+
+        fn get_block_access_lists_with_priority(
+            &self,
+            hashes: Vec<B256>,
+            _priority: Priority,
+        ) -> Self::Output {
+            self.access_list_requests.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+            if self.empty_first_response.swap(false, Ordering::SeqCst) {
+                return futures::future::ready(Ok(WithPeerId::new(
+                    PeerId::random(),
+                    BlockAccessLists(Vec::new()),
+                )))
+            }
+
+            let access_lists = hashes
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|hash| {
+                    self.access_lists
+                        .lock()
+                        .get(&hash)
+                        .cloned()
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| Bytes::from_static(&[EMPTY_LIST_CODE]))
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            futures::future::ready(Ok(WithPeerId::new(
+                PeerId::random(),
+                BlockAccessLists(access_lists),
+            )))
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl BlockClient for FullBlockWithAccessListsClient {
+        type Block = reth_ethereum_primitives::Block;
+    }
+
     #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
     struct FailingBodiesClient {
         inner: TestFullBlockClient,

crates/node/builder/src/launch/debug.rs

@@ -307,6 +307,14 @@ where
 
             let dev_mining_mode =
                 mining_mode.unwrap_or_else(|| handle.node.config.dev_mining_mode(pool));
+            let payload_wait_time = config.dev.payload_wait_time;
+            if let (Some(wait_time), Some(block_time)) = (payload_wait_time, config.dev.block_time)
+            {
+                eyre::ensure!(
+                    wait_time <= block_time,
+                    "--dev.payload-wait-time ({wait_time:?}) must be <= --dev.block-time ({block_time:?})"
+                );
+            }
             handle.node.task_executor.spawn_critical_task("local engine", async move {
                 LocalMiner::new(
                     blockchain_db,
@@ -315,6 +323,7 @@ where
                     dev_mining_mode,
                     payload_builder_handle,
                 )
+                .with_payload_wait_time_opt(payload_wait_time)
                 .run()
                 .await
             });

crates/node/builder/src/rpc.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 //! Builder support for rpc components.
 
-pub use jsonrpsee::server::middleware::rpc::{RpcService, RpcServiceBuilder};
+pub use jsonrpsee::{
+    core::middleware::layer::Either,
+    server::middleware::rpc::{RpcService, RpcServiceBuilder},
+};
 use reth_engine_tree::tree::WaitForCaches;
 pub use reth_engine_tree::tree::{BasicEngineValidator, EngineValidator};
-pub use reth_rpc_builder::{middleware::RethRpcMiddleware, Identity, Stack};
+pub use reth_rpc_builder::{
+    middleware::{RethAuthHttpMiddleware, RethRpcMiddleware},
+    Identity, Stack,
+};
 pub use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 
 use crate::{
@@ -12,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use alloy_rpc_types::engine::ClientVersionV1;
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::ExecutionData;
-use jsonrpsee::{core::middleware::layer::Either, RpcModule};
+use jsonrpsee::RpcModule;
 use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use reth_chain_state::CanonStateSubscriptions;
 use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecProvider, EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks, Hardforks};
@@ -517,6 +523,7 @@ pub struct RpcAddOns<
     EB = BasicEngineApiBuilder<PVB>,
     EVB = BasicEngineValidatorBuilder<PVB>,
     RpcMiddleware = Identity,
+    AuthHttpMiddleware = Identity,
 > {
     /// Additional RPC add-ons.
     pub hooks: RpcHooks<Node, EthB::EthApi>,
@@ -533,12 +540,17 @@ pub struct RpcAddOns<
     /// This middleware is applied to all RPC requests across all transports (HTTP, WS, IPC).
     /// See [`RpcAddOns::with_rpc_middleware`] for more details.
     rpc_middleware: RpcMiddleware,
+    /// Configurable HTTP transport middleware for the auth server.
+    ///
+    /// This middleware is applied after JWT authentication and before JSON-RPC parsing on the
+    /// auth / Engine API server, giving access to the raw HTTP request.
+    auth_http_middleware: AuthHttpMiddleware,
     /// Optional custom tokio runtime for the RPC server.
     tokio_runtime: Option<tokio::runtime::Handle>,
 }
 
-impl<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> Debug
-    for RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware> Debug
+    for RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     Node: FullNodeComponents,
     EthB: EthApiBuilder<Node>,
@@ -558,7 +570,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
+    RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     Node: FullNodeComponents,
     EthB: EthApiBuilder<Node>,
@@ -570,6 +583,7 @@ where
         engine_api_builder: EB,
         engine_validator_builder: EVB,
         rpc_middleware: RpcMiddleware,
+        auth_http_middleware: AuthHttpMiddleware,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             hooks: RpcHooks::default(),
@@ -578,6 +592,7 @@ where
             engine_api_builder,
             engine_validator_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime: None,
         }
     }
@@ -586,13 +601,14 @@ where
     pub fn with_engine_api<T>(
         self,
         engine_api_builder: T,
-    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, T, EVB, RpcMiddleware> {
+    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, T, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware> {
         let Self {
             hooks,
             eth_api_builder,
             payload_validator_builder,
             engine_validator_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
             ..
         } = self;
@@ -603,6 +619,7 @@ where
             engine_api_builder,
             engine_validator_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
         }
     }
@@ -611,13 +628,14 @@ where
     pub fn with_payload_validator<T>(
         self,
         payload_validator_builder: T,
-    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, T, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> {
+    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, T, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware> {
         let Self {
             hooks,
             eth_api_builder,
             engine_api_builder,
             engine_validator_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
             ..
         } = self;
@@ -628,6 +646,7 @@ where
             engine_api_builder,
             engine_validator_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
         }
     }
@@ -636,13 +655,14 @@ where
     pub fn with_engine_validator<T>(
         self,
         engine_validator_builder: T,
-    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, T, RpcMiddleware> {
+    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, T, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware> {
         let Self {
             hooks,
             eth_api_builder,
             payload_validator_builder,
             engine_api_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
             ..
         } = self;
@@ -653,6 +673,7 @@ where
             engine_api_builder,
             engine_validator_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
         }
     }
@@ -698,13 +719,14 @@ where
     pub fn with_rpc_middleware<T>(
         self,
         rpc_middleware: T,
-    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, T> {
+    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, T, AuthHttpMiddleware> {
         let Self {
             hooks,
             eth_api_builder,
             payload_validator_builder,
             engine_api_builder,
             engine_validator_builder,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
             ..
         } = self;
@@ -715,10 +737,87 @@ where
             engine_api_builder,
             engine_validator_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
         }
     }
 
+    /// Configures the HTTP transport middleware for the auth / Engine API server.
+    ///
+    /// This middleware is applied after JWT authentication and before JSON-RPC parsing,
+    /// giving access to the raw HTTP request (headers, body, etc.).
+    pub fn with_auth_http_middleware<T>(
+        self,
+        auth_http_middleware: T,
+    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, T> {
+        let Self {
+            hooks,
+            eth_api_builder,
+            payload_validator_builder,
+            engine_api_builder,
+            engine_validator_builder,
+            rpc_middleware,
+            tokio_runtime,
+            ..
+        } = self;
+        RpcAddOns {
+            hooks,
+            eth_api_builder,
+            payload_validator_builder,
+            engine_api_builder,
+            engine_validator_builder,
+            rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
+            tokio_runtime,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Stacks an additional HTTP transport middleware layer for the auth / Engine API server.
+    pub fn layer_auth_http_middleware<T>(
+        self,
+        layer: T,
+    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, Stack<AuthHttpMiddleware, T>> {
+        let Self {
+            hooks,
+            eth_api_builder,
+            payload_validator_builder,
+            engine_api_builder,
+            engine_validator_builder,
+            rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
+            tokio_runtime,
+        } = self;
+        let auth_http_middleware = Stack::new(auth_http_middleware, layer);
+        RpcAddOns {
+            hooks,
+            eth_api_builder,
+            payload_validator_builder,
+            engine_api_builder,
+            engine_validator_builder,
+            rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
+            tokio_runtime,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Conditionally stacks an HTTP transport middleware layer for the auth / Engine API server.
+    #[expect(clippy::type_complexity)]
+    pub fn option_layer_auth_http_middleware<T>(
+        self,
+        layer: Option<T>,
+    ) -> RpcAddOns<
+        Node,
+        EthB,
+        PVB,
+        EB,
+        EVB,
+        RpcMiddleware,
+        Stack<AuthHttpMiddleware, Either<T, Identity>>,
+    > {
+        let layer = layer.map(Either::Left).unwrap_or(Either::Right(Identity::new()));
+        self.layer_auth_http_middleware(layer)
+    }
+
     /// Sets the tokio runtime for the RPC servers.
     ///
     /// Caution: This runtime must not be created from within asynchronous context.
@@ -730,6 +829,7 @@ where
             engine_validator_builder,
             engine_api_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             ..
         } = self;
         Self {
@@ -739,6 +839,7 @@ where
             engine_validator_builder,
             engine_api_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
         }
     }
@@ -747,7 +848,7 @@ where
     pub fn layer_rpc_middleware<T>(
         self,
         layer: T,
-    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, Stack<RpcMiddleware, T>> {
+    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, Stack<RpcMiddleware, T>, AuthHttpMiddleware> {
         let Self {
             hooks,
             eth_api_builder,
@@ -755,6 +856,7 @@ where
             engine_api_builder,
             engine_validator_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
         } = self;
         let rpc_middleware = Stack::new(rpc_middleware, layer);
@@ -765,6 +867,7 @@ where
             engine_api_builder,
             engine_validator_builder,
             rpc_middleware,
+            auth_http_middleware,
             tokio_runtime,
         }
     }
@@ -774,7 +877,15 @@ where
     pub fn option_layer_rpc_middleware<T>(
         self,
         layer: Option<T>,
-    ) -> RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, Stack<RpcMiddleware, Either<T, Identity>>> {
+    ) -> RpcAddOns<
+        Node,
+        EthB,
+        PVB,
+        EB,
+        EVB,
+        Stack<RpcMiddleware, Either<T, Identity>>,
+        AuthHttpMiddleware,
+    > {
         let layer = layer.map(Either::Left).unwrap_or(Either::Right(Identity::new()));
         self.layer_rpc_middleware(layer)
     }
@@ -800,7 +911,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<Node, EthB, EV, EB, Engine> Default for RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, EV, EB, Engine, Identity>
+impl<Node, EthB, EV, EB, Engine> Default
+    for RpcAddOns<Node, EthB, EV, EB, Engine, Identity, Identity>
 where
     Node: FullNodeComponents,
     EthB: EthApiBuilder<Node>,
@@ -815,11 +927,13 @@ where
             EB::default(),
             Engine::default(),
             Default::default(),
+            Identity::new(),
         )
     }
 }
 
-impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> RpcAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
+    RpcAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     N: FullNodeComponents,
     N::Provider: ChainSpecProvider<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>,
@@ -827,6 +941,7 @@ where
     EB: EngineApiBuilder<N>,
     EVB: EngineValidatorBuilder<N>,
     RpcMiddleware: RethRpcMiddleware,
+    AuthHttpMiddleware: RethAuthHttpMiddleware<Identity>,
 {
     /// Launches only the regular RPC server (HTTP/WS/IPC), without the authenticated Engine API
     /// server.
@@ -913,6 +1028,7 @@ where
         F: FnOnce(RpcModuleContainer<'_, N, EthB::EthApi>) -> eyre::Result<()>,
     {
         let rpc_middleware = self.rpc_middleware.clone();
+        let auth_http_middleware = self.auth_http_middleware.clone();
         let tokio_runtime = self.tokio_runtime.clone();
         let setup_ctx = self.setup_rpc_components(ctx, ext).await?;
         let RpcSetupContext {
@@ -933,6 +1049,8 @@ where
             .set_rpc_middleware(rpc_middleware)
             .with_tokio_runtime(tokio_runtime);
 
+        let auth_config = auth_config.with_http_middleware(auth_http_middleware);
+
         let (rpc, auth) = if disable_auth {
             // Only launch the RPC server, use a noop auth handle
             let rpc = Self::launch_rpc_server_internal(server_config, &modules).await?;
@@ -942,7 +1060,7 @@ where
             // launch servers concurrently
             let (rpc, auth) = futures::future::try_join(
                 Self::launch_rpc_server_internal(server_config, &modules),
-                Self::launch_auth_server_internal(auth_module_clone, auth_config),
+                Self::launch_auth_server_internal(auth_config.start(auth_module_clone)),
             )
             .await?;
             (rpc, auth)
@@ -1087,10 +1205,9 @@ where
 
     /// Helper to launch the auth server
     async fn launch_auth_server_internal(
-        auth_module: AuthRpcModule,
-        auth_config: reth_rpc_builder::auth::AuthServerConfig,
+        start_fut: impl Future<Output = Result<AuthServerHandle, reth_rpc_builder::error::RpcError>>,
     ) -> eyre::Result<AuthServerHandle> {
-        auth_module.start_server(auth_config)
+        start_fut
             .await
             .map_err(Into::into)
             .inspect(|handle| {
@@ -1120,8 +1237,8 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> NodeAddOns<N>
-    for RpcAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware> NodeAddOns<N>
+    for RpcAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     N: FullNodeComponents,
     <N as FullNodeTypes>::Provider: ChainSpecProvider<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>,
@@ -1130,6 +1247,7 @@ where
     EB: EngineApiBuilder<N>,
     EVB: EngineValidatorBuilder<N>,
     RpcMiddleware: RethRpcMiddleware,
+    AuthHttpMiddleware: RethAuthHttpMiddleware<Identity>,
 {
     type Handle = RpcHandle<N, EthB::EthApi>;
 
@@ -1150,8 +1268,8 @@ pub trait RethRpcAddOns<N: FullNodeComponents>:
     fn hooks_mut(&mut self) -> &mut RpcHooks<N, Self::EthApi>;
 }
 
-impl<N: FullNodeComponents, EthB, EV, EB, Engine, RpcMiddleware> RethRpcAddOns<N>
-    for RpcAddOns<N, EthB, EV, EB, Engine, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<N: FullNodeComponents, EthB, EV, EB, Engine, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
+    RethRpcAddOns<N> for RpcAddOns<N, EthB, EV, EB, Engine, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     Self: NodeAddOns<N, Handle = RpcHandle<N, EthB::EthApi>>,
     EthB: EthApiBuilder<N>,
@@ -1221,8 +1339,8 @@ pub trait EngineValidatorAddOn<Node: FullNodeComponents>: Send {
     fn engine_validator_builder(&self) -> Self::ValidatorBuilder;
 }
 
-impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware> EngineValidatorAddOn<N>
-    for RpcAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware>
+impl<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware> EngineValidatorAddOn<N>
+    for RpcAddOns<N, EthB, PVB, EB, EVB, RpcMiddleware, AuthHttpMiddleware>
 where
     N: FullNodeComponents,
     EthB: EthApiBuilder<N>,
@@ -1230,6 +1348,7 @@ where
     EB: EngineApiBuilder<N>,
     EVB: EngineValidatorBuilder<N>,
     RpcMiddleware: Send,
+    AuthHttpMiddleware: Send,
 {
     type ValidatorBuilder = EVB;
 

crates/node/core/src/args/dev.rs

@@ -42,6 +42,22 @@ pub struct DevArgs {
     )]
     pub block_time: Option<Duration>,
 
+    /// Time to wait after initiating payload building before resolving.
+    ///
+    /// Introduces a sleep between `fork_choice_updated` and `resolve_kind` in the
+    /// local miner, giving the payload job time for multiple rebuild attempts with
+    /// new transactions from the pool.
+    ///
+    /// Parses strings using [`humantime::parse_duration`]
+    /// --dev.payload-wait-time 450ms
+    #[arg(
+        long = "dev.payload-wait-time",
+        help_heading = "Dev testnet",
+        value_parser = parse_duration,
+        verbatim_doc_comment
+    )]
+    pub payload_wait_time: Option<Duration>,
+
     /// Derive dev accounts from a fixed mnemonic instead of random ones.
     #[arg(
         long = "dev.mnemonic",
@@ -60,6 +76,7 @@ impl Default for DevArgs {
             dev: false,
             block_max_transactions: None,
             block_time: None,
+            payload_wait_time: None,
             dev_mnemonic: DEFAULT_MNEMONIC.to_string(),
         }
     }
@@ -86,6 +103,7 @@ mod tests {
                 dev: false,
                 block_max_transactions: None,
                 block_time: None,
+                payload_wait_time: None,
                 dev_mnemonic: DEFAULT_MNEMONIC.to_string(),
             }
         );
@@ -97,6 +115,7 @@ mod tests {
                 dev: true,
                 block_max_transactions: None,
                 block_time: None,
+                payload_wait_time: None,
                 dev_mnemonic: DEFAULT_MNEMONIC.to_string(),
             }
         );
@@ -108,6 +127,7 @@ mod tests {
                 dev: true,
                 block_max_transactions: None,
                 block_time: None,
+                payload_wait_time: None,
                 dev_mnemonic: DEFAULT_MNEMONIC.to_string(),
             }
         );
@@ -125,6 +145,7 @@ mod tests {
                 dev: true,
                 block_max_transactions: Some(2),
                 block_time: None,
+                payload_wait_time: None,
                 dev_mnemonic: DEFAULT_MNEMONIC.to_string(),
             }
         );
@@ -137,6 +158,7 @@ mod tests {
                 dev: true,
                 block_max_transactions: None,
                 block_time: Some(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)),
+                payload_wait_time: None,
                 dev_mnemonic: DEFAULT_MNEMONIC.to_string(),
             }
         );

crates/node/core/src/args/engine.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ use clap::{builder::Resettable, Args};
 use eyre::ensure;
 use reth_cli_util::{parse_duration_from_secs_or_ms, parsers::format_duration_as_secs_or_ms};
 use reth_engine_primitives::{
-    TreeConfig, DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE, DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_BACKPRESSURE_THRESHOLD,
-    DEFAULT_SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_HOT_ACCOUNTS, DEFAULT_SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_HOT_SLOTS,
+    TreeConfig, DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD, DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE,
+    DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_BACKPRESSURE_THRESHOLD, DEFAULT_SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_HOT_ACCOUNTS,
+    DEFAULT_SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_HOT_SLOTS,
 };
 use std::{sync::OnceLock, time::Duration};
 
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ pub struct DefaultEngineValues {
     persistence_threshold: u64,
     persistence_backpressure_threshold: u64,
     memory_block_buffer_target: u64,
+    invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
     legacy_state_root_task_enabled: bool,
     state_cache_disabled: bool,
     prewarming_disabled: bool,
@@ -49,6 +51,9 @@ pub struct DefaultEngineValues {
     state_root_task_timeout: Option<String>,
     share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder: bool,
     share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder: bool,
+    suppress_persistence_during_build: bool,
+    bal_parallel_execution_disabled: bool,
+    bal_parallel_state_root_disabled: bool,
 }
 
 impl DefaultEngineValues {
@@ -80,6 +85,12 @@ impl DefaultEngineValues {
         self
     }
 
+    /// Set the invalid header cache hit eviction threshold
+    pub const fn with_invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(mut self, v: u8) -> Self {
+        self.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold = v;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Set whether to enable legacy state root task by default
     pub const fn with_legacy_state_root_task_enabled(mut self, v: bool) -> Self {
         self.legacy_state_root_task_enabled = v;
@@ -226,6 +237,24 @@ impl DefaultEngineValues {
         self.share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder = v;
         self
     }
+
+    /// Set whether to suppress persistence during payload building by default
+    pub const fn with_suppress_persistence_during_build(mut self, v: bool) -> Self {
+        self.suppress_persistence_during_build = v;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set whether to disable BAL-based parallel execution by default
+    pub const fn with_bal_parallel_execution_disabled(mut self, v: bool) -> Self {
+        self.bal_parallel_execution_disabled = v;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set whether to disable BAL-driven parallel state root by default
+    pub const fn with_bal_parallel_state_root_disabled(mut self, v: bool) -> Self {
+        self.bal_parallel_state_root_disabled = v;
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for DefaultEngineValues {
@@ -234,6 +263,7 @@ impl Default for DefaultEngineValues {
             persistence_threshold: DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_THRESHOLD,
             persistence_backpressure_threshold: DEFAULT_PERSISTENCE_BACKPRESSURE_THRESHOLD,
             memory_block_buffer_target: DEFAULT_MEMORY_BLOCK_BUFFER_TARGET,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD,
             legacy_state_root_task_enabled: false,
             state_cache_disabled: false,
             prewarming_disabled: false,
@@ -258,6 +288,9 @@ impl Default for DefaultEngineValues {
             state_root_task_timeout: Some("1s".to_string()),
             share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder: false,
             share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder: false,
+            suppress_persistence_during_build: false,
+            bal_parallel_execution_disabled: false,
+            bal_parallel_state_root_disabled: false,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -285,6 +318,14 @@ pub struct EngineArgs {
     #[arg(long = "engine.memory-block-buffer-target", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().memory_block_buffer_target)]
     pub memory_block_buffer_target: u64,
 
+    /// Configure how many cache hits an invalid header can accumulate before it is evicted and
+    /// reprocessed.
+    ///
+    /// Set to `0` to effectively disable the cache because entries are evicted on the first
+    /// lookup.
+    #[arg(long = "engine.invalid-header-cache-hit-eviction-threshold", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold)]
+    pub invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: u8,
+
     /// Enable legacy state root
     #[arg(long = "engine.legacy-state-root", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().legacy_state_root_task_enabled)]
     pub legacy_state_root_task_enabled: bool,
@@ -459,6 +500,32 @@ pub struct EngineArgs {
     )]
     pub share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder: bool,
 
+    /// Suppress persistence while building a payload.
+    ///
+    /// When enabled, persistence cycles are deferred from the moment an FCU with payload
+    /// attributes arrives until the next FCU clears the build. Useful on chains with short
+    /// block times where persistence I/O can interfere with block building latency.
+    #[arg(
+        long = "engine.suppress-persistence-during-build",
+        default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().suppress_persistence_during_build,
+    )]
+    pub suppress_persistence_during_build: bool,
+
+    /// Disable BAL (Block Access List, EIP-7928) based parallel execution. When set, falls back
+    /// to transaction-based prewarming even when a BAL is available.
+    #[arg(long = "engine.disable-bal-parallel-execution", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().bal_parallel_execution_disabled)]
+    pub bal_parallel_execution_disabled: bool,
+
+    /// Disable BAL-driven parallel state root computation. When set, the BAL hashed post state
+    /// is not sent to the multiproof task for early parallel state root computation.
+    #[arg(long = "engine.disable-bal-parallel-state-root", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().bal_parallel_state_root_disabled)]
+    pub bal_parallel_state_root_disabled: bool,
+
+    /// Disable BAL (Block Access List) batched IO during prewarming. When set, falls back
+    /// to individual per-slot storage reads instead of batched cursor reads.
+    #[arg(long = "engine.disable-bal-batch-io", default_value_t = false)]
+    pub disable_bal_batch_io: bool,
+
     /// Add random jitter before each proof computation (trie-debug only).
     /// Each proof worker sleeps for a random duration up to this value before
     /// starting work. Useful for stress-testing timing-sensitive proof logic.
@@ -480,6 +547,7 @@ impl Default for EngineArgs {
             persistence_threshold,
             persistence_backpressure_threshold,
             memory_block_buffer_target,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold,
             legacy_state_root_task_enabled,
             state_cache_disabled,
             prewarming_disabled,
@@ -504,11 +572,15 @@ impl Default for EngineArgs {
             state_root_task_timeout,
             share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder,
             share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder,
+            suppress_persistence_during_build,
+            bal_parallel_execution_disabled,
+            bal_parallel_state_root_disabled,
         } = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().clone();
         Self {
             persistence_threshold,
             persistence_backpressure_threshold,
             memory_block_buffer_target,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold,
             legacy_state_root_task_enabled,
             state_root_task_compare_updates,
             caching_and_prewarming_enabled: true,
@@ -539,6 +611,10 @@ impl Default for EngineArgs {
                 .map(|s| humantime::parse_duration(s).expect("valid default duration")),
             share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder,
             share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder,
+            suppress_persistence_during_build,
+            bal_parallel_execution_disabled,
+            bal_parallel_state_root_disabled,
+            disable_bal_batch_io: false,
             #[cfg(feature = "trie-debug")]
             proof_jitter: None,
         }
@@ -563,6 +639,7 @@ impl EngineArgs {
             .with_persistence_threshold(self.persistence_threshold)
             .with_persistence_backpressure_threshold(self.persistence_backpressure_threshold)
             .with_memory_block_buffer_target(self.memory_block_buffer_target)
+            .with_invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(self.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold)
             .with_legacy_state_root(self.legacy_state_root_task_enabled)
             .without_state_cache(self.state_cache_disabled)
             .without_prewarming(self.prewarming_disabled)
@@ -588,7 +665,11 @@ impl EngineArgs {
             )
             .with_share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder(
                 self.share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder,
-            );
+            )
+            .with_suppress_persistence_during_build(self.suppress_persistence_during_build)
+            .without_bal_parallel_execution(self.bal_parallel_execution_disabled)
+            .without_bal_parallel_state_root(self.bal_parallel_state_root_disabled)
+            .without_bal_batch_io(self.disable_bal_batch_io);
         #[cfg(feature = "trie-debug")]
         let config = config.with_proof_jitter(self.proof_jitter);
         config
@@ -621,6 +702,7 @@ mod tests {
             persistence_threshold: 100,
             persistence_backpressure_threshold: 101,
             memory_block_buffer_target: 50,
+            invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold: 7,
             legacy_state_root_task_enabled: true,
             caching_and_prewarming_enabled: true,
             state_cache_disabled: true,
@@ -649,6 +731,10 @@ mod tests {
             state_root_task_timeout: Some(Duration::from_secs(2)),
             share_execution_cache_with_payload_builder: false,
             share_sparse_trie_with_payload_builder: false,
+            suppress_persistence_during_build: false,
+            bal_parallel_execution_disabled: true,
+            bal_parallel_state_root_disabled: true,
+            disable_bal_batch_io: true,
             #[cfg(feature = "trie-debug")]
             proof_jitter: None,
         };
@@ -661,6 +747,8 @@ mod tests {
             "101",
             "--engine.memory-block-buffer-target",
             "50",
+            "--engine.invalid-header-cache-hit-eviction-threshold",
+            "7",
             "--engine.legacy-state-root",
             "--engine.disable-state-cache",
             "--engine.disable-prewarming",
@@ -691,6 +779,9 @@ mod tests {
             "--engine.disable-sparse-trie-cache-pruning",
             "--engine.state-root-task-timeout",
             "2s",
+            "--engine.disable-bal-parallel-execution",
+            "--engine.disable-bal-parallel-state-root",
+            "--engine.disable-bal-batch-io",
         ])
         .args;
 
@@ -740,6 +831,28 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(args.slow_block_threshold, Some(Duration::from_millis(500)));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold() {
+        let args = CommandParser::<EngineArgs>::parse_from(["reth"]).args;
+        assert_eq!(
+            args.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold,
+            DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            args.tree_config().invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(),
+            DEFAULT_INVALID_HEADER_HIT_EVICTION_THRESHOLD
+        );
+
+        let args = CommandParser::<EngineArgs>::parse_from([
+            "reth",
+            "--engine.invalid-header-cache-hit-eviction-threshold",
+            "0",
+        ])
+        .args;
+        assert_eq!(args.invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold, 0);
+        assert_eq!(args.tree_config().invalid_header_hit_eviction_threshold(), 0);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_share_sparse_trie_flag() {
         let args = CommandParser::<EngineArgs>::parse_from(["reth"]).args;

crates/node/core/src/args/network.rs

@@ -719,9 +719,16 @@ pub struct DiscoveryArgs {
     pub disable_discv4_discovery: bool,
 
     /// Enable Discv5 discovery.
-    #[arg(long, conflicts_with = "disable_discovery")]
+    ///
+    /// Discv5 is now enabled by default, so this flag is a no-op and will be removed in a future
+    /// release.
+    #[arg(long, conflicts_with = "disable_discovery", hide = true)]
     pub enable_discv5_discovery: bool,
 
+    /// Disable Discv5 discovery.
+    #[arg(long, conflicts_with = "disable_discovery")]
+    pub disable_discv5_discovery: bool,
+
     /// Disable Nat discovery.
     #[arg(long, conflicts_with = "disable_discovery")]
     pub disable_nat: bool,
@@ -852,21 +859,23 @@ impl DiscoveryArgs {
             .bootstrap_lookup_countdown(*discv5_bootstrap_lookup_countdown)
     }
 
-    /// Returns true if discv5 discovery should be configured
+    /// Returns true if discv5 discovery should be configured.
+    ///
+    /// Discv5 is enabled by default and can be disabled with `--disable-discv5-discovery`.
     const fn should_enable_discv5(&self) -> bool {
-        if self.disable_discovery {
+        if self.disable_discovery || self.disable_discv5_discovery {
             return false;
         }
 
-        self.enable_discv5_discovery ||
-            self.discv5_addr.is_some() ||
-            self.discv5_addr_ipv6.is_some()
+        true
     }
 
-    /// Set the discovery port to zero, to allow the OS to assign a random unused port when
-    /// discovery binds to the socket.
+    /// Set the discovery ports to zero, to allow the OS to assign random unused ports when
+    /// discovery binds to the sockets.
     pub const fn with_unused_discovery_port(mut self) -> Self {
         self.port = 0;
+        self.discv5_port = 0;
+        self.discv5_port_ipv6 = 0;
         self
     }
 
@@ -896,6 +905,7 @@ impl Default for DiscoveryArgs {
             disable_dns_discovery: false,
             disable_discv4_discovery: false,
             enable_discv5_discovery: false,
+            disable_discv5_discovery: false,
             disable_nat: false,
             addr: DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_ADDR,
             port: DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_PORT,