reth/crates/ethereum/evm/tests/execute.rs

//! Execution tests.

use alloy_consensus::{constants::ETH_TO_WEI, Header, TxLegacy};
use alloy_eips::{
    eip2935::{HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW, HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE},
    eip4788::{BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, BEACON_ROOTS_CODE, SYSTEM_ADDRESS},
    eip4895::Withdrawal,
    eip7002::{WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS, WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE},
    eip7685::EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH,
};
use alloy_evm::block::BlockValidationError;
use alloy_primitives::{b256, fixed_bytes, keccak256, Bytes, TxKind, B256, U256};
use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecBuilder, EthereumHardfork, ForkCondition, MAINNET};
use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Block, BlockBody, Transaction};
use reth_evm::{
    execute::{BasicBlockExecutor, Executor},
    ConfigureEvm,
};
use reth_evm_ethereum::EthEvmConfig;
use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
use reth_primitives_traits::{
    crypto::secp256k1::public_key_to_address, Block as _, RecoveredBlock,
};
use reth_testing_utils::generators::{self, sign_tx_with_key_pair};
use revm::{
    database::{CacheDB, EmptyDB, TransitionState},
    primitives::address,
    state::{AccountInfo, Bytecode, EvmState},
    Database,
};
use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc};

fn create_database_with_beacon_root_contract() -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
    let mut db = CacheDB::new(Default::default());

    let beacon_root_contract_account = AccountInfo {
        balance: U256::ZERO,
        code_hash: keccak256(BEACON_ROOTS_CODE.clone()),
        nonce: 1,
        code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(BEACON_ROOTS_CODE.clone())),
    };

    db.insert_account_info(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, beacon_root_contract_account);

    db
}

fn create_database_with_withdrawal_requests_contract() -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
    let mut db = CacheDB::new(Default::default());

    let withdrawal_requests_contract_account = AccountInfo {
        nonce: 1,
        balance: U256::ZERO,
        code_hash: keccak256(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE.clone()),
        code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE.clone())),
    };

    db.insert_account_info(
        WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS,
        withdrawal_requests_contract_account,
    );

    db
}

#[test]
fn eip_4788_non_genesis_call() {
    let mut header =
        Header { timestamp: 1, number: 1, excess_blob_gas: Some(0), ..Header::default() };

    let db = create_database_with_beacon_root_contract();

    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
            .build(),
    );

    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);

    let mut executor = BasicBlockExecutor::new(provider, db);

    // attempt to execute a block without parent beacon block root, expect err
    let err = executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block {
                header: header.clone(),
                body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![], ommers: vec![], withdrawals: None },
            },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect_err("Executing cancun block without parent beacon block root field should fail");

    assert!(matches!(
        err.as_validation().unwrap(),
        BlockValidationError::MissingParentBeaconBlockRoot
    ));

    // fix header, set a gas limit
    header.parent_beacon_block_root = Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69));

    // Now execute a block with the fixed header, ensure that it does not fail
    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block {
                header: header.clone(),
                body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![], ommers: vec![], withdrawals: None },
            },
            vec![],
        ))
        .unwrap();

    // check the actual storage of the contract - it should be:
    // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH should be
    // header.timestamp
    // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH + HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH //
    //   should be parent_beacon_block_root
    let history_buffer_length = 8191u64;
    let timestamp_index = header.timestamp % history_buffer_length;
    let parent_beacon_block_root_index =
        timestamp_index % history_buffer_length + history_buffer_length;

    let timestamp_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state.storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(timestamp_index)).unwrap()
    });
    assert_eq!(timestamp_storage, U256::from(header.timestamp));

    // get parent beacon block root storage and compare
    let parent_beacon_block_root_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state
            .storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(parent_beacon_block_root_index))
            .expect("storage value should exist")
    });
    assert_eq!(parent_beacon_block_root_storage, U256::from(0x69));
}

#[test]
fn eip_4788_no_code_cancun() {
    // This test ensures that we "silently fail" when cancun is active and there is no code at
    // // BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS
    let header = Header {
        timestamp: 1,
        number: 1,
        parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69)),
        excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
        ..Header::default()
    };

    let db = CacheDB::new(EmptyDB::default());

    // DON'T deploy the contract at genesis
    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
            .build(),
    );

    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);

    // attempt to execute an empty block with parent beacon block root, this should not fail
    provider
        .batch_executor(db)
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block {
                header,
                body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![], ommers: vec![], withdrawals: None },
            },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect("Executing a block with no transactions while cancun is active should not fail");
}

#[test]
fn eip_4788_empty_account_call() {
    // This test ensures that we do not increment the nonce of an empty SYSTEM_ADDRESS account
    // // during the pre-block call

    let mut db = create_database_with_beacon_root_contract();

    // insert an empty SYSTEM_ADDRESS
    db.insert_account_info(SYSTEM_ADDRESS, Default::default());

    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
            .build(),
    );

    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);

    // construct the header for block one
    let header = Header {
        timestamp: 1,
        number: 1,
        parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69)),
        excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
        ..Header::default()
    };

    let mut executor = BasicBlockExecutor::new(provider, db);

    // attempt to execute an empty block with parent beacon block root, this should not fail
    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block {
                header,
                body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![], ommers: vec![], withdrawals: None },
            },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect("Executing a block with no transactions while cancun is active should not fail");

    // ensure that the nonce of the system address account has not changed
    let nonce =
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(SYSTEM_ADDRESS).unwrap().unwrap().nonce);
    assert_eq!(nonce, 0);
}

#[test]
fn eip_4788_genesis_call() {
    let db = create_database_with_beacon_root_contract();

    // activate cancun at genesis
    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0))
            .build(),
    );

    let mut header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);
    let mut executor = BasicBlockExecutor::new(provider, db);

    // attempt to execute the genesis block with non-zero parent beacon block root, expect err
    header.parent_beacon_block_root = Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69));
    let _err = executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block { header: header.clone(), body: Default::default() },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect_err(
            "Executing genesis cancun block with non-zero parent beacon block root field
    should fail",
        );

    // fix header
    header.parent_beacon_block_root = Some(B256::ZERO);

    // now try to process the genesis block again, this time ensuring that a system contract
    // call does not occur
    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block { header, body: Default::default() },
            vec![],
        ))
        .unwrap();

    // there is no system contract call so there should be NO STORAGE CHANGES
    // this means we'll check the transition state
    let transition_state = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state.transition_state.take().expect("the evm should be initialized with bundle updates")
    });

    // assert that it is the default (empty) transition state
    assert_eq!(transition_state, TransitionState::default());
}

#[test]
fn eip_4788_high_base_fee() {
    // This test ensures that if we have a base fee, then we don't return an error when the
    // system contract is called, due to the gas price being less than the base fee.
    let header = Header {
        timestamp: 1,
        number: 1,
        parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::with_last_byte(0x69)),
        base_fee_per_gas: Some(u64::MAX),
        excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
        ..Header::default()
    };

    let db = create_database_with_beacon_root_contract();

    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Cancun, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
            .build(),
    );

    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);

    // execute header
    let mut executor = BasicBlockExecutor::new(provider, db);

    // Now execute a block with the fixed header, ensure that it does not fail
    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block { header: header.clone(), body: Default::default() },
            vec![],
        ))
        .unwrap();

    // check the actual storage of the contract - it should be:
    // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH should be
    // header.timestamp
    // * The storage value at header.timestamp % HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH + HISTORY_BUFFER_LENGTH //
    //   should be parent_beacon_block_root
    let history_buffer_length = 8191u64;
    let timestamp_index = header.timestamp % history_buffer_length;
    let parent_beacon_block_root_index =
        timestamp_index % history_buffer_length + history_buffer_length;

    // get timestamp storage and compare
    let timestamp_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state.storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(timestamp_index)).unwrap()
    });
    assert_eq!(timestamp_storage, U256::from(header.timestamp));

    // get parent beacon block root storage and compare
    let parent_beacon_block_root_storage = executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state.storage(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, U256::from(parent_beacon_block_root_index)).unwrap()
    });
    assert_eq!(parent_beacon_block_root_storage, U256::from(0x69));
}

/// Create a state provider with blockhashes and the EIP-2935 system contract.
fn create_database_with_block_hashes(latest_block: u64) -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
    let mut db = CacheDB::new(Default::default());
    for block_number in 0..=latest_block {
        db.cache.block_hashes.insert(U256::from(block_number), keccak256(block_number.to_string()));
    }

    let blockhashes_contract_account = AccountInfo {
        balance: U256::ZERO,
        code_hash: keccak256(HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE.clone()),
        code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE.clone())),
        nonce: 1,
    };

    db.insert_account_info(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, blockhashes_contract_account);

    db
}
#[test]
fn eip_2935_pre_fork() {
    let db = create_database_with_block_hashes(1);

    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Never)
            .build(),
    );

    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);
    let mut executor = BasicBlockExecutor::new(provider, db);

    // construct the header for block one
    let header = Header { timestamp: 1, number: 1, ..Header::default() };

    // attempt to execute an empty block, this should not fail
    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block { header, body: Default::default() },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect("Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail");

    // ensure that the block hash was *not* written to storage, since this is before the fork
    // was activated
    //
    // we load the account first, because revm expects it to be
    // loaded
    executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap());
    assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state.storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO).unwrap().is_zero()
    }));
}

#[test]
fn eip_2935_fork_activation_genesis() {
    let db = create_database_with_block_hashes(0);

    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .cancun_activated()
            .prague_activated()
            .build(),
    );

    let header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);
    let mut executor = BasicBlockExecutor::new(provider, db);

    // attempt to execute genesis block, this should not fail
    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block { header, body: Default::default() },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect("Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail");

    // ensure that the block hash was *not* written to storage, since there are no blocks
    // preceding genesis
    //
    // we load the account first, because revm expects it to be
    // loaded
    executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap());
    assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state.storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO).unwrap().is_zero()
    }));
}

#[test]
fn eip_2935_fork_activation_within_window_bounds() {
    let fork_activation_block = (HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW - 10) as u64;
    let db = create_database_with_block_hashes(fork_activation_block);

    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .cancun_activated()
            .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
            .build(),
    );

    let header = Header {
        parent_hash: B256::random(),
        timestamp: 1,
        number: fork_activation_block,
        requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
        excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
        parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::random()),
        ..Header::default()
    };
    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);
    let mut executor = BasicBlockExecutor::new(provider, db);

    // attempt to execute the fork activation block, this should not fail
    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block { header, body: Default::default() },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect("Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail");

    // the hash for the ancestor of the fork activation block should be present
    assert!(
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some())
    );
    assert_ne!(
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state
            .storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(fork_activation_block - 1))
            .unwrap()),
        U256::ZERO
    );

    // the hash of the block itself should not be in storage
    assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state.storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(fork_activation_block)).unwrap().is_zero()
    }));
}

// <https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/pull/9144>
#[test]
fn eip_2935_fork_activation_outside_window_bounds() {
    let fork_activation_block = (HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW + 256) as u64;
    let db = create_database_with_block_hashes(fork_activation_block);

    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .cancun_activated()
            .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(1))
            .build(),
    );

    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);
    let mut executor = BasicBlockExecutor::new(provider, db);

    let header = Header {
        parent_hash: B256::random(),
        timestamp: 1,
        number: fork_activation_block,
        requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
        excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
        parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::random()),
        ..Header::default()
    };

    // attempt to execute the fork activation block, this should not fail
    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block { header, body: Default::default() },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect("Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail");

    // the hash for the ancestor of the fork activation block should be present
    assert!(
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some())
    );
}

#[test]
fn eip_2935_state_transition_inside_fork() {
    let db = create_database_with_block_hashes(2);

    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .cancun_activated()
            .prague_activated()
            .build(),
    );

    let header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
    let header_hash = header.hash_slow();

    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);
    let mut executor = BasicBlockExecutor::new(provider, db);

    // attempt to execute the genesis block, this should not fail
    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block { header, body: Default::default() },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect("Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail");

    // nothing should be written as the genesis has no ancestors
    //
    // we load the account first, because revm expects it to be
    // loaded
    executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap());
    assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state.storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO).unwrap().is_zero()
    }));

    // attempt to execute block 1, this should not fail
    let header = Header {
        parent_hash: header_hash,
        timestamp: 1,
        number: 1,
        requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
        excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
        parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::random()),
        ..Header::default()
    };
    let header_hash = header.hash_slow();

    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block { header, body: Default::default() },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect("Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail");

    // the block hash of genesis should now be in storage, but not block 1
    assert!(
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some())
    );
    assert_ne!(
        executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO).unwrap()),
        U256::ZERO
    );
    assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state.storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(1)).unwrap().is_zero()
    }));

    // attempt to execute block 2, this should not fail
    let header = Header {
        parent_hash: header_hash,
        timestamp: 1,
        number: 2,
        requests_hash: Some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH),
        excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
        parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::random()),
        ..Header::default()
    };

    executor
        .execute_one(&RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
            Block { header, body: Default::default() },
            vec![],
        ))
        .expect("Executing a block with no transactions while Prague is active should not fail");

    // the block hash of genesis and block 1 should now be in storage, but not block 2
    assert!(
        executor.with_state_mut(|state| state.basic(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS).unwrap().is_some())
    );
    assert_ne!(
        executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::ZERO).unwrap()),
        U256::ZERO
    );
    assert_ne!(
        executor
            .with_state_mut(|state| state.storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(1)).unwrap()),
        U256::ZERO
    );
    assert!(executor.with_state_mut(|state| {
        state.storage(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, U256::from(2)).unwrap().is_zero()
    }));
}

#[test]
fn eip_7002() {
    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .cancun_activated()
            .prague_activated()
            .build(),
    );

    let mut db = create_database_with_withdrawal_requests_contract();

    let sender_key_pair = generators::generate_key(&mut generators::rng());
    let sender_address = public_key_to_address(sender_key_pair.public_key());

    db.insert_account_info(
        sender_address,
        AccountInfo { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(ETH_TO_WEI), ..Default::default() },
    );

    // https://github.com/lightclient/sys-asm/blob/9282bdb9fd64e024e27f60f507486ffb2183cba2/test/Withdrawal.t.sol.in#L36
    let validator_public_key = fixed_bytes!(
            "111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"
        );
    let withdrawal_amount = fixed_bytes!("0203040506070809");
    let input: Bytes = [&validator_public_key[..], &withdrawal_amount[..]].concat().into();
    assert_eq!(input.len(), 56);

    let mut header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
    header.gas_limit = 1_500_000;
    // measured
    header.gas_used = 135_856;
    header.receipts_root =
        b256!("0xb31a3e47b902e9211c4d349af4e4c5604ce388471e79ca008907ae4616bb0ed3");

    let tx = sign_tx_with_key_pair(
        sender_key_pair,
        Transaction::Legacy(TxLegacy {
            chain_id: Some(chain_spec.chain.id()),
            nonce: 1,
            gas_price: header.base_fee_per_gas.unwrap().into(),
            gas_limit: header.gas_used,
            to: TxKind::Call(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS),
            // `MIN_WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_FEE`
            value: U256::from(2),
            input,
        }),
    );

    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);

    let mut executor = provider.batch_executor(db);

    let BlockExecutionResult { receipts, requests, .. } = executor
        .execute_one(
            &Block { header, body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![tx], ..Default::default() } }
                .try_into_recovered()
                .unwrap(),
        )
        .unwrap();

    let receipt = receipts.first().unwrap();
    assert!(receipt.success);

    // There should be exactly one entry with withdrawal requests
    assert_eq!(requests.len(), 1);
    assert_eq!(requests[0][0], 1);
}

#[test]
fn block_gas_limit_error() {
    // Create a chain specification with fork conditions set for Prague
    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .with_fork(EthereumHardfork::Prague, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0))
            .build(),
    );

    // Create a state provider with the withdrawal requests contract pre-deployed
    let mut db = create_database_with_withdrawal_requests_contract();

    // Generate a new key pair for the sender
    let sender_key_pair = generators::generate_key(&mut generators::rng());
    // Get the sender's address from the public key
    let sender_address = public_key_to_address(sender_key_pair.public_key());

    // Insert the sender account into the state with a nonce of 1 and a balance of 1 ETH in Wei
    db.insert_account_info(
        sender_address,
        AccountInfo { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(ETH_TO_WEI), ..Default::default() },
    );

    // Define the validator public key and withdrawal amount as fixed bytes
    let validator_public_key = fixed_bytes!(
            "111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"
        );
    let withdrawal_amount = fixed_bytes!("2222222222222222");
    // Concatenate the validator public key and withdrawal amount into a single byte array
    let input: Bytes = [&validator_public_key[..], &withdrawal_amount[..]].concat().into();
    // Ensure the input length is 56 bytes
    assert_eq!(input.len(), 56);

    // Create a genesis block header with a specified gas limit and gas used
    let mut header = chain_spec.genesis_header().clone();
    header.gas_limit = 1_500_000;
    header.gas_used = 134_807;
    header.receipts_root =
        b256!("0xb31a3e47b902e9211c4d349af4e4c5604ce388471e79ca008907ae4616bb0ed3");

    // Create a transaction with a gas limit higher than the block gas limit
    let tx = sign_tx_with_key_pair(
        sender_key_pair,
        Transaction::Legacy(TxLegacy {
            chain_id: Some(chain_spec.chain.id()),
            nonce: 1,
            gas_price: header.base_fee_per_gas.unwrap().into(),
            gas_limit: 2_500_000, // higher than block gas limit
            to: TxKind::Call(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_ADDRESS),
            value: U256::from(1),
            input,
        }),
    );

    // Create an executor from the state provider
    let evm_config = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);
    let mut executor = evm_config.batch_executor(db);

    // Execute the block and capture the result
    let exec_result = executor.execute_one(
        &Block { header, body: BlockBody { transactions: vec![tx], ..Default::default() } }
            .try_into_recovered()
            .unwrap(),
    );

    // Check if the execution result is an error and assert the specific error type
    match exec_result {
        Ok(_) => panic!("Expected block gas limit error"),
        Err(err) => assert!(matches!(
            *err.as_validation().unwrap(),
            BlockValidationError::TransactionGasLimitMoreThanAvailableBlockGas {
                transaction_gas_limit: 2_500_000,
                block_available_gas: 1_500_000,
            }
        )),
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_balance_increment_not_duplicated() {
    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
        ChainSpecBuilder::from(&*MAINNET)
            .shanghai_activated()
            .cancun_activated()
            .prague_activated()
            .build(),
    );

    let withdrawal_recipient = address!("0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000000");

    let mut db = CacheDB::new(EmptyDB::default());
    let initial_balance = 100;
    db.insert_account_info(
        withdrawal_recipient,
        AccountInfo { balance: U256::from(initial_balance), nonce: 1, ..Default::default() },
    );

    let withdrawal =
        Withdrawal { index: 0, validator_index: 0, address: withdrawal_recipient, amount: 1 };

    let header = Header {
        timestamp: 1,
        number: 1,
        excess_blob_gas: Some(0),
        parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::random()),
        ..Header::default()
    };

    let block = &RecoveredBlock::new_unhashed(
        Block {
            header,
            body: BlockBody {
                transactions: vec![],
                ommers: vec![],
                withdrawals: Some(vec![withdrawal].into()),
            },
        },
        vec![],
    );

    let provider = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);
    let executor = provider.batch_executor(db);

    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
    let tx_clone = tx.clone();

    let _output = executor
        .execute_with_state_hook(block, move |_, state: &EvmState| {
            if let Some(account) = state.get(&withdrawal_recipient) {
                let _ = tx_clone.send(account.info.balance);
            }
        })
        .expect("Block execution should succeed");

    drop(tx);
    let balance_changes: Vec<U256> = rx.try_iter().collect();

    if let Some(final_balance) = balance_changes.last() {
        let expected_final_balance = U256::from(initial_balance) + U256::from(1_000_000_000); // initial + 1 Gwei in Wei
        assert_eq!(
            *final_balance, expected_final_balance,
            "Final balance should match expected value after withdrawal"
        );
    }
}