feat(bridge): upgrade bridge to rollup v2 (#530 )

Co-authored-by: Richard Zhang <rzhang139@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: georgehao <haohongfan@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: HAOYUatHZ <37070449+HAOYUatHZ@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: HAOYUatHZ <haoyu@protonmail.com>
fix(contracts): change type of queueIndex to uint64 (#592 )
2026-01-12 07:28:08 -05:00 · 2023-06-28 10:12:16 +08:00 · 2023-06-27 21:30:20 +08:00 · 2023-06-27 18:27:09 +08:00 · 2023-06-22 11:14:04 -07:00 · 2023-06-19 12:03:28 +08:00
84 changed files with 3307 additions and 3149 deletions
--- a/10
+++ b/10
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ lint: ## The code's format and security checks.

 update: ## update dependencies
 	go work sync
-	cd $(PWD)/bridge/ && go get -u github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum@scroll-v3.1.12 && go mod tidy
+	cd $(PWD)/bridge/ && go get -u github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum@scroll-v4.1.0 && go mod tidy
 	cd $(PWD)/bridge-history-api/ && go get -u github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum@latest && go mod tidy
-	cd $(PWD)/common/ && go get -u github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum@scroll-v3.1.12 && go mod tidy
-	cd $(PWD)/coordinator/ && go get -u github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum@scroll-v3.1.12 && go mod tidy
-	cd $(PWD)/database/ && go get -u github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum@scroll-v3.1.12 && go mod tidy
-	cd $(PWD)/roller/ && go get -u github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum@scroll-v3.1.12 && go mod tidy
+	cd $(PWD)/common/ && go get -u github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum@scroll-v4.1.0 && go mod tidy
+	cd $(PWD)/coordinator/ && go get -u github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum@scroll-v4.1.0 && go mod tidy
+	cd $(PWD)/database/ && go get -u github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum@scroll-v4.1.0 && go mod tidy
+	cd $(PWD)/roller/ && go get -u github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum@scroll-v4.1.0 && go mod tidy
 	goimports -local $(PWD)/bridge/ -w .
 	goimports -local $(PWD)/bridge-history-api/ -w .
 	goimports -local $(PWD)/common/ -w .
--- a/bridge-history-api/go.mod
+++ b/bridge-history-api/go.mod
@@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20201216005158-039620a65673 // indirect
 	github.com/yosssi/ace v0.0.5 // indirect
 	github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230206171751-46f607a40771 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.10.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.10.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.8.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20220517211312-f3a8303e98df // indirect
--- a/bridge-history-api/go.sum
+++ b/bridge-history-api/go.sum
@@ -537,8 +537,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20201221181555-eec23a3978ad/go.mod h1:jdWPYTVW3xRLrWP
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210314154223-e6e6c4f2bb5b/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210322153248-0c34fe9e7dc2/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 h1:LF6fAI+IutBocDJ2OT0Q1g8plpYljMZ4+lty+dsqw3g=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0/go.mod h1:yrmDGqONDYtNj3tH8X9dzUun2m2lzPa9ngI6/RUPGR0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 h1:LKqV2xt9+kDzSTfOhx4FrkEBcMrAgHSYgzywV9zcGmM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0/go.mod h1:o4eNf7Ede1fv+hwOwZsTHl9EsPFO6q6ZvYR8vYfY45I=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230206171751-46f607a40771 h1:xP7rWLUr1e1n2xkK5YB4LI0hPEy3LJC6Wk+D4pGlOJg=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230206171751-46f607a40771/go.mod h1:CxIveKay+FTh1D0yPZemJVgC/95VzuuOLq5Qi4xnoYc=
@@ -628,8 +628,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220908164124-27713097b956/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 h1:EBmGv8NaZBZTWvrbjNoL6HVt+IVy3QDQpJs7VRIw3tU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 h1:KS/R3tvhPqvJvwcKfnBHJwwthS11LRhmM5D59eEXa0s=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201117132131-f5c789dd3221/go.mod h1:Nr5EML6q2oocZ2LXRh80K7BxOlk5/8JxuGnuhpl+muw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -638,8 +638,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.5/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 h1:2sjJmO8cDvYveuX97RDLsxlyUxLl+GHoLxBiRdHllBE=
-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.10.0 h1:UpjohKhiEgNc0CSauXmwYftY1+LlaC75SJwh0SgCX58=
+golang.org/x/text v0.10.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20201208040808-7e3f01d25324/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20210220033141-f8bda1e9f3ba/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 h1:rg5rLMjNzMS1RkNLzCG38eapWhnYLFYXDXj2gOlr8j4=
--- a/bridge/Makefile
+++ b/bridge/Makefile
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ IMAGE_VERSION=latest
 REPO_ROOT_DIR=./..

 mock_abi:
-	go run github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/cmd/abigen --sol mock_bridge/MockBridgeL1.sol --pkg mock_bridge --out mock_bridge/MockBridgeL1.go
-	go run github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/cmd/abigen --sol mock_bridge/MockBridgeL2.sol --pkg mock_bridge --out mock_bridge/MockBridgeL2.go
+	cd .. && go run github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/cmd/abigen --sol ./bridge/mock_bridge/MockBridgeL1.sol --pkg mock_bridge --out ./bridge/mock_bridge/MockBridgeL1.go
+	cd .. && go run github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/cmd/abigen --sol ./bridge/mock_bridge/MockBridgeL2.sol --pkg mock_bridge --out ./bridge/mock_bridge/MockBridgeL2.go

 bridge_bins: ## Builds the Bridge bins.
 	go build -o $(PWD)/build/bin/event_watcher ./cmd/event_watcher/
--- a/bridge/abi/bridge_abi.go
+++ b/bridge/abi/bridge_abi.go
--- a/bridge/abi/bridge_abi_test.go
+++ b/bridge/abi/bridge_abi_test.go
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ func TestEventSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(L1FailedRelayedMessageEventSignature, common.HexToHash("99d0e048484baa1b1540b1367cb128acd7ab2946d1ed91ec10e3c85e4bf51b8f"))

 	assert.Equal(L1CommitBatchEventSignature, common.HexToHash("2cdc615c74452778c0fb6184735e014c13aad2b62774fe0b09bd1dcc2cc14a62"))
-	assert.Equal(L1FinalizeBatchEventSignature, common.HexToHash("6be443154c959a7a1645b4392b6fa97d8e8ab6e8fd853d7085e8867083737d79"))
+	assert.Equal(L1FinalizeBatchEventSignature, common.HexToHash("9d3058a3cb9739a2527f22dd9a4138065844037d3004254952e2458d808cc364"))

-	assert.Equal(L1QueueTransactionEventSignature, common.HexToHash("bdcc7517f8fe3db6506dfd910942d0bbecaf3d6a506dadea65b0d988e75b9439"))
+	assert.Equal(L1QueueTransactionEventSignature, common.HexToHash("69cfcb8e6d4192b8aba9902243912587f37e550d75c1fa801491fce26717f37e"))

 	assert.Equal(L2SentMessageEventSignature, common.HexToHash("104371f3b442861a2a7b82a070afbbaab748bb13757bf47769e170e37809ec1e"))
 	assert.Equal(L2RelayedMessageEventSignature, common.HexToHash("4641df4a962071e12719d8c8c8e5ac7fc4d97b927346a3d7a335b1f7517e133c"))
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ func TestPackRelayL2MessageWithProof(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(err)

 	proof := IL1ScrollMessengerL2MessageProof{
-		BatchHash:   common.Hash{},
-		MerkleProof: make([]byte, 0),
+		BatchIndex:  big.NewInt(0),
+		MerkleProof: []byte{},
 	}
-	_, err = l1MessengerABI.Pack("relayMessageWithProof", common.Address{}, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), make([]byte, 0), proof)
+	_, err = l1MessengerABI.Pack("relayMessageWithProof", common.Address{}, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), []byte{}, proof)
 	assert.NoError(err)
 }

@@ -48,27 +48,12 @@ func TestPackCommitBatch(t *testing.T) {
 	scrollChainABI, err := ScrollChainMetaData.GetAbi()
 	assert.NoError(err)

-	header := IScrollChainBlockContext{
-		BlockHash:       common.Hash{},
-		ParentHash:      common.Hash{},
-		BlockNumber:     0,
-		Timestamp:       0,
-		BaseFee:         big.NewInt(0),
-		GasLimit:        0,
-		NumTransactions: 0,
-		NumL1Messages:   0,
-	}
+	version := uint8(1)
+	var parentBatchHeader []byte
+	var chunks [][]byte
+	var skippedL1MessageBitmap []byte

-	batch := IScrollChainBatch{
-		Blocks:           []IScrollChainBlockContext{header},
-		PrevStateRoot:    common.Hash{},
-		NewStateRoot:     common.Hash{},
-		WithdrawTrieRoot: common.Hash{},
-		BatchIndex:       0,
-		L2Transactions:   make([]byte, 0),
-	}
-
-	_, err = scrollChainABI.Pack("commitBatch", batch)
+	_, err = scrollChainABI.Pack("commitBatch", version, parentBatchHeader, chunks, skippedL1MessageBitmap)
 	assert.NoError(err)
 }

@@ -78,14 +63,13 @@ func TestPackFinalizeBatchWithProof(t *testing.T) {
 	l1RollupABI, err := ScrollChainMetaData.GetAbi()
 	assert.NoError(err)

-	proof := make([]*big.Int, 10)
-	instance := make([]*big.Int, 10)
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		proof[i] = big.NewInt(0)
-		instance[i] = big.NewInt(0)
-	}
+	batchHeader := []byte{}
+	prevStateRoot := common.Hash{}
+	postStateRoot := common.Hash{}
+	withdrawRoot := common.Hash{}
+	aggrProof := []byte{}

-	_, err = l1RollupABI.Pack("finalizeBatchWithProof", common.Hash{}, proof, instance)
+	_, err = l1RollupABI.Pack("finalizeBatchWithProof", batchHeader, prevStateRoot, postStateRoot, withdrawRoot, aggrProof)
 	assert.NoError(err)
 }

@@ -95,7 +79,7 @@ func TestPackRelayL1Message(t *testing.T) {
 	l2MessengerABI, err := L2ScrollMessengerMetaData.GetAbi()
 	assert.NoError(err)

-	_, err = l2MessengerABI.Pack("relayMessage", common.Address{}, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), make([]byte, 0))
+	_, err = l2MessengerABI.Pack("relayMessage", common.Address{}, common.Address{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), []byte{})
 	assert.NoError(err)
 }

@@ -126,6 +110,6 @@ func TestPackImportBlock(t *testing.T) {

 	l1BlockContainerABI := L1BlockContainerABI

-	_, err := l1BlockContainerABI.Pack("importBlockHeader", common.Hash{}, make([]byte, 0), false)
+	_, err := l1BlockContainerABI.Pack("importBlockHeader", common.Hash{}, []byte{}, false)
 	assert.NoError(err)
 }
--- a/bridge/cmd/msg_relayer/app/app.go
+++ b/bridge/cmd/msg_relayer/app/app.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"os/signal"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/ethclient"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"

@@ -63,30 +62,15 @@ func action(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	// Start metrics server.
 	metrics.Serve(subCtx, ctx)

-	// Init l2geth connection
-	l2client, err := ethclient.Dial(cfg.L2Config.Endpoint)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("failed to connect l2 geth", "config file", cfgFile, "error", err)
-		return err
-	}
-
 	l1relayer, err := relayer.NewLayer1Relayer(ctx.Context, db, cfg.L1Config.RelayerConfig)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("failed to create new l1 relayer", "config file", cfgFile, "error", err)
 		return err
 	}
-	l2relayer, err := relayer.NewLayer2Relayer(ctx.Context, l2client, db, cfg.L2Config.RelayerConfig)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("failed to create new l2 relayer", "config file", cfgFile, "error", err)
-		return err
-	}

 	// Start l1relayer process
 	go cutils.Loop(subCtx, 10*time.Second, l1relayer.ProcessSavedEvents)

-	// Start l2relayer process
-	go cutils.Loop(subCtx, 2*time.Second, l2relayer.ProcessSavedEvents)
-
 	// Finish start all message relayer functions
 	log.Info("Start message-relayer successfully")

--- a/bridge/cmd/rollup_relayer/app/app.go
+++ b/bridge/cmd/rollup_relayer/app/app.go
@@ -76,7 +76,13 @@ func action(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	batchProposer := watcher.NewBatchProposer(subCtx, cfg.L2Config.BatchProposerConfig, l2relayer, db)
+	chunkProposer := watcher.NewChunkProposer(subCtx, cfg.L2Config.ChunkProposerConfig, db)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("failed to create chunkProposer", "config file", cfgFile, "error", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	batchProposer := watcher.NewBatchProposer(subCtx, cfg.L2Config.BatchProposerConfig, db)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("failed to create batchProposer", "config file", cfgFile, "error", err)
 		return err
@@ -91,14 +97,14 @@ func action(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			log.Error("failed to get block number", "err", loopErr)
 			return
 		}
-		l2watcher.TryFetchRunningMissingBlocks(ctx, number)
+		l2watcher.TryFetchRunningMissingBlocks(number)
 	})

-	// Batch proposer loop
-	go cutils.Loop(subCtx, 2*time.Second, func() {
-		batchProposer.TryProposeBatch()
-		batchProposer.TryCommitBatches()
-	})
+	go cutils.Loop(subCtx, 2*time.Second, chunkProposer.TryProposeChunk)
+
+	go cutils.Loop(subCtx, 2*time.Second, batchProposer.TryProposeBatch)
+
+	go cutils.Loop(subCtx, 2*time.Second, l2relayer.ProcessPendingBatches)

 	go cutils.Loop(subCtx, 2*time.Second, l2relayer.ProcessCommittedBatches)

--- a/bridge/conf/config.json
+++ b/bridge/conf/config.json
@@ -72,19 +72,20 @@
        "1414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414141414"
      ]
    },
+    "chunk_proposer_config": {
+      "max_tx_gas_per_chunk": 1123456,
+      "max_l2_tx_num_per_chunk": 1123,
+      "max_l1_commit_gas_per_chunk": 11234567,
+      "max_l1_commit_calldata_size_per_chunk": 112345,
+      "min_l1_commit_calldata_size_per_chunk": 11234,
+      "chunk_timeout_sec": 300
+    },
    "batch_proposer_config": {
-      "proof_generation_freq": 1,
-      "batch_gas_threshold": 3000000,
-      "batch_tx_num_threshold": 44,
-      "batch_time_sec": 300,
-      "batch_commit_time_sec": 1200,
-      "batch_blocks_limit": 100,
-      "commit_tx_calldata_size_limit": 200000,
-      "commit_tx_batch_count_limit": 30,
-      "public_input_config": {
-        "max_tx_num": 44,
-        "padding_tx_hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
-      }
+      "max_chunk_num_per_batch": 112,
+      "max_l1_commit_gas_per_batch": 11234567,
+      "max_l1_commit_calldata_size_per_batch": 112345,
+      "min_chunk_num_per_batch": 11,
+      "batch_timeout_sec": 300
    }
  },
  "db_config": {
--- a/bridge/go.mod
+++ b/bridge/go.mod
@@ -9,14 +9,13 @@ require (
 	github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map v1.0.0
 	github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map/v2 v2.0.1
 	github.com/pressly/goose/v3 v3.7.0
-	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61
+	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56
 	github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.8.0
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.17.2-0.20221006022127-8f469abc00aa
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0
 	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.5.0
 	gorm.io/gorm v1.25.1
-	modernc.org/mathutil v1.4.1
 )

 require (
@@ -48,7 +47,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.14 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.14 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20200410134404-eec4a21b6bb0 // indirect
 	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.4 // indirect
 	github.com/rjeczalik/notify v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 // indirect
@@ -62,9 +60,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip39 v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20201216005158-039620a65673 // indirect
 	github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.10.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.8.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/natefinch/npipe.v2 v2.0.0-20160621034901-c1b8fa8bdcce // indirect
--- a/bridge/go.sum
+++ b/bridge/go.sum
@@ -117,7 +117,6 @@ github.com/pressly/goose/v3 v3.7.0 h1:jblaZul15uCIEKHRu5KUdA+5wDA7E60JC0TOthdrtf
 github.com/pressly/goose/v3 v3.7.0/go.mod h1:N5gqPdIzdxf3BiPWdmoPreIwHStkxsvKWE5xjUvfYNk=
 github.com/prometheus/tsdb v0.7.1 h1:YZcsG11NqnK4czYLrWd9mpEuAJIHVQLwdrleYfszMAA=
 github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20200410134404-eec4a21b6bb0 h1:OdAsTTz6OkFY5QxjkYwrChwuRruF69c169dPK26NUlk=
-github.com/remyoudompheng/bigfft v0.0.0-20200410134404-eec4a21b6bb0/go.mod h1:qqbHyh8v60DhA7CoWK5oRCqLrMHRGoxYCSS9EjAz6Eo=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0/go.mod h1:J6wj4VEh+S6ZtnVlnTBMWIodfgj8LQOQFoIToxlJtxc=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.4 h1:8TfxU8dW6PdqD27gjM8MVNuicgxIjxpm4K7x4jp8sis=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.4/go.mod h1:FN3SvrM+Zdj16jyLfmOkMNblXMcoc8DfTHruCPUcx88=
@@ -130,8 +129,8 @@ github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0/go.mod h1:UQnix2H7Ngw/k4C5ijL5+65zddjncj
 github.com/rs/cors v1.7.0 h1:+88SsELBHx5r+hZ8TCkggzSstaWNbDvThkVK8H6f9ik=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 h1:JIOH55/0cWyOuilr9/qlrm0BSXldqnqwMsf35Ld67mk=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:+Rmxgy9KzJVeS9/2gXHxylqXiyQDYRxCVz55jmeOWTM=
-github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61 h1:4fslVpNOPLeJPYX3tivrVWgqNvChPs7/y9OqWvQSNCw=
-github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61/go.mod h1:45PZqlQCqV0dU4o4+SE8LoJLEvXkK5j45ligvbih9QY=
+github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56 h1:Cqj7haxwvzI2O4n9ZZ25helShzFGCy7Z/B+FFSBFHNI=
+github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56/go.mod h1:45PZqlQCqV0dU4o4+SE8LoJLEvXkK5j45ligvbih9QY=
 github.com/scroll-tech/zktrie v0.5.3 h1:jjzQchGU6XPL5s1C5bwwivSadefSRuYASE9OL7UKAdE=
 github.com/scroll-tech/zktrie v0.5.3/go.mod h1:XvNo7vAk8yxNyTjBDj5WIiFzYW4bx/gJ78+NK6Zn6Uk=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.11+incompatible h1:+1+c1VGhc88SSonWP6foOcLhvnKlUeu/erjjvaPEYiI=
@@ -173,8 +172,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACk
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.6.0/go.mod h1:OFC/31mSvZgRz0V1QTNCzfAI1aIRzbiufJtkMIlEp58=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 h1:LF6fAI+IutBocDJ2OT0Q1g8plpYljMZ4+lty+dsqw3g=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0/go.mod h1:yrmDGqONDYtNj3tH8X9dzUun2m2lzPa9ngI6/RUPGR0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 h1:LKqV2xt9+kDzSTfOhx4FrkEBcMrAgHSYgzywV9zcGmM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0/go.mod h1:o4eNf7Ede1fv+hwOwZsTHl9EsPFO6q6ZvYR8vYfY45I=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91VN4djpZkiMVwK6gcyfeH4XE8wZrZaV4=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.10.0 h1:lFO9qtOdlre5W1jxS3r/4szv2/6iXxScdzjoBMXNhYk=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -202,8 +201,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 h1:EBmGv8NaZBZTWvrbjNoL6HVt+IVy3QDQpJs7VRIw3tU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 h1:KS/R3tvhPqvJvwcKfnBHJwwthS11LRhmM5D59eEXa0s=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
 golang.org/x/term v0.5.0/go.mod h1:jMB1sMXY+tzblOD4FWmEbocvup2/aLOaQEp7JmGp78k=
@@ -211,8 +210,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.7.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 h1:2sjJmO8cDvYveuX97RDLsxlyUxLl+GHoLxBiRdHllBE=
-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.10.0 h1:UpjohKhiEgNc0CSauXmwYftY1+LlaC75SJwh0SgCX58=
+golang.org/x/text v0.10.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 h1:rg5rLMjNzMS1RkNLzCG38eapWhnYLFYXDXj2gOlr8j4=
 golang.org/x/time v0.3.0/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
@@ -246,7 +245,6 @@ modernc.org/cc/v3 v3.36.1 h1:CICrjwr/1M4+6OQ4HJZ/AHxjcwe67r5vPUF518MkO8A=
 modernc.org/ccgo/v3 v3.16.8 h1:G0QNlTqI5uVgczBWfGKs7B++EPwCfXPWGD2MdeKloDs=
 modernc.org/libc v1.16.19 h1:S8flPn5ZeXx6iw/8yNa986hwTQDrY8RXU7tObZuAozo=
 modernc.org/mathutil v1.4.1 h1:ij3fYGe8zBF4Vu+g0oT7mB06r8sqGWKuJu1yXeR4by8=
-modernc.org/mathutil v1.4.1/go.mod h1:mZW8CKdRPY1v87qxC/wUdX5O1qDzXMP5TH3wjfpga6E=
 modernc.org/memory v1.1.1 h1:bDOL0DIDLQv7bWhP3gMvIrnoFw+Eo6F7a2QK9HPDiFU=
 modernc.org/opt v0.1.3 h1:3XOZf2yznlhC+ibLltsDGzABUGVx8J6pnFMS3E4dcq4=
 modernc.org/sqlite v1.18.1 h1:ko32eKt3jf7eqIkCgPAeHMBXw3riNSLhl2f3loEF7o8=
--- a/bridge/internal/config/db.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/config/db.go
@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 package config

-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-)
-
 // DBConfig db config
 type DBConfig struct {
 	// data source name
@@ -15,19 +9,3 @@ type DBConfig struct {
 	MaxOpenNum int `json:"maxOpenNum"`
 	MaxIdleNum int `json:"maxIdleNum"`
 }
-
-// NewDBConfig returns a new instance of Config.
-func NewDBConfig(file string) (*DBConfig, error) {
-	buf, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Clean(file))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	cfg := &DBConfig{}
-	err = json.Unmarshal(buf, cfg)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return cfg, nil
-}
--- a/bridge/internal/config/l2.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/config/l2.go
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/rpc"

 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
-
-	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
 )

 // L2Config loads l2geth configuration items.
@@ -22,30 +20,27 @@ type L2Config struct {
 	WithdrawTrieRootSlot common.Hash `json:"withdraw_trie_root_slot,omitempty"`
 	// The relayer config
 	RelayerConfig *RelayerConfig `json:"relayer_config"`
+	// The chunk_proposer config
+	ChunkProposerConfig *ChunkProposerConfig `json:"chunk_proposer_config"`
 	// The batch_proposer config
 	BatchProposerConfig *BatchProposerConfig `json:"batch_proposer_config"`
 }

-// BatchProposerConfig loads l2watcher batch_proposer configuration items.
-type BatchProposerConfig struct {
-	// Proof generation frequency, generating proof every k blocks
-	ProofGenerationFreq uint64 `json:"proof_generation_freq"`
-	// Txnum threshold in a batch
-	BatchTxNumThreshold uint64 `json:"batch_tx_num_threshold"`
-	// Gas threshold in a batch
-	BatchGasThreshold uint64 `json:"batch_gas_threshold"`
-	// Time waited to generate a batch even if gas_threshold not met
-	BatchTimeSec uint64 `json:"batch_time_sec"`
-	// Time waited to commit batches before the calldata met CommitTxCalldataSizeLimit
-	BatchCommitTimeSec uint64 `json:"batch_commit_time_sec"`
-	// Max number of blocks in a batch
-	BatchBlocksLimit uint64 `json:"batch_blocks_limit"`
-	// Commit tx calldata size limit in bytes, target to cap the gas use of commit tx at 2M gas
-	CommitTxCalldataSizeLimit uint64 `json:"commit_tx_calldata_size_limit"`
-	// Commit tx calldata min size limit in bytes
-	CommitTxCalldataMinSize uint64 `json:"commit_tx_calldata_min_size,omitempty"`
-	// Max number of batches in a commit transaction
-	CommitTxBatchCountLimit uint64 `json:"commit_tx_batch_count_limit"`
-	// The public input hash config
-	PublicInputConfig *types.PublicInputHashConfig `json:"public_input_config"`
+// ChunkProposerConfig loads chunk_proposer configuration items.
+type ChunkProposerConfig struct {
+	MaxTxGasPerChunk                uint64 `json:"max_tx_gas_per_chunk"`
+	MaxL2TxNumPerChunk              uint64 `json:"max_l2_tx_num_per_chunk"`
+	MaxL1CommitGasPerChunk          uint64 `json:"max_l1_commit_gas_per_chunk"`
+	MaxL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk uint64 `json:"max_l1_commit_calldata_size_per_chunk"`
+	MinL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk uint64 `json:"min_l1_commit_calldata_size_per_chunk"`
+	ChunkTimeoutSec                 uint64 `json:"chunk_timeout_sec"`
+}
+
+// BatchProposerConfig loads batch_proposer configuration items.
+type BatchProposerConfig struct {
+	MaxChunkNumPerBatch             uint64 `json:"max_chunk_num_per_batch"`
+	MaxL1CommitGasPerBatch          uint64 `json:"max_l1_commit_gas_per_batch"`
+	MaxL1CommitCalldataSizePerBatch uint64 `json:"max_l1_commit_calldata_size_per_batch"`
+	MinChunkNumPerBatch             uint64 `json:"min_chunk_num_per_batch"`
+	BatchTimeoutSec                 uint64 `json:"batch_timeout_sec"`
 }
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/relayer/l2_relayer.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/relayer/l2_relayer.go
@@ -4,18 +4,14 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"math/big"
-	"runtime"
 	"sync"

 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/ethclient"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
 	gethMetrics "github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/metrics"
-	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
-	"modernc.org/mathutil"

 	"scroll-tech/common/metrics"
 	"scroll-tech/common/types"
@@ -25,14 +21,11 @@ import (
 	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/controller/sender"
 	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/orm"
 	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
-	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/utils"
 )

 var (
-	bridgeL2MsgsRelayedTotalCounter               = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/msgs/relayed/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
 	bridgeL2BatchesFinalizedTotalCounter          = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/batches/finalized/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
 	bridgeL2BatchesCommittedTotalCounter          = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/batches/committed/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
-	bridgeL2MsgsRelayedConfirmedTotalCounter      = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/msgs/relayed/confirmed/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
 	bridgeL2BatchesFinalizedConfirmedTotalCounter = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/batches/finalized/confirmed/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
 	bridgeL2BatchesCommittedConfirmedTotalCounter = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/batches/committed/confirmed/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
 	bridgeL2BatchesSkippedTotalCounter            = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/batches/skipped/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
@@ -49,9 +42,10 @@ type Layer2Relayer struct {

 	l2Client *ethclient.Client

-	blockBatchOrm *orm.BlockBatch
-	blockTraceOrm *orm.BlockTrace
-	l2MessageOrm  *orm.L2Message
+	batchOrm     *orm.Batch
+	chunkOrm     *orm.Chunk
+	l2BlockOrm   *orm.L2Block
+	l2MessageOrm *orm.L2Message

 	cfg *config.RelayerConfig

@@ -75,8 +69,8 @@ type Layer2Relayer struct {
 	processingMessage sync.Map

 	// A list of processing batches commitment.
-	// key(string): confirmation ID, value([]string): batch hashes.
-	processingBatchesCommitment sync.Map
+	// key(string): confirmation ID, value(string): batch hash.
+	processingCommitment sync.Map

 	// A list of processing batch finalization.
 	// key(string): confirmation ID, value(string): batch hash.
@@ -122,9 +116,10 @@ func NewLayer2Relayer(ctx context.Context, l2Client *ethclient.Client, db *gorm.
 	layer2Relayer := &Layer2Relayer{
 		ctx: ctx,

-		blockBatchOrm: orm.NewBlockBatch(db),
-		l2MessageOrm:  orm.NewL2Message(db),
-		blockTraceOrm: orm.NewBlockTrace(db),
+		batchOrm:     orm.NewBatch(db),
+		l2MessageOrm: orm.NewL2Message(db),
+		l2BlockOrm:   orm.NewL2Block(db),
+		chunkOrm:     orm.NewChunk(db),

 		l2Client: l2Client,

@@ -142,134 +137,18 @@ func NewLayer2Relayer(ctx context.Context, l2Client *ethclient.Client, db *gorm.
 		minGasPrice:  minGasPrice,
 		gasPriceDiff: gasPriceDiff,

-		cfg:                         cfg,
-		processingMessage:           sync.Map{},
-		processingBatchesCommitment: sync.Map{},
-		processingFinalization:      sync.Map{},
+		cfg:                    cfg,
+		processingMessage:      sync.Map{},
+		processingCommitment:   sync.Map{},
+		processingFinalization: sync.Map{},
 	}
 	go layer2Relayer.handleConfirmLoop(ctx)
 	return layer2Relayer, nil
 }

-const processMsgLimit = 100
-
-// ProcessSavedEvents relays saved un-processed cross-domain transactions to desired blockchain
-func (r *Layer2Relayer) ProcessSavedEvents() {
-	batch, err := r.blockBatchOrm.GetLatestBatchByRollupStatus([]types.RollupStatus{types.RollupFinalized})
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("GetLatestFinalizedBatch failed", "err", err)
-		return
-	}
-
-	// msgs are sorted by nonce in increasing order
-	fields := map[string]interface{}{
-		"status":        int(types.MsgPending),
-		"height <= (?)": batch.EndBlockNumber,
-	}
-	orderByList := []string{
-		"nonce ASC",
-	}
-	limit := processMsgLimit
-
-	msgs, err := r.l2MessageOrm.GetL2Messages(fields, orderByList, limit)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to fetch unprocessed L2 messages", "err", err)
-		return
-	}
-
-	// process messages in batches
-	batchSize := mathutil.Min((runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)+1)/2, r.messageSender.NumberOfAccounts())
-	for size := 0; len(msgs) > 0; msgs = msgs[size:] {
-		if size = len(msgs); size > batchSize {
-			size = batchSize
-		}
-		var g errgroup.Group
-		for _, msg := range msgs[:size] {
-			msg := msg
-			g.Go(func() error {
-				return r.processSavedEvent(&msg)
-			})
-		}
-		if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
-			if !errors.Is(err, sender.ErrNoAvailableAccount) && !errors.Is(err, sender.ErrFullPending) {
-				log.Error("failed to process l2 saved event", "err", err)
-			}
-			return
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (r *Layer2Relayer) processSavedEvent(msg *orm.L2Message) error {
-	// @todo fetch merkle proof from l2geth
-	log.Info("Processing L2 Message", "msg.nonce", msg.Nonce, "msg.height", msg.Height)
-
-	// Get the block info that contains the message
-	blockInfos, err := r.blockTraceOrm.GetL2BlockInfos(map[string]interface{}{"number": msg.Height}, nil, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to GetL2BlockInfos from DB", "number", msg.Height)
-	}
-	if len(blockInfos) == 0 {
-		return errors.New("get block trace len is 0, exit")
-	}
-
-	blockInfo := blockInfos[0]
-	if blockInfo.BatchHash == "" {
-		log.Error("Block has not been batched yet", "number", blockInfo.Number, "msg.nonce", msg.Nonce)
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// TODO: rebuild the withdraw trie to generate the merkle proof
-	proof := bridgeAbi.IL1ScrollMessengerL2MessageProof{
-		BatchHash:   common.HexToHash(blockInfo.BatchHash),
-		MerkleProof: make([]byte, 0),
-	}
-	from := common.HexToAddress(msg.Sender)
-	target := common.HexToAddress(msg.Target)
-	value, ok := big.NewInt(0).SetString(msg.Value, 10)
-	if !ok {
-		// @todo maybe panic?
-		log.Error("Failed to parse message value", "msg.nonce", msg.Nonce, "msg.height", msg.Height)
-		// TODO: need to skip this message by changing its status to MsgError
-	}
-	msgNonce := big.NewInt(int64(msg.Nonce))
-	calldata := common.Hex2Bytes(msg.Calldata)
-	data, err := r.l1MessengerABI.Pack("relayMessageWithProof", from, target, value, msgNonce, calldata, proof)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to pack relayMessageWithProof", "msg.nonce", msg.Nonce, "err", err)
-		// TODO: need to skip this message by changing its status to MsgError
-		return err
-	}
-
-	hash, err := r.messageSender.SendTransaction(msg.MsgHash, &r.cfg.MessengerContractAddress, big.NewInt(0), data, r.minGasLimitForMessageRelay)
-	if err != nil && errors.Is(err, ErrExecutionRevertedMessageExpired) {
-		return r.l2MessageOrm.UpdateLayer2Status(r.ctx, msg.MsgHash, types.MsgExpired)
-	}
-	if err != nil && errors.Is(err, ErrExecutionRevertedAlreadySuccessExecuted) {
-		return r.l2MessageOrm.UpdateLayer2Status(r.ctx, msg.MsgHash, types.MsgConfirmed)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		if !errors.Is(err, sender.ErrNoAvailableAccount) && !errors.Is(err, sender.ErrFullPending) {
-			log.Error("Failed to send relayMessageWithProof tx to layer1 ", "msg.height", msg.Height, "msg.MsgHash", msg.MsgHash, "err", err)
-		}
-		return err
-	}
-	bridgeL2MsgsRelayedTotalCounter.Inc(1)
-	log.Info("relayMessageWithProof to layer1", "msgHash", msg.MsgHash, "txhash", hash.String())
-
-	// save status in db
-	// @todo handle db error
-	err = r.l2MessageOrm.UpdateLayer2StatusAndLayer1Hash(r.ctx, msg.MsgHash, types.MsgSubmitted, hash.String())
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("UpdateLayer2StatusAndLayer1Hash failed", "msgHash", msg.MsgHash, "err", err)
-		return err
-	}
-	r.processingMessage.Store(msg.MsgHash, msg.MsgHash)
-	return nil
-}
-
 // ProcessGasPriceOracle imports gas price to layer1
 func (r *Layer2Relayer) ProcessGasPriceOracle() {
-	batch, err := r.blockBatchOrm.GetLatestBatch()
+	batch, err := r.batchOrm.GetLatestBatch(r.ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Failed to GetLatestBatch", "err", err)
 		return
@@ -300,7 +179,7 @@ func (r *Layer2Relayer) ProcessGasPriceOracle() {
 				return
 			}

-			err = r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash(r.ctx, batch.Hash, types.GasOracleImporting, hash.String())
+			err = r.batchOrm.UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash(r.ctx, batch.Hash, types.GasOracleImporting, hash.String())
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Error("UpdateGasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash failed", "batch.Hash", batch.Hash, "err", err)
 				return
@@ -311,93 +190,119 @@ func (r *Layer2Relayer) ProcessGasPriceOracle() {
 	}
 }

-// SendCommitTx sends commitBatches tx to L1.
-func (r *Layer2Relayer) SendCommitTx(batchData []*bridgeTypes.BatchData) error {
-	if len(batchData) == 0 {
-		log.Error("SendCommitTx receives empty batch")
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// pack calldata
-	commitBatches := make([]bridgeAbi.IScrollChainBatch, len(batchData))
-	for i, batch := range batchData {
-		commitBatches[i] = batch.Batch
-	}
-	calldata, err := r.l1RollupABI.Pack("commitBatches", commitBatches)
+// ProcessPendingBatches processes the pending batches by sending commitBatch transactions to layer 1.
+func (r *Layer2Relayer) ProcessPendingBatches() {
+	// get pending batches from database in ascending order by their index.
+	pendingBatches, err := r.batchOrm.GetPendingBatches(r.ctx, 10)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to pack commitBatches",
-			"error", err,
-			"start_batch_index", commitBatches[0].BatchIndex,
-			"end_batch_index", commitBatches[len(commitBatches)-1].BatchIndex)
-		return err
+		log.Error("Failed to fetch pending L2 batches", "err", err)
+		return
 	}
-
-	// generate a unique txID and send transaction
-	var bytes []byte
-	for _, batch := range batchData {
-		bytes = append(bytes, batch.Hash().Bytes()...)
-	}
-	txID := crypto.Keccak256Hash(bytes).String()
-	txHash, err := r.rollupSender.SendTransaction(txID, &r.cfg.RollupContractAddress, big.NewInt(0), calldata, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		if !errors.Is(err, sender.ErrNoAvailableAccount) && !errors.Is(err, sender.ErrFullPending) {
-			log.Error("Failed to send commitBatches tx to layer1 ", "err", err)
-		}
-		return err
-	}
-	bridgeL2BatchesCommittedTotalCounter.Inc(int64(len(commitBatches)))
-	log.Info("Sent the commitBatches tx to layer1",
-		"tx_hash", txHash.Hex(),
-		"start_batch_index", commitBatches[0].BatchIndex,
-		"end_batch_index", commitBatches[len(commitBatches)-1].BatchIndex)
-
-	// record and sync with db, @todo handle db error
-	batchHashes := make([]string, len(batchData))
-	for i, batch := range batchData {
-		batchHashes[i] = batch.Hash().Hex()
-		err = r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus(r.ctx, batchHashes[i], txHash.String(), types.RollupCommitting)
+	for _, batch := range pendingBatches {
+		// get current header and parent header.
+		currentBatchHeader, err := bridgeTypes.DecodeBatchHeader(batch.BatchHeader)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus failed", "hash", batchHashes[i], "index", batch.Batch.BatchIndex, "err", err)
+			log.Error("Failed to decode batch header", "index", batch.Index, "error", err)
+			return
 		}
+		parentBatch := &orm.Batch{}
+		if batch.Index > 0 {
+			parentBatch, err = r.batchOrm.GetBatchByIndex(r.ctx, batch.Index-1)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to get parent batch header", "index", batch.Index-1, "error", err)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
+		// get the chunks for the batch
+		startChunkIndex := batch.StartChunkIndex
+		endChunkIndex := batch.EndChunkIndex
+		dbChunks, err := r.chunkOrm.GetChunksInRange(r.ctx, startChunkIndex, endChunkIndex)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to fetch chunks",
+				"start index", startChunkIndex,
+				"end index", endChunkIndex, "error", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		encodedChunks := make([][]byte, len(dbChunks))
+		for i, c := range dbChunks {
+			var wrappedBlocks []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock
+			wrappedBlocks, err = r.l2BlockOrm.GetL2BlocksInRange(r.ctx, c.StartBlockNumber, c.EndBlockNumber)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to fetch wrapped blocks",
+					"start number", c.StartBlockNumber,
+					"end number", c.EndBlockNumber, "error", err)
+				return
+			}
+			chunk := &bridgeTypes.Chunk{
+				Blocks: wrappedBlocks,
+			}
+			var chunkBytes []byte
+			chunkBytes, err = chunk.Encode(c.TotalL1MessagesPoppedBefore)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to encode chunk", "error", err)
+				return
+			}
+			encodedChunks[i] = chunkBytes
+		}
+
+		calldata, err := r.l1RollupABI.Pack("commitBatch", currentBatchHeader.Version(), parentBatch.BatchHeader, encodedChunks, currentBatchHeader.SkippedL1MessageBitmap())
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to pack commitBatch", "index", batch.Index, "error", err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// send transaction
+		txID := batch.Hash + "-commit"
+		txHash, err := r.rollupSender.SendTransaction(txID, &r.cfg.RollupContractAddress, big.NewInt(0), calldata, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			if !errors.Is(err, sender.ErrNoAvailableAccount) && !errors.Is(err, sender.ErrFullPending) {
+				log.Error("Failed to send commitBatch tx to layer1 ", "err", err)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+
+		err = r.batchOrm.UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus(r.ctx, batch.Hash, txHash.String(), types.RollupCommitting)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus failed", "hash", batch.Hash, "index", batch.Index, "err", err)
+			return
+		}
+		bridgeL2BatchesCommittedTotalCounter.Inc(1)
+		r.processingCommitment.Store(txID, batch.Hash)
+		log.Info("Sent the commitBatch tx to layer1", "batch index", batch.Index, "batch hash", batch.Hash, "tx hash", txHash.Hex())
 	}
-	r.processingBatchesCommitment.Store(txID, batchHashes)
-	return nil
 }

 // ProcessCommittedBatches submit proof to layer 1 rollup contract
 func (r *Layer2Relayer) ProcessCommittedBatches() {
 	// set skipped batches in a single db operation
-	if count, err := r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateSkippedBatches(); err != nil {
+	if count, err := r.batchOrm.UpdateSkippedBatches(r.ctx); err != nil {
 		log.Error("UpdateSkippedBatches failed", "err", err)
 		// continue anyway
 	} else if count > 0 {
-		bridgeL2BatchesSkippedTotalCounter.Inc(count)
+		bridgeL2BatchesSkippedTotalCounter.Inc(int64(count))
 		log.Info("Skipping batches", "count", count)
 	}

-	// batches are sorted by batch index in increasing order
-	batchHashes, err := r.blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatchesHashByRollupStatus(types.RollupCommitted, 1)
+	// retrieves the earliest batch whose rollup status is 'committed'
+	fields := map[string]interface{}{
+		"rollup_status": types.RollupCommitted,
+	}
+	orderByList := []string{"index ASC"}
+	limit := 1
+	batches, err := r.batchOrm.GetBatches(r.ctx, fields, orderByList, limit)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Failed to fetch committed L2 batches", "err", err)
 		return
 	}
-	if len(batchHashes) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	hash := batchHashes[0]
-	// @todo add support to relay multiple batches
-
-	batches, err := r.blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatches(map[string]interface{}{"hash": hash}, nil, 1)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to fetch committed L2 batch", "hash", hash, "err", err)
-		return
-	}
-	if len(batches) == 0 {
-		log.Error("Unexpected result for GetBlockBatches", "hash", hash, "len", 0)
+	if len(batches) != 1 {
+		log.Warn("Unexpected result for GetBlockBatches", "number of batches", len(batches))
 		return
 	}

 	batch := batches[0]
+	hash := batch.Hash
 	status := types.ProvingStatus(batch.ProvingStatus)
 	switch status {
 	case types.ProvingTaskUnassigned, types.ProvingTaskAssigned:
@@ -409,55 +314,36 @@ func (r *Layer2Relayer) ProcessCommittedBatches() {
 		return
 	case types.ProvingTaskFailed, types.ProvingTaskSkipped:
 		// note: this is covered by UpdateSkippedBatches, but we keep it for completeness's sake
-		if err = r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(r.ctx, hash, types.RollupFinalizationSkipped); err != nil {
+		if err = r.batchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(r.ctx, hash, types.RollupFinalizationSkipped); err != nil {
 			log.Warn("UpdateRollupStatus failed", "hash", hash, "err", err)
 		}
 	case types.ProvingTaskVerified:
 		log.Info("Start to roll up zk proof", "hash", hash)
 		success := false

-		rollupStatues := []types.RollupStatus{
-			types.RollupFinalizing,
-			types.RollupFinalized,
-		}
-		previousBatch, err := r.blockBatchOrm.GetLatestBatchByRollupStatus(rollupStatues)
-		// skip submitting proof
-		if err == nil && uint64(batch.CreatedAt.Sub(previousBatch.CreatedAt).Seconds()) < r.cfg.FinalizeBatchIntervalSec {
-			log.Info(
-				"Not enough time passed, skipping",
-				"hash", hash,
-				"createdAt", batch.CreatedAt,
-				"lastFinalizingHash", previousBatch.Hash,
-				"lastFinalizingStatus", previousBatch.RollupStatus,
-				"lastFinalizingCreatedAt", previousBatch.CreatedAt,
-			)
-
-			if err = r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(r.ctx, hash, types.RollupFinalizationSkipped); err != nil {
-				log.Warn("UpdateRollupStatus failed", "hash", hash, "err", err)
-			} else {
-				success = true
+		var parentBatchStateRoot string
+		if batch.Index > 0 {
+			var parentBatch *orm.Batch
+			parentBatch, err = r.batchOrm.GetBatchByIndex(r.ctx, batch.Index-1)
+			// handle unexpected db error
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Error("Failed to get batch", "index", batch.Index-1, "err", err)
+				return
 			}
-
-			return
-		}
-
-		// handle unexpected db error
-		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
-			log.Error("Failed to get latest finalized batch", "err", err)
-			return
+			parentBatchStateRoot = parentBatch.StateRoot
 		}

 		defer func() {
 			// TODO: need to revisit this and have a more fine-grained error handling
 			if !success {
 				log.Info("Failed to upload the proof, change rollup status to FinalizationSkipped", "hash", hash)
-				if err = r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(r.ctx, hash, types.RollupFinalizationSkipped); err != nil {
+				if err = r.batchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(r.ctx, hash, types.RollupFinalizationSkipped); err != nil {
 					log.Warn("UpdateRollupStatus failed", "hash", hash, "err", err)
 				}
 			}
 		}()

-		aggProof, err := r.blockBatchOrm.GetVerifiedProofByHash(hash)
+		aggProof, err := r.batchOrm.GetVerifiedProofByHash(r.ctx, hash)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Warn("get verified proof by hash failed", "hash", hash, "err", err)
 			return
@@ -468,9 +354,14 @@ func (r *Layer2Relayer) ProcessCommittedBatches() {
 			return
 		}

-		proof := utils.BufferToUint256Le(aggProof.Proof)
-		finalPair := utils.BufferToUint256Le(aggProof.FinalPair)
-		data, err := r.l1RollupABI.Pack("finalizeBatchWithProof", common.HexToHash(hash), proof, finalPair)
+		data, err := r.l1RollupABI.Pack(
+			"finalizeBatchWithProof",
+			batch.BatchHeader,
+			common.HexToHash(parentBatchStateRoot),
+			common.HexToHash(batch.StateRoot),
+			common.HexToHash(batch.WithdrawRoot),
+			aggProof.Proof,
+		)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error("Pack finalizeBatchWithProof failed", "err", err)
 			return
@@ -482,17 +373,20 @@ func (r *Layer2Relayer) ProcessCommittedBatches() {
 		finalizeTxHash := &txHash
 		if err != nil {
 			if !errors.Is(err, sender.ErrNoAvailableAccount) && !errors.Is(err, sender.ErrFullPending) {
-				log.Error("finalizeBatchWithProof in layer1 failed", "hash", hash, "err", err)
+				log.Error("finalizeBatchWithProof in layer1 failed",
+					"index", batch.Index, "hash", batch.Hash, "err", err)
 			}
 			return
 		}
 		bridgeL2BatchesFinalizedTotalCounter.Inc(1)
-		log.Info("finalizeBatchWithProof in layer1", "batch_hash", hash, "tx_hash", hash)
+		log.Info("finalizeBatchWithProof in layer1", "index", batch.Index, "batch hash", batch.Hash, "tx hash", hash)

 		// record and sync with db, @todo handle db error
-		err = r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus(r.ctx, hash, finalizeTxHash.String(), types.RollupFinalizing)
+		err = r.batchOrm.UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus(r.ctx, hash, finalizeTxHash.String(), types.RollupFinalizing)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Warn("UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus failed", "batch_hash", hash, "err", err)
+			log.Warn("UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus failed",
+				"index", batch.Index, "batch hash", batch.Hash,
+				"tx hash", finalizeTxHash.String(), "err", err)
 		}
 		success = true
 		r.processingFinalization.Store(txID, hash)
@@ -506,29 +400,10 @@ func (r *Layer2Relayer) ProcessCommittedBatches() {

 func (r *Layer2Relayer) handleConfirmation(confirmation *sender.Confirmation) {
 	transactionType := "Unknown"
-	// check whether it is message relay transaction
-	if msgHash, ok := r.processingMessage.Load(confirmation.ID); ok {
-		transactionType = "MessageRelay"
-		var status types.MsgStatus
-		if confirmation.IsSuccessful {
-			status = types.MsgConfirmed
-		} else {
-			status = types.MsgRelayFailed
-			log.Warn("transaction confirmed but failed in layer1", "confirmation", confirmation)
-		}
-		// @todo handle db error
-		err := r.l2MessageOrm.UpdateLayer2StatusAndLayer1Hash(r.ctx, msgHash.(string), status, confirmation.TxHash.String())
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Warn("UpdateLayer2StatusAndLayer1Hash failed", "msgHash", msgHash.(string), "err", err)
-		}
-		bridgeL2MsgsRelayedConfirmedTotalCounter.Inc(1)
-		r.processingMessage.Delete(confirmation.ID)
-	}

 	// check whether it is CommitBatches transaction
-	if batchBatches, ok := r.processingBatchesCommitment.Load(confirmation.ID); ok {
+	if batchHash, ok := r.processingCommitment.Load(confirmation.ID); ok {
 		transactionType = "BatchesCommitment"
-		batchHashes := batchBatches.([]string)
 		var status types.RollupStatus
 		if confirmation.IsSuccessful {
 			status = types.RollupCommitted
@@ -536,15 +411,15 @@ func (r *Layer2Relayer) handleConfirmation(confirmation *sender.Confirmation) {
 			status = types.RollupCommitFailed
 			log.Warn("transaction confirmed but failed in layer1", "confirmation", confirmation)
 		}
-		for _, batchHash := range batchHashes {
-			// @todo handle db error
-			err := r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus(r.ctx, batchHash, confirmation.TxHash.String(), status)
-			if err != nil {
-				log.Warn("UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus failed", "batch_hash", batchHash, "err", err)
-			}
+		// @todo handle db error
+		err := r.batchOrm.UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus(r.ctx, batchHash.(string), confirmation.TxHash.String(), status)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Warn("UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus failed",
+				"batch hash", batchHash.(string),
+				"tx hash", confirmation.TxHash.String(), "err", err)
 		}
-		bridgeL2BatchesCommittedConfirmedTotalCounter.Inc(int64(len(batchHashes)))
-		r.processingBatchesCommitment.Delete(confirmation.ID)
+		bridgeL2BatchesCommittedConfirmedTotalCounter.Inc(1)
+		r.processingCommitment.Delete(confirmation.ID)
 	}

 	// check whether it is proof finalization transaction
@@ -557,10 +432,13 @@ func (r *Layer2Relayer) handleConfirmation(confirmation *sender.Confirmation) {
 			status = types.RollupFinalizeFailed
 			log.Warn("transaction confirmed but failed in layer1", "confirmation", confirmation)
 		}
+
 		// @todo handle db error
-		err := r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus(r.ctx, batchHash.(string), confirmation.TxHash.String(), status)
+		err := r.batchOrm.UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus(r.ctx, batchHash.(string), confirmation.TxHash.String(), status)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Warn("UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus failed", "batch_hash", batchHash.(string), "err", err)
+			log.Warn("UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus failed",
+				"batch hash", batchHash.(string),
+				"tx hash", confirmation.TxHash.String(), "err", err)
 		}
 		bridgeL2BatchesFinalizedConfirmedTotalCounter.Inc(1)
 		r.processingFinalization.Delete(confirmation.ID)
@@ -580,14 +458,14 @@ func (r *Layer2Relayer) handleConfirmLoop(ctx context.Context) {
 		case cfm := <-r.gasOracleSender.ConfirmChan():
 			if !cfm.IsSuccessful {
 				// @discuss: maybe make it pending again?
-				err := r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash(r.ctx, cfm.ID, types.GasOracleFailed, cfm.TxHash.String())
+				err := r.batchOrm.UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash(r.ctx, cfm.ID, types.GasOracleFailed, cfm.TxHash.String())
 				if err != nil {
 					log.Warn("UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash failed", "err", err)
 				}
 				log.Warn("transaction confirmed but failed in layer1", "confirmation", cfm)
 			} else {
 				// @todo handle db error
-				err := r.blockBatchOrm.UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash(r.ctx, cfm.ID, types.GasOracleImported, cfm.TxHash.String())
+				err := r.batchOrm.UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash(r.ctx, cfm.ID, types.GasOracleImported, cfm.TxHash.String())
 				if err != nil {
 					log.Warn("UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash failed", "err", err)
 				}
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/relayer/l2_relayer_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/relayer/l2_relayer_test.go
@@ -2,17 +2,12 @@ package relayer

 import (
 	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"math/big"
-	"os"
-	"strconv"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/agiledragon/gomonkey/v2"
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
-	gethTypes "github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/smartystreets/goconvey/convey"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -28,20 +23,6 @@ import (
 	bridgeUtils "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/utils"
 )

-var (
-	templateL2Message = []orm.L2Message{
-		{
-			Nonce:      1,
-			Height:     1,
-			Sender:     "0x596a746661dbed76a84556111c2872249b070e15",
-			Value:      "100",
-			Target:     "0x2c73620b223808297ea734d946813f0dd78eb8f7",
-			Calldata:   "testdata",
-			Layer2Hash: "hash0",
-		},
-	}
-)
-
 func setupL2RelayerDB(t *testing.T) *gorm.DB {
 	db, err := bridgeUtils.InitDB(cfg.DBConfig)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -59,69 +40,32 @@ func testCreateNewRelayer(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NotNil(t, relayer)
 }

-func testL2RelayerProcessSaveEvents(t *testing.T) {
+func testL2RelayerProcessPendingBatches(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupL2RelayerDB(t)
 	defer bridgeUtils.CloseDB(db)
+
 	l2Cfg := cfg.L2Config
 	relayer, err := NewLayer2Relayer(context.Background(), l2Cli, db, l2Cfg.RelayerConfig)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	l2MessageOrm := orm.NewL2Message(db)
-	err = l2MessageOrm.SaveL2Messages(context.Background(), templateL2Message)
+	l2BlockOrm := orm.NewL2Block(db)
+	err = l2BlockOrm.InsertL2Blocks(context.Background(), []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1, wrappedBlock2})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	chunkOrm := orm.NewChunk(db)
+	dbChunk1, err := chunkOrm.InsertChunk(context.Background(), chunk1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	dbChunk2, err := chunkOrm.InsertChunk(context.Background(), chunk2)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	batchOrm := orm.NewBatch(db)
+	batchHash, err := batchOrm.InsertBatch(context.Background(), 0, 1, dbChunk1.Hash, dbChunk2.Hash, []*bridgeTypes.Chunk{chunk1, chunk2})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	traces := []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{
-		{
-			Header: &gethTypes.Header{
-				Number: big.NewInt(int64(templateL2Message[0].Height)),
-			},
-			Transactions:     nil,
-			WithdrawTrieRoot: common.Hash{},
-		},
-		{
-			Header: &gethTypes.Header{
-				Number: big.NewInt(int64(templateL2Message[0].Height + 1)),
-			},
-			Transactions:     nil,
-			WithdrawTrieRoot: common.Hash{},
-		},
-	}
+	relayer.ProcessPendingBatches()

-	blockTraceOrm := orm.NewBlockTrace(db)
-	assert.NoError(t, blockTraceOrm.InsertWrappedBlocks(traces))
-	blockBatchOrm := orm.NewBlockBatch(db)
-	parentBatch1 := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index:     0,
-		Hash:      common.Hash{}.Hex(),
-		StateRoot: common.Hash{}.Hex(),
-	}
-	batchData1 := bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch1, []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1}, nil)
-	batchHash := batchData1.Hash().Hex()
-	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		rowsAffected, dbTxErr := blockBatchOrm.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batchData1)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		if rowsAffected != 1 {
-			dbTxErr = errors.New("the InsertBlockBatchByBatchData affected row is not 1")
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		dbTxErr = blockTraceOrm.UpdateBatchHashForL2Blocks(tx, []uint64{1}, batchHash)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	statuses, err := batchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(context.Background(), []string{batchHash})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash, types.RollupFinalized)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	relayer.ProcessSavedEvents()
-
-	msg, err := l2MessageOrm.GetL2MessageByNonce(templateL2Message[0].Nonce)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, types.MsgSubmitted, types.MsgStatus(msg.Status))
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(statuses))
+	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupCommitting, statuses[0])
 }

 func testL2RelayerProcessCommittedBatches(t *testing.T) {
@@ -131,44 +75,34 @@ func testL2RelayerProcessCommittedBatches(t *testing.T) {
 	l2Cfg := cfg.L2Config
 	relayer, err := NewLayer2Relayer(context.Background(), l2Cli, db, l2Cfg.RelayerConfig)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	parentBatch1 := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index:     0,
-		Hash:      common.Hash{}.Hex(),
-		StateRoot: common.Hash{}.Hex(),
-	}
-
-	blockBatchOrm := orm.NewBlockBatch(db)
-	batchData1 := bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch1, []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1}, nil)
-	batchHash := batchData1.Hash().Hex()
-	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		rowsAffected, dbTxErr := blockBatchOrm.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batchData1)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		if rowsAffected != 1 {
-			dbTxErr = errors.New("the InsertBlockBatchByBatchData affected row is not 1")
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	batchOrm := orm.NewBatch(db)
+	batchHash, err := batchOrm.InsertBatch(context.Background(), 0, 1, chunkHash1.Hex(), chunkHash2.Hex(), []*bridgeTypes.Chunk{chunk1, chunk2})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash, types.RollupCommitted)
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash, types.RollupCommitted)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	proof := &message.AggProof{
-		Proof:     []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31},
-		FinalPair: []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31},
-	}
-	err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateProofByHash(context.Background(), batchHash, proof, 100)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(batchHash, types.ProvingTaskVerified)
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(context.Background(), batchHash, types.ProvingTaskVerified)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	relayer.ProcessCommittedBatches()

-	statuses, err := blockBatchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList([]string{batchHash})
+	statuses, err := batchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(context.Background(), []string{batchHash})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(statuses))
+	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupFinalizationSkipped, statuses[0])
+
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash, types.RollupCommitted)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	proof := &message.AggProof{
+		Proof:     []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31},
+		FinalPair: []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31},
+	}
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateProofByHash(context.Background(), batchHash, proof, 100)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	relayer.ProcessCommittedBatches()
+	statuses, err = batchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(context.Background(), []string{batchHash})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(statuses))
 	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupFinalizing, statuses[0])
@@ -182,144 +116,63 @@ func testL2RelayerSkipBatches(t *testing.T) {
 	relayer, err := NewLayer2Relayer(context.Background(), l2Cli, db, l2Cfg.RelayerConfig)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	blockBatchOrm := orm.NewBlockBatch(db)
-	createBatch := func(rollupStatus types.RollupStatus, provingStatus types.ProvingStatus, index uint64) string {
-		batchData := genBatchData(t, index)
-		err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-			rowsAffected, dbTxErr := blockBatchOrm.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batchData)
-			if dbTxErr != nil {
-				return dbTxErr
-			}
-			if rowsAffected != 1 {
-				dbTxErr = errors.New("the InsertBlockBatchByBatchData affected row is not 1")
-				return dbTxErr
-			}
-			return nil
-		})
+	batchOrm := orm.NewBatch(db)
+	createBatch := func(rollupStatus types.RollupStatus, provingStatus types.ProvingStatus) string {
+		batchHash, err := batchOrm.InsertBatch(context.Background(), 0, 1, chunkHash1.Hex(), chunkHash2.Hex(), []*bridgeTypes.Chunk{chunk1, chunk2})
 		assert.NoError(t, err)

-		batchHash := batchData.Hash().Hex()
-		err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash, rollupStatus)
+		err = batchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash, rollupStatus)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)

 		proof := &message.AggProof{
 			Proof:     []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31},
 			FinalPair: []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31},
 		}
-		err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateProofByHash(context.Background(), batchHash, proof, 100)
+		err = batchOrm.UpdateProofByHash(context.Background(), batchHash, proof, 100)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
-		err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(batchHash, provingStatus)
+		err = batchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(context.Background(), batchHash, provingStatus)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		return batchHash
 	}

 	skipped := []string{
-		createBatch(types.RollupCommitted, types.ProvingTaskSkipped, 1),
-		createBatch(types.RollupCommitted, types.ProvingTaskFailed, 2),
+		createBatch(types.RollupCommitted, types.ProvingTaskSkipped),
+		createBatch(types.RollupCommitted, types.ProvingTaskFailed),
 	}

 	notSkipped := []string{
-		createBatch(types.RollupPending, types.ProvingTaskSkipped, 3),
-		createBatch(types.RollupCommitting, types.ProvingTaskSkipped, 4),
-		createBatch(types.RollupFinalizing, types.ProvingTaskSkipped, 5),
-		createBatch(types.RollupFinalized, types.ProvingTaskSkipped, 6),
-		createBatch(types.RollupPending, types.ProvingTaskFailed, 7),
-		createBatch(types.RollupCommitting, types.ProvingTaskFailed, 8),
-		createBatch(types.RollupFinalizing, types.ProvingTaskFailed, 9),
-		createBatch(types.RollupFinalized, types.ProvingTaskFailed, 10),
-		createBatch(types.RollupCommitted, types.ProvingTaskVerified, 11),
+		createBatch(types.RollupPending, types.ProvingTaskSkipped),
+		createBatch(types.RollupCommitting, types.ProvingTaskSkipped),
+		createBatch(types.RollupFinalizing, types.ProvingTaskSkipped),
+		createBatch(types.RollupFinalized, types.ProvingTaskSkipped),
+		createBatch(types.RollupPending, types.ProvingTaskFailed),
+		createBatch(types.RollupCommitting, types.ProvingTaskFailed),
+		createBatch(types.RollupFinalizing, types.ProvingTaskFailed),
+		createBatch(types.RollupFinalized, types.ProvingTaskFailed),
+		createBatch(types.RollupCommitted, types.ProvingTaskVerified),
 	}

 	relayer.ProcessCommittedBatches()

 	for _, id := range skipped {
-		statuses, err := blockBatchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList([]string{id})
+		statuses, err := batchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(context.Background(), []string{id})
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, 1, len(statuses))
 		assert.Equal(t, types.RollupFinalizationSkipped, statuses[0])
 	}

 	for _, id := range notSkipped {
-		statuses, err := blockBatchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList([]string{id})
+		statuses, err := batchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(context.Background(), []string{id})
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, 1, len(statuses))
 		assert.NotEqual(t, types.RollupFinalizationSkipped, statuses[0])
 	}
 }

-func testL2RelayerMsgConfirm(t *testing.T) {
-	db := setupL2RelayerDB(t)
-	defer bridgeUtils.CloseDB(db)
-	l2MessageOrm := orm.NewL2Message(db)
-	insertL2Messages := []orm.L2Message{
-		{MsgHash: "msg-1", Nonce: 0},
-		{MsgHash: "msg-2", Nonce: 1},
-	}
-	err := l2MessageOrm.SaveL2Messages(context.Background(), insertL2Messages)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Create and set up the Layer2 Relayer.
-	l2Cfg := cfg.L2Config
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-	l2Relayer, err := NewLayer2Relayer(ctx, l2Cli, db, l2Cfg.RelayerConfig)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Simulate message confirmations.
-	l2Relayer.processingMessage.Store("msg-1", "msg-1")
-	l2Relayer.messageSender.SendConfirmation(&sender.Confirmation{
-		ID:           "msg-1",
-		IsSuccessful: true,
-	})
-	l2Relayer.processingMessage.Store("msg-2", "msg-2")
-	l2Relayer.messageSender.SendConfirmation(&sender.Confirmation{
-		ID:           "msg-2",
-		IsSuccessful: false,
-	})
-
-	// Check the database for the updated status using TryTimes.
-	assert.True(t, utils.TryTimes(5, func() bool {
-		fields1 := map[string]interface{}{"msg_hash": "msg-1"}
-		msg1, err1 := l2MessageOrm.GetL2Messages(fields1, nil, 0)
-		if len(msg1) != 1 {
-			return false
-		}
-		fields2 := map[string]interface{}{"msg_hash": "msg-2"}
-		msg2, err2 := l2MessageOrm.GetL2Messages(fields2, nil, 0)
-		if len(msg2) != 1 {
-			return false
-		}
-		return err1 == nil && types.MsgStatus(msg1[0].Status) == types.MsgConfirmed &&
-			err2 == nil && types.MsgStatus(msg2[0].Status) == types.MsgRelayFailed
-	}))
-}
-
 func testL2RelayerRollupConfirm(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupL2RelayerDB(t)
 	defer bridgeUtils.CloseDB(db)

-	// Insert test data.
-	batches := make([]*bridgeTypes.BatchData, 6)
-	for i := 0; i < 6; i++ {
-		batches[i] = genBatchData(t, uint64(i))
-	}
-
-	blockBatchOrm := orm.NewBlockBatch(db)
-	err := db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		for _, batch := range batches {
-			rowsAffected, dbTxErr := blockBatchOrm.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batch)
-			if dbTxErr != nil {
-				return dbTxErr
-			}
-			if rowsAffected != 1 {
-				dbTxErr = errors.New("the InsertBlockBatchByBatchData affected row is not 1")
-				return dbTxErr
-			}
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
 	// Create and set up the Layer2 Relayer.
 	l2Cfg := cfg.L2Config
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
@@ -331,22 +184,29 @@ func testL2RelayerRollupConfirm(t *testing.T) {
 	processingKeys := []string{"committed-1", "committed-2", "finalized-1", "finalized-2"}
 	isSuccessful := []bool{true, false, true, false}

+	batchOrm := orm.NewBatch(db)
+	batchHashes := make([]string, len(processingKeys))
+	for i := range batchHashes {
+		var err error
+		batchHashes[i], err = batchOrm.InsertBatch(context.Background(), 0, 1, chunkHash1.Hex(), chunkHash2.Hex(), []*bridgeTypes.Chunk{chunk1, chunk2})
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
 	for i, key := range processingKeys[:2] {
-		batchHashes := []string{batches[i*2].Hash().Hex(), batches[i*2+1].Hash().Hex()}
-		l2Relayer.processingBatchesCommitment.Store(key, batchHashes)
-		l2Relayer.messageSender.SendConfirmation(&sender.Confirmation{
+		l2Relayer.processingCommitment.Store(key, batchHashes[i])
+		l2Relayer.rollupSender.SendConfirmation(&sender.Confirmation{
 			ID:           key,
 			IsSuccessful: isSuccessful[i],
+			TxHash:       common.HexToHash("0x123456789abcdef"),
 		})
 	}

 	for i, key := range processingKeys[2:] {
-		batchHash := batches[i+4].Hash().Hex()
-		l2Relayer.processingFinalization.Store(key, batchHash)
+		l2Relayer.processingFinalization.Store(key, batchHashes[i+2])
 		l2Relayer.rollupSender.SendConfirmation(&sender.Confirmation{
 			ID:           key,
 			IsSuccessful: isSuccessful[i+2],
-			TxHash:       common.HexToHash("0x56789abcdef1234"),
+			TxHash:       common.HexToHash("0x123456789abcdef"),
 		})
 	}

@@ -354,15 +214,13 @@ func testL2RelayerRollupConfirm(t *testing.T) {
 	ok := utils.TryTimes(5, func() bool {
 		expectedStatuses := []types.RollupStatus{
 			types.RollupCommitted,
-			types.RollupCommitted,
-			types.RollupCommitFailed,
 			types.RollupCommitFailed,
 			types.RollupFinalized,
 			types.RollupFinalizeFailed,
 		}

-		for i, batch := range batches[:6] {
-			batchInDB, err := blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatches(map[string]interface{}{"hash": batch.Hash().Hex()}, nil, 0)
+		for i, batchHash := range batchHashes {
+			batchInDB, err := batchOrm.GetBatches(context.Background(), map[string]interface{}{"hash": batchHash}, nil, 0)
 			if err != nil || len(batchInDB) != 1 || types.RollupStatus(batchInDB[0].RollupStatus) != expectedStatuses[i] {
 				return false
 			}
@@ -376,26 +234,11 @@ func testL2RelayerGasOracleConfirm(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupL2RelayerDB(t)
 	defer bridgeUtils.CloseDB(db)

-	// Insert test data.
-	batches := make([]*bridgeTypes.BatchData, 2)
-	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
-		batches[i] = genBatchData(t, uint64(i))
-	}
+	batchOrm := orm.NewBatch(db)
+	batchHash1, err := batchOrm.InsertBatch(context.Background(), 0, 0, chunkHash1.Hex(), chunkHash1.Hex(), []*bridgeTypes.Chunk{chunk1})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	blockBatchOrm := orm.NewBlockBatch(db)
-	err := db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		for _, batch := range batches {
-			rowsAffected, dbTxErr := blockBatchOrm.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batch)
-			if dbTxErr != nil {
-				return dbTxErr
-			}
-			if rowsAffected != 1 {
-				dbTxErr = errors.New("the InsertBlockBatchByBatchData affected row is not 1")
-				return dbTxErr
-			}
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	batchHash2, err := batchOrm.InsertBatch(context.Background(), 1, 1, chunkHash2.Hex(), chunkHash2.Hex(), []*bridgeTypes.Chunk{chunk2})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	// Create and set up the Layer2 Relayer.
@@ -406,19 +249,27 @@ func testL2RelayerGasOracleConfirm(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	// Simulate message confirmations.
-	isSuccessful := []bool{true, false}
-	for i, batch := range batches {
-		l2Relayer.gasOracleSender.SendConfirmation(&sender.Confirmation{
-			ID:           batch.Hash().Hex(),
-			IsSuccessful: isSuccessful[i],
-		})
+	type BatchConfirmation struct {
+		batchHash    string
+		isSuccessful bool
 	}

+	confirmations := []BatchConfirmation{
+		{batchHash: batchHash1, isSuccessful: true},
+		{batchHash: batchHash2, isSuccessful: false},
+	}
+
+	for _, confirmation := range confirmations {
+		l2Relayer.gasOracleSender.SendConfirmation(&sender.Confirmation{
+			ID:           confirmation.batchHash,
+			IsSuccessful: confirmation.isSuccessful,
+		})
+	}
 	// Check the database for the updated status using TryTimes.
 	ok := utils.TryTimes(5, func() bool {
 		expectedStatuses := []types.GasOracleStatus{types.GasOracleImported, types.GasOracleFailed}
-		for i, batch := range batches {
-			gasOracle, err := blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatches(map[string]interface{}{"hash": batch.Hash().Hex()}, nil, 0)
+		for i, confirmation := range confirmations {
+			gasOracle, err := batchOrm.GetBatches(context.Background(), map[string]interface{}{"hash": confirmation.batchHash}, nil, 0)
 			if err != nil || len(gasOracle) != 1 || types.GasOracleStatus(gasOracle[0].OracleStatus) != expectedStatuses[i] {
 				return false
 			}
@@ -428,21 +279,6 @@ func testL2RelayerGasOracleConfirm(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, ok)
 }

-func genBatchData(t *testing.T, index uint64) *bridgeTypes.BatchData {
-	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../../../testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	// unmarshal blockTrace
-	wrappedBlock := &bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{}
-	err = json.Unmarshal(templateBlockTrace, wrappedBlock)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	wrappedBlock.Header.ParentHash = common.HexToHash("0x" + strconv.FormatUint(index+1, 16))
-	parentBatch := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index: index,
-		Hash:  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-	}
-	return bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch, []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock}, nil)
-}
-
 func testLayer2RelayerProcessGasPriceOracle(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupL2RelayerDB(t)
 	defer bridgeUtils.CloseDB(db)
@@ -451,19 +287,19 @@ func testLayer2RelayerProcessGasPriceOracle(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.NotNil(t, relayer)

-	var blockBatchOrm *orm.BlockBatch
+	var batchOrm *orm.Batch
 	convey.Convey("Failed to GetLatestBatch", t, func() {
 		targetErr := errors.New("GetLatestBatch error")
-		patchGuard := gomonkey.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "GetLatestBatch", func() (*orm.BlockBatch, error) {
+		patchGuard := gomonkey.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "GetLatestBatch", func(context.Context) (*orm.Batch, error) {
 			return nil, targetErr
 		})
 		defer patchGuard.Reset()
 		relayer.ProcessGasPriceOracle()
 	})

-	patchGuard := gomonkey.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "GetLatestBatch", func() (*orm.BlockBatch, error) {
-		batch := orm.BlockBatch{
-			OracleStatus: int(types.GasOraclePending),
+	patchGuard := gomonkey.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "GetLatestBatch", func(context.Context) (*orm.Batch, error) {
+		batch := orm.Batch{
+			OracleStatus: int16(types.GasOraclePending),
 			Hash:         "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
 		}
 		return &batch, nil
@@ -508,97 +344,14 @@ func testLayer2RelayerProcessGasPriceOracle(t *testing.T) {

 	convey.Convey("UpdateGasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash failed", t, func() {
 		targetErr := errors.New("UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash error")
-		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash", func(ctx context.Context, hash string, status types.GasOracleStatus, txHash string) error {
+		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash", func(ctx context.Context, hash string, status types.GasOracleStatus, txHash string) error {
 			return targetErr
 		})
 		relayer.ProcessGasPriceOracle()
 	})

-	patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash", func(ctx context.Context, hash string, status types.GasOracleStatus, txHash string) error {
+	patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash", func(ctx context.Context, hash string, status types.GasOracleStatus, txHash string) error {
 		return nil
 	})
 	relayer.ProcessGasPriceOracle()
 }
-
-func testLayer2RelayerSendCommitTx(t *testing.T) {
-	db := setupL2RelayerDB(t)
-	defer bridgeUtils.CloseDB(db)
-
-	relayer, err := NewLayer2Relayer(context.Background(), l2Cli, db, cfg.L2Config.RelayerConfig)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.NotNil(t, relayer)
-
-	var batchDataList []*bridgeTypes.BatchData
-	convey.Convey("SendCommitTx receives empty batch", t, func() {
-		err = relayer.SendCommitTx(batchDataList)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-	})
-
-	parentBatch := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index: 0,
-		Hash:  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-	}
-
-	traces := []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{
-		{
-			Header: &gethTypes.Header{
-				Number:     big.NewInt(1000),
-				ParentHash: common.Hash{},
-				Difficulty: big.NewInt(0),
-				BaseFee:    big.NewInt(0),
-			},
-			Transactions:     nil,
-			WithdrawTrieRoot: common.Hash{},
-		},
-	}
-
-	blocks := []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{traces[0]}
-	tmpBatchData := bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch, blocks, cfg.L2Config.BatchProposerConfig.PublicInputConfig)
-	batchDataList = append(batchDataList, tmpBatchData)
-
-	var s abi.ABI
-	convey.Convey("Failed to pack commitBatches", t, func() {
-		targetErr := errors.New("commitBatches error")
-		patchGuard := gomonkey.ApplyMethodFunc(s, "Pack", func(name string, args ...interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
-			return nil, targetErr
-		})
-		defer patchGuard.Reset()
-
-		err = relayer.SendCommitTx(batchDataList)
-		assert.EqualError(t, err, targetErr.Error())
-	})
-
-	patchGuard := gomonkey.ApplyMethodFunc(s, "Pack", func(name string, args ...interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
-		return nil, nil
-	})
-	defer patchGuard.Reset()
-
-	convey.Convey("Failed to send commitBatches tx to layer1", t, func() {
-		targetErr := errors.New("SendTransaction failure")
-		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(relayer.rollupSender, "SendTransaction", func(ID string, target *common.Address, value *big.Int, data []byte, minGasLimit uint64) (hash common.Hash, err error) {
-			return common.Hash{}, targetErr
-		})
-		err = relayer.SendCommitTx(batchDataList)
-		assert.EqualError(t, err, targetErr.Error())
-	})
-
-	patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(relayer.rollupSender, "SendTransaction", func(ID string, target *common.Address, value *big.Int, data []byte, minGasLimit uint64) (hash common.Hash, err error) {
-		return common.HexToHash("0x56789abcdef1234"), nil
-	})
-
-	var blockBatchOrm *orm.BlockBatch
-	convey.Convey("UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus failed", t, func() {
-		targetErr := errors.New("UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus failure")
-		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus", func(ctx context.Context, hash string, commitTxHash string, status types.RollupStatus) error {
-			return targetErr
-		})
-		err = relayer.SendCommitTx(batchDataList)
-		assert.NoError(t, err)
-	})
-
-	patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus", func(ctx context.Context, hash string, commitTxHash string, status types.RollupStatus) error {
-		return nil
-	})
-	err = relayer.SendCommitTx(batchDataList)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-}
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/relayer/relayer_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/relayer/relayer_test.go
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"testing"

+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/ethclient"
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"

 	"scroll-tech/common/docker"
@@ -24,17 +24,20 @@ var (
 	// l2geth client
 	l2Cli *ethclient.Client

-	// block trace
+	// l2 block
 	wrappedBlock1 *bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock
 	wrappedBlock2 *bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock

-	// batch data
-	batchData1 *bridgeTypes.BatchData
-	batchData2 *bridgeTypes.BatchData
+	// chunk
+	chunk1     *bridgeTypes.Chunk
+	chunk2     *bridgeTypes.Chunk
+	chunkHash1 common.Hash
+	chunkHash2 common.Hash
 )

-func setupEnv(t *testing.T) (err error) {
+func setupEnv(t *testing.T) {
 	// Load config.
+	var err error
 	cfg, err = config.NewConfig("../../../conf/config.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

@@ -54,40 +57,22 @@ func setupEnv(t *testing.T) (err error) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	templateBlockTrace1, err := os.ReadFile("../../../testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	// unmarshal blockTrace
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	wrappedBlock1 = &bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{}
-	if err = json.Unmarshal(templateBlockTrace1, wrappedBlock1); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	parentBatch1 := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index:     0,
-		Hash:      "0x0cc6b102c2924402c14b2e3a19baccc316252bfdc44d9ec62e942d34e39ec729",
-		StateRoot: "0x2579122e8f9ec1e862e7d415cef2fb495d7698a8e5f0dddc5651ba4236336e7d",
-	}
-	batchData1 = bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch1, []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1}, nil)
+	err = json.Unmarshal(templateBlockTrace1, wrappedBlock1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	chunk1 = &bridgeTypes.Chunk{Blocks: []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1}}
+	chunkHash1, err = chunk1.Hash(0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	templateBlockTrace2, err := os.ReadFile("../../../testdata/blockTrace_03.json")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	// unmarshal blockTrace
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	wrappedBlock2 = &bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{}
-	if err = json.Unmarshal(templateBlockTrace2, wrappedBlock2); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	parentBatch2 := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index:     batchData1.Batch.BatchIndex,
-		Hash:      batchData1.Hash().Hex(),
-		StateRoot: batchData1.Batch.NewStateRoot.String(),
-	}
-	batchData2 = bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch2, []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock2}, nil)
-
-	log.Info("batchHash", "batchhash1", batchData1.Hash().Hex(), "batchhash2", batchData2.Hash().Hex())
-
-	return err
+	err = json.Unmarshal(templateBlockTrace2, wrappedBlock2)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	chunk2 = &bridgeTypes.Chunk{Blocks: []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock2}}
+	chunkHash2, err = chunk2.Hash(chunk1.NumL1Messages(0))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 }

 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
@@ -99,9 +84,7 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 }

 func TestFunctions(t *testing.T) {
-	if err := setupEnv(t); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
+	setupEnv(t)
 	// Run l1 relayer test cases.
 	t.Run("TestCreateNewL1Relayer", testCreateNewL1Relayer)
 	t.Run("TestL1RelayerProcessSaveEvents", testL1RelayerProcessSaveEvents)
@@ -111,12 +94,10 @@ func TestFunctions(t *testing.T) {

 	// Run l2 relayer test cases.
 	t.Run("TestCreateNewRelayer", testCreateNewRelayer)
-	t.Run("TestL2RelayerProcessSaveEvents", testL2RelayerProcessSaveEvents)
+	t.Run("TestL2RelayerProcessPendingBatches", testL2RelayerProcessPendingBatches)
 	t.Run("TestL2RelayerProcessCommittedBatches", testL2RelayerProcessCommittedBatches)
 	t.Run("TestL2RelayerSkipBatches", testL2RelayerSkipBatches)
-	t.Run("TestL2RelayerMsgConfirm", testL2RelayerMsgConfirm)
 	t.Run("TestL2RelayerRollupConfirm", testL2RelayerRollupConfirm)
 	t.Run("TestL2RelayerGasOracleConfirm", testL2RelayerGasOracleConfirm)
 	t.Run("TestLayer2RelayerProcessGasPriceOracle", testLayer2RelayerProcessGasPriceOracle)
-	t.Run("TestLayer2RelayerSendCommitTx", testLayer2RelayerSendCommitTx)
 }
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/batch_proposer.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/batch_proposer.go
@@ -3,393 +3,170 @@ package watcher
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"math"
-	"sync"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
-	gethMetrics "github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"

-	"scroll-tech/common/metrics"
-	"scroll-tech/common/types"
-
-	bridgeAbi "scroll-tech/bridge/abi"
 	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/config"
-	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/controller/relayer"
 	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/orm"
 	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
 )

-var (
-	bridgeL2BatchesGasOverThresholdTotalCounter = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/batches/gas/over/threshold/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
-	bridgeL2BatchesTxsOverThresholdTotalCounter = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/batches/txs/over/threshold/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
-	bridgeL2BatchesBlocksCreatedTotalCounter    = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/batches/blocks/created/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
-	bridgeL2BatchesCommitsSentTotalCounter      = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/batches/commits/sent/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
-	bridgeL2BatchesOversizedTotalCounter        = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredCounter("bridge/l2/batches/oversized/total", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
-	bridgeL2BatchesTxsCreatedPerBatchGauge      = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredGauge("bridge/l2/batches/txs/created/per/batch", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
-	bridgeL2BatchesGasCreatedPerBatchGauge      = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredGauge("bridge/l2/batches/gas/created/per/batch", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
-	bridgeL2BatchesPayloadSizePerBatchGauge     = gethMetrics.NewRegisteredGauge("bridge/l2/batches/payload/size/per/batch", metrics.ScrollRegistry)
-)
-
-// BatchProposer sends batches commit transactions to relayer.
+// BatchProposer proposes batches based on available unbatched chunks.
 type BatchProposer struct {
-	mutex sync.Mutex
-	ctx   context.Context
-	db    *gorm.DB
+	ctx context.Context
+	db  *gorm.DB

-	batchTimeSec             uint64
-	batchGasThreshold        uint64
-	batchTxNumThreshold      uint64
-	batchBlocksLimit         uint64
-	batchCommitTimeSec       uint64
-	commitCalldataSizeLimit  uint64
-	batchDataBufferSizeLimit uint64
-	commitCalldataMinSize    uint64
-	commitBatchCountLimit    int
+	batchOrm *orm.Batch
+	chunkOrm *orm.Chunk
+	l2Block  *orm.L2Block

-	proofGenerationFreq uint64
-	batchDataBuffer     []*bridgeTypes.BatchData
-	relayer             *relayer.Layer2Relayer
-
-	blockBatchOrm *orm.BlockBatch
-	blockTraceOrm *orm.BlockTrace
-
-	piCfg *bridgeTypes.PublicInputHashConfig
+	maxChunkNumPerBatch             uint64
+	maxL1CommitGasPerBatch          uint64
+	maxL1CommitCalldataSizePerBatch uint64
+	minChunkNumPerBatch             uint64
+	batchTimeoutSec                 uint64
 }

-// NewBatchProposer will return a new instance of BatchProposer.
-func NewBatchProposer(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.BatchProposerConfig, relayer *relayer.Layer2Relayer, db *gorm.DB) *BatchProposer {
-	p := &BatchProposer{
-		mutex:                    sync.Mutex{},
-		ctx:                      ctx,
-		db:                       db,
-		blockBatchOrm:            orm.NewBlockBatch(db),
-		blockTraceOrm:            orm.NewBlockTrace(db),
-		batchTimeSec:             cfg.BatchTimeSec,
-		batchGasThreshold:        cfg.BatchGasThreshold,
-		batchTxNumThreshold:      cfg.BatchTxNumThreshold,
-		batchBlocksLimit:         cfg.BatchBlocksLimit,
-		batchCommitTimeSec:       cfg.BatchCommitTimeSec,
-		commitCalldataSizeLimit:  cfg.CommitTxCalldataSizeLimit,
-		commitCalldataMinSize:    cfg.CommitTxCalldataMinSize,
-		commitBatchCountLimit:    int(cfg.CommitTxBatchCountLimit),
-		batchDataBufferSizeLimit: 100*cfg.CommitTxCalldataSizeLimit + 1*1024*1024, // @todo: determine the value.
-		proofGenerationFreq:      cfg.ProofGenerationFreq,
-		piCfg:                    cfg.PublicInputConfig,
-		relayer:                  relayer,
-	}
-
-	// for graceful restart.
-	p.recoverBatchDataBuffer()
-
-	// try to commit the leftover pending batches
-	p.TryCommitBatches()
-
-	return p
-}
-
-func (p *BatchProposer) recoverBatchDataBuffer() {
-	// batches are sorted by batch index in increasing order
-	batchHashes, err := p.blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatchesHashByRollupStatus(types.RollupPending, math.MaxInt32)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Crit("Failed to fetch pending L2 batches", "err", err)
-	}
-	if len(batchHashes) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	log.Info("Load pending batches into batchDataBuffer")
-
-	// helper function to cache and get BlockBatch from DB
-	blockBatchCache := make(map[string]orm.BlockBatch)
-	getBlockBatch := func(batchHash string) (*orm.BlockBatch, error) {
-		if blockBatch, ok := blockBatchCache[batchHash]; ok {
-			return &blockBatch, nil
-		}
-		blockBatches, err := p.blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatches(map[string]interface{}{"hash": batchHash}, nil, 0)
-		if err != nil || len(blockBatches) == 0 {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		blockBatchCache[batchHash] = blockBatches[0]
-		return &blockBatches[0], nil
-	}
-
-	// recover the in-memory batchData from DB
-	for _, batchHash := range batchHashes {
-		log.Info("recover batch data from pending batch", "batch_hash", batchHash)
-		blockBatch, err := getBlockBatch(batchHash)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("could not get BlockBatch", "batch_hash", batchHash, "error", err)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		parentBatch, err := getBlockBatch(blockBatch.ParentHash)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("could not get parent BlockBatch", "batch_hash", batchHash, "error", err)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		whereFileds := map[string]interface{}{
-			"batch_hash": batchHash,
-		}
-		orderByList := []string{
-			"number ASC",
-		}
-
-		blockTraces, err := p.blockTraceOrm.GetL2BlockInfos(whereFileds, orderByList, 0)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("could not GetL2BlockInfos", "batch_hash", batchHash, "error", err)
-			continue
-		}
-		if len(blockTraces) != int(blockBatch.EndBlockNumber-blockBatch.StartBlockNumber+1) {
-			log.Error("the number of block info retrieved from DB mistmatches the batch info in the DB",
-				"len(blockInfos)", len(blockTraces),
-				"expected", blockBatch.EndBlockNumber-blockBatch.StartBlockNumber+1)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		batchData, err := p.generateBatchData(parentBatch, blockTraces)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		if batchData.Hash().Hex() != batchHash {
-			log.Error("the hash from recovered batch data mismatches the DB entry",
-				"recovered_batch_hash", batchData.Hash().Hex(),
-				"expected", batchHash)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		p.batchDataBuffer = append(p.batchDataBuffer, batchData)
+// NewBatchProposer creates a new BatchProposer instance.
+func NewBatchProposer(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.BatchProposerConfig, db *gorm.DB) *BatchProposer {
+	return &BatchProposer{
+		ctx:                             ctx,
+		db:                              db,
+		batchOrm:                        orm.NewBatch(db),
+		chunkOrm:                        orm.NewChunk(db),
+		l2Block:                         orm.NewL2Block(db),
+		maxChunkNumPerBatch:             cfg.MaxChunkNumPerBatch,
+		maxL1CommitGasPerBatch:          cfg.MaxL1CommitGasPerBatch,
+		maxL1CommitCalldataSizePerBatch: cfg.MaxL1CommitCalldataSizePerBatch,
+		minChunkNumPerBatch:             cfg.MinChunkNumPerBatch,
+		batchTimeoutSec:                 cfg.BatchTimeoutSec,
 	}
 }

-// TryProposeBatch will try to propose a batch.
+// TryProposeBatch tries to propose a new batches.
 func (p *BatchProposer) TryProposeBatch() {
-	p.mutex.Lock()
-	defer p.mutex.Unlock()
-
-	for p.getBatchDataBufferSize() < p.batchDataBufferSizeLimit {
-		orderBy := []string{"number ASC"}
-		blockTraces, err := p.blockTraceOrm.GetUnbatchedL2Blocks(map[string]interface{}{}, orderBy, int(p.batchBlocksLimit))
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("failed to get unbatched blocks", "err", err)
-			return
-		}
-
-		batchCreated := p.proposeBatch(blockTraces)
-
-		// while size of batchDataBuffer < commitCalldataMinSize,
-		// proposer keeps fetching and porposing batches.
-		if p.getBatchDataBufferSize() >= p.commitCalldataMinSize {
-			return
-		}
-
-		if !batchCreated {
-			// wait for watcher to insert l2 traces.
-			time.Sleep(time.Second)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// TryCommitBatches will try to commit the pending batches.
-func (p *BatchProposer) TryCommitBatches() {
-	p.mutex.Lock()
-	defer p.mutex.Unlock()
-
-	if len(p.batchDataBuffer) == 0 {
+	dbChunks, err := p.proposeBatchChunks()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("proposeBatchChunks failed", "err", err)
 		return
 	}
-
-	// estimate the calldata length to determine whether to commit the pending batches
-	index := 0
-	commit := false
-	calldataByteLen := uint64(0)
-	for ; index < len(p.batchDataBuffer) && index < p.commitBatchCountLimit; index++ {
-		calldataByteLen += bridgeAbi.GetBatchCalldataLength(&p.batchDataBuffer[index].Batch)
-		if calldataByteLen > p.commitCalldataSizeLimit {
-			commit = true
-			if index == 0 {
-				log.Warn(
-					"The calldata size of one batch is larger than the threshold",
-					"batch_hash", p.batchDataBuffer[0].Hash().Hex(),
-					"calldata_size", calldataByteLen,
-				)
-				index = 1
-			}
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if !commit && p.batchDataBuffer[0].Timestamp()+p.batchCommitTimeSec > uint64(time.Now().Unix()) {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Send commit tx for batchDataBuffer[0:index]
-	log.Info("Commit batches", "start_index", p.batchDataBuffer[0].Batch.BatchIndex,
-		"end_index", p.batchDataBuffer[index-1].Batch.BatchIndex)
-	err := p.relayer.SendCommitTx(p.batchDataBuffer[:index])
-	if err != nil {
-		// leave the retry to the next ticker
-		log.Error("SendCommitTx failed", "error", err)
-	} else {
-		// pop the processed batches from the buffer
-		bridgeL2BatchesCommitsSentTotalCounter.Inc(1)
-		p.batchDataBuffer = p.batchDataBuffer[index:]
+	if err := p.updateBatchInfoInDB(dbChunks); err != nil {
+		log.Error("update batch info in db failed", "err", err)
 	}
 }

-func (p *BatchProposer) proposeBatch(blockTraces []orm.BlockTrace) bool {
-	if len(blockTraces) == 0 {
-		return false
+func (p *BatchProposer) updateBatchInfoInDB(dbChunks []*orm.Chunk) error {
+	numChunks := len(dbChunks)
+	if numChunks <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	chunks, err := p.dbChunksToBridgeChunks(dbChunks)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

-	approximatePayloadSize := func(hash string) (uint64, error) {
-		traces, err := p.blockTraceOrm.GetL2WrappedBlocks(map[string]interface{}{"hash": hash})
+	startChunkIndex := dbChunks[0].Index
+	startChunkHash := dbChunks[0].Hash
+	endChunkIndex := dbChunks[numChunks-1].Index
+	endChunkHash := dbChunks[numChunks-1].Hash
+	err = p.db.Transaction(func(dbTX *gorm.DB) error {
+		var batchHash string
+		batchHash, err = p.batchOrm.InsertBatch(p.ctx, startChunkIndex, endChunkIndex, startChunkHash, endChunkHash, chunks, dbTX)
 		if err != nil {
-			return 0, err
+			return err
 		}
-		if len(traces) != 1 {
-			return 0, fmt.Errorf("unexpected traces length, expected = 1, actual = %d", len(traces))
-		}
-		size := 0
-		for _, tx := range traces[0].Transactions {
-			size += len(tx.Data)
-		}
-		return uint64(size), nil
-	}
-
-	firstSize, err := approximatePayloadSize(blockTraces[0].Hash)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("failed to create batch", "number", blockTraces[0].Number, "err", err)
-		return false
-	}
-
-	if firstSize > p.commitCalldataSizeLimit {
-		log.Warn("oversized payload even for only 1 block", "height", blockTraces[0].Number, "size", firstSize)
-		// note: we should probably fail here once we can ensure this will not happen
-		if err := p.createBatchForBlocks(blockTraces[:1]); err != nil {
-			log.Error("failed to create batch", "number", blockTraces[0].Number, "err", err)
-			return false
-		}
-		bridgeL2BatchesTxsCreatedPerBatchGauge.Update(int64(blockTraces[0].TxNum))
-		bridgeL2BatchesGasCreatedPerBatchGauge.Update(int64(blockTraces[0].GasUsed))
-		bridgeL2BatchesPayloadSizePerBatchGauge.Update(int64(firstSize))
-		bridgeL2BatchesBlocksCreatedTotalCounter.Inc(1)
-		bridgeL2BatchesOversizedTotalCounter.Inc(1)
-		return true
-	}
-
-	if blockTraces[0].GasUsed > p.batchGasThreshold {
-		bridgeL2BatchesGasOverThresholdTotalCounter.Inc(1)
-		log.Warn("gas overflow even for only 1 block", "height", blockTraces[0].Number, "gas", blockTraces[0].GasUsed)
-		if err := p.createBatchForBlocks(blockTraces[:1]); err != nil {
-			log.Error("failed to create batch", "number", blockTraces[0].Number, "err", err)
-		} else {
-			bridgeL2BatchesTxsCreatedPerBatchGauge.Update(int64(blockTraces[0].TxNum))
-			bridgeL2BatchesGasCreatedPerBatchGauge.Update(int64(blockTraces[0].GasUsed))
-			bridgeL2BatchesPayloadSizePerBatchGauge.Update(int64(firstSize))
-			bridgeL2BatchesBlocksCreatedTotalCounter.Inc(1)
-		}
-		return true
-	}
-
-	if blockTraces[0].TxNum > p.batchTxNumThreshold {
-		bridgeL2BatchesTxsOverThresholdTotalCounter.Inc(1)
-		log.Warn("too many txs even for only 1 block", "height", blockTraces[0].Number, "tx_num", blockTraces[0].TxNum)
-		if err := p.createBatchForBlocks(blockTraces[:1]); err != nil {
-			log.Error("failed to create batch", "number", blockTraces[0].Number, "err", err)
-		} else {
-			bridgeL2BatchesTxsCreatedPerBatchGauge.Update(int64(blockTraces[0].TxNum))
-			bridgeL2BatchesGasCreatedPerBatchGauge.Update(int64(blockTraces[0].GasUsed))
-			bridgeL2BatchesPayloadSizePerBatchGauge.Update(int64(firstSize))
-			bridgeL2BatchesBlocksCreatedTotalCounter.Inc(1)
-		}
-		return true
-	}
-
-	var gasUsed, txNum, payloadSize uint64
-	reachThreshold := false
-	// add blocks into batch until reach batchGasThreshold
-	for i, block := range blockTraces {
-		size, err := approximatePayloadSize(block.Hash)
+		err = p.chunkOrm.UpdateBatchHashInRange(p.ctx, startChunkIndex, endChunkIndex, batchHash, dbTX)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("failed to create batch", "number", block.Number, "err", err)
-			return false
+			return err
 		}
-
-		if (gasUsed+block.GasUsed > p.batchGasThreshold) || (txNum+block.TxNum > p.batchTxNumThreshold) || (payloadSize+size > p.commitCalldataSizeLimit) {
-			blockTraces = blockTraces[:i]
-			reachThreshold = true
-			break
-		}
-		gasUsed += block.GasUsed
-		txNum += block.TxNum
-		payloadSize += size
-	}
-
-	// if too few gas gathered, but we don't want to halt, we then check the first block in the batch:
-	// if it's not old enough we will skip proposing the batch,
-	// otherwise we will still propose a batch
-	if !reachThreshold && blockTraces[0].BlockTimestamp+p.batchTimeSec > uint64(time.Now().Unix()) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	if err := p.createBatchForBlocks(blockTraces); err != nil {
-		log.Error("failed to create batch", "from", blockTraces[0].Number, "to", blockTraces[len(blockTraces)-1].Number, "err", err)
-	} else {
-		bridgeL2BatchesTxsCreatedPerBatchGauge.Update(int64(txNum))
-		bridgeL2BatchesGasCreatedPerBatchGauge.Update(int64(gasUsed))
-		bridgeL2BatchesPayloadSizePerBatchGauge.Update(int64(payloadSize))
-		bridgeL2BatchesBlocksCreatedTotalCounter.Inc(int64(len(blockTraces)))
-	}
-
-	return true
+		return nil
+	})
+	return err
 }

-func (p *BatchProposer) createBatchForBlocks(blocks []orm.BlockTrace) error {
-	lastBatch, err := p.blockBatchOrm.GetLatestBatch()
+func (p *BatchProposer) proposeBatchChunks() ([]*orm.Chunk, error) {
+	dbChunks, err := p.chunkOrm.GetUnbatchedChunks(p.ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		// We should not receive sql.ErrNoRows error. The DB should have the batch entry that contains the genesis block.
-		return err
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	batchData, err := p.generateBatchData(lastBatch, blocks)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("createBatchData failed", "error", err)
-		return err
+	if len(dbChunks) == 0 {
+		log.Warn("No Unbatched Chunks")
+		return nil, nil
 	}

-	if err := orm.AddBatchInfoToDB(p.db, batchData); err != nil {
-		log.Error("addBatchInfoToDB failed", "BatchHash", batchData.Hash(), "error", err)
-		return err
+	firstChunk := dbChunks[0]
+	totalL1CommitCalldataSize := firstChunk.TotalL1CommitCalldataSize
+	totalL1CommitGas := firstChunk.TotalL1CommitGas
+	var totalChunks uint64 = 1
+
+	// Check if the first chunk breaks hard limits.
+	// If so, it indicates there are bugs in chunk-proposer, manual fix is needed.
+	if totalL1CommitGas > p.maxL1CommitGasPerBatch {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"the first chunk exceeds l1 commit gas limit; start block number: %v, end block number: %v, commit gas: %v, max commit gas limit: %v",
+			firstChunk.StartBlockNumber,
+			firstChunk.EndBlockNumber,
+			totalL1CommitGas,
+			p.maxL1CommitGasPerBatch,
+		)
 	}

-	p.batchDataBuffer = append(p.batchDataBuffer, batchData)
-	return nil
+	if totalL1CommitCalldataSize > p.maxL1CommitCalldataSizePerBatch {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"the first chunk exceeds l1 commit calldata size limit; start block number: %v, end block number %v, calldata size: %v, max calldata size limit: %v",
+			firstChunk.StartBlockNumber,
+			firstChunk.EndBlockNumber,
+			totalL1CommitCalldataSize,
+			p.maxL1CommitCalldataSizePerBatch,
+		)
+	}
+
+	for i, chunk := range dbChunks[1:] {
+		totalChunks++
+		totalL1CommitCalldataSize += chunk.TotalL1CommitCalldataSize
+		totalL1CommitGas += chunk.TotalL1CommitGas
+		if totalChunks > p.maxChunkNumPerBatch ||
+			totalL1CommitCalldataSize > p.maxL1CommitCalldataSizePerBatch ||
+			totalL1CommitGas > p.maxL1CommitGasPerBatch {
+			return dbChunks[:i+1], nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	var hasChunkTimeout bool
+	currentTimeSec := uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+	if dbChunks[0].StartBlockTime+p.batchTimeoutSec < currentTimeSec {
+		log.Warn("first block timeout",
+			"start block number", dbChunks[0].StartBlockNumber,
+			"first block timestamp", dbChunks[0].StartBlockTime,
+			"chunk outdated time threshold", currentTimeSec,
+		)
+		hasChunkTimeout = true
+	}
+
+	if !hasChunkTimeout && uint64(len(dbChunks)) < p.minChunkNumPerBatch {
+		log.Warn("The payload size of the batch is less than the minimum limit",
+			"chunk num", len(dbChunks), "minChunkNumPerBatch", p.minChunkNumPerBatch,
+		)
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return dbChunks, nil
 }

-func (p *BatchProposer) generateBatchData(parentBatch *orm.BlockBatch, blocks []orm.BlockTrace) (*bridgeTypes.BatchData, error) {
-	var wrappedBlocks []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock
-	for _, block := range blocks {
-		trs, err := p.blockTraceOrm.GetL2WrappedBlocks(map[string]interface{}{"hash": block.Hash})
-		if err != nil || len(trs) != 1 {
-			log.Error("Failed to GetBlockTraces", "hash", block.Hash, "err", err)
+func (p *BatchProposer) dbChunksToBridgeChunks(dbChunks []*orm.Chunk) ([]*bridgeTypes.Chunk, error) {
+	chunks := make([]*bridgeTypes.Chunk, len(dbChunks))
+	for i, c := range dbChunks {
+		wrappedBlocks, err := p.l2Block.GetL2BlocksInRange(p.ctx, c.StartBlockNumber, c.EndBlockNumber)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Failed to fetch wrapped blocks",
+				"start number", c.StartBlockNumber, "end number", c.EndBlockNumber, "error", err)
 			return nil, err
 		}
-
-		wrappedBlocks = append(wrappedBlocks, trs[0])
+		chunks[i] = &bridgeTypes.Chunk{
+			Blocks: wrappedBlocks,
+		}
 	}
-
-	parentBatchInfo := bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index:     parentBatch.Index,
-		Hash:      parentBatch.Hash,
-		StateRoot: parentBatch.StateRoot,
-	}
-	return bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(&parentBatchInfo, wrappedBlocks, p.piCfg), nil
-}
-
-func (p *BatchProposer) getBatchDataBufferSize() (size uint64) {
-	for _, batchData := range p.batchDataBuffer {
-		size += bridgeAbi.GetBatchCalldataLength(&batchData.Batch)
-	}
-	return
+	return chunks, nil
 }
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/batch_proposer_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/batch_proposer_test.go
@@ -2,207 +2,71 @@ package watcher

 import (
 	"context"
-	"math"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"
-	"time"

-	"github.com/agiledragon/gomonkey/v2"
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
-	gethTtypes "github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"

 	"scroll-tech/common/types"

 	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/config"
-	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/controller/relayer"
 	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/orm"
 	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
-	bridgeUtils "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/utils"
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/utils"
 )

-func testBatchProposerProposeBatch(t *testing.T) {
+// TODO: Add unit tests that the limits are enforced correctly.
+func testBatchProposer(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupDB(t)
-	defer bridgeUtils.CloseDB(db)
+	defer utils.CloseDB(db)

-	p := &BatchProposer{
-		batchGasThreshold:       1000,
-		batchTxNumThreshold:     10,
-		batchTimeSec:            300,
-		commitCalldataSizeLimit: 500,
-	}
+	l2BlockOrm := orm.NewL2Block(db)
+	err := l2BlockOrm.InsertL2Blocks(context.Background(), []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1, wrappedBlock2})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	var blockTrace *orm.BlockTrace
-	patchGuard := gomonkey.ApplyMethodFunc(blockTrace, "GetL2WrappedBlocks", func(fields map[string]interface{}) ([]*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock, error) {
-		hash, _ := fields["hash"].(string)
-		if hash == "blockWithLongData" {
-			longData := strings.Repeat("0", 1000)
-			return []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{{
-				Transactions: []*gethTtypes.TransactionData{{
-					Data: longData,
-				}},
-			}}, nil
-		}
-		return []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{{
-			Transactions: []*gethTtypes.TransactionData{{
-				Data: "short",
-			}},
-		}}, nil
-	})
-	defer patchGuard.Reset()
-	patchGuard.ApplyPrivateMethod(p, "createBatchForBlocks", func(*BatchProposer, []*types.BlockInfo) error {
-		return nil
-	})
+	cp := NewChunkProposer(context.Background(), &config.ChunkProposerConfig{
+		MaxTxGasPerChunk:                1000000000,
+		MaxL2TxNumPerChunk:              10000,
+		MaxL1CommitGasPerChunk:          50000000000,
+		MaxL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk: 1000000,
+		MinL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk: 0,
+		ChunkTimeoutSec:                 300,
+	}, db)
+	cp.TryProposeChunk()

-	block1 := orm.BlockTrace{Number: 1, GasUsed: 100, TxNum: 1, BlockTimestamp: uint64(time.Now().Unix()) - 200}
-	block2 := orm.BlockTrace{Number: 2, GasUsed: 200, TxNum: 2, BlockTimestamp: uint64(time.Now().Unix())}
-	block3 := orm.BlockTrace{Number: 3, GasUsed: 300, TxNum: 11, BlockTimestamp: uint64(time.Now().Unix())}
-	block4 := orm.BlockTrace{Number: 4, GasUsed: 1001, TxNum: 3, BlockTimestamp: uint64(time.Now().Unix())}
-	blockOutdated := orm.BlockTrace{Number: 1, GasUsed: 100, TxNum: 1, BlockTimestamp: uint64(time.Now().Add(-400 * time.Second).Unix())}
-	blockWithLongData := orm.BlockTrace{Hash: "blockWithLongData", Number: 5, GasUsed: 500, TxNum: 1, BlockTimestamp: uint64(time.Now().Unix())}
+	bp := NewBatchProposer(context.Background(), &config.BatchProposerConfig{
+		MaxChunkNumPerBatch:             10,
+		MaxL1CommitGasPerBatch:          50000000000,
+		MaxL1CommitCalldataSizePerBatch: 1000000,
+		MinChunkNumPerBatch:             1,
+		BatchTimeoutSec:                 300,
+	}, db)
+	bp.TryProposeBatch()

-	testCases := []struct {
-		description string
-		blocks      []orm.BlockTrace
-		expectedRes bool
-	}{
-		{"Empty block list", []orm.BlockTrace{}, false},
-		{"Single block exceeding gas threshold", []orm.BlockTrace{block4}, true},
-		{"Single block exceeding transaction number threshold", []orm.BlockTrace{block3}, true},
-		{"Multiple blocks meeting thresholds", []orm.BlockTrace{block1, block2, block3}, true},
-		{"Multiple blocks not meeting thresholds", []orm.BlockTrace{block1, block2}, false},
-		{"Outdated and valid block", []orm.BlockTrace{blockOutdated, block2}, true},
-		{"Single block with long data", []orm.BlockTrace{blockWithLongData}, true},
-	}
+	chunkOrm := orm.NewChunk(db)
+	chunks, err := chunkOrm.GetUnbatchedChunks(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, chunks)

-	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		t.Run(tc.description, func(t *testing.T) {
-			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectedRes, p.proposeBatch(tc.blocks), "Failed on: %s", tc.description)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func testBatchProposerBatchGeneration(t *testing.T) {
-	db := setupDB(t)
-	subCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer func() {
-		bridgeUtils.CloseDB(db)
-		cancel()
-	}()
-	blockTraceOrm := orm.NewBlockTrace(db)
-	// Insert traces into db.
-	assert.NoError(t, blockTraceOrm.InsertWrappedBlocks([]*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1}))
-
-	l2cfg := cfg.L2Config
-	wc := NewL2WatcherClient(context.Background(), l2Cli, l2cfg.Confirmations, l2cfg.L2MessengerAddress, l2cfg.L2MessageQueueAddress, l2cfg.WithdrawTrieRootSlot, db)
-	loopToFetchEvent(subCtx, wc)
-
-	blockBatchOrm := orm.NewBlockBatch(db)
-	batch, err := blockBatchOrm.GetLatestBatch()
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Create a new batch.
-	batchData := bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(&bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index:     0,
-		Hash:      batch.Hash,
-		StateRoot: batch.StateRoot,
-	}, []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1}, nil)
-
-	relayer, err := relayer.NewLayer2Relayer(context.Background(), l2Cli, db, cfg.L2Config.RelayerConfig)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	proposer := NewBatchProposer(context.Background(), &config.BatchProposerConfig{
-		ProofGenerationFreq:     1,
-		BatchGasThreshold:       3000000,
-		BatchTxNumThreshold:     135,
-		BatchTimeSec:            1,
-		BatchBlocksLimit:        100,
-		CommitTxBatchCountLimit: 30,
-	}, relayer, db)
-	proposer.TryProposeBatch()
-
-	infos, err := blockTraceOrm.GetUnbatchedL2Blocks(map[string]interface{}{}, []string{"number ASC"}, 100)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(infos))
-
-	batches, err := blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatches(map[string]interface{}{"hash": batchData.Hash().Hex()}, nil, 1)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(batches))
-}
-
-func testBatchProposerGracefulRestart(t *testing.T) {
-	db := setupDB(t)
-	defer bridgeUtils.CloseDB(db)
-
-	relayer, err := relayer.NewLayer2Relayer(context.Background(), l2Cli, db, cfg.L2Config.RelayerConfig)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	blockTraceOrm := orm.NewBlockTrace(db)
-	// Insert traces into db.
-	assert.NoError(t, blockTraceOrm.InsertWrappedBlocks([]*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock2}))
-
-	// Insert block batch into db.
-	parentBatch1 := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index:     0,
-		Hash:      common.Hash{}.String(),
-		StateRoot: common.Hash{}.String(),
-	}
-	batchData1 := bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch1, []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1}, nil)
-
-	parentBatch2 := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index:     batchData1.Batch.BatchIndex,
-		Hash:      batchData1.Hash().Hex(),
-		StateRoot: batchData1.Batch.NewStateRoot.String(),
-	}
-	batchData2 := bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch2, []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock2}, nil)
-
-	blockBatchOrm := orm.NewBlockBatch(db)
-	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		_, dbTxErr := blockBatchOrm.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batchData1)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		_, dbTxErr = blockBatchOrm.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batchData2)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		numbers1 := []uint64{batchData1.Batch.Blocks[0].BlockNumber}
-		hash1 := batchData1.Hash().Hex()
-		dbTxErr = blockTraceOrm.UpdateBatchHashForL2Blocks(tx, numbers1, hash1)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		numbers2 := []uint64{batchData2.Batch.Blocks[0].BlockNumber}
-		hash2 := batchData2.Hash().Hex()
-		dbTxErr = blockTraceOrm.UpdateBatchHashForL2Blocks(tx, numbers2, hash2)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchData1.Hash().Hex(), types.RollupFinalized)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	batchHashes, err := blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatchesHashByRollupStatus(types.RollupPending, math.MaxInt32)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(batchHashes))
-	assert.Equal(t, batchData2.Hash().Hex(), batchHashes[0])
-	// test p.recoverBatchDataBuffer().
-	_ = NewBatchProposer(context.Background(), &config.BatchProposerConfig{
-		ProofGenerationFreq:     1,
-		BatchGasThreshold:       3000000,
-		BatchTxNumThreshold:     135,
-		BatchTimeSec:            1,
-		BatchBlocksLimit:        100,
-		CommitTxBatchCountLimit: 30,
-	}, relayer, db)
-
-	batchHashes, err = blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatchesHashByRollupStatus(types.RollupPending, math.MaxInt32)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(batchHashes))
-
-	batches, err := blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatches(map[string]interface{}{"hash": batchData2.Hash().Hex()}, nil, 1)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(batches))
+	batchOrm := orm.NewBatch(db)
+	// get all batches.
+	batches, err := batchOrm.GetBatches(context.Background(), map[string]interface{}{}, []string{}, 0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, batches, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint64(0), batches[0].StartChunkIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint64(0), batches[0].EndChunkIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupPending, types.RollupStatus(batches[0].RollupStatus))
+	assert.Equal(t, types.ProvingTaskUnassigned, types.ProvingStatus(batches[0].ProvingStatus))
+
+	dbChunks, err := chunkOrm.GetChunksInRange(context.Background(), 0, 0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, batches, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, batches[0].Hash, dbChunks[0].BatchHash)
+	assert.Equal(t, types.ProvingTaskUnassigned, types.ProvingStatus(dbChunks[0].ProvingStatus))
+
+	blockOrm := orm.NewL2Block(db)
+	blocks, err := blockOrm.GetL2Blocks(context.Background(), map[string]interface{}{}, []string{}, 0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, blocks, 2)
+	assert.Equal(t, dbChunks[0].Hash, blocks[0].ChunkHash)
+	assert.Equal(t, dbChunks[0].Hash, blocks[1].ChunkHash)
 }
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/chunk_proposer.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/chunk_proposer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+package watcher
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/config"
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/orm"
+	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
+)
+
+// ChunkProposer proposes chunks based on available unchunked blocks.
+type ChunkProposer struct {
+	ctx context.Context
+	db  *gorm.DB
+
+	chunkOrm   *orm.Chunk
+	l2BlockOrm *orm.L2Block
+
+	maxTxGasPerChunk                uint64
+	maxL2TxNumPerChunk              uint64
+	maxL1CommitGasPerChunk          uint64
+	maxL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk uint64
+	minL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk uint64
+	chunkTimeoutSec                 uint64
+}
+
+// NewChunkProposer creates a new ChunkProposer instance.
+func NewChunkProposer(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.ChunkProposerConfig, db *gorm.DB) *ChunkProposer {
+	return &ChunkProposer{
+		ctx:                             ctx,
+		db:                              db,
+		chunkOrm:                        orm.NewChunk(db),
+		l2BlockOrm:                      orm.NewL2Block(db),
+		maxTxGasPerChunk:                cfg.MaxTxGasPerChunk,
+		maxL2TxNumPerChunk:              cfg.MaxL2TxNumPerChunk,
+		maxL1CommitGasPerChunk:          cfg.MaxL1CommitGasPerChunk,
+		maxL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk: cfg.MaxL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk,
+		minL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk: cfg.MinL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk,
+		chunkTimeoutSec:                 cfg.ChunkTimeoutSec,
+	}
+}
+
+// TryProposeChunk tries to propose a new chunk.
+func (p *ChunkProposer) TryProposeChunk() {
+	proposedChunk, err := p.proposeChunk()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("propose new chunk failed", "err", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := p.updateChunkInfoInDB(proposedChunk); err != nil {
+		log.Error("update chunk info in orm failed", "err", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *ChunkProposer) updateChunkInfoInDB(chunk *bridgeTypes.Chunk) error {
+	if chunk == nil {
+		log.Warn("proposed chunk is nil, cannot update in DB")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	err := p.db.Transaction(func(dbTX *gorm.DB) error {
+		dbChunk, err := p.chunkOrm.InsertChunk(p.ctx, chunk, dbTX)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if err := p.l2BlockOrm.UpdateChunkHashInRange(p.ctx, dbChunk.StartBlockNumber, dbChunk.EndBlockNumber, dbChunk.Hash, dbTX); err != nil {
+			log.Error("failed to update chunk_hash for l2_blocks", "chunk hash", chunk.Hash, "start block", 0, "end block", 0, "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+func (p *ChunkProposer) proposeChunk() (*bridgeTypes.Chunk, error) {
+	blocks, err := p.l2BlockOrm.GetUnchunkedBlocks(p.ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if len(blocks) == 0 {
+		log.Warn("no un-chunked blocks")
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	firstBlock := blocks[0]
+	totalTxGasUsed := firstBlock.Header.GasUsed
+	totalL2TxNum := firstBlock.L2TxsNum()
+	totalL1CommitCalldataSize := firstBlock.EstimateL1CommitCalldataSize()
+	totalL1CommitGas := firstBlock.EstimateL1CommitGas()
+
+	// Check if the first block breaks hard limits.
+	// If so, it indicates there are bugs in sequencer, manual fix is needed.
+	if totalL2TxNum > p.maxL2TxNumPerChunk {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"the first block exceeds l2 tx number limit; block number: %v, number of transactions: %v, max transaction number limit: %v",
+			firstBlock.Header.Number,
+			totalL2TxNum,
+			p.maxL2TxNumPerChunk,
+		)
+	}
+
+	if totalTxGasUsed > p.maxTxGasPerChunk {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"the first block exceeds l2 tx gas limit; block number: %v, gas used: %v, max gas limit: %v",
+			firstBlock.Header.Number,
+			totalTxGasUsed,
+			p.maxTxGasPerChunk,
+		)
+	}
+
+	if totalL1CommitGas > p.maxL1CommitGasPerChunk {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"the first block exceeds l1 commit gas limit; block number: %v, commit gas: %v, max commit gas limit: %v",
+			firstBlock.Header.Number,
+			totalL1CommitGas,
+			p.maxL1CommitGasPerChunk,
+		)
+	}
+
+	if totalL1CommitCalldataSize > p.maxL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"the first block exceeds l1 commit calldata size limit; block number: %v, calldata size: %v, max calldata size limit: %v",
+			firstBlock.Header.Number,
+			totalL1CommitCalldataSize,
+			p.maxL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk,
+		)
+	}
+
+	for i, block := range blocks[1:] {
+		totalTxGasUsed += block.Header.GasUsed
+		totalL2TxNum += block.L2TxsNum()
+		totalL1CommitCalldataSize += block.EstimateL1CommitCalldataSize()
+		totalL1CommitGas += block.EstimateL1CommitGas()
+		if totalTxGasUsed > p.maxTxGasPerChunk ||
+			totalL2TxNum > p.maxL2TxNumPerChunk ||
+			totalL1CommitCalldataSize > p.maxL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk ||
+			totalL1CommitGas > p.maxL1CommitGasPerChunk {
+			blocks = blocks[:i+1]
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	var hasBlockTimeout bool
+	currentTimeSec := uint64(time.Now().Unix())
+	if blocks[0].Header.Time+p.chunkTimeoutSec < currentTimeSec {
+		log.Warn("first block timeout",
+			"block number", blocks[0].Header.Number,
+			"block timestamp", blocks[0].Header.Time,
+			"block outdated time threshold", currentTimeSec,
+		)
+		hasBlockTimeout = true
+	}
+
+	if !hasBlockTimeout && totalL1CommitCalldataSize < p.minL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk {
+		log.Warn("The calldata size of the chunk is less than the minimum limit",
+			"totalL1CommitCalldataSize", totalL1CommitCalldataSize,
+			"minL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk", p.minL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk,
+		)
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return &bridgeTypes.Chunk{Blocks: blocks}, nil
+}
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/chunk_proposer_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/chunk_proposer_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package watcher
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/config"
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/orm"
+	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/utils"
+)
+
+// TODO: Add unit tests that the limits are enforced correctly.
+func testChunkProposer(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupDB(t)
+	defer utils.CloseDB(db)
+
+	l2BlockOrm := orm.NewL2Block(db)
+	err := l2BlockOrm.InsertL2Blocks(context.Background(), []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1, wrappedBlock2})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cp := NewChunkProposer(context.Background(), &config.ChunkProposerConfig{
+		MaxTxGasPerChunk:                1000000000,
+		MaxL2TxNumPerChunk:              10000,
+		MaxL1CommitGasPerChunk:          50000000000,
+		MaxL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk: 1000000,
+		MinL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk: 0,
+		ChunkTimeoutSec:                 300,
+	}, db)
+	cp.TryProposeChunk()
+
+	expectedChunk := &bridgeTypes.Chunk{
+		Blocks: []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1, wrappedBlock2},
+	}
+	expectedHash, err := expectedChunk.Hash(0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	chunkOrm := orm.NewChunk(db)
+	chunks, err := chunkOrm.GetUnbatchedChunks(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, chunks, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedHash.Hex(), chunks[0].Hash)
+}
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/l1_watcher.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/l1_watcher.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ type L1WatcherClient struct {
 	l1MessageOrm *orm.L1Message
 	l2MessageOrm *orm.L2Message
 	l1BlockOrm   *orm.L1Block
-	l1BatchOrm   *orm.BlockBatch
+	batchOrm     *orm.Batch

 	// The number of new blocks to wait for a block to be confirmed
 	confirmations rpc.BlockNumber
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func NewL1WatcherClient(ctx context.Context, client *ethclient.Client, startHeig
 		client:        client,
 		l1MessageOrm:  l1MessageOrm,
 		l1BlockOrm:    l1BlockOrm,
-		l1BatchOrm:    orm.NewBlockBatch(db),
+		batchOrm:      orm.NewBatch(db),
 		l2MessageOrm:  orm.NewL2Message(db),
 		confirmations: confirmations,

@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ func (w *L1WatcherClient) FetchContractEvent() error {
 		for _, event := range rollupEvents {
 			batchHashes = append(batchHashes, event.batchHash.String())
 		}
-		statuses, err := w.l1BatchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(batchHashes)
+		statuses, err := w.batchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(w.ctx, batchHashes)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error("Failed to GetRollupStatusByHashList", "err", err)
 			return err
@@ -261,9 +261,9 @@ func (w *L1WatcherClient) FetchContractEvent() error {
 			// only update when db status is before event status
 			if event.status > status {
 				if event.status == types.RollupFinalized {
-					err = w.l1BatchOrm.UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus(w.ctx, batchHash, event.txHash.String(), event.status)
+					err = w.batchOrm.UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus(w.ctx, batchHash, event.txHash.String(), event.status)
 				} else if event.status == types.RollupCommitted {
-					err = w.l1BatchOrm.UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus(w.ctx, batchHash, event.txHash.String(), event.status)
+					err = w.batchOrm.UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus(w.ctx, batchHash, event.txHash.String(), event.status)
 				}
 				if err != nil {
 					log.Error("Failed to update Rollup/Finalize TxHash and Status", "err", err)
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ func (w *L1WatcherClient) parseBridgeEventLogs(logs []gethTypes.Log) ([]*orm.L1M
 			msgHash := common.BytesToHash(crypto.Keccak256(event.Data))

 			l1Messages = append(l1Messages, &orm.L1Message{
-				QueueIndex: event.QueueIndex.Uint64(),
+				QueueIndex: event.QueueIndex,
 				MsgHash:    msgHash.String(),
 				Height:     vLog.BlockNumber,
 				Sender:     event.Sender.String(),
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/l1_watcher_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/l1_watcher_test.go
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ func testL1WatcherClientFetchContractEvent(t *testing.T) {
 			return nil, nil, nil, targetErr
 		})
 		err := watcher.FetchContractEvent()
-		assert.Equal(t, err.Error(), targetErr.Error())
+		assert.EqualError(t, err, targetErr.Error())
 	})

 	patchGuard.ApplyPrivateMethod(watcher, "parseBridgeEventLogs", func(*L1WatcherClient, []types.Log) ([]*orm.L1Message, []relayedMessage, []rollupEvent, error) {
@@ -195,10 +195,10 @@ func testL1WatcherClientFetchContractEvent(t *testing.T) {
 		return nil, relayedMessageEvents, rollupEvents, nil
 	})

-	var blockBatchOrm *orm.BlockBatch
+	var batchOrm *orm.Batch
 	convey.Convey("db get rollup status by hash list failure", t, func() {
 		targetErr := errors.New("get db failure")
-		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "GetRollupStatusByHashList", func(hashes []string) ([]commonTypes.RollupStatus, error) {
+		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "GetRollupStatusByHashList", func(context.Context, []string) ([]commonTypes.RollupStatus, error) {
 			return nil, targetErr
 		})
 		err := watcher.FetchContractEvent()
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ func testL1WatcherClientFetchContractEvent(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	convey.Convey("rollup status mismatch batch hashes length", t, func() {
-		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "GetRollupStatusByHashList", func(hashes []string) ([]commonTypes.RollupStatus, error) {
+		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "GetRollupStatusByHashList", func(context.Context, []string) ([]commonTypes.RollupStatus, error) {
 			s := []commonTypes.RollupStatus{
 				commonTypes.RollupFinalized,
 			}
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ func testL1WatcherClientFetchContractEvent(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 	})

-	patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "GetRollupStatusByHashList", func(hashes []string) ([]commonTypes.RollupStatus, error) {
+	patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "GetRollupStatusByHashList", func(context.Context, []string) ([]commonTypes.RollupStatus, error) {
 		s := []commonTypes.RollupStatus{
 			commonTypes.RollupPending,
 			commonTypes.RollupCommitting,
@@ -226,27 +226,27 @@ func testL1WatcherClientFetchContractEvent(t *testing.T) {

 	convey.Convey("db update RollupFinalized status failure", t, func() {
 		targetErr := errors.New("UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus RollupFinalized failure")
-		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus", func(context.Context, string, string, commonTypes.RollupStatus) error {
+		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus", func(context.Context, string, string, commonTypes.RollupStatus) error {
 			return targetErr
 		})
 		err := watcher.FetchContractEvent()
 		assert.Equal(t, targetErr.Error(), err.Error())
 	})

-	patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus", func(context.Context, string, string, commonTypes.RollupStatus) error {
+	patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus", func(context.Context, string, string, commonTypes.RollupStatus) error {
 		return nil
 	})

 	convey.Convey("db update RollupCommitted status failure", t, func() {
 		targetErr := errors.New("UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus RollupCommitted failure")
-		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus", func(context.Context, string, string, commonTypes.RollupStatus) error {
+		patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus", func(context.Context, string, string, commonTypes.RollupStatus) error {
 			return targetErr
 		})
 		err := watcher.FetchContractEvent()
 		assert.Equal(t, targetErr.Error(), err.Error())
 	})

-	patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(blockBatchOrm, "UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus", func(context.Context, string, string, commonTypes.RollupStatus) error {
+	patchGuard.ApplyMethodFunc(batchOrm, "UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus", func(context.Context, string, string, commonTypes.RollupStatus) error {
 		return nil
 	})

@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ func testParseBridgeEventLogsL1QueueTransactionEventSignature(t *testing.T) {
 	convey.Convey("L1QueueTransactionEventSignature success", t, func() {
 		patchGuard := gomonkey.ApplyFunc(utils.UnpackLog, func(c *abi.ABI, out interface{}, event string, log types.Log) error {
 			tmpOut := out.(*bridgeAbi.L1QueueTransactionEvent)
-			tmpOut.QueueIndex = big.NewInt(100)
+			tmpOut.QueueIndex = 100
 			tmpOut.Data = []byte("test data")
 			tmpOut.Sender = common.HexToAddress("0xb4c11951957c6f8f642c4af61cd6b24640fec6dc7fc607ee8206a99e92410d30")
 			tmpOut.Value = big.NewInt(1000)
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/l2_watcher.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/l2_watcher.go
@@ -44,11 +44,12 @@ type L2WatcherClient struct {

 	*ethclient.Client

-	db            *gorm.DB
-	blockBatchOrm *orm.BlockBatch
-	blockTraceOrm *orm.BlockTrace
-	l1MessageOrm  *orm.L1Message
-	l2MessageOrm  *orm.L2Message
+	db           *gorm.DB
+	l2BlockOrm   *orm.L2Block
+	chunkOrm     *orm.Chunk
+	batchOrm     *orm.Batch
+	l1MessageOrm *orm.L1Message
+	l2MessageOrm *orm.L2Message

 	confirmations rpc.BlockNumber

@@ -79,8 +80,9 @@ func NewL2WatcherClient(ctx context.Context, client *ethclient.Client, confirmat
 		db:     db,
 		Client: client,

-		blockBatchOrm:      orm.NewBlockBatch(db),
-		blockTraceOrm:      orm.NewBlockTrace(db),
+		l2BlockOrm:         orm.NewL2Block(db),
+		chunkOrm:           orm.NewChunk(db),
+		batchOrm:           orm.NewBatch(db),
 		l1MessageOrm:       orm.NewL1Message(db),
 		l2MessageOrm:       l2MessageOrm,
 		processedMsgHeight: uint64(savedHeight),
@@ -105,10 +107,10 @@ func NewL2WatcherClient(ctx context.Context, client *ethclient.Client, confirmat
 }

 func (w *L2WatcherClient) initializeGenesis() error {
-	if count, err := w.blockBatchOrm.GetBatchCount(); err != nil {
+	if count, err := w.batchOrm.GetBatchCount(w.ctx); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get batch count: %v", err)
 	} else if count > 0 {
-		log.Info("genesis already imported")
+		log.Info("genesis already imported", "batch count", count)
 		return nil
 	}

@@ -119,61 +121,74 @@ func (w *L2WatcherClient) initializeGenesis() error {

 	log.Info("retrieved L2 genesis header", "hash", genesis.Hash().String())

-	blockTrace := &bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{
-		Header:           genesis,
-		Transactions:     nil,
-		WithdrawTrieRoot: common.Hash{},
-	}
-	batchData := bridgeTypes.NewGenesisBatchData(blockTrace)
-
-	if err = orm.AddBatchInfoToDB(w.db, batchData); err != nil {
-		log.Error("failed to add batch info to DB", "BatchHash", batchData.Hash(), "error", err)
-		return err
+	chunk := &bridgeTypes.Chunk{
+		Blocks: []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{{
+			Header:           genesis,
+			Transactions:     nil,
+			WithdrawTrieRoot: common.Hash{},
+		}},
 	}

-	batchHash := batchData.Hash().Hex()
+	err = w.db.Transaction(func(dbTX *gorm.DB) error {
+		var dbChunk *orm.Chunk
+		dbChunk, err = w.chunkOrm.InsertChunk(w.ctx, chunk, dbTX)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to insert chunk: %v", err)
+		}

-	if err = w.blockBatchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(batchHash, types.ProvingTaskProved); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update genesis batch proving status: %v", err)
+		if err = w.chunkOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(w.ctx, dbChunk.Hash, types.ProvingTaskVerified, dbTX); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update genesis chunk proving status: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		var batchHash string
+		batchHash, err = w.batchOrm.InsertBatch(w.ctx, 0, 0, dbChunk.Hash, dbChunk.Hash, []*bridgeTypes.Chunk{chunk}, dbTX)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to insert batch: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if err = w.chunkOrm.UpdateBatchHashInRange(w.ctx, 0, 0, batchHash, dbTX); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update batch hash for chunks: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if err = w.batchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(w.ctx, batchHash, types.ProvingTaskVerified, dbTX); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update genesis batch proving status: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		if err = w.batchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(w.ctx, batchHash, types.RollupFinalized, dbTX); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update genesis batch rollup status: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("update genesis transaction failed: %v", err)
 	}

-	if err = w.blockBatchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(w.ctx, batchHash, types.RollupFinalized); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update genesis batch rollup status: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	log.Info("successfully imported genesis batch")
+	log.Info("successfully imported genesis chunk and batch")

 	return nil
 }

 const blockTracesFetchLimit = uint64(10)

-// TryFetchRunningMissingBlocks try fetch missing blocks if inconsistent
-func (w *L2WatcherClient) TryFetchRunningMissingBlocks(ctx context.Context, blockHeight uint64) {
-	// Get newest block in DB. must have blocks at that time.
-	// Don't use "block_trace" table "trace" column's BlockTrace.Number,
-	// because it might be empty if the corresponding rollup_result is finalized/finalization_skipped
-	heightInDB, err := w.blockTraceOrm.GetL2BlocksLatestHeight()
+// TryFetchRunningMissingBlocks attempts to fetch and store block traces for any missing blocks.
+func (w *L2WatcherClient) TryFetchRunningMissingBlocks(blockHeight uint64) {
+	heightInDB, err := w.l2BlockOrm.GetL2BlocksLatestHeight(w.ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("failed to GetL2BlocksLatestHeight", "err", err)
 		return
 	}

-	// Can't get trace from genesis block, so the default start number is 1.
-	var from = uint64(1)
-	if heightInDB > 0 {
-		from = uint64(heightInDB) + 1
-	}
-
-	for ; from <= blockHeight; from += blockTracesFetchLimit {
+	// Fetch and store block traces for missing blocks
+	for from := uint64(heightInDB) + 1; from <= blockHeight; from += blockTracesFetchLimit {
 		to := from + blockTracesFetchLimit - 1

 		if to > blockHeight {
 			to = blockHeight
 		}

-		// Get block traces and insert into db.
-		if err = w.getAndStoreBlockTraces(ctx, from, to); err != nil {
+		if err = w.getAndStoreBlockTraces(w.ctx, from, to); err != nil {
 			log.Error("fail to getAndStoreBlockTraces", "from", from, "to", to, "err", err)
 			return
 		}
@@ -229,7 +244,7 @@ func (w *L2WatcherClient) getAndStoreBlockTraces(ctx context.Context, from, to u
 	}

 	if len(blocks) > 0 {
-		if err := w.blockTraceOrm.InsertWrappedBlocks(blocks); err != nil {
+		if err := w.l2BlockOrm.InsertL2Blocks(w.ctx, blocks); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to batch insert BlockTraces: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/l2_watcher_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/l2_watcher_test.go
@@ -210,15 +210,15 @@ func testFetchRunningMissingBlocks(t *testing.T) {
 	address, err := bind.WaitDeployed(context.Background(), l2Cli, tx)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	blockTraceOrm := orm.NewBlockTrace(db)
+	l2BlockOrm := orm.NewL2Block(db)
 	ok := cutils.TryTimes(10, func() bool {
 		latestHeight, err := l2Cli.BlockNumber(context.Background())
 		if err != nil {
 			return false
 		}
 		wc := prepareWatcherClient(l2Cli, db, address)
-		wc.TryFetchRunningMissingBlocks(context.Background(), latestHeight)
-		fetchedHeight, err := blockTraceOrm.GetL2BlocksLatestHeight()
+		wc.TryFetchRunningMissingBlocks(latestHeight)
+		fetchedHeight, err := l2BlockOrm.GetL2BlocksLatestHeight(context.Background())
 		return err == nil && uint64(fetchedHeight) == latestHeight
 	})
 	assert.True(t, ok)
--- a/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/watcher_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/controller/watcher/watcher_test.go
@@ -115,8 +115,9 @@ func TestFunction(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("TestParseBridgeEventLogsL2FailedRelayedMessageEventSignature", testParseBridgeEventLogsL2FailedRelayedMessageEventSignature)
 	t.Run("TestParseBridgeEventLogsL2AppendMessageEventSignature", testParseBridgeEventLogsL2AppendMessageEventSignature)

-	// Run batch proposer test cases.
-	t.Run("TestBatchProposerProposeBatch", testBatchProposerProposeBatch)
-	t.Run("TestBatchProposerBatchGeneration", testBatchProposerBatchGeneration)
-	t.Run("TestBatchProposerGracefulRestart", testBatchProposerGracefulRestart)
+	// Run chunk-proposer test cases.
+	t.Run("TestChunkProposer", testChunkProposer)
+
+	// Run batch-proposer test cases.
+	t.Run("TestBatchProposer", testBatchProposer)
 }
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/batch.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/batch.go
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+package orm
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"scroll-tech/common/types"
+	"scroll-tech/common/types/message"
+
+	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
+
+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+const defaultBatchHeaderVersion = 0
+
+// Batch represents a batch of chunks.
+type Batch struct {
+	db *gorm.DB `gorm:"column:-"`
+
+	// batch
+	Index           uint64 `json:"index" gorm:"column:index"`
+	Hash            string `json:"hash" gorm:"column:hash"`
+	StartChunkIndex uint64 `json:"start_chunk_index" gorm:"column:start_chunk_index"`
+	StartChunkHash  string `json:"start_chunk_hash" gorm:"column:start_chunk_hash"`
+	EndChunkIndex   uint64 `json:"end_chunk_index" gorm:"column:end_chunk_index"`
+	EndChunkHash    string `json:"end_chunk_hash" gorm:"column:end_chunk_hash"`
+	StateRoot       string `json:"state_root" gorm:"column:state_root"`
+	WithdrawRoot    string `json:"withdraw_root" gorm:"column:withdraw_root"`
+	BatchHeader     []byte `json:"batch_header" gorm:"column:batch_header"`
+
+	// proof
+	ProvingStatus    int16      `json:"proving_status" gorm:"column:proving_status;default:1"`
+	Proof            []byte     `json:"proof" gorm:"column:proof;default:NULL"`
+	ProverAssignedAt *time.Time `json:"prover_assigned_at" gorm:"column:prover_assigned_at;default:NULL"`
+	ProvedAt         *time.Time `json:"proved_at" gorm:"column:proved_at;default:NULL"`
+	ProofTimeSec     int        `json:"proof_time_sec" gorm:"column:proof_time_sec;default:NULL"`
+
+	// rollup
+	RollupStatus   int16      `json:"rollup_status" gorm:"column:rollup_status;default:1"`
+	CommitTxHash   string     `json:"commit_tx_hash" gorm:"column:commit_tx_hash;default:NULL"`
+	CommittedAt    *time.Time `json:"committed_at" gorm:"column:committed_at;default:NULL"`
+	FinalizeTxHash string     `json:"finalize_tx_hash" gorm:"column:finalize_tx_hash;default:NULL"`
+	FinalizedAt    *time.Time `json:"finalized_at" gorm:"column:finalized_at;default:NULL"`
+
+	// gas oracle
+	OracleStatus int16  `json:"oracle_status" gorm:"column:oracle_status;default:1"`
+	OracleTxHash string `json:"oracle_tx_hash" gorm:"column:oracle_tx_hash;default:NULL"`
+
+	// metadata
+	CreatedAt time.Time      `json:"created_at" gorm:"column:created_at"`
+	UpdatedAt time.Time      `json:"updated_at" gorm:"column:updated_at"`
+	DeletedAt gorm.DeletedAt `json:"deleted_at" gorm:"column:deleted_at;default:NULL"`
+}
+
+// NewBatch creates a new Batch database instance.
+func NewBatch(db *gorm.DB) *Batch {
+	return &Batch{db: db}
+}
+
+// TableName returns the table name for the Batch model.
+func (*Batch) TableName() string {
+	return "batch"
+}
+
+// GetBatches retrieves selected batches from the database.
+// The returned batches are sorted in ascending order by their index.
+func (o *Batch) GetBatches(ctx context.Context, fields map[string]interface{}, orderByList []string, limit int) ([]*Batch, error) {
+	db := o.db.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	for key, value := range fields {
+		db = db.Where(key, value)
+	}
+
+	for _, orderBy := range orderByList {
+		db = db.Order(orderBy)
+	}
+
+	if limit > 0 {
+		db = db.Limit(limit)
+	}
+
+	db = db.Order("index ASC")
+
+	var batches []*Batch
+	if err := db.Find(&batches).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return batches, nil
+}
+
+// GetBatchCount retrieves the total number of batches in the database.
+func (o *Batch) GetBatchCount(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error) {
+	var count int64
+	err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&Batch{}).Count(&count).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return uint64(count), nil
+}
+
+// GetVerifiedProofByHash retrieves the verified aggregate proof for a batch with the given hash.
+func (o *Batch) GetVerifiedProofByHash(ctx context.Context, hash string) (*message.AggProof, error) {
+	var batch Batch
+	err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Where("hash = ? AND proving_status = ?", hash, types.ProvingTaskVerified).First(&batch).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var proof message.AggProof
+	err = json.Unmarshal(batch.Proof, &proof)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &proof, nil
+}
+
+// GetLatestBatch retrieves the latest batch from the database.
+func (o *Batch) GetLatestBatch(ctx context.Context) (*Batch, error) {
+	var latestBatch Batch
+	err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Order("index desc").First(&latestBatch).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &latestBatch, nil
+}
+
+// GetRollupStatusByHashList retrieves the rollup statuses for a list of batch hashes.
+func (o *Batch) GetRollupStatusByHashList(ctx context.Context, hashes []string) ([]types.RollupStatus, error) {
+	if len(hashes) == 0 {
+		return []types.RollupStatus{}, nil
+	}
+
+	var batches []Batch
+	err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Where("hash IN ?", hashes).Find(&batches).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	hashToStatusMap := make(map[string]types.RollupStatus)
+	for _, batch := range batches {
+		hashToStatusMap[batch.Hash] = types.RollupStatus(batch.RollupStatus)
+	}
+
+	var statuses []types.RollupStatus
+	for _, hash := range hashes {
+		status, ok := hashToStatusMap[hash]
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("hash not found in database: %s", hash)
+		}
+		statuses = append(statuses, status)
+	}
+
+	return statuses, nil
+}
+
+// GetPendingBatches retrieves pending batches up to the specified limit.
+// The returned batches are sorted in ascending order by their index.
+func (o *Batch) GetPendingBatches(ctx context.Context, limit int) ([]*Batch, error) {
+	if limit <= 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("limit must be greater than zero")
+	}
+
+	var batches []*Batch
+	db := o.db.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	db = db.Where("rollup_status = ?", types.RollupPending).Order("index ASC").Limit(limit)
+
+	if err := db.Find(&batches).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return batches, nil
+}
+
+// GetBatchByIndex retrieves the batch by the given index.
+func (o *Batch) GetBatchByIndex(ctx context.Context, index uint64) (*Batch, error) {
+	var batch Batch
+	err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Where("index = ?", index).First(&batch).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &batch, nil
+}
+
+// InsertBatch inserts a new batch into the database.
+func (o *Batch) InsertBatch(ctx context.Context, startChunkIndex, endChunkIndex uint64, startChunkHash, endChunkHash string, chunks []*bridgeTypes.Chunk, dbTX ...*gorm.DB) (string, error) {
+	if len(chunks) == 0 {
+		return "", errors.New("invalid args")
+	}
+
+	db := o.db
+	if len(dbTX) > 0 && dbTX[0] != nil {
+		db = dbTX[0]
+	}
+
+	parentBatch, err := o.GetLatestBatch(ctx)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+		log.Error("failed to get the latest batch", "err", err)
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	var batchIndex uint64
+	var parentBatchHash common.Hash
+	var totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64
+	var version uint8 = defaultBatchHeaderVersion
+
+	// if parentBatch==nil then err==gorm.ErrRecordNotFound, which means there's
+	// not batch record in the db, we then use default empty values for the creating batch;
+	// if parentBatch!=nil then err=nil, then we fill the parentBatch-related data into the creating batch
+	if parentBatch != nil {
+		batchIndex = parentBatch.Index + 1
+		parentBatchHash = common.HexToHash(parentBatch.Hash)
+
+		var parentBatchHeader *bridgeTypes.BatchHeader
+		parentBatchHeader, err = bridgeTypes.DecodeBatchHeader(parentBatch.BatchHeader)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("failed to decode parent batch header", "index", parentBatch.Index, "hash", parentBatch.Hash, "err", err)
+			return "", err
+		}
+
+		totalL1MessagePoppedBefore = parentBatchHeader.TotalL1MessagePopped()
+		version = parentBatchHeader.Version()
+	}
+
+	batchHeader, err := bridgeTypes.NewBatchHeader(version, batchIndex, totalL1MessagePoppedBefore, parentBatchHash, chunks)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("failed to create batch header",
+			"index", batchIndex, "total l1 message popped before", totalL1MessagePoppedBefore,
+			"parent hash", parentBatchHash, "number of chunks", len(chunks), "err", err)
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	numChunks := len(chunks)
+	lastChunkBlockNum := len(chunks[numChunks-1].Blocks)
+
+	newBatch := Batch{
+		Index:           batchIndex,
+		Hash:            batchHeader.Hash().Hex(),
+		StartChunkHash:  startChunkHash,
+		StartChunkIndex: startChunkIndex,
+		EndChunkHash:    endChunkHash,
+		EndChunkIndex:   endChunkIndex,
+		StateRoot:       chunks[numChunks-1].Blocks[lastChunkBlockNum-1].Header.Root.Hex(),
+		WithdrawRoot:    chunks[numChunks-1].Blocks[lastChunkBlockNum-1].WithdrawTrieRoot.Hex(),
+		BatchHeader:     batchHeader.Encode(),
+		ProvingStatus:   int16(types.ProvingTaskUnassigned),
+		RollupStatus:    int16(types.RollupPending),
+	}
+
+	if err := db.WithContext(ctx).Create(&newBatch).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Error("failed to insert batch", "batch", newBatch, "err", err)
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	return newBatch.Hash, nil
+}
+
+// UpdateSkippedBatches updates the skipped batches in the database.
+func (o *Batch) UpdateSkippedBatches(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error) {
+	provingStatusList := []interface{}{
+		int(types.ProvingTaskSkipped),
+		int(types.ProvingTaskFailed),
+	}
+	result := o.db.Model(&Batch{}).Where("rollup_status", int(types.RollupCommitted)).
+		Where("proving_status IN (?)", provingStatusList).Update("rollup_status", int(types.RollupFinalizationSkipped))
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		return 0, result.Error
+	}
+	return uint64(result.RowsAffected), nil
+}
+
+// UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash updates the L2 gas oracle status and transaction hash for a batch.
+func (o *Batch) UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash(ctx context.Context, hash string, status types.GasOracleStatus, txHash string) error {
+	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
+	updateFields["oracle_status"] = int(status)
+	updateFields["oracle_tx_hash"] = txHash
+	if err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&Batch{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateProvingStatus updates the proving status of a batch.
+func (o *Batch) UpdateProvingStatus(ctx context.Context, hash string, status types.ProvingStatus, dbTX ...*gorm.DB) error {
+	db := o.db
+	if len(dbTX) > 0 && dbTX[0] != nil {
+		db = dbTX[0]
+	}
+
+	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
+	updateFields["proving_status"] = int(status)
+
+	switch status {
+	case types.ProvingTaskAssigned:
+		updateFields["prover_assigned_at"] = time.Now()
+	case types.ProvingTaskUnassigned:
+		updateFields["prover_assigned_at"] = nil
+	case types.ProvingTaskProved, types.ProvingTaskVerified:
+		updateFields["proved_at"] = time.Now()
+	default:
+	}
+
+	if err := db.Model(&Batch{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateRollupStatus updates the rollup status of a batch.
+func (o *Batch) UpdateRollupStatus(ctx context.Context, hash string, status types.RollupStatus, dbTX ...*gorm.DB) error {
+	db := o.db
+	if len(dbTX) > 0 && dbTX[0] != nil {
+		db = dbTX[0]
+	}
+
+	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
+	updateFields["rollup_status"] = int(status)
+
+	switch status {
+	case types.RollupCommitted:
+		updateFields["committed_at"] = time.Now()
+	case types.RollupFinalized:
+		updateFields["finalized_at"] = time.Now()
+	}
+	if err := db.Model(&Batch{}).WithContext(ctx).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus updates the commit transaction hash and rollup status for a batch.
+func (o *Batch) UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus(ctx context.Context, hash string, commitTxHash string, status types.RollupStatus) error {
+	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
+	updateFields["commit_tx_hash"] = commitTxHash
+	updateFields["rollup_status"] = int(status)
+	if status == types.RollupCommitted {
+		updateFields["committed_at"] = time.Now()
+	}
+	if err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&Batch{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus updates the finalize transaction hash and rollup status for a batch.
+func (o *Batch) UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus(ctx context.Context, hash string, finalizeTxHash string, status types.RollupStatus) error {
+	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
+	updateFields["finalize_tx_hash"] = finalizeTxHash
+	updateFields["rollup_status"] = int(status)
+	if status == types.RollupFinalized {
+		updateFields["finalized_at"] = time.Now()
+	}
+	if err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&Batch{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateProofByHash updates the block batch proof by hash.
+// for unit test.
+func (o *Batch) UpdateProofByHash(ctx context.Context, hash string, proof *message.AggProof, proofTimeSec uint64) error {
+	proofBytes, err := json.Marshal(proof)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
+	updateFields["proof"] = proofBytes
+	updateFields["proof_time_sec"] = proofTimeSec
+	err = o.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&Batch{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error
+	return err
+}
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/block_batch.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/block_batch.go
@@ -1,314 +0,0 @@
-package orm
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"errors"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
-
-	"scroll-tech/common/types"
-	"scroll-tech/common/types/message"
-
-	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
-)
-
-// BlockBatch is structure of stored block batch message
-type BlockBatch struct {
-	db *gorm.DB `gorm:"column:-"`
-
-	Hash             string     `json:"hash" gorm:"column:hash"`
-	Index            uint64     `json:"index" gorm:"column:index"`
-	StartBlockNumber uint64     `json:"start_block_number" gorm:"column:start_block_number"`
-	StartBlockHash   string     `json:"start_block_hash" gorm:"column:start_block_hash"`
-	EndBlockNumber   uint64     `json:"end_block_number" gorm:"column:end_block_number"`
-	EndBlockHash     string     `json:"end_block_hash" gorm:"column:end_block_hash"`
-	ParentHash       string     `json:"parent_hash" gorm:"column:parent_hash"`
-	StateRoot        string     `json:"state_root" gorm:"column:state_root"`
-	TotalTxNum       uint64     `json:"total_tx_num" gorm:"column:total_tx_num"`
-	TotalL1TxNum     uint64     `json:"total_l1_tx_num" gorm:"column:total_l1_tx_num"`
-	TotalL2Gas       uint64     `json:"total_l2_gas" gorm:"column:total_l2_gas"`
-	ProvingStatus    int        `json:"proving_status" gorm:"column:proving_status;default:1"`
-	Proof            []byte     `json:"proof" gorm:"column:proof"`
-	ProofTimeSec     uint64     `json:"proof_time_sec" gorm:"column:proof_time_sec;default:0"`
-	RollupStatus     int        `json:"rollup_status" gorm:"column:rollup_status;default:1"`
-	CommitTxHash     string     `json:"commit_tx_hash" gorm:"column:commit_tx_hash;default:NULL"`
-	OracleStatus     int        `json:"oracle_status" gorm:"column:oracle_status;default:1"`
-	OracleTxHash     string     `json:"oracle_tx_hash" gorm:"column:oracle_tx_hash;default:NULL"`
-	FinalizeTxHash   string     `json:"finalize_tx_hash" gorm:"column:finalize_tx_hash;default:NULL"`
-	CreatedAt        time.Time  `json:"created_at" gorm:"column:created_at;default:CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()"`
-	ProverAssignedAt *time.Time `json:"prover_assigned_at" gorm:"column:prover_assigned_at;default:NULL"`
-	ProvedAt         *time.Time `json:"proved_at" gorm:"column:proved_at;default:NULL"`
-	CommittedAt      *time.Time `json:"committed_at" gorm:"column:committed_at;default:NULL"`
-	FinalizedAt      *time.Time `json:"finalized_at" gorm:"column:finalized_at;default:NULL"`
-}
-
-// NewBlockBatch create an blockBatchOrm instance
-func NewBlockBatch(db *gorm.DB) *BlockBatch {
-	return &BlockBatch{db: db}
-}
-
-// TableName define the BlockBatch table name
-func (*BlockBatch) TableName() string {
-	return "block_batch"
-}
-
-// GetBatchCount get the batch count
-func (o *BlockBatch) GetBatchCount() (int64, error) {
-	var count int64
-	if err := o.db.Model(&BlockBatch{}).Count(&count).Error; err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	return count, nil
-}
-
-// GetBlockBatches get the select block batches
-func (o *BlockBatch) GetBlockBatches(fields map[string]interface{}, orderByList []string, limit int) ([]BlockBatch, error) {
-	var blockBatches []BlockBatch
-	db := o.db
-	for key, value := range fields {
-		db = db.Where(key, value)
-	}
-
-	for _, orderBy := range orderByList {
-		db = db.Order(orderBy)
-	}
-
-	if limit != 0 {
-		db = db.Limit(limit)
-	}
-
-	if err := db.Find(&blockBatches).Error; err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return blockBatches, nil
-}
-
-// GetBlockBatchesHashByRollupStatus get the block batches by rollup status
-func (o *BlockBatch) GetBlockBatchesHashByRollupStatus(status types.RollupStatus, limit int) ([]string, error) {
-	var blockBatches []BlockBatch
-	err := o.db.Select("hash").Where("rollup_status", int(status)).Order("index ASC").Limit(limit).Find(&blockBatches).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var hashes []string
-	for _, v := range blockBatches {
-		hashes = append(hashes, v.Hash)
-	}
-	return hashes, nil
-}
-
-// GetVerifiedProofByHash get verified proof and instance comments by hash
-func (o *BlockBatch) GetVerifiedProofByHash(hash string) (*message.AggProof, error) {
-	result := o.db.Model(&BlockBatch{}).Select("proof").Where("hash", hash).Where("proving_status", int(types.ProvingTaskVerified)).Row()
-	if result.Err() != nil {
-		return nil, result.Err()
-	}
-
-	var proofBytes []byte
-	if err := result.Scan(&proofBytes); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var proof message.AggProof
-	if err := json.Unmarshal(proofBytes, &proof); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return &proof, nil
-}
-
-// GetLatestBatch get the latest batch
-// because we will `initializeGenesis()` when we start the `L2Watcher`, so a batch must exist.
-func (o *BlockBatch) GetLatestBatch() (*BlockBatch, error) {
-	var blockBatch BlockBatch
-	err := o.db.Order("index DESC").Limit(1).First(&blockBatch).Error
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return &blockBatch, nil
-}
-
-// GetLatestBatchByRollupStatus get the latest block batch by rollup status
-func (o *BlockBatch) GetLatestBatchByRollupStatus(rollupStatuses []types.RollupStatus) (*BlockBatch, error) {
-	var tmpRollupStatus []int
-	for _, v := range rollupStatuses {
-		tmpRollupStatus = append(tmpRollupStatus, int(v))
-	}
-	var blockBatch BlockBatch
-	err := o.db.Where("rollup_status IN (?)", tmpRollupStatus).Order("index DESC").Limit(1).First(&blockBatch).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return &blockBatch, nil
-}
-
-// GetRollupStatusByHashList get rollup status by hash list
-func (o *BlockBatch) GetRollupStatusByHashList(hashes []string) ([]types.RollupStatus, error) {
-	if len(hashes) == 0 {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-
-	var blockBatches []BlockBatch
-	err := o.db.Select("hash, rollup_status").Where("hash IN (?)", hashes).Find(&blockBatches).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var (
-		statuses   []types.RollupStatus
-		_statusMap = make(map[string]types.RollupStatus, len(hashes))
-	)
-	for _, _batch := range blockBatches {
-		_statusMap[_batch.Hash] = types.RollupStatus(_batch.RollupStatus)
-	}
-	for _, _hash := range hashes {
-		statuses = append(statuses, _statusMap[_hash])
-	}
-
-	return statuses, nil
-}
-
-// InsertBlockBatchByBatchData insert a block batch data by the BatchData
-func (o *BlockBatch) InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx *gorm.DB, batchData *bridgeTypes.BatchData) (int64, error) {
-	var db *gorm.DB
-	if tx != nil {
-		db = tx
-	} else {
-		db = o.db
-	}
-
-	numBlocks := len(batchData.Batch.Blocks)
-	insertBlockBatch := BlockBatch{
-		Hash:             batchData.Hash().Hex(),
-		Index:            batchData.Batch.BatchIndex,
-		StartBlockNumber: batchData.Batch.Blocks[0].BlockNumber,
-		StartBlockHash:   batchData.Batch.Blocks[0].BlockHash.Hex(),
-		EndBlockNumber:   batchData.Batch.Blocks[numBlocks-1].BlockNumber,
-		EndBlockHash:     batchData.Batch.Blocks[numBlocks-1].BlockHash.Hex(),
-		ParentHash:       batchData.Batch.ParentBatchHash.Hex(),
-		StateRoot:        batchData.Batch.NewStateRoot.Hex(),
-		TotalTxNum:       batchData.TotalTxNum,
-		TotalL1TxNum:     batchData.TotalL1TxNum,
-		TotalL2Gas:       batchData.TotalL2Gas,
-		CreatedAt:        time.Now(),
-	}
-	result := db.Create(&insertBlockBatch)
-	if result.Error != nil {
-		log.Error("failed to insert block batch by batchData", "err", result.Error)
-		return 0, result.Error
-	}
-	return result.RowsAffected, nil
-}
-
-// UpdateProvingStatus update the proving status
-func (o *BlockBatch) UpdateProvingStatus(hash string, status types.ProvingStatus) error {
-	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
-	updateFields["proving_status"] = int(status)
-
-	switch status {
-	case types.ProvingTaskAssigned:
-		updateFields["prover_assigned_at"] = time.Now()
-	case types.ProvingTaskUnassigned:
-		updateFields["prover_assigned_at"] = nil
-	case types.ProvingTaskProved, types.ProvingTaskVerified:
-		updateFields["proved_at"] = time.Now()
-	default:
-	}
-
-	if err := o.db.Model(&BlockBatch{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// UpdateRollupStatus update the rollup status
-func (o *BlockBatch) UpdateRollupStatus(ctx context.Context, hash string, status types.RollupStatus) error {
-	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
-	updateFields["rollup_status"] = int(status)
-
-	switch status {
-	case types.RollupCommitted:
-		updateFields["committed_at"] = time.Now()
-	case types.RollupFinalized:
-		updateFields["finalized_at"] = time.Now()
-	}
-	if err := o.db.Model(&BlockBatch{}).WithContext(ctx).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// UpdateSkippedBatches update the skipped batches
-func (o *BlockBatch) UpdateSkippedBatches() (int64, error) {
-	provingStatusList := []interface{}{
-		int(types.ProvingTaskSkipped),
-		int(types.ProvingTaskFailed),
-	}
-	result := o.db.Model(&BlockBatch{}).Where("rollup_status", int(types.RollupCommitted)).
-		Where("proving_status IN (?)", provingStatusList).Update("rollup_status", int(types.RollupFinalizationSkipped))
-	if result.Error != nil {
-		return 0, result.Error
-	}
-	return result.RowsAffected, nil
-}
-
-// UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus update the commit tx hash and rollup status
-func (o *BlockBatch) UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus(ctx context.Context, hash string, commitTxHash string, status types.RollupStatus) error {
-	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
-	updateFields["commit_tx_hash"] = commitTxHash
-	updateFields["rollup_status"] = int(status)
-	if status == types.RollupCommitted {
-		updateFields["committed_at"] = time.Now()
-	}
-	if err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&BlockBatch{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus update the finalize tx hash and rollup status
-func (o *BlockBatch) UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus(ctx context.Context, hash string, finalizeTxHash string, status types.RollupStatus) error {
-	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
-	updateFields["finalize_tx_hash"] = finalizeTxHash
-	updateFields["rollup_status"] = int(status)
-	if status == types.RollupFinalized {
-		updateFields["finalized_at"] = time.Now()
-	}
-	if err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&BlockBatch{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash update the l2 gas oracle status and oracle tx hash
-func (o *BlockBatch) UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash(ctx context.Context, hash string, status types.GasOracleStatus, txHash string) error {
-	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
-	updateFields["oracle_status"] = int(status)
-	updateFields["oracle_tx_hash"] = txHash
-	if err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&BlockBatch{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// UpdateProofByHash update the block batch proof by hash
-// for unit test
-func (o *BlockBatch) UpdateProofByHash(ctx context.Context, hash string, proof *message.AggProof, proofTimeSec uint64) error {
-	proofBytes, err := json.Marshal(proof)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
-	updateFields["proof"] = proofBytes
-	updateFields["proof_time_sec"] = proofTimeSec
-	err = o.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&BlockBatch{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("failed to update proof", "err", err)
-	}
-	return err
-}
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/block_trace.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/block_trace.go
@@ -1,155 +0,0 @@
-package orm
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
-
-	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
-)
-
-// BlockTrace is structure of stored block trace message
-type BlockTrace struct {
-	db *gorm.DB `gorm:"column:-"`
-
-	Number         uint64 `json:"number" gorm:"number"`
-	Hash           string `json:"hash" gorm:"hash"`
-	ParentHash     string `json:"parent_hash" gorm:"parent_hash"`
-	Trace          string `json:"trace" gorm:"column:trace"`
-	BatchHash      string `json:"batch_hash" gorm:"batch_hash;default:NULL"`
-	TxNum          uint64 `json:"tx_num" gorm:"tx_num"`
-	GasUsed        uint64 `json:"gas_used" gorm:"gas_used"`
-	BlockTimestamp uint64 `json:"block_timestamp" gorm:"block_timestamp"`
-}
-
-// NewBlockTrace create an blockTraceOrm instance
-func NewBlockTrace(db *gorm.DB) *BlockTrace {
-	return &BlockTrace{db: db}
-}
-
-// TableName define the BlockTrace table name
-func (*BlockTrace) TableName() string {
-	return "block_trace"
-}
-
-// GetL2BlocksLatestHeight get the l2 blocks latest height
-func (o *BlockTrace) GetL2BlocksLatestHeight() (int64, error) {
-	result := o.db.Model(&BlockTrace{}).Select("COALESCE(MAX(number), -1)").Row()
-	if result.Err() != nil {
-		return -1, result.Err()
-	}
-	var maxNumber int64
-	if err := result.Scan(&maxNumber); err != nil {
-		return -1, err
-	}
-	return maxNumber, nil
-}
-
-// GetL2WrappedBlocks get the l2 wrapped blocks
-func (o *BlockTrace) GetL2WrappedBlocks(fields map[string]interface{}) ([]*types.WrappedBlock, error) {
-	var blockTraces []BlockTrace
-	db := o.db.Select("trace")
-	for key, value := range fields {
-		db = db.Where(key, value)
-	}
-	if err := db.Find(&blockTraces).Error; err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var wrappedBlocks []*types.WrappedBlock
-	for _, v := range blockTraces {
-		var wrappedBlock types.WrappedBlock
-		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v.Trace), &wrappedBlock); err != nil {
-			break
-		}
-		wrappedBlocks = append(wrappedBlocks, &wrappedBlock)
-	}
-	return wrappedBlocks, nil
-}
-
-// GetL2BlockInfos get l2 block infos
-func (o *BlockTrace) GetL2BlockInfos(fields map[string]interface{}, orderByList []string, limit int) ([]BlockTrace, error) {
-	var blockTraces []BlockTrace
-	db := o.db.Select("number, hash, parent_hash, batch_hash, tx_num, gas_used, block_timestamp")
-	for key, value := range fields {
-		db = db.Where(key, value)
-	}
-
-	for _, orderBy := range orderByList {
-		db = db.Order(orderBy)
-	}
-
-	if limit != 0 {
-		db = db.Limit(limit)
-	}
-
-	if err := db.Find(&blockTraces).Error; err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return blockTraces, nil
-}
-
-// GetUnbatchedL2Blocks get unbatched l2 blocks
-func (o *BlockTrace) GetUnbatchedL2Blocks(fields map[string]interface{}, orderByList []string, limit int) ([]BlockTrace, error) {
-	var unbatchedBlockTraces []BlockTrace
-	db := o.db.Select("number, hash, parent_hash, batch_hash, tx_num, gas_used, block_timestamp").Where("batch_hash is NULL")
-	for key, value := range fields {
-		db = db.Where(key, value)
-	}
-	if err := db.Find(&unbatchedBlockTraces).Error; err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return unbatchedBlockTraces, nil
-}
-
-// InsertWrappedBlocks insert block to block trace
-func (o *BlockTrace) InsertWrappedBlocks(blocks []*types.WrappedBlock) error {
-	var blockTraces []BlockTrace
-	for _, block := range blocks {
-		number := block.Header.Number.Uint64()
-		hash := block.Header.Hash().String()
-		txNum := len(block.Transactions)
-		mtime := block.Header.Time
-		gasCost := block.Header.GasUsed
-
-		data, err := json.Marshal(block)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("failed to marshal block", "hash", hash, "err", err)
-			return err
-		}
-
-		tmpBlockTrace := BlockTrace{
-			Number:         number,
-			Hash:           hash,
-			ParentHash:     block.Header.ParentHash.String(),
-			Trace:          string(data),
-			TxNum:          uint64(txNum),
-			GasUsed:        gasCost,
-			BlockTimestamp: mtime,
-		}
-		blockTraces = append(blockTraces, tmpBlockTrace)
-	}
-
-	if err := o.db.Create(&blockTraces).Error; err != nil {
-		log.Error("failed to insert blockTraces", "err", err)
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// UpdateBatchHashForL2Blocks update the batch_hash of block trace
-func (o *BlockTrace) UpdateBatchHashForL2Blocks(tx *gorm.DB, numbers []uint64, batchHash string) error {
-	var db *gorm.DB
-	if tx != nil {
-		db = tx
-	} else {
-		db = o.db
-	}
-
-	err := db.Model(&BlockTrace{}).Where("number IN (?)", numbers).Update("batch_hash", batchHash).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/chunk.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/chunk.go
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+package orm
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"time"
+
+	"scroll-tech/common/types"
+
+	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
+
+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+// Chunk represents a chunk of blocks in the database.
+type Chunk struct {
+	db *gorm.DB `gorm:"-"`
+
+	// chunk
+	Index                        uint64 `json:"index" gorm:"column:index"`
+	Hash                         string `json:"hash" gorm:"column:hash"`
+	StartBlockNumber             uint64 `json:"start_block_number" gorm:"column:start_block_number"`
+	StartBlockHash               string `json:"start_block_hash" gorm:"column:start_block_hash"`
+	EndBlockNumber               uint64 `json:"end_block_number" gorm:"column:end_block_number"`
+	EndBlockHash                 string `json:"end_block_hash" gorm:"column:end_block_hash"`
+	StartBlockTime               uint64 `json:"start_block_time" gorm:"column:start_block_time"`
+	TotalL1MessagesPoppedBefore  uint64 `json:"total_l1_messages_popped_before" gorm:"column:total_l1_messages_popped_before"`
+	TotalL1MessagesPoppedInChunk uint64 `json:"total_l1_messages_popped_in_chunk" gorm:"column:total_l1_messages_popped_in_chunk"`
+
+	// proof
+	ProvingStatus    int16      `json:"proving_status" gorm:"column:proving_status;default:1"`
+	Proof            []byte     `json:"proof" gorm:"column:proof;default:NULL"`
+	ProverAssignedAt *time.Time `json:"prover_assigned_at" gorm:"column:prover_assigned_at;default:NULL"`
+	ProvedAt         *time.Time `json:"proved_at" gorm:"column:proved_at;default:NULL"`
+	ProofTimeSec     int16      `json:"proof_time_sec" gorm:"column:proof_time_sec;default:NULL"`
+
+	// batch
+	BatchHash string `json:"batch_hash" gorm:"column:batch_hash;default:NULL"`
+
+	// metadata
+	TotalL2TxGas              uint64         `json:"total_l2_tx_gas" gorm:"column:total_l2_tx_gas"`
+	TotalL2TxNum              uint64         `json:"total_l2_tx_num" gorm:"column:total_l2_tx_num"`
+	TotalL1CommitCalldataSize uint64         `json:"total_l1_commit_calldata_size" gorm:"column:total_l1_commit_calldata_size"`
+	TotalL1CommitGas          uint64         `json:"total_l1_commit_gas" gorm:"column:total_l1_commit_gas"`
+	CreatedAt                 time.Time      `json:"created_at" gorm:"column:created_at"`
+	UpdatedAt                 time.Time      `json:"updated_at" gorm:"column:updated_at"`
+	DeletedAt                 gorm.DeletedAt `json:"deleted_at" gorm:"column:deleted_at;default:NULL"`
+}
+
+// NewChunk creates a new Chunk database instance.
+func NewChunk(db *gorm.DB) *Chunk {
+	return &Chunk{db: db}
+}
+
+// TableName returns the table name for the chunk model.
+func (*Chunk) TableName() string {
+	return "chunk"
+}
+
+// GetChunksInRange retrieves chunks within a given range (inclusive) from the database.
+// The range is closed, i.e., it includes both start and end indices.
+// The returned chunks are sorted in ascending order by their index.
+func (o *Chunk) GetChunksInRange(ctx context.Context, startIndex uint64, endIndex uint64) ([]*Chunk, error) {
+	if startIndex > endIndex {
+		return nil, errors.New("start index should be less than or equal to end index")
+	}
+
+	var chunks []*Chunk
+	db := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Where("index >= ? AND index <= ?", startIndex, endIndex)
+	db = db.Order("index ASC")
+
+	if err := db.Find(&chunks).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if startIndex+uint64(len(chunks)) != endIndex+1 {
+		return nil, errors.New("number of chunks not expected in the specified range")
+	}
+
+	return chunks, nil
+}
+
+// GetUnbatchedChunks retrieves unbatched chunks from the database.
+func (o *Chunk) GetUnbatchedChunks(ctx context.Context) ([]*Chunk, error) {
+	var chunks []*Chunk
+	err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).
+		Where("batch_hash IS NULL").
+		Order("index asc").
+		Find(&chunks).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return chunks, nil
+}
+
+// GetLatestChunk retrieves the latest chunk from the database.
+func (o *Chunk) GetLatestChunk(ctx context.Context) (*Chunk, error) {
+	var latestChunk Chunk
+	err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).
+		Order("index desc").
+		First(&latestChunk).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &latestChunk, nil
+}
+
+// InsertChunk inserts a new chunk into the database.
+func (o *Chunk) InsertChunk(ctx context.Context, chunk *bridgeTypes.Chunk, dbTX ...*gorm.DB) (*Chunk, error) {
+	if chunk == nil || len(chunk.Blocks) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("invalid args")
+	}
+
+	db := o.db
+	if len(dbTX) > 0 && dbTX[0] != nil {
+		db = dbTX[0]
+	}
+
+	var chunkIndex uint64
+	var totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64
+	parentChunk, err := o.GetLatestChunk(ctx)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+		log.Error("failed to get latest chunk", "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// if parentChunk==nil then err==gorm.ErrRecordNotFound, which means there's
+	// not chunk record in the db, we then use default empty values for the creating chunk;
+	// if parentChunk!=nil then err=nil, then we fill the parentChunk-related data into the creating chunk
+	if parentChunk != nil {
+		chunkIndex = parentChunk.Index + 1
+		totalL1MessagePoppedBefore = parentChunk.TotalL1MessagesPoppedBefore + parentChunk.TotalL1MessagesPoppedInChunk
+	}
+
+	hash, err := chunk.Hash(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("failed to get chunk hash", "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var totalL2TxGas uint64
+	var totalL2TxNum uint64
+	var totalL1CommitCalldataSize uint64
+	var totalL1CommitGas uint64
+	for _, block := range chunk.Blocks {
+		totalL2TxGas += block.Header.GasUsed
+		totalL2TxNum += block.L2TxsNum()
+		totalL1CommitCalldataSize += block.EstimateL1CommitCalldataSize()
+		totalL1CommitGas += block.EstimateL1CommitGas()
+	}
+
+	numBlocks := len(chunk.Blocks)
+	newChunk := Chunk{
+		Index:                        chunkIndex,
+		Hash:                         hash.Hex(),
+		StartBlockNumber:             chunk.Blocks[0].Header.Number.Uint64(),
+		StartBlockHash:               chunk.Blocks[0].Header.Hash().Hex(),
+		EndBlockNumber:               chunk.Blocks[numBlocks-1].Header.Number.Uint64(),
+		EndBlockHash:                 chunk.Blocks[numBlocks-1].Header.Hash().Hex(),
+		TotalL2TxGas:                 totalL2TxGas,
+		TotalL2TxNum:                 totalL2TxNum,
+		TotalL1CommitCalldataSize:    totalL1CommitCalldataSize,
+		TotalL1CommitGas:             totalL1CommitGas,
+		StartBlockTime:               chunk.Blocks[0].Header.Time,
+		TotalL1MessagesPoppedBefore:  totalL1MessagePoppedBefore,
+		TotalL1MessagesPoppedInChunk: chunk.NumL1Messages(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore),
+		ProvingStatus:                int16(types.ProvingTaskUnassigned),
+	}
+
+	if err := db.Create(&newChunk).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Error("failed to insert chunk", "hash", hash, "err", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &newChunk, nil
+}
+
+// UpdateProvingStatus updates the proving status of a chunk.
+func (o *Chunk) UpdateProvingStatus(ctx context.Context, hash string, status types.ProvingStatus, dbTX ...*gorm.DB) error {
+	db := o.db
+	if len(dbTX) > 0 && dbTX[0] != nil {
+		db = dbTX[0]
+	}
+
+	updateFields := make(map[string]interface{})
+	updateFields["proving_status"] = int(status)
+
+	switch status {
+	case types.ProvingTaskAssigned:
+		updateFields["prover_assigned_at"] = time.Now()
+	case types.ProvingTaskUnassigned:
+		updateFields["prover_assigned_at"] = nil
+	case types.ProvingTaskProved, types.ProvingTaskVerified:
+		updateFields["proved_at"] = time.Now()
+	default:
+	}
+
+	if err := db.Model(&Chunk{}).Where("hash", hash).Updates(updateFields).Error; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateBatchHashInRange updates the batch_hash for chunks within the specified range (inclusive).
+// The range is closed, i.e., it includes both start and end indices.
+func (o *Chunk) UpdateBatchHashInRange(ctx context.Context, startIndex uint64, endIndex uint64, batchHash string, dbTX ...*gorm.DB) error {
+	db := o.db
+	if len(dbTX) > 0 && dbTX[0] != nil {
+		db = dbTX[0]
+	}
+	db = db.Model(&Chunk{}).Where("index >= ? AND index <= ?", startIndex, endIndex)
+
+	if err := db.Update("batch_hash", batchHash).Error; err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/common.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/common.go
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-package orm
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
-
-	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
-)
-
-// AddBatchInfoToDB inserts the batch information to the BlockBatch table and updates the batch_hash
-// in all blocks included in the batch.
-func AddBatchInfoToDB(db *gorm.DB, batchData *bridgeTypes.BatchData) error {
-	blockBatch := NewBlockBatch(db)
-	blockTrace := NewBlockTrace(db)
-	err := db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		rowsAffected, dbTxErr := blockBatch.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batchData)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		if rowsAffected != 1 {
-			dbTxErr = errors.New("the InsertBlockBatchByBatchData affected row is not 1")
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-
-		var blockIDs = make([]uint64, len(batchData.Batch.Blocks))
-		for i, block := range batchData.Batch.Blocks {
-			blockIDs[i] = block.BlockNumber
-		}
-
-		dbTxErr = blockTrace.UpdateBatchHashForL2Blocks(tx, blockIDs, batchData.Hash().Hex())
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
-	return err
-}
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/l2_block.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/l2_block.go
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+package orm
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
+	gethTypes "github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
+)
+
+// L2Block represents a l2 block in the database.
+type L2Block struct {
+	db *gorm.DB `gorm:"column:-"`
+
+	Number           uint64 `json:"number" gorm:"number"`
+	Hash             string `json:"hash" gorm:"hash"`
+	ParentHash       string `json:"parent_hash" gorm:"parent_hash"`
+	Header           string `json:"header" gorm:"header"`
+	Transactions     string `json:"transactions" gorm:"transactions"`
+	WithdrawTrieRoot string `json:"withdraw_trie_root" gorm:"withdraw_trie_root"`
+	TxNum            uint64 `json:"tx_num" gorm:"tx_num"`
+	GasUsed          uint64 `json:"gas_used" gorm:"gas_used"`
+	BlockTimestamp   uint64 `json:"block_timestamp" gorm:"block_timestamp"`
+	ChunkHash        string `json:"chunk_hash" gorm:"chunk_hash;default:NULL"`
+}
+
+// NewL2Block creates a new L2Block instance
+func NewL2Block(db *gorm.DB) *L2Block {
+	return &L2Block{db: db}
+}
+
+// TableName returns the name of the "l2_block" table.
+func (*L2Block) TableName() string {
+	return "l2_block"
+}
+
+// GetL2BlocksLatestHeight retrieves the height of the latest L2 block.
+// If the l2_block table is empty, it returns 0 to represent the genesis block height.
+// In case of an error, it returns -1 along with the error.
+func (o *L2Block) GetL2BlocksLatestHeight(ctx context.Context) (int64, error) {
+	var maxNumber int64
+	if err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&L2Block{}).Select("COALESCE(MAX(number), 0)").Row().Scan(&maxNumber); err != nil {
+		return -1, err
+	}
+
+	return maxNumber, nil
+}
+
+// GetUnchunkedBlocks get the l2 blocks that have not been put into a chunk.
+// The returned blocks are sorted in ascending order by their block number.
+func (o *L2Block) GetUnchunkedBlocks(ctx context.Context) ([]*types.WrappedBlock, error) {
+	var l2Blocks []L2Block
+	if err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Select("header, transactions, withdraw_trie_root").
+		Where("chunk_hash IS NULL").
+		Order("number asc").
+		Find(&l2Blocks).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var wrappedBlocks []*types.WrappedBlock
+	for _, v := range l2Blocks {
+		var wrappedBlock types.WrappedBlock
+
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v.Transactions), &wrappedBlock.Transactions); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		wrappedBlock.Header = &gethTypes.Header{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v.Header), wrappedBlock.Header); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		wrappedBlock.WithdrawTrieRoot = common.HexToHash(v.WithdrawTrieRoot)
+		wrappedBlocks = append(wrappedBlocks, &wrappedBlock)
+	}
+
+	return wrappedBlocks, nil
+}
+
+// GetL2Blocks retrieves selected L2Blocks from the database.
+// The returned L2Blocks are sorted in ascending order by their block number.
+func (o *L2Block) GetL2Blocks(ctx context.Context, fields map[string]interface{}, orderByList []string, limit int) ([]*L2Block, error) {
+	db := o.db.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	for key, value := range fields {
+		db = db.Where(key, value)
+	}
+
+	for _, orderBy := range orderByList {
+		db = db.Order(orderBy)
+	}
+
+	if limit > 0 {
+		db = db.Limit(limit)
+	}
+
+	db = db.Order("number ASC")
+
+	var l2Blocks []*L2Block
+	if err := db.Find(&l2Blocks).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return l2Blocks, nil
+}
+
+// GetL2BlocksInRange retrieves the L2 blocks within the specified range (inclusive).
+// The range is closed, i.e., it includes both start and end block numbers.
+// The returned blocks are sorted in ascending order by their block number.
+func (o *L2Block) GetL2BlocksInRange(ctx context.Context, startBlockNumber uint64, endBlockNumber uint64) ([]*types.WrappedBlock, error) {
+	if startBlockNumber > endBlockNumber {
+		return nil, errors.New("start block number should be less than or equal to end block number")
+	}
+
+	var l2Blocks []L2Block
+	db := o.db.WithContext(ctx)
+	db = db.Where("number >= ? AND number <= ?", startBlockNumber, endBlockNumber)
+	db = db.Order("number ASC")
+
+	if err := db.Find(&l2Blocks).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if uint64(len(l2Blocks)) != endBlockNumber-startBlockNumber+1 {
+		return nil, errors.New("number of blocks not expected in the specified range")
+	}
+
+	var wrappedBlocks []*types.WrappedBlock
+	for _, v := range l2Blocks {
+		var wrappedBlock types.WrappedBlock
+
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v.Transactions), &wrappedBlock.Transactions); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		wrappedBlock.Header = &gethTypes.Header{}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(v.Header), wrappedBlock.Header); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		wrappedBlock.WithdrawTrieRoot = common.HexToHash(v.WithdrawTrieRoot)
+		wrappedBlocks = append(wrappedBlocks, &wrappedBlock)
+	}
+
+	return wrappedBlocks, nil
+}
+
+// InsertL2Blocks inserts l2 blocks into the "l2_block" table.
+func (o *L2Block) InsertL2Blocks(ctx context.Context, blocks []*types.WrappedBlock) error {
+	var l2Blocks []L2Block
+	for _, block := range blocks {
+		header, err := json.Marshal(block.Header)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("failed to marshal block header", "hash", block.Header.Hash().String(), "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+
+		txs, err := json.Marshal(block.Transactions)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("failed to marshal transactions", "hash", block.Header.Hash().String(), "err", err)
+			return err
+		}
+
+		l2Block := L2Block{
+			Number:           block.Header.Number.Uint64(),
+			Hash:             block.Header.Hash().String(),
+			ParentHash:       block.Header.ParentHash.String(),
+			Transactions:     string(txs),
+			WithdrawTrieRoot: block.WithdrawTrieRoot.Hex(),
+			TxNum:            uint64(len(block.Transactions)),
+			GasUsed:          block.Header.GasUsed,
+			BlockTimestamp:   block.Header.Time,
+			Header:           string(header),
+		}
+		l2Blocks = append(l2Blocks, l2Block)
+	}
+
+	if err := o.db.WithContext(ctx).Create(&l2Blocks).Error; err != nil {
+		log.Error("failed to insert l2Blocks", "err", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateChunkHashInRange updates the chunk_hash of block tx within the specified range (inclusive).
+// The range is closed, i.e., it includes both start and end indices.
+// This function ensures the number of rows updated must equal to (endIndex - startIndex + 1).
+// If the rows affected do not match this expectation, an error is returned.
+func (o *L2Block) UpdateChunkHashInRange(ctx context.Context, startIndex uint64, endIndex uint64, chunkHash string, dbTX ...*gorm.DB) error {
+	db := o.db
+	if len(dbTX) > 0 && dbTX[0] != nil {
+		db = dbTX[0]
+	}
+
+	db = db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&L2Block{}).Where("number >= ? AND number <= ?", startIndex, endIndex)
+	tx := db.Update("chunk_hash", chunkHash)
+
+	if tx.RowsAffected != int64(endIndex-startIndex+1) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected %d rows to be updated, got %d", endIndex-startIndex+1, tx.RowsAffected)
+	}
+
+	return tx.Error
+}
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrate_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrate_test.go
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func testResetDB(t *testing.T) {
 	cur, err := Current(pgDB.DB)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	// total number of tables.
-	assert.Equal(t, 5, int(cur))
+	assert.Equal(t, 6, int(cur))
 }

 func testMigrate(t *testing.T) {
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00001_block_trace.sql
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00001_block_trace.sql
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-- +goose Up
-- +goose StatementBegin
-
-- TODO: use foreign key for batch_id?
-- TODO: why tx_num is bigint?
-create table block_trace
-(
-    number                  BIGINT          NOT NULL,
-    hash                    VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
-    parent_hash             VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
-    trace                   JSON            NOT NULL,
-    batch_hash              VARCHAR         DEFAULT NULL,
-    tx_num                  INTEGER         NOT NULL,
-    gas_used                BIGINT          NOT NULL,
-    block_timestamp         NUMERIC         NOT NULL
-);
-
-create unique index block_trace_hash_uindex
-    on block_trace (hash);
-
-create unique index block_trace_number_uindex
-    on block_trace (number);
-
-create unique index block_trace_parent_uindex
-    on block_trace (number, parent_hash);
-
-create unique index block_trace_parent_hash_uindex
-    on block_trace (hash, parent_hash);
-
-create index block_trace_batch_hash_index
-    on block_trace (batch_hash);
-
-- +goose StatementEnd
-
-- +goose Down
-- +goose StatementBegin
-drop table if exists block_trace;
-- +goose StatementEnd
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00001_l1_message.sql
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00001_l1_message.sql
@@ -29,19 +29,6 @@ on l1_message (queue_index);
 create index l1_message_height_index
    on l1_message (height);

-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_timestamp()
-RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
-BEGIN
-   NEW.updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
-   RETURN NEW;
-END;
-$$ language 'plpgsql';
-
-CREATE TRIGGER update_timestamp BEFORE UPDATE
-ON l1_message FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE
-update_timestamp();
-
-
 -- +goose StatementEnd

 -- +goose Down
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00002_l2_message.sql
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00002_l2_message.sql
@@ -29,19 +29,6 @@ on l2_message (nonce);
 create index l2_message_height_index
    on l2_message (height);

-CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_timestamp()
-RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
-BEGIN
-   NEW.updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
-   RETURN NEW;
-END;
-$$ language 'plpgsql';
-
-CREATE TRIGGER update_timestamp BEFORE UPDATE
-ON l2_message FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE
-update_timestamp();
-
-
 -- +goose StatementEnd

 -- +goose Down
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00003_l1_block.sql
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00003_l1_block.sql
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00004_block_batch.sql
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00004_block_batch.sql
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-- +goose Up
-- +goose StatementBegin
-
-create table block_batch
-(
-    hash                    VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
-    index                   BIGINT          NOT NULL,
-    start_block_number      BIGINT          NOT NULL,
-    start_block_hash        VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
-    end_block_number        BIGINT          NOT NULL,
-    end_block_hash          VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
-    parent_hash             VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
-    state_root              VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
-    total_tx_num            BIGINT          NOT NULL,
-    total_l1_tx_num         BIGINT          NOT NULL,
-    total_l2_gas            BIGINT          NOT NULL,
-    proving_status          INTEGER         DEFAULT 1,
-    proof                   BYTEA           DEFAULT NULL,
-    proof_time_sec          INTEGER         DEFAULT 0,
-    rollup_status           INTEGER         DEFAULT 1,
-    commit_tx_hash          VARCHAR         DEFAULT NULL,
-    finalize_tx_hash        VARCHAR         DEFAULT NULL,
-    oracle_status           INTEGER         DEFAULT 1,
-    oracle_tx_hash          VARCHAR         DEFAULT NULL,
-    created_at              TIMESTAMP(0)    NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-    prover_assigned_at      TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL,
-    proved_at               TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL,
-    committed_at            TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL,
-    finalized_at            TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL
-);
-
-comment
-on column block_batch.proving_status is 'undefined, unassigned, skipped, assigned, proved, verified, failed';
-comment
-on column block_batch.rollup_status is 'undefined, pending, committing, committed, finalizing, finalized, finalization_skipped, commit_failed, finalize_failed';
-comment
-on column block_batch.oracle_status is 'undefined, pending, importing, imported, failed';
-
-create unique index block_batch_hash_uindex
-    on block_batch (hash);
-create unique index block_batch_index_uindex
-    on block_batch (index);
-
-- +goose StatementEnd
-
-- +goose Down
-- +goose StatementBegin
-drop table if exists  block_batch;
-- +goose StatementEnd
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00004_l2_block.sql
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00004_l2_block.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+-- +goose Up
+-- +goose StatementBegin
+
+create table l2_block
+(
+    number                  BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    hash                    VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    parent_hash             VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    header                  TEXT            NOT NULL,
+    transactions            TEXT            NOT NULL,
+    withdraw_trie_root      VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    tx_num                  INTEGER         NOT NULL,
+    gas_used                BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    block_timestamp         NUMERIC         NOT NULL,
+    chunk_hash              VARCHAR         DEFAULT NULL
+);
+
+create unique index l2_block_hash_uindex
+    on l2_block (hash);
+
+create unique index l2_block_number_uindex
+    on l2_block (number);
+
+create index l2_block_chunk_hash_index
+    on l2_block (chunk_hash);
+
+-- +goose StatementEnd
+
+-- +goose Down
+-- +goose StatementBegin
+drop table if exists l2_block;
+-- +goose StatementEnd
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00005_chunk.sql
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00005_chunk.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+-- +goose Up
+-- +goose StatementBegin
+
+create table chunk
+(
+-- chunk
+    index                             BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    hash                              VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    start_block_number                BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    start_block_hash                  VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    end_block_number                  BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    end_block_hash                    VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    total_l1_messages_popped_before   BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    total_l1_messages_popped_in_chunk BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    start_block_time                  BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+
+-- proof
+    proving_status                    SMALLINT        NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
+    proof                             BYTEA           DEFAULT NULL,
+    prover_assigned_at                TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL,
+    proved_at                         TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL,
+    proof_time_sec                    SMALLINT        DEFAULT NULL,
+
+-- batch
+    batch_hash                        VARCHAR         DEFAULT NULL,
+
+-- metadata
+    total_l2_tx_gas                   BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    total_l2_tx_num                   BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    total_l1_commit_calldata_size     BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    total_l1_commit_gas               BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    created_at                        TIMESTAMP(0)    NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    updated_at                        TIMESTAMP(0)    NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    deleted_at                        TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL
+);
+
+comment
+on column chunk.proving_status is 'undefined, unassigned, skipped, assigned, proved, verified, failed';
+
+create unique index chunk_index_uindex
+on chunk (index);
+
+create unique index chunk_hash_uindex
+on chunk (hash);
+
+create index batch_hash_index
+on chunk (batch_hash);
+
+-- +goose StatementEnd
+
+-- +goose Down
+-- +goose StatementBegin
+drop table if exists chunk;
+-- +goose StatementEnd
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00006_batch.sql
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/migrate/migrations/00006_batch.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+-- +goose Up
+-- +goose StatementBegin
+
+create table batch
+(
+-- batch
+    index                   BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    hash                    VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    start_chunk_index       BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    start_chunk_hash        VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    end_chunk_index         BIGINT          NOT NULL,
+    end_chunk_hash          VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    state_root              VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    withdraw_root           VARCHAR         NOT NULL,
+    batch_header            BYTEA           NOT NULL,
+
+-- proof
+    proving_status          SMALLINT        NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
+    proof                   BYTEA           DEFAULT NULL,
+    prover_assigned_at      TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL,
+    proved_at               TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL,
+    proof_time_sec          INTEGER         DEFAULT NULL,
+
+-- rollup
+    rollup_status           SMALLINT        NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
+    commit_tx_hash          VARCHAR         DEFAULT NULL,
+    committed_at            TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL,
+    finalize_tx_hash        VARCHAR         DEFAULT NULL,
+    finalized_at            TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL,
+
+-- gas oracle
+    oracle_status           SMALLINT        NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
+    oracle_tx_hash          VARCHAR         DEFAULT NULL,
+
+-- metadata
+    created_at              TIMESTAMP(0)    NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    updated_at              TIMESTAMP(0)    NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    deleted_at              TIMESTAMP(0)    DEFAULT NULL
+);
+
+create unique index batch_index_uindex
+on batch (index);
+
+create unique index batch_hash_uindex
+on batch (hash);
+
+comment
+on column batch.proving_status is 'undefined, unassigned, skipped, assigned, proved, verified, failed';
+
+comment
+on column batch.rollup_status is 'undefined, pending, committing, committed, finalizing, finalized, finalization_skipped, commit_failed, finalize_failed';
+
+-- +goose StatementEnd
+
+-- +goose Down
+-- +goose StatementBegin
+drop table if exists batch;
+-- +goose StatementEnd
--- a/bridge/internal/orm/orm_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/orm/orm_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+package orm
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+
+	"scroll-tech/common/docker"
+	"scroll-tech/common/types"
+
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/config"
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/orm/migrate"
+	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/utils"
+)
+
+var (
+	base *docker.App
+
+	db         *gorm.DB
+	l2BlockOrm *L2Block
+	chunkOrm   *Chunk
+	batchOrm   *Batch
+
+	wrappedBlock1 *bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock
+	wrappedBlock2 *bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock
+	chunk1        *bridgeTypes.Chunk
+	chunk2        *bridgeTypes.Chunk
+	chunkHash1    common.Hash
+	chunkHash2    common.Hash
+)
+
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	t := &testing.T{}
+	setupEnv(t)
+	defer tearDownEnv(t)
+	m.Run()
+}
+
+func setupEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	base = docker.NewDockerApp()
+	base.RunDBImage(t)
+	var err error
+	db, err = utils.InitDB(
+		&config.DBConfig{
+			DSN:        base.DBConfig.DSN,
+			DriverName: base.DBConfig.DriverName,
+			MaxOpenNum: base.DBConfig.MaxOpenNum,
+			MaxIdleNum: base.DBConfig.MaxIdleNum,
+		},
+	)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, migrate.ResetDB(sqlDB))
+
+	batchOrm = NewBatch(db)
+	chunkOrm = NewChunk(db)
+	l2BlockOrm = NewL2Block(db)
+
+	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read file: %v", err)
+	}
+	wrappedBlock1 = &bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{}
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(templateBlockTrace, wrappedBlock1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to unmarshal block trace: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	templateBlockTrace, err = os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_03.json")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read file: %v", err)
+	}
+	wrappedBlock2 = &bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{}
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(templateBlockTrace, wrappedBlock2); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to unmarshal block trace: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	chunk1 = &bridgeTypes.Chunk{Blocks: []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1}}
+	chunkHash1, err = chunk1.Hash(0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	chunk2 = &bridgeTypes.Chunk{Blocks: []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock2}}
+	chunkHash2, err = chunk2.Hash(chunk1.NumL1Messages(0))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func tearDownEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	sqlDB.Close()
+	base.Free()
+}
+
+func TestL2BlockOrm(t *testing.T) {
+	sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, migrate.ResetDB(sqlDB))
+
+	err = l2BlockOrm.InsertL2Blocks(context.Background(), []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1, wrappedBlock2})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	height, err := l2BlockOrm.GetL2BlocksLatestHeight(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(3), height)
+
+	blocks, err := l2BlockOrm.GetUnchunkedBlocks(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, blocks, 2)
+	assert.Equal(t, wrappedBlock1, blocks[0])
+	assert.Equal(t, wrappedBlock2, blocks[1])
+
+	blocks, err = l2BlockOrm.GetL2BlocksInRange(context.Background(), 2, 3)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, blocks, 2)
+	assert.Equal(t, wrappedBlock1, blocks[0])
+	assert.Equal(t, wrappedBlock2, blocks[1])
+
+	err = l2BlockOrm.UpdateChunkHashInRange(context.Background(), 2, 2, "test hash")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	blocks, err = l2BlockOrm.GetUnchunkedBlocks(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, blocks, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, wrappedBlock2, blocks[0])
+}
+
+func TestChunkOrm(t *testing.T) {
+	sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, migrate.ResetDB(sqlDB))
+
+	err = l2BlockOrm.InsertL2Blocks(context.Background(), []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1, wrappedBlock2})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	dbChunk1, err := chunkOrm.InsertChunk(context.Background(), chunk1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, dbChunk1.Hash, chunkHash1.Hex())
+
+	dbChunk2, err := chunkOrm.InsertChunk(context.Background(), chunk2)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, dbChunk2.Hash, chunkHash2.Hex())
+
+	chunks, err := chunkOrm.GetUnbatchedChunks(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, chunks, 2)
+	assert.Equal(t, chunkHash1.Hex(), chunks[0].Hash)
+	assert.Equal(t, chunkHash2.Hex(), chunks[1].Hash)
+
+	err = chunkOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(context.Background(), chunkHash1.Hex(), types.ProvingTaskVerified)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	err = chunkOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(context.Background(), chunkHash2.Hex(), types.ProvingTaskAssigned)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	chunks, err = chunkOrm.GetChunksInRange(context.Background(), 0, 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, chunks, 2)
+	assert.Equal(t, chunkHash1.Hex(), chunks[0].Hash)
+	assert.Equal(t, chunkHash2.Hex(), chunks[1].Hash)
+	assert.Equal(t, types.ProvingTaskVerified, types.ProvingStatus(chunks[0].ProvingStatus))
+	assert.Equal(t, types.ProvingTaskAssigned, types.ProvingStatus(chunks[1].ProvingStatus))
+
+	err = chunkOrm.UpdateBatchHashInRange(context.Background(), 0, 0, "test hash")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	chunks, err = chunkOrm.GetUnbatchedChunks(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, chunks, 1)
+}
+
+func TestBatchOrm(t *testing.T) {
+	sqlDB, err := db.DB()
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, migrate.ResetDB(sqlDB))
+
+	err = l2BlockOrm.InsertL2Blocks(context.Background(), []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{wrappedBlock1, wrappedBlock2})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	dbChunk1, err := chunkOrm.InsertChunk(context.Background(), chunk1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, dbChunk1.Hash, chunkHash1.Hex())
+
+	dbChunk2, err := chunkOrm.InsertChunk(context.Background(), chunk2)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, dbChunk2.Hash, chunkHash2.Hex())
+
+	hash1, err := batchOrm.InsertBatch(context.Background(), 0, 0, chunkHash1.Hex(), chunkHash1.Hex(), []*bridgeTypes.Chunk{chunk1})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	batch1, err := batchOrm.GetBatchByIndex(context.Background(), 0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	batchHeader1, err := bridgeTypes.DecodeBatchHeader(batch1.BatchHeader)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	batchHash1 := batchHeader1.Hash().Hex()
+	assert.Equal(t, hash1, batchHash1)
+
+	hash2, err := batchOrm.InsertBatch(context.Background(), 1, 1, chunkHash2.Hex(), chunkHash2.Hex(), []*bridgeTypes.Chunk{chunk2})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	batch2, err := batchOrm.GetBatchByIndex(context.Background(), 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	batchHeader2, err := bridgeTypes.DecodeBatchHeader(batch2.BatchHeader)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	batchHash2 := batchHeader2.Hash().Hex()
+	assert.Equal(t, hash2, batchHash2)
+
+	count, err := batchOrm.GetBatchCount(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint64(2), count)
+
+	pendingBatches, err := batchOrm.GetPendingBatches(context.Background(), 100)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(pendingBatches))
+
+	rollupStatus, err := batchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(context.Background(), []string{batchHash1, batchHash2})
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(rollupStatus))
+	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupPending, rollupStatus[0])
+	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupPending, rollupStatus[1])
+
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(context.Background(), batchHash1, types.ProvingTaskSkipped)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash1, types.RollupCommitted)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(context.Background(), batchHash2, types.ProvingTaskFailed)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash2, types.RollupCommitted)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	count, err = batchOrm.UpdateSkippedBatches(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint64(2), count)
+
+	count, err = batchOrm.UpdateSkippedBatches(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint64(0), count)
+
+	batch, err := batchOrm.GetBatchByIndex(context.Background(), 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupFinalizationSkipped, types.RollupStatus(batch.RollupStatus))
+
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(context.Background(), batchHash2, types.ProvingTaskVerified)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	dbProof, err := batchOrm.GetVerifiedProofByHash(context.Background(), batchHash1)
+	assert.Error(t, err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound)
+	assert.Nil(t, dbProof)
+
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(context.Background(), batchHash2, types.ProvingTaskVerified)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash2, types.RollupFinalized)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateL2GasOracleStatusAndOracleTxHash(context.Background(), batchHash2, types.GasOracleImported, "oracleTxHash")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	updatedBatch, err := batchOrm.GetLatestBatch(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, types.ProvingTaskVerified, types.ProvingStatus(updatedBatch.ProvingStatus))
+	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupFinalized, types.RollupStatus(updatedBatch.RollupStatus))
+	assert.Equal(t, types.GasOracleImported, types.GasOracleStatus(updatedBatch.OracleStatus))
+	assert.Equal(t, "oracleTxHash", updatedBatch.OracleTxHash)
+
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateCommitTxHashAndRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash2, "commitTxHash", types.RollupCommitted)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	updatedBatch, err = batchOrm.GetLatestBatch(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "commitTxHash", updatedBatch.CommitTxHash)
+	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupCommitted, types.RollupStatus(updatedBatch.RollupStatus))
+
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateFinalizeTxHashAndRollupStatus(context.Background(), batchHash2, "finalizeTxHash", types.RollupFinalizeFailed)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	updatedBatch, err = batchOrm.GetLatestBatch(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "finalizeTxHash", updatedBatch.FinalizeTxHash)
+	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupFinalizeFailed, types.RollupStatus(updatedBatch.RollupStatus))
+}
--- a/bridge/internal/types/batch.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/types/batch.go
@@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
-package types
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"math/big"
-
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/crypto"
-
-	abi "scroll-tech/bridge/abi"
-)
-
-// PublicInputHashConfig is the configuration of how to compute the public input hash.
-type PublicInputHashConfig struct {
-	MaxTxNum      int         `json:"max_tx_num"`
-	PaddingTxHash common.Hash `json:"padding_tx_hash"`
-}
-
-const defaultMaxTxNum = 44
-
-var defaultPaddingTxHash = [32]byte{}
-
-// BatchData contains info of batch to be committed.
-type BatchData struct {
-	Batch        abi.IScrollChainBatch
-	TxHashes     []common.Hash
-	TotalTxNum   uint64
-	TotalL1TxNum uint64
-	TotalL2Gas   uint64
-
-	// cache for the BatchHash
-	hash *common.Hash
-	// The config to compute the public input hash, or the block hash.
-	// If it is nil, the hash calculation will use `defaultMaxTxNum` and `defaultPaddingTxHash`.
-	piCfg *PublicInputHashConfig
-}
-
-// Timestamp returns the timestamp of the first block in the BlockData.
-func (b *BatchData) Timestamp() uint64 {
-	if len(b.Batch.Blocks) == 0 {
-		return 0
-	}
-	return b.Batch.Blocks[0].Timestamp
-}
-
-// Hash calculates the hash of this batch.
-func (b *BatchData) Hash() *common.Hash {
-	if b.hash != nil {
-		return b.hash
-	}
-
-	buf := make([]byte, 8)
-	hasher := crypto.NewKeccakState()
-
-	// 1. hash PrevStateRoot, NewStateRoot, WithdrawTrieRoot
-	// @todo: panic on error here.
-	_, _ = hasher.Write(b.Batch.PrevStateRoot[:])
-	_, _ = hasher.Write(b.Batch.NewStateRoot[:])
-	_, _ = hasher.Write(b.Batch.WithdrawTrieRoot[:])
-
-	// 2. hash all block contexts
-	for _, block := range b.Batch.Blocks {
-		// write BlockHash & ParentHash
-		_, _ = hasher.Write(block.BlockHash[:])
-		_, _ = hasher.Write(block.ParentHash[:])
-		// write BlockNumber
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buf, block.BlockNumber)
-		_, _ = hasher.Write(buf)
-		// write Timestamp
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buf, block.Timestamp)
-		_, _ = hasher.Write(buf)
-		// write BaseFee
-		var baseFee [32]byte
-		if block.BaseFee != nil {
-			baseFee = newByte32FromBytes(block.BaseFee.Bytes())
-		}
-		_, _ = hasher.Write(baseFee[:])
-		// write GasLimit
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buf, block.GasLimit)
-		_, _ = hasher.Write(buf)
-		// write NumTransactions
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(buf[:2], block.NumTransactions)
-		_, _ = hasher.Write(buf[:2])
-		// write NumL1Messages
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(buf[:2], block.NumL1Messages)
-		_, _ = hasher.Write(buf[:2])
-	}
-
-	// 3. add all tx hashes
-	for _, txHash := range b.TxHashes {
-		_, _ = hasher.Write(txHash[:])
-	}
-
-	// 4. append empty tx hash up to MaxTxNum
-	maxTxNum := defaultMaxTxNum
-	paddingTxHash := common.Hash(defaultPaddingTxHash)
-	if b.piCfg != nil {
-		maxTxNum = b.piCfg.MaxTxNum
-		paddingTxHash = b.piCfg.PaddingTxHash
-	}
-	for i := len(b.TxHashes); i < maxTxNum; i++ {
-		_, _ = hasher.Write(paddingTxHash[:])
-	}
-
-	b.hash = new(common.Hash)
-	_, _ = hasher.Read(b.hash[:])
-
-	return b.hash
-}
-
-// NewBatchData creates a BatchData given the parent batch information and the traces of the blocks
-// included in this batch
-func NewBatchData(parentBatch *BatchInfo, blocks []*WrappedBlock, piCfg *PublicInputHashConfig) *BatchData {
-	batchData := new(BatchData)
-	batch := &batchData.Batch
-
-	// set BatchIndex, ParentBatchHash
-	batch.BatchIndex = parentBatch.Index + 1
-	batch.ParentBatchHash = common.HexToHash(parentBatch.Hash)
-	batch.Blocks = make([]abi.IScrollChainBlockContext, len(blocks))
-
-	var batchTxDataBuf bytes.Buffer
-	batchTxDataWriter := bufio.NewWriter(&batchTxDataBuf)
-
-	for i, block := range blocks {
-		batchData.TotalTxNum += uint64(len(block.Transactions))
-		batchData.TotalL2Gas += block.Header.GasUsed
-
-		// set baseFee to 0 when it's nil in the block header
-		baseFee := block.Header.BaseFee
-		if baseFee == nil {
-			baseFee = big.NewInt(0)
-		}
-
-		batch.Blocks[i] = abi.IScrollChainBlockContext{
-			BlockHash:       block.Header.Hash(),
-			ParentHash:      block.Header.ParentHash,
-			BlockNumber:     block.Header.Number.Uint64(),
-			Timestamp:       block.Header.Time,
-			BaseFee:         baseFee,
-			GasLimit:        block.Header.GasLimit,
-			NumTransactions: uint16(len(block.Transactions)),
-			NumL1Messages:   0, // TODO: currently use 0, will re-enable after we use l2geth to include L1 messages
-		}
-
-		// fill in RLP-encoded transactions
-		for _, txData := range block.Transactions {
-			data, _ := hexutil.Decode(txData.Data)
-			// right now we only support legacy tx
-			tx := types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{
-				Nonce:    txData.Nonce,
-				To:       txData.To,
-				Value:    txData.Value.ToInt(),
-				Gas:      txData.Gas,
-				GasPrice: txData.GasPrice.ToInt(),
-				Data:     data,
-				V:        txData.V.ToInt(),
-				R:        txData.R.ToInt(),
-				S:        txData.S.ToInt(),
-			})
-			rlpTxData, _ := tx.MarshalBinary()
-			var txLen [4]byte
-			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(txLen[:], uint32(len(rlpTxData)))
-			_, _ = batchTxDataWriter.Write(txLen[:])
-			_, _ = batchTxDataWriter.Write(rlpTxData)
-			batchData.TxHashes = append(batchData.TxHashes, tx.Hash())
-		}
-
-		if i == 0 {
-			batch.PrevStateRoot = common.HexToHash(parentBatch.StateRoot)
-		}
-
-		// set NewStateRoot & WithdrawTrieRoot from the last block
-		if i == len(blocks)-1 {
-			batch.NewStateRoot = block.Header.Root
-			batch.WithdrawTrieRoot = block.WithdrawTrieRoot
-		}
-	}
-
-	if err := batchTxDataWriter.Flush(); err != nil {
-		panic("Buffered I/O flush failed")
-	}
-
-	batch.L2Transactions = batchTxDataBuf.Bytes()
-	batchData.piCfg = piCfg
-
-	return batchData
-}
-
-// NewGenesisBatchData generates the batch that contains the genesis block.
-func NewGenesisBatchData(genesisBlockTrace *WrappedBlock) *BatchData {
-	header := genesisBlockTrace.Header
-	if header.Number.Uint64() != 0 {
-		panic("invalid genesis block trace: block number is not 0")
-	}
-
-	batchData := new(BatchData)
-	batch := &batchData.Batch
-
-	// fill in batch information
-	batch.BatchIndex = 0
-	batch.Blocks = make([]abi.IScrollChainBlockContext, 1)
-	batch.NewStateRoot = header.Root
-	// PrevStateRoot, WithdrawTrieRoot, ParentBatchHash should all be 0
-	// L2Transactions should be empty
-
-	// fill in block context
-	batch.Blocks[0] = abi.IScrollChainBlockContext{
-		BlockHash:       header.Hash(),
-		ParentHash:      header.ParentHash,
-		BlockNumber:     header.Number.Uint64(),
-		Timestamp:       header.Time,
-		BaseFee:         header.BaseFee,
-		GasLimit:        header.GasLimit,
-		NumTransactions: 0,
-		NumL1Messages:   0,
-	}
-
-	return batchData
-}
-
-// newByte32FromBytes converts the bytes in big-endian encoding to 32 bytes in big-endian encoding
-func newByte32FromBytes(b []byte) [32]byte {
-	var byte32 [32]byte
-
-	if len(b) > 32 {
-		b = b[len(b)-32:]
-	}
-
-	copy(byte32[32-len(b):], b)
-	return byte32
-}
--- a/bridge/internal/types/batch_header.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/types/batch_header.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"

 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/crypto"
 )

@@ -38,16 +39,16 @@ func NewBatchHeader(version uint8, batchIndex, totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64
 	for _, chunk := range chunks {
 		// build data hash
 		totalL1MessagePoppedBeforeChunk := nextIndex
-		chunkBytes, err := chunk.Hash(totalL1MessagePoppedBeforeChunk)
+		chunkHash, err := chunk.Hash(totalL1MessagePoppedBeforeChunk)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		dataBytes = append(dataBytes, chunkBytes...)
+		dataBytes = append(dataBytes, chunkHash.Bytes()...)

 		// build skip bitmap
 		for _, block := range chunk.Blocks {
 			for _, tx := range block.Transactions {
-				if tx.Type != 0x7E {
+				if tx.Type != types.L1MessageTxType {
 					continue
 				}
 				currentIndex := tx.Nonce
@@ -101,6 +102,26 @@ func NewBatchHeader(version uint8, batchIndex, totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64
 	}, nil
 }

+// Version returns the version of the BatchHeader.
+func (b *BatchHeader) Version() uint8 {
+	return b.version
+}
+
+// BatchIndex returns the batch index of the BatchHeader.
+func (b *BatchHeader) BatchIndex() uint64 {
+	return b.batchIndex
+}
+
+// TotalL1MessagePopped returns the total number of L1 messages popped in the BatchHeader.
+func (b *BatchHeader) TotalL1MessagePopped() uint64 {
+	return b.totalL1MessagePopped
+}
+
+// SkippedL1MessageBitmap returns the skipped L1 message bitmap in the BatchHeader.
+func (b *BatchHeader) SkippedL1MessageBitmap() []byte {
+	return b.skippedL1MessageBitmap
+}
+
 // Encode encodes the BatchHeader into RollupV2 BatchHeaderV0Codec Encoding.
 func (b *BatchHeader) Encode() []byte {
 	batchBytes := make([]byte, 89+len(b.skippedL1MessageBitmap))
@@ -118,3 +139,20 @@ func (b *BatchHeader) Encode() []byte {
 func (b *BatchHeader) Hash() common.Hash {
 	return crypto.Keccak256Hash(b.Encode())
 }
+
+// DecodeBatchHeader attempts to decode the given byte slice into a BatchHeader.
+func DecodeBatchHeader(data []byte) (*BatchHeader, error) {
+	if len(data) < 89 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("insufficient data for BatchHeader")
+	}
+	b := &BatchHeader{
+		version:                data[0],
+		batchIndex:             binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[1:9]),
+		l1MessagePopped:        binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[9:17]),
+		totalL1MessagePopped:   binary.BigEndian.Uint64(data[17:25]),
+		dataHash:               common.BytesToHash(data[25:57]),
+		parentBatchHash:        common.BytesToHash(data[57:89]),
+		skippedL1MessageBitmap: data[89:],
+	}
+	return b, nil
+}
--- a/bridge/internal/types/batch_header_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/types/batch_header_test.go
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (

 func TestNewBatchHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	// Without L1 Msg
-	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
+	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func TestNewBatchHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(batchHeader.skippedL1MessageBitmap))

 	// 1 L1 Msg in 1 bitmap
-	templateBlockTrace2, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_04.json")
+	templateBlockTrace2, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_04.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock2 := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func TestNewBatchHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, expectedBitmap, common.Bytes2Hex(batchHeader.skippedL1MessageBitmap))

 	// many consecutive L1 Msgs in 1 bitmap, no leading skipped msgs
-	templateBlockTrace3, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_05.json")
+	templateBlockTrace3, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_05.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock3 := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func TestNewBatchHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, expectedBitmap, common.Bytes2Hex(batchHeader.skippedL1MessageBitmap))

 	// many sparse L1 Msgs in 1 bitmap
-	templateBlockTrace4, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_06.json")
+	templateBlockTrace4, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_06.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock4 := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func TestNewBatchHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, expectedBitmap, common.Bytes2Hex(batchHeader.skippedL1MessageBitmap))

 	// many L1 Msgs in each of 2 bitmaps
-	templateBlockTrace5, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_07.json")
+	templateBlockTrace5, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_07.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock5 := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func TestNewBatchHeader(t *testing.T) {

 func TestBatchHeaderEncode(t *testing.T) {
 	// Without L1 Msg
-	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
+	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ func TestBatchHeaderEncode(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "0100000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000010a64c9bd905f8caf5d668fbda622d6558c5a42cdb4b3895709743d159c22e534136709aabc8a23aa17fbcc833da2f7857d3c2884feec9aae73429c135f94985", common.Bytes2Hex(bytes))

 	// With L1 Msg
-	templateBlockTrace2, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_04.json")
+	templateBlockTrace2, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_04.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock2 := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func TestBatchHeaderEncode(t *testing.T) {

 func TestBatchHeaderHash(t *testing.T) {
 	// Without L1 Msg
-	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
+	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ func TestBatchHeaderHash(t *testing.T) {
 	hash := batchHeader.Hash()
 	assert.Equal(t, "d69da4357da0073f4093c76e49f077e21bb52f48f57ee3e1fbd9c38a2881af81", common.Bytes2Hex(hash.Bytes()))

-	templateBlockTrace, err = os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_03.json")
+	templateBlockTrace, err = os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_03.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock2 := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ func TestBatchHeaderHash(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "34de600163aa745d4513113137a5b54960d13f0d3f2849e490c4b875028bf930", common.Bytes2Hex(hash2.Bytes()))

 	// With L1 Msg
-	templateBlockTrace3, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_04.json")
+	templateBlockTrace3, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_04.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock3 := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -232,3 +232,20 @@ func TestBatchHeaderHash(t *testing.T) {
 	hash = batchHeader.Hash()
 	assert.Equal(t, "0ec9547c6645d5f0c1254e121f49e93f54525cfda5bfb2236440fb3470f48902", common.Bytes2Hex(hash.Bytes()))
 }
+
+func TestBatchHeaderDecode(t *testing.T) {
+	header := &BatchHeader{
+		version:                1,
+		batchIndex:             10,
+		l1MessagePopped:        20,
+		totalL1MessagePopped:   30,
+		dataHash:               common.HexToHash("0x01"),
+		parentBatchHash:        common.HexToHash("0x02"),
+		skippedL1MessageBitmap: []byte{0x01, 0x02, 0x03},
+	}
+
+	encoded := header.Encode()
+	decoded, err := DecodeBatchHeader(encoded)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, header, decoded)
+}
--- a/bridge/internal/types/batch_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/types/batch_test.go
@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-package types
-
-import (
-	"math/big"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
-	gethTypes "github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-
-	abi "scroll-tech/bridge/abi"
-)
-
-func TestBatchHash(t *testing.T) {
-	txBytes := common.Hex2Bytes("02f8710582fd14808506e38dccc9825208944d496ccc28058b1d74b7a19541663e21154f9c848801561db11e24a43380c080a0d890606d7a35b2ab0f9b866d62c092d5b163f3e6a55537ae1485aac08c3f8ff7a023997be2d32f53e146b160fff0ba81e81dbb4491c865ab174d15c5b3d28c41ae")
-	tx := new(gethTypes.Transaction)
-	if err := tx.UnmarshalBinary(txBytes); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid tx hex string: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	batchData := new(BatchData)
-	batchData.TxHashes = append(batchData.TxHashes, tx.Hash())
-	batchData.piCfg = &PublicInputHashConfig{
-		MaxTxNum:      4,
-		PaddingTxHash: common.HexToHash("0xb5baa665b2664c3bfed7eb46e00ebc110ecf2ebd257854a9bf2b9dbc9b2c08f6"),
-	}
-
-	batch := &batchData.Batch
-	batch.PrevStateRoot = common.HexToHash("0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000cafe")
-
-	block := abi.IScrollChainBlockContext{
-		BlockNumber:     51966,
-		Timestamp:       123456789,
-		BaseFee:         new(big.Int).SetUint64(0),
-		GasLimit:        10000000000000000,
-		NumTransactions: 1,
-		NumL1Messages:   0,
-	}
-	batch.Blocks = append(batch.Blocks, block)
-
-	hash := batchData.Hash()
-	assert.Equal(t, *hash, common.HexToHash("0xa9f2ca3175794f91226a410ba1e60fff07a405c957562675c4149b77e659d805"))
-
-	// use a different tx hash
-	txBytes = common.Hex2Bytes("f8628001830f424094000000000000000000000000000000000000bbbb8080820a97a064e07cd8f939e2117724bdcbadc80dda421381cbc2a1f4e0d093d9cc5c5cf68ea03e264227f80852d88743cd9e43998f2746b619180366a87e4531debf9c3fa5dc")
-	tx = new(gethTypes.Transaction)
-	if err := tx.UnmarshalBinary(txBytes); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("invalid tx hex string: %s", err)
-	}
-	batchData.TxHashes[0] = tx.Hash()
-
-	batchData.hash = nil // clear the cache
-	assert.Equal(t, *batchData.Hash(), common.HexToHash("0x398cb22bbfa1665c1b342b813267538a4c933d7f92d8bd9184aba0dd1122987b"))
-}
-
-func TestNewGenesisBatch(t *testing.T) {
-	genesisBlock := &gethTypes.Header{
-		UncleHash:   common.HexToHash("0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347"),
-		Root:        common.HexToHash("0x1b186a7a90ec3b41a2417062fe44dce8ce82ae76bfbb09eae786a4f1be1895f5"),
-		TxHash:      common.HexToHash("0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421"),
-		ReceiptHash: common.HexToHash("0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421"),
-		Difficulty:  big.NewInt(1),
-		Number:      big.NewInt(0),
-		GasLimit:    940000000,
-		GasUsed:     0,
-		Time:        1639724192,
-		Extra:       common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000214f8d488aa9ebf83e30bad45fb8f9c8ee2509f5511caff794753d07e9dfb218cfc233bb62d2c57022783094e1a7edb6f069f8424bb68496a0926b130000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"),
-		BaseFee:     big.NewInt(1000000000),
-	}
-	assert.Equal(
-		t,
-		genesisBlock.Hash().Hex(),
-		"0x92826bd3aad2ef70d8061dc4e25150b305d1233d9cd7579433a77d6eb01dae1c",
-		"wrong genesis block header",
-	)
-
-	blockTrace := &WrappedBlock{genesisBlock, nil, common.Hash{}}
-	batchData := NewGenesisBatchData(blockTrace)
-	t.Log(batchData.Batch.Blocks[0])
-	batchData.piCfg = &PublicInputHashConfig{
-		MaxTxNum:      25,
-		PaddingTxHash: common.HexToHash("0xb5baa665b2664c3bfed7eb46e00ebc110ecf2ebd257854a9bf2b9dbc9b2c08f6"),
-	}
-	assert.Equal(
-		t,
-		batchData.Hash().Hex(),
-		"0x65cf210e30f75cf8fd198df124255f73bc08d6324759e828a784fa938e7ac43d",
-		"wrong genesis batch hash",
-	)
-}
--- a/bridge/internal/types/block.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/types/block.go
@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
 package types

 import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"math"
+
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
 )

+const nonZeroByteGas uint64 = 16
+const zeroByteGas uint64 = 4
+
 // WrappedBlock contains the block's Header, Transactions and WithdrawTrieRoot hash.
 type WrappedBlock struct {
 	Header *types.Header `json:"header"`
@@ -13,9 +21,116 @@ type WrappedBlock struct {
 	WithdrawTrieRoot common.Hash              `json:"withdraw_trie_root,omitempty"`
 }

-// BatchInfo contains the BlockBatch's main info
-type BatchInfo struct {
-	Index     uint64 `json:"index"`
-	Hash      string `json:"hash"`
-	StateRoot string `json:"state_root"`
+// NumL1Messages returns the number of L1 messages in this block.
+// This number is the sum of included and skipped L1 messages.
+func (w *WrappedBlock) NumL1Messages(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64) uint64 {
+	var lastQueueIndex *uint64
+	for _, txData := range w.Transactions {
+		if txData.Type == types.L1MessageTxType {
+			lastQueueIndex = &txData.Nonce
+		}
+	}
+	if lastQueueIndex == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	// note: last queue index included before this block is totalL1MessagePoppedBefore - 1
+	// TODO: cache results
+	return *lastQueueIndex - totalL1MessagePoppedBefore + 1
+}
+
+// Encode encodes the WrappedBlock into RollupV2 BlockContext Encoding.
+func (w *WrappedBlock) Encode(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+	bytes := make([]byte, 60)
+
+	if !w.Header.Number.IsUint64() {
+		return nil, errors.New("block number is not uint64")
+	}
+	if len(w.Transactions) > math.MaxUint16 {
+		return nil, errors.New("number of transactions exceeds max uint16")
+	}
+
+	numL1Messages := w.NumL1Messages(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore)
+	if numL1Messages > math.MaxUint16 {
+		return nil, errors.New("number of L1 messages exceeds max uint16")
+	}
+
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(bytes[0:], w.Header.Number.Uint64())
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(bytes[8:], w.Header.Time)
+	// TODO: [16:47] Currently, baseFee is 0, because we disable EIP-1559.
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(bytes[48:], w.Header.GasLimit)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(bytes[56:], uint16(len(w.Transactions)))
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(bytes[58:], uint16(numL1Messages))
+
+	return bytes, nil
+}
+
+// EstimateL1CommitCalldataSize calculates the calldata size in l1 commit approximately.
+// TODO: The calculation could be more accurate by using 58 + len(l2TxDataBytes) (see Chunk).
+// This needs to be adjusted in the future.
+func (w *WrappedBlock) EstimateL1CommitCalldataSize() uint64 {
+	var size uint64
+	for _, txData := range w.Transactions {
+		if txData.Type == types.L1MessageTxType {
+			continue
+		}
+		size += uint64(len(txData.Data))
+	}
+	return size
+}
+
+// EstimateL1CommitGas calculates the calldata gas in l1 commit approximately.
+// TODO: This will need to be adjusted.
+// The part added here is only the calldata cost,
+// but we have execution cost for verifying blocks / chunks / batches and storing the batch hash.
+func (w *WrappedBlock) EstimateL1CommitGas() uint64 {
+	var total uint64
+	for _, txData := range w.Transactions {
+		if txData.Type == types.L1MessageTxType {
+			continue
+		}
+		data, _ := hexutil.Decode(txData.Data)
+		tx := types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{
+			Nonce:    txData.Nonce,
+			To:       txData.To,
+			Value:    txData.Value.ToInt(),
+			Gas:      txData.Gas,
+			GasPrice: txData.GasPrice.ToInt(),
+			Data:     data,
+			V:        txData.V.ToInt(),
+			R:        txData.R.ToInt(),
+			S:        txData.S.ToInt(),
+		})
+		rlpTxData, _ := tx.MarshalBinary()
+
+		for _, b := range rlpTxData {
+			if b == 0 {
+				total += zeroByteGas
+			} else {
+				total += nonZeroByteGas
+			}
+		}
+
+		var txLen [4]byte
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(txLen[:], uint32(len(rlpTxData)))
+
+		for _, b := range txLen {
+			if b == 0 {
+				total += zeroByteGas
+			} else {
+				total += nonZeroByteGas
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return total
+}
+
+// L2TxsNum calculates the number of l2 txs.
+func (w *WrappedBlock) L2TxsNum() uint64 {
+	var count uint64
+	for _, txData := range w.Transactions {
+		if txData.Type != types.L1MessageTxType {
+			count++
+		}
+	}
+	return count
 }
--- a/bridge/internal/types/chunk.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/types/chunk.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"

+	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -61,10 +62,13 @@ func (c *Chunk) Encode(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64) ([]byte, error) {

 		// Append rlp-encoded l2Txs
 		for _, txData := range block.Transactions {
-			if txData.Type == 0x7E {
+			if txData.Type == types.L1MessageTxType {
 				continue
 			}
-			data, _ := hexutil.Decode(txData.Data)
+			data, err := hexutil.Decode(txData.Data)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
 			// right now we only support legacy tx
 			tx := types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{
 				Nonce:    txData.Nonce,
@@ -77,7 +81,10 @@ func (c *Chunk) Encode(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64) ([]byte, error) {
 				R:        txData.R.ToInt(),
 				S:        txData.S.ToInt(),
 			})
-			rlpTxData, _ := tx.MarshalBinary()
+			rlpTxData, err := tx.MarshalBinary()
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
 			var txLen [4]byte
 			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(txLen[:], uint32(len(rlpTxData)))
 			l2TxDataBytes = append(l2TxDataBytes, txLen[:]...)
@@ -91,17 +98,17 @@ func (c *Chunk) Encode(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64) ([]byte, error) {
 }

 // Hash hashes the Chunk into RollupV2 Chunk Hash
-func (c *Chunk) Hash(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64) ([]byte, error) {
+func (c *Chunk) Hash(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64) (common.Hash, error) {
 	chunkBytes, err := c.Encode(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return common.Hash{}, err
 	}
 	numBlocks := chunkBytes[0]

 	// concatenate block contexts
 	var dataBytes []byte
 	for i := 0; i < int(numBlocks); i++ {
-		// only first 58 bytes is needed
+		// only the first 58 bytes of each BlockContext are needed for the hashing process
 		dataBytes = append(dataBytes, chunkBytes[1+60*i:60*i+59]...)
 	}

@@ -113,9 +120,9 @@ func (c *Chunk) Hash(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64) ([]byte, error) {
 			txHash := strings.TrimPrefix(txData.TxHash, "0x")
 			hashBytes, err := hex.DecodeString(txHash)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				return common.Hash{}, err
 			}
-			if txData.Type == 0x7E {
+			if txData.Type == types.L1MessageTxType {
 				l1TxHashes = append(l1TxHashes, hashBytes...)
 			} else {
 				l2TxHashes = append(l2TxHashes, hashBytes...)
@@ -125,6 +132,6 @@ func (c *Chunk) Hash(totalL1MessagePoppedBefore uint64) ([]byte, error) {
 		dataBytes = append(dataBytes, l2TxHashes...)
 	}

-	hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(dataBytes).Bytes()
+	hash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(dataBytes)
 	return hash, nil
 }
--- a/bridge/internal/types/chunk_test.go
+++ b/bridge/internal/types/chunk_test.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func TestChunkEncode(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "number of blocks exceeds 1 byte")

 	// Test case 3: when the chunk contains one block.
-	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
+	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func TestChunkEncode(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "0100000000000000020000000063807b2a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000355418d1e81840002000000000073f87180843b9aec2e8307a12094c0c4c8baea3f6acb49b6e1fb9e2adeceeacb0ca28a152d02c7e14af60000008083019ecea0ab07ae99c67aa78e7ba5cf6781e90cc32b219b1de102513d56548a41e86df514a034cbd19feacd73e8ce64d00c4d1996b9b5243c578fd7f51bfaec288bbaf42a8b00000073f87101843b9aec2e8307a1209401bae6bf68e9a03fb2bc0615b1bf0d69ce9411ed8a152d02c7e14af60000008083019ecea0f039985866d8256f10c1be4f7b2cace28d8f20bde27e2604393eb095b7f77316a05a3e6e81065f2b4604bcec5bd4aba684835996fc3f879380aac1c09c6eed32f1", hexString)

 	// Test case 4: when the chunk contains one block with 1 L1MsgTx
-	templateBlockTrace2, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_04.json")
+	templateBlockTrace2, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_04.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	wrappedBlock2 := &WrappedBlock{}
@@ -86,13 +86,13 @@ func TestChunkHash(t *testing.T) {
 	chunk := &Chunk{
 		Blocks: []*WrappedBlock{},
 	}
-	bytes, err := chunk.Hash(0)
-	assert.Nil(t, bytes)
+	hash, err := chunk.Hash(0)
 	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", hash.Hex())
 	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "number of blocks is 0")

 	// Test case 2: successfully hashing a chunk on one block
-	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
+	templateBlockTrace, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_02.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	wrappedBlock := &WrappedBlock{}
 	assert.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(templateBlockTrace, wrappedBlock))
@@ -101,13 +101,12 @@ func TestChunkHash(t *testing.T) {
 			wrappedBlock,
 		},
 	}
-	bytes, err = chunk.Hash(0)
-	hexString := hex.EncodeToString(bytes)
+	hash, err = chunk.Hash(0)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "78c839dfc494396c16b40946f32b3f4c3e8c2d4bfd04aefcf235edec474482f8", hexString)
+	assert.Equal(t, "0x78c839dfc494396c16b40946f32b3f4c3e8c2d4bfd04aefcf235edec474482f8", hash.Hex())

 	// Test case 3: successfully hashing a chunk on two blocks
-	templateBlockTrace1, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_03.json")
+	templateBlockTrace1, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_03.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	wrappedBlock1 := &WrappedBlock{}
 	assert.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(templateBlockTrace1, wrappedBlock1))
@@ -117,13 +116,12 @@ func TestChunkHash(t *testing.T) {
 			wrappedBlock1,
 		},
 	}
-	bytes, err = chunk.Hash(0)
-	hexString = hex.EncodeToString(bytes)
+	hash, err = chunk.Hash(0)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "aa9e494f72bc6965857856f0fae6916f27b2a6591c714a573b2fab46df03b8ae", hexString)
+	assert.Equal(t, "0xaa9e494f72bc6965857856f0fae6916f27b2a6591c714a573b2fab46df03b8ae", hash.Hex())

 	// Test case 4: successfully hashing a chunk on two blocks each with L1 and L2 txs
-	templateBlockTrace2, err := os.ReadFile("../testdata/blockTrace_04.json")
+	templateBlockTrace2, err := os.ReadFile("../../../common/testdata/blockTrace_04.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	wrappedBlock2 := &WrappedBlock{}
 	assert.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(templateBlockTrace2, wrappedBlock2))
@@ -133,8 +131,7 @@ func TestChunkHash(t *testing.T) {
 			wrappedBlock2,
 		},
 	}
-	bytes, err = chunk.Hash(0)
-	hexString = hex.EncodeToString(bytes)
+	hash, err = chunk.Hash(0)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "42967825696a129e7a83f082097aca982747480956dcaa448c9296e795c9a91a", hexString)
+	assert.Equal(t, "0x42967825696a129e7a83f082097aca982747480956dcaa448c9296e795c9a91a", hash.Hex())
 }
--- a/bridge/mock_bridge/MockBridgeL1.sol
+++ b/bridge/mock_bridge/MockBridgeL1.sol
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
 pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

+import {BatchHeaderV0Codec} from "../../contracts/src/libraries/codec/BatchHeaderV0Codec.sol";
+import {ChunkCodec} from "../../contracts/src/libraries/codec/ChunkCodec.sol";
+import {IL1MessageQueue} from "../../contracts/src/L1/rollup/IL1MessageQueue.sol";
+
 contract MockBridgeL1 {
  /******************************
   * Events from L1MessageQueue *
@@ -17,7 +21,7 @@ contract MockBridgeL1 {
    address indexed sender,
    address indexed target,
    uint256 value,
-    uint256 queueIndex,
+    uint64 queueIndex,
    uint256 gasLimit,
    bytes data
  );
@@ -46,74 +50,27 @@ contract MockBridgeL1 {
  /// @param messageHash The hash of the message.
  event RelayedMessage(bytes32 indexed messageHash);

-  /// @dev The maximum number of transaction in on batch.
-  uint256 public immutable maxNumTxInBatch;
-
-  /// @dev The hash used for padding public inputs.
-  bytes32 public immutable paddingTxHash;
-
  /***************************
   * Events from ScrollChain *
   ***************************/

-  /// @notice Emitted when a new batch is commited.
-  /// @param batchHash The hash of the batch
+  /// @notice Emitted when a new batch is committed.
+  /// @param batchHash The hash of the batch.
  event CommitBatch(bytes32 indexed batchHash);

-  /// @notice Emitted when a batch is reverted.
-  /// @param batchHash The identification of the batch.
-  event RevertBatch(bytes32 indexed batchHash);
-
  /// @notice Emitted when a batch is finalized.
  /// @param batchHash The hash of the batch
-  event FinalizeBatch(bytes32 indexed batchHash);
+  /// @param stateRoot The state root in layer 2 after this batch.
+  /// @param withdrawRoot The merkle root in layer2 after this batch.
+  event FinalizeBatch(bytes32 indexed batchHash, bytes32 stateRoot, bytes32 withdrawRoot);

  /***********
   * Structs *
   ***********/

-  struct BlockContext {
-    // The hash of this block.
-    bytes32 blockHash;
-    // The parent hash of this block.
-    bytes32 parentHash;
-    // The height of this block.
-    uint64 blockNumber;
-    // The timestamp of this block.
-    uint64 timestamp;
-    // The base fee of this block.
-    // Currently, it is not used, because we disable EIP-1559.
-    // We keep it for future proof.
-    uint256 baseFee;
-    // The gas limit of this block.
-    uint64 gasLimit;
-    // The number of transactions in this block, both L1 & L2 txs.
-    uint16 numTransactions;
-    // The number of l1 messages in this block.
-    uint16 numL1Messages;
-  }
-
-  struct Batch {
-    // The list of blocks in this batch
-    BlockContext[] blocks; // MAX_NUM_BLOCKS = 100, about 5 min
-    // The state root of previous batch.
-    // The first batch will use 0x0 for prevStateRoot
-    bytes32 prevStateRoot;
-    // The state root of the last block in this batch.
-    bytes32 newStateRoot;
-    // The withdraw trie root of the last block in this batch.
-    bytes32 withdrawTrieRoot;
-    // The index of the batch.
-    uint64 batchIndex;
-    // The parent batch hash.
-    bytes32 parentBatchHash;
-    // Concatenated raw data of RLP encoded L2 txs
-    bytes l2Transactions;
-  }
-
  struct L2MessageProof {
-    // The hash of the batch where the message belongs to.
-    bytes32 batchHash;
+    // The index of the batch where the message belongs to.
+    uint256 batchIndex;
    // Concatenation of merkle proof for withdraw merkle trie.
    bytes merkleProof;
  }
@@ -125,14 +82,7 @@ contract MockBridgeL1 {
  /// @notice Message nonce, used to avoid relay attack.
  uint256 public messageNonce;

-  /***************
-   * Constructor *
-   ***************/
-
-  constructor() {
-    maxNumTxInBatch = 44;
-    paddingTxHash = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000;
-  }
+  mapping(uint256 => bytes32) public committedBatches;

  /***********************************
   * Functions from L2GasPriceOracle *
@@ -154,7 +104,7 @@ contract MockBridgeL1 {
    bytes memory _xDomainCalldata = _encodeXDomainCalldata(msg.sender, target, value, messageNonce, message);
    {
      address _sender = applyL1ToL2Alias(address(this));
-      emit QueueTransaction(_sender, target, 0, messageNonce, gasLimit, _xDomainCalldata);
+      emit QueueTransaction(_sender, target, 0, uint64(messageNonce), gasLimit, _xDomainCalldata);
    }

    emit SentMessage(msg.sender, target, value, messageNonce, gasLimit, message);
@@ -178,37 +128,65 @@ contract MockBridgeL1 {
   * Functions from ScrollChain *
   ******************************/

-  function commitBatch(Batch memory _batch) external {
-    _commitBatch(_batch);
-  }
+  function commitBatch(
+    uint8 /*version*/,
+    bytes calldata /*parentBatchHeader*/,
+    bytes[] memory chunks,
+    bytes calldata /*skippedL1MessageBitmap*/
+  ) external {
+    // check whether the batch is empty
+    uint256 _chunksLength = chunks.length;
+    require(_chunksLength > 0, "batch is empty");

-  function commitBatches(Batch[] memory _batches) external {
-    for (uint256 i = 0; i < _batches.length; i++) {
-      _commitBatch(_batches[i]);
+    uint256 dataPtr;
+    assembly {
+      dataPtr := mload(0x40)
+      mstore(0x40, add(dataPtr, mul(_chunksLength, 32)))
    }
-  }

-  function revertBatch(bytes32 _batchHash) external {
-    emit RevertBatch(_batchHash);
+    for (uint256 i = 0; i < _chunksLength; i++) {
+      _commitChunk(dataPtr, chunks[i]);
+
+      unchecked {
+        dataPtr += 32;
+      }
+    }
+
+    bytes32 _dataHash;
+    assembly {
+      let dataLen := mul(_chunksLength, 0x20)
+      _dataHash := keccak256(sub(dataPtr, dataLen), dataLen)
+    }
+
+    bytes memory paddedData = new bytes(89);
+    assembly {
+      mstore(add(paddedData, 57), _dataHash)
+    }
+
+    uint256 batchPtr;
+    assembly {
+      batchPtr := add(paddedData, 32)
+    }
+    bytes32 _batchHash = BatchHeaderV0Codec.computeBatchHash(batchPtr, 89);
+    committedBatches[0] = _batchHash;
+    emit CommitBatch(_batchHash);
  }

  function finalizeBatchWithProof(
-    bytes32 _batchHash,
-    uint256[] memory,
-    uint256[] memory
+    bytes calldata /*batchHeader*/,
+    bytes32 /*prevStateRoot*/,
+    bytes32 postStateRoot,
+    bytes32 withdrawRoot,
+    bytes calldata /*aggrProof*/
  ) external {
-    emit FinalizeBatch(_batchHash);
+    bytes32 _batchHash = committedBatches[0];
+    emit FinalizeBatch(_batchHash, postStateRoot, withdrawRoot);
  }

  /**********************
   * Internal Functions *
   **********************/

-  function _commitBatch(Batch memory _batch) internal {
-    bytes32 _batchHash = _computePublicInputHash(_batch);
-    emit CommitBatch(_batchHash);
-  }
-
  /// @dev Internal function to generate the correct cross domain calldata for a message.
  /// @param _sender Message sender address.
  /// @param _target Target contract address.
@@ -234,6 +212,10 @@ contract MockBridgeL1 {
      );
  }

+  /// @notice Utility function that converts the address in the L1 that submitted a tx to
+  /// the inbox to the msg.sender viewed in the L2
+  /// @param l1Address the address in the L1 that triggered the tx to L2
+  /// @return l2Address L2 address as viewed in msg.sender
  function applyL1ToL2Alias(address l1Address) internal pure returns (address l2Address) {
    uint160 offset = uint160(0x1111000000000000000000000000000000001111);
    unchecked {
@@ -241,140 +223,67 @@ contract MockBridgeL1 {
    }
  }

-  /// @dev Internal function to compute the public input hash.
-  /// @param batch The batch to compute.
-  function _computePublicInputHash(Batch memory batch)
-    internal
-    view
-    returns (
-      bytes32
-    )
-  {
-    uint256 publicInputsPtr;
-    // 1. append prevStateRoot, newStateRoot and withdrawTrieRoot to public inputs
-    {
-      bytes32 prevStateRoot = batch.prevStateRoot;
-      bytes32 newStateRoot = batch.newStateRoot;
-      bytes32 withdrawTrieRoot = batch.withdrawTrieRoot;
-      // number of bytes in public inputs: 32 * 3 + 124 * blocks + 32 * MAX_NUM_TXS
-      uint256 publicInputsSize = 32 * 3 + batch.blocks.length * 124 + 32 * maxNumTxInBatch;
-      assembly {
-        publicInputsPtr := mload(0x40)
-        mstore(0x40, add(publicInputsPtr, publicInputsSize))
-        mstore(publicInputsPtr, prevStateRoot)
-        publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x20)
-        mstore(publicInputsPtr, newStateRoot)
-        publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x20)
-        mstore(publicInputsPtr, withdrawTrieRoot)
-        publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x20)
+  function _commitChunk(
+    uint256 memPtr,
+    bytes memory _chunk
+  ) internal pure {
+    uint256 chunkPtr;
+    uint256 startDataPtr;
+    uint256 dataPtr;
+    uint256 blockPtr;
+
+    assembly {
+      dataPtr := mload(0x40)
+      startDataPtr := dataPtr
+      chunkPtr := add(_chunk, 0x20) // skip chunkLength
+      blockPtr := add(chunkPtr, 1) // skip numBlocks
+    }
+
+    uint256 _numBlocks = ChunkCodec.validateChunkLength(chunkPtr, _chunk.length);
+
+    // concatenate block contexts
+    uint256 _totalTransactionsInChunk;
+    for (uint256 i = 0; i < _numBlocks; i++) {
+      dataPtr = ChunkCodec.copyBlockContext(chunkPtr, dataPtr, i);
+      uint256 _numTransactionsInBlock = ChunkCodec.numTransactions(blockPtr);
+      unchecked {
+        _totalTransactionsInChunk += _numTransactionsInBlock;
+        blockPtr += ChunkCodec.BLOCK_CONTEXT_LENGTH;
      }
    }

-    uint64 numTransactionsInBatch;
-    BlockContext memory _block;
-    // 2. append block information to public inputs.
-    for (uint256 i = 0; i < batch.blocks.length; i++) {
-      // validate blocks, we won't check first block against previous batch.
-      {
-        BlockContext memory _currentBlock = batch.blocks[i];
-        if (i > 0) {
-          require(_block.blockHash == _currentBlock.parentHash, "Parent hash mismatch");
-          require(_block.blockNumber + 1 == _currentBlock.blockNumber, "Block number mismatch");
-        }
-        _block = _currentBlock;
-      }
+    assembly {
+      mstore(0x40, add(dataPtr, mul(_totalTransactionsInChunk, 0x20))) // reserve memory for tx hashes
+      blockPtr := add(chunkPtr, 1) // reset block ptr
+    }

-      // append blockHash and parentHash to public inputs
-      {
-        bytes32 blockHash = _block.blockHash;
-        bytes32 parentHash = _block.parentHash;
+    // concatenate tx hashes
+    uint256 l2TxPtr = ChunkCodec.l2TxPtr(chunkPtr, _numBlocks);
+    while (_numBlocks > 0) {
+      // concatenate l2 transaction hashes
+      uint256 _numTransactionsInBlock = ChunkCodec.numTransactions(blockPtr);
+      for (uint256 j = 0; j < _numTransactionsInBlock; j++) {
+        bytes32 txHash;
+        (txHash, l2TxPtr) = ChunkCodec.loadL2TxHash(l2TxPtr);
        assembly {
-          mstore(publicInputsPtr, blockHash)
-          publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x20)
-          mstore(publicInputsPtr, parentHash)
-          publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x20)
+          mstore(dataPtr, txHash)
+          dataPtr := add(dataPtr, 0x20)
        }
      }
-      // append blockNumber and blockTimestamp to public inputs
-      {
-        uint256 blockNumber = _block.blockNumber;
-        uint256 blockTimestamp = _block.timestamp;
-        assembly {
-          mstore(publicInputsPtr, shl(192, blockNumber))
-          publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x8)
-          mstore(publicInputsPtr, shl(192, blockTimestamp))
-          publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x8)
-        }
-      }
-      // append baseFee to public inputs
-      {
-        uint256 baseFee = _block.baseFee;
-        assembly {
-          mstore(publicInputsPtr, baseFee)
-          publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x20)
-        }
-      }
-      uint64 numTransactionsInBlock = _block.numTransactions;
-      // gasLimit, numTransactions and numL1Messages to public inputs
-      {
-        uint256 gasLimit = _block.gasLimit;
-        uint256 numL1MessagesInBlock = _block.numL1Messages;
-        assembly {
-          mstore(publicInputsPtr, shl(192, gasLimit))
-          publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x8)
-          mstore(publicInputsPtr, shl(240, numTransactionsInBlock))
-          publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x2)
-          mstore(publicInputsPtr, shl(240, numL1MessagesInBlock))
-          publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x2)
-        }
-      }
-      numTransactionsInBatch += numTransactionsInBlock;
-    }
-    require(numTransactionsInBatch <= maxNumTxInBatch, "Too many transactions in batch");

-    // 3. append transaction hash to public inputs.
-    uint256 _l2TxnPtr;
-    {
-      bytes memory l2Transactions = batch.l2Transactions;
-      assembly {
-        _l2TxnPtr := add(l2Transactions, 0x20)
-      }
-    }
-    for (uint256 i = 0; i < batch.blocks.length; i++) {
-      uint256 numL1MessagesInBlock = batch.blocks[i].numL1Messages;
-      require(numL1MessagesInBlock == 0);
-      uint256 numTransactionsInBlock = batch.blocks[i].numTransactions;
-      for (uint256 j = numL1MessagesInBlock; j < numTransactionsInBlock; ++j) {
-        bytes32 hash;
-        assembly {
-          let txPayloadLength := shr(224, mload(_l2TxnPtr))
-          _l2TxnPtr := add(_l2TxnPtr, 4)
-          _l2TxnPtr := add(_l2TxnPtr, txPayloadLength)
-          hash := keccak256(sub(_l2TxnPtr, txPayloadLength), txPayloadLength)
-          mstore(publicInputsPtr, hash)
-          publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x20)
-        }
+      unchecked {
+        _numBlocks -= 1;
+        blockPtr += ChunkCodec.BLOCK_CONTEXT_LENGTH;
      }
    }

-    // 4. append padding transaction to public inputs.
-    bytes32 txHashPadding = paddingTxHash;
-    for (uint256 i = numTransactionsInBatch; i < maxNumTxInBatch; i++) {
-      assembly {
-        mstore(publicInputsPtr, txHashPadding)
-        publicInputsPtr := add(publicInputsPtr, 0x20)
-      }
-    }
+    // check chunk has correct length
+    require(l2TxPtr - chunkPtr == _chunk.length, "incomplete l2 transaction data");

-    // 5. compute public input hash
-    bytes32 publicInputHash;
-    {
-      uint256 publicInputsSize = 32 * 3 + batch.blocks.length * 124 + 32 * maxNumTxInBatch;
-      assembly {
-        publicInputHash := keccak256(sub(publicInputsPtr, publicInputsSize), publicInputsSize)
-      }
+    // compute data hash and store to memory
+    assembly {
+      let dataHash := keccak256(startDataPtr, sub(dataPtr, startDataPtr))
+      mstore(memPtr, dataHash)
    }
-
-    return publicInputHash;
  }
 }
--- a/bridge/mock_bridge/MockBridgeL2.sol
+++ b/bridge/mock_bridge/MockBridgeL2.sol
@@ -11,24 +11,6 @@ contract MockBridgeL2 {
  /// @param messageHash The hash of the corresponding message.
  event AppendMessage(uint256 index, bytes32 messageHash);

-  /********************************
-   * Events from L1BlockContainer *
-   ********************************/
-
-  /// @notice Emitted when a block is imported.
-  /// @param blockHash The hash of the imported block.
-  /// @param blockHeight The height of the imported block.
-  /// @param blockTimestamp The timestamp of the imported block.
-  /// @param baseFee The base fee of the imported block.
-  /// @param stateRoot The state root of the imported block.
-  event ImportBlock(
-    bytes32 indexed blockHash,
-    uint256 blockHeight,
-    uint256 blockTimestamp,
-    uint256 baseFee,
-    bytes32 stateRoot
-  );
-
  /*********************************
   * Events from L2ScrollMessenger *
   *********************************/
--- a/bridge/tests/bridge_test.go
+++ b/bridge/tests/bridge_test.go
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ func setupDB(t *testing.T) *gorm.DB {
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 	base = docker.NewDockerApp()
 	bridgeApp = bcmd.NewBridgeApp(base, "../conf/config.json")
+	defer bridgeApp.Free()
+	defer base.Free()
 	m.Run()
-	bridgeApp.Free()
-	base.Free()
 }

 func setupEnv(t *testing.T) {
@@ -129,6 +129,10 @@ func prepareContracts(t *testing.T) {
 func TestFunction(t *testing.T) {
 	setupEnv(t)

+	// process start test
+	t.Run("TestProcessStart", testProcessStart)
+	t.Run("TestProcessStartEnableMetrics", testProcessStartEnableMetrics)
+
 	// l1 rollup and watch rollup events
 	t.Run("TestCommitBatchAndFinalizeBatch", testCommitBatchAndFinalizeBatch)

@@ -136,7 +140,7 @@ func TestFunction(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("TestRelayL1MessageSucceed", testRelayL1MessageSucceed)

 	// l2 message
-	t.Run("TestRelayL2MessageSucceed", testRelayL2MessageSucceed)
+	// TODO: add a "user relay l2msg Succeed" test

 	// l1/l2 gas oracle
 	t.Run("TestImportL1GasPrice", testImportL1GasPrice)
--- a/bridge/tests/gas_oracle_test.go
+++ b/bridge/tests/gas_oracle_test.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
 	gethTypes "github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"

 	"scroll-tech/common/types"

@@ -72,47 +71,37 @@ func testImportL2GasPrice(t *testing.T) {
 	l2Relayer, err := relayer.NewLayer2Relayer(context.Background(), l2Client, db, l2Cfg.RelayerConfig)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	// add fake blocks
-	traces := []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{
-		{
-			Header: &gethTypes.Header{
-				Number:     big.NewInt(1),
-				ParentHash: common.Hash{},
-				Difficulty: big.NewInt(0),
-				BaseFee:    big.NewInt(0),
+	// add fake chunk
+	chunk := &bridgeTypes.Chunk{
+		Blocks: []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{
+			{
+				Header: &gethTypes.Header{
+					Number:     big.NewInt(1),
+					ParentHash: common.Hash{},
+					Difficulty: big.NewInt(0),
+					BaseFee:    big.NewInt(0),
+				},
+				Transactions:     nil,
+				WithdrawTrieRoot: common.Hash{},
 			},
-			Transactions:     nil,
-			WithdrawTrieRoot: common.Hash{},
 		},
 	}
+	chunkHash, err := chunk.Hash(0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	blockTraceOrm := orm.NewBlockTrace(db)
-	assert.NoError(t, blockTraceOrm.InsertWrappedBlocks(traces))
-
-	parentBatch := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index: 0,
-		Hash:  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-	}
-	batchData := bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch, []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{traces[0]}, l2Cfg.BatchProposerConfig.PublicInputConfig)
-	blockBatchOrm := orm.NewBlockBatch(db)
-	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		_, dbTxErr := blockBatchOrm.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batchData)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	batchOrm := orm.NewBatch(db)
+	_, err = batchOrm.InsertBatch(context.Background(), 0, 0, chunkHash.Hex(), chunkHash.Hex(), []*bridgeTypes.Chunk{chunk})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	// check db status
-	batch, err := blockBatchOrm.GetLatestBatch()
+	batch, err := batchOrm.GetLatestBatch(context.Background())
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, batch.OracleTxHash)
 	assert.Equal(t, types.GasOracleStatus(batch.OracleStatus), types.GasOraclePending)

 	// relay gas price
 	l2Relayer.ProcessGasPriceOracle()
-	batch, err = blockBatchOrm.GetLatestBatch()
+	batch, err = batchOrm.GetLatestBatch(context.Background())
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.NotEmpty(t, batch.OracleTxHash)
 	assert.Equal(t, types.GasOracleStatus(batch.OracleStatus), types.GasOracleImporting)
--- a/bridge/tests/l2_message_relay_test.go
+++ b/bridge/tests/l2_message_relay_test.go
@@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
-package tests
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"math/big"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/accounts/abi/bind"
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
-	gethTypes "github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/rpc"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"
-
-	"scroll-tech/common/types"
-	"scroll-tech/common/types/message"
-
-	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/controller/relayer"
-	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/controller/watcher"
-	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/orm"
-	bridgeTypes "scroll-tech/bridge/internal/types"
-	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/utils"
-)
-
-func testRelayL2MessageSucceed(t *testing.T) {
-	db := setupDB(t)
-	defer utils.CloseDB(db)
-
-	prepareContracts(t)
-
-	l2Cfg := bridgeApp.Config.L2Config
-
-	// Create L2Watcher
-	confirmations := rpc.LatestBlockNumber
-	l2Watcher := watcher.NewL2WatcherClient(context.Background(), l2Client, confirmations, l2Cfg.L2MessengerAddress, l2Cfg.L2MessageQueueAddress, l2Cfg.WithdrawTrieRootSlot, db)
-
-	// Create L2Relayer
-	l2Relayer, err := relayer.NewLayer2Relayer(context.Background(), l2Client, db, l2Cfg.RelayerConfig)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Create L1Watcher
-	l1Cfg := bridgeApp.Config.L1Config
-	l1Watcher := watcher.NewL1WatcherClient(context.Background(), l1Client, 0, confirmations, l1Cfg.L1MessengerAddress, l1Cfg.L1MessageQueueAddress, l1Cfg.ScrollChainContractAddress, db)
-
-	// send message through l2 messenger contract
-	nonce, err := l2MessengerInstance.MessageNonce(&bind.CallOpts{})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	sendTx, err := l2MessengerInstance.SendMessage(l2Auth, l1Auth.From, big.NewInt(0), common.Hex2Bytes("00112233"), big.NewInt(0))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	sendReceipt, err := bind.WaitMined(context.Background(), l2Client, sendTx)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	if sendReceipt.Status != gethTypes.ReceiptStatusSuccessful || err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("Call failed")
-	}
-
-	// l2 watch process events
-	l2Watcher.FetchContractEvent()
-	l2MessageOrm := orm.NewL2Message(db)
-	blockTraceOrm := orm.NewBlockTrace(db)
-	blockBatchOrm := orm.NewBlockBatch(db)
-
-	// check db status
-	msg, err := l2MessageOrm.GetL2MessageByNonce(nonce.Uint64())
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, types.MsgStatus(msg.Status), types.MsgPending)
-	assert.Equal(t, msg.Sender, l2Auth.From.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, msg.Target, l1Auth.From.String())
-
-	// add fake blocks
-	traces := []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{
-		{
-			Header: &gethTypes.Header{
-				Number:     sendReceipt.BlockNumber,
-				ParentHash: common.Hash{},
-				Difficulty: big.NewInt(0),
-				BaseFee:    big.NewInt(0),
-			},
-			Transactions:     nil,
-			WithdrawTrieRoot: common.Hash{},
-		},
-	}
-	assert.NoError(t, blockTraceOrm.InsertWrappedBlocks(traces))
-
-	parentBatch := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index: 0,
-		Hash:  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
-	}
-	batchData := bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch, []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{traces[0]}, l2Cfg.BatchProposerConfig.PublicInputConfig)
-	batchHash := batchData.Hash().String()
-	// add fake batch
-	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		rowsAffected, dbTxErr := blockBatchOrm.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batchData)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		if rowsAffected != 1 {
-			dbTxErr = errors.New("the InsertBlockBatchByBatchData affected row is not 1")
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		var blockIDs = make([]uint64, len(batchData.Batch.Blocks))
-		for i, block := range batchData.Batch.Blocks {
-			blockIDs[i] = block.BlockNumber
-		}
-		dbTxErr = blockTraceOrm.UpdateBatchHashForL2Blocks(tx, blockIDs, batchHash)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// add dummy proof
-	proof := &message.AggProof{
-		Proof:     []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31},
-		FinalPair: []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31},
-	}
-	err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateProofByHash(context.Background(), batchHash, proof, 100)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(batchHash, types.ProvingTaskVerified)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// process pending batch and check status
-	assert.NoError(t, l2Relayer.SendCommitTx([]*bridgeTypes.BatchData{batchData}))
-
-	blockBatches, err := blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatches(map[string]interface{}{"hash": batchHash}, nil, 1)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(blockBatches))
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, blockBatches[0].CommitTxHash)
-	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupCommitting, types.RollupStatus(blockBatches[0].RollupStatus))
-
-	commitTx, _, err := l1Client.TransactionByHash(context.Background(), common.HexToHash(blockBatches[0].CommitTxHash))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	commitTxReceipt, err := bind.WaitMined(context.Background(), l1Client, commitTx)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, len(commitTxReceipt.Logs), 1)
-
-	// fetch CommitBatch rollup events
-	err = l1Watcher.FetchContractEvent()
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	statuses, err := blockBatchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList([]string{batchHash})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(statuses))
-	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupCommitted, statuses[0])
-
-	// process committed batch and check status
-	l2Relayer.ProcessCommittedBatches()
-
-	blockBatchWithFinalizeTxHash, err := blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatches(map[string]interface{}{"hash": batchHash}, nil, 1)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(blockBatchWithFinalizeTxHash))
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, blockBatchWithFinalizeTxHash[0].FinalizeTxHash)
-	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupFinalizing, types.RollupStatus(blockBatchWithFinalizeTxHash[0].RollupStatus))
-
-	finalizeTx, _, err := l1Client.TransactionByHash(context.Background(), common.HexToHash(blockBatchWithFinalizeTxHash[0].FinalizeTxHash))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	finalizeTxReceipt, err := bind.WaitMined(context.Background(), l1Client, finalizeTx)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, len(finalizeTxReceipt.Logs), 1)
-
-	// fetch FinalizeBatch events
-	err = l1Watcher.FetchContractEvent()
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	statuses, err = blockBatchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList([]string{batchHash})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(statuses))
-	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupFinalized, statuses[0])
-
-	// process l2 messages
-	l2Relayer.ProcessSavedEvents()
-
-	l2Messages, err := l2MessageOrm.GetL2Messages(map[string]interface{}{"nonce": nonce.Uint64()}, nil, 1)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(l2Messages))
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, l2Messages[0].Layer1Hash)
-	assert.Equal(t, types.MsgStatus(l2Messages[0].Status), types.MsgSubmitted)
-
-	relayTx, _, err := l1Client.TransactionByHash(context.Background(), common.HexToHash(l2Messages[0].Layer1Hash))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	relayTxReceipt, err := bind.WaitMined(context.Background(), l1Client, relayTx)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, len(relayTxReceipt.Logs), 1)
-
-	// fetch message relayed events
-	err = l1Watcher.FetchContractEvent()
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	msg, err = l2MessageOrm.GetL2MessageByNonce(nonce.Uint64())
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, types.MsgStatus(msg.Status), types.MsgConfirmed)
-}
--- a/bridge/tests/process_start_test.go
+++ b/bridge/tests/process_start_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package tests
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"math/big"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+
+	_ "scroll-tech/bridge/cmd/event_watcher/app"
+	_ "scroll-tech/bridge/cmd/gas_oracle/app"
+	_ "scroll-tech/bridge/cmd/msg_relayer/app"
+	_ "scroll-tech/bridge/cmd/rollup_relayer/app"
+
+	cutils "scroll-tech/common/utils"
+
+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/utils"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func testProcessStart(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupDB(t)
+	defer utils.CloseDB(db)
+
+	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, cutils.EventWatcherApp)
+	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, cutils.GasOracleApp)
+	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, cutils.MessageRelayerApp)
+	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, cutils.RollupRelayerApp)
+
+	bridgeApp.WaitExit()
+}
+
+func testProcessStartEnableMetrics(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupDB(t)
+	defer utils.CloseDB(db)
+
+	port, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(2000))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	svrPort := strconv.FormatInt(port.Int64()+50000, 10)
+	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, cutils.EventWatcherApp, "--metrics", "--metrics.addr", "localhost", "--metrics.port", svrPort)
+
+	port, err = rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(2000))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	svrPort = strconv.FormatInt(port.Int64()+50000, 10)
+	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, cutils.GasOracleApp, "--metrics", "--metrics.addr", "localhost", "--metrics.port", svrPort)
+
+	port, err = rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(2000))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	svrPort = strconv.FormatInt(port.Int64()+50000, 10)
+	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, cutils.MessageRelayerApp, "--metrics", "--metrics.addr", "localhost", "--metrics.port", svrPort)
+
+	port, err = rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(2000))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	svrPort = strconv.FormatInt(port.Int64()+50000, 10)
+	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, cutils.RollupRelayerApp, "--metrics", "--metrics.addr", "localhost", "--metrics.port", svrPort)
+
+	bridgeApp.WaitExit()
+}
--- a/bridge/tests/rollup_test.go
+++ b/bridge/tests/rollup_test.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package tests

 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"math/big"
 	"testing"

@@ -10,11 +9,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/common"
 	gethTypes "github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"gorm.io/gorm"

 	"scroll-tech/common/types"
 	"scroll-tech/common/types/message"

+	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/config"
 	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/controller/relayer"
 	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/controller/watcher"
 	"scroll-tech/bridge/internal/orm"
@@ -37,15 +36,12 @@ func testCommitBatchAndFinalizeBatch(t *testing.T) {
 	l1Cfg := bridgeApp.Config.L1Config
 	l1Watcher := watcher.NewL1WatcherClient(context.Background(), l1Client, 0, l1Cfg.Confirmations, l1Cfg.L1MessengerAddress, l1Cfg.L1MessageQueueAddress, l1Cfg.ScrollChainContractAddress, db)

-	blockTraceOrm := orm.NewBlockTrace(db)
-
 	// add some blocks to db
 	var wrappedBlocks []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock
-	var parentHash common.Hash
-	for i := 1; i <= 10; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		header := gethTypes.Header{
 			Number:     big.NewInt(int64(i)),
-			ParentHash: parentHash,
+			ParentHash: common.Hash{},
 			Difficulty: big.NewInt(0),
 			BaseFee:    big.NewInt(0),
 		}
@@ -54,56 +50,47 @@ func testCommitBatchAndFinalizeBatch(t *testing.T) {
 			Transactions:     nil,
 			WithdrawTrieRoot: common.Hash{},
 		})
-		parentHash = header.Hash()
-	}
-	assert.NoError(t, blockTraceOrm.InsertWrappedBlocks(wrappedBlocks))
-
-	parentBatch := &bridgeTypes.BatchInfo{
-		Index: 0,
-		Hash:  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
 	}

-	tmpWrapBlocks := []*bridgeTypes.WrappedBlock{
-		wrappedBlocks[0],
-		wrappedBlocks[1],
-	}
-	batchData := bridgeTypes.NewBatchData(parentBatch, tmpWrapBlocks, l2Cfg.BatchProposerConfig.PublicInputConfig)
-
-	batchHash := batchData.Hash().String()
-
-	blockBatchOrm := orm.NewBlockBatch(db)
-	err = db.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
-		rowsAffected, dbTxErr := blockBatchOrm.InsertBlockBatchByBatchData(tx, batchData)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		if rowsAffected != 1 {
-			dbTxErr = errors.New("the InsertBlockBatchByBatchData affected row is not 1")
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		var blockIDs = make([]uint64, len(batchData.Batch.Blocks))
-		for i, block := range batchData.Batch.Blocks {
-			blockIDs[i] = block.BlockNumber
-		}
-		dbTxErr = blockTraceOrm.UpdateBatchHashForL2Blocks(tx, blockIDs, batchHash)
-		if dbTxErr != nil {
-			return dbTxErr
-		}
-		return nil
-	})
+	l2BlockOrm := orm.NewL2Block(db)
+	err = l2BlockOrm.InsertL2Blocks(context.Background(), wrappedBlocks)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	// process pending batch and check status
-	assert.NoError(t, l2Relayer.SendCommitTx([]*bridgeTypes.BatchData{batchData}))
+	cp := watcher.NewChunkProposer(context.Background(), &config.ChunkProposerConfig{
+		MaxTxGasPerChunk:                1000000000,
+		MaxL2TxNumPerChunk:              10000,
+		MaxL1CommitGasPerChunk:          50000000000,
+		MaxL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk: 1000000,
+		MinL1CommitCalldataSizePerChunk: 0,
+		ChunkTimeoutSec:                 300,
+	}, db)
+	cp.TryProposeChunk()

-	blockBatches, err := blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatches(map[string]interface{}{"hash": batchHash}, nil, 1)
+	chunkOrm := orm.NewChunk(db)
+	chunks, err := chunkOrm.GetUnbatchedChunks(context.Background())
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(blockBatches))
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, true, blockBatches[0].CommitTxHash)
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, true, blockBatches[0].RollupStatus)
-	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupStatus(blockBatches[0].RollupStatus), types.RollupCommitting)
+	assert.Len(t, chunks, 1)

-	commitTx, _, err := l1Client.TransactionByHash(context.Background(), common.HexToHash(blockBatches[0].CommitTxHash))
+	bp := watcher.NewBatchProposer(context.Background(), &config.BatchProposerConfig{
+		MaxChunkNumPerBatch:             10,
+		MaxL1CommitGasPerBatch:          50000000000,
+		MaxL1CommitCalldataSizePerBatch: 1000000,
+		MinChunkNumPerBatch:             1,
+		BatchTimeoutSec:                 300,
+	}, db)
+	bp.TryProposeBatch()
+
+	l2Relayer.ProcessPendingBatches()
+
+	batchOrm := orm.NewBatch(db)
+	batch, err := batchOrm.GetLatestBatch(context.Background())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	batchHash := batch.Hash
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, batch.CommitTxHash)
+	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupCommitting, types.RollupStatus(batch.RollupStatus))
+
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	commitTx, _, err := l1Client.TransactionByHash(context.Background(), common.HexToHash(batch.CommitTxHash))
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	commitTxReceipt, err := bind.WaitMined(context.Background(), l1Client, commitTx)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -112,7 +99,7 @@ func testCommitBatchAndFinalizeBatch(t *testing.T) {
 	// fetch rollup events
 	err = l1Watcher.FetchContractEvent()
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	statuses, err := blockBatchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList([]string{batchHash})
+	statuses, err := batchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(context.Background(), []string{batchHash})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(statuses))
 	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupCommitted, statuses[0])
@@ -122,25 +109,24 @@ func testCommitBatchAndFinalizeBatch(t *testing.T) {
 		Proof:     []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31},
 		FinalPair: []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31},
 	}
-	err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateProofByHash(context.Background(), batchHash, proof, 100)
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateProofByHash(context.Background(), batchHash, proof, 100)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	err = blockBatchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(batchHash, types.ProvingTaskVerified)
+	err = batchOrm.UpdateProvingStatus(context.Background(), batchHash, types.ProvingTaskVerified)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	// process committed batch and check status
 	l2Relayer.ProcessCommittedBatches()

-	statuses, err = blockBatchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList([]string{batchHash})
+	statuses, err = batchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(context.Background(), []string{batchHash})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(statuses))
 	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupFinalizing, statuses[0])

-	blockBatches, err = blockBatchOrm.GetBlockBatches(map[string]interface{}{"hash": batchHash}, nil, 1)
+	batch, err = batchOrm.GetLatestBatch(context.Background())
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(blockBatches))
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, blockBatches[0].FinalizeTxHash)
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, batch.FinalizeTxHash)

-	finalizeTx, _, err := l1Client.TransactionByHash(context.Background(), common.HexToHash(blockBatches[0].FinalizeTxHash))
+	finalizeTx, _, err := l1Client.TransactionByHash(context.Background(), common.HexToHash(batch.FinalizeTxHash))
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	finalizeTxReceipt, err := bind.WaitMined(context.Background(), l1Client, finalizeTx)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
@@ -149,7 +135,7 @@ func testCommitBatchAndFinalizeBatch(t *testing.T) {
 	// fetch rollup events
 	err = l1Watcher.FetchContractEvent()
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	statuses, err = blockBatchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList([]string{batchHash})
+	statuses, err = batchOrm.GetRollupStatusByHashList(context.Background(), []string{batchHash})
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(statuses))
 	assert.Equal(t, types.RollupFinalized, statuses[0])
--- a/common/docker/l2geth/Dockerfile
+++ b/common/docker/l2geth/Dockerfile
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM scrolltech/l2geth:scroll-v3.1.12
+FROM scrolltech/l2geth:scroll-v4.1.0

 RUN mkdir -p /l2geth/keystore

--- a/common/go.mod
+++ b/common/go.mod
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.18
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2
 	github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map v1.0.0
-	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61
+	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.17.2-0.20221006022127-8f469abc00aa
 )
@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip39 v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20201216005158-039620a65673 // indirect
 	github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.10.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.10.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.10.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.8.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c // indirect
--- a/common/go.sum
+++ b/common/go.sum
@@ -361,8 +361,8 @@ github.com/rs/cors v1.7.0 h1:+88SsELBHx5r+hZ8TCkggzSstaWNbDvThkVK8H6f9ik=
 github.com/rs/cors v1.7.0/go.mod h1:gFx+x8UowdsKA9AchylcLynDq+nNFfI8FkUZdN/jGCU=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 h1:JIOH55/0cWyOuilr9/qlrm0BSXldqnqwMsf35Ld67mk=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:+Rmxgy9KzJVeS9/2gXHxylqXiyQDYRxCVz55jmeOWTM=
-github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61 h1:4fslVpNOPLeJPYX3tivrVWgqNvChPs7/y9OqWvQSNCw=
-github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61/go.mod h1:45PZqlQCqV0dU4o4+SE8LoJLEvXkK5j45ligvbih9QY=
+github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56 h1:Cqj7haxwvzI2O4n9ZZ25helShzFGCy7Z/B+FFSBFHNI=
+github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56/go.mod h1:45PZqlQCqV0dU4o4+SE8LoJLEvXkK5j45ligvbih9QY=
 github.com/scroll-tech/zktrie v0.5.3 h1:jjzQchGU6XPL5s1C5bwwivSadefSRuYASE9OL7UKAdE=
 github.com/scroll-tech/zktrie v0.5.3/go.mod h1:XvNo7vAk8yxNyTjBDj5WIiFzYW4bx/gJ78+NK6Zn6Uk=
 github.com/segmentio/kafka-go v0.1.0/go.mod h1:X6itGqS9L4jDletMsxZ7Dz+JFWxM6JHfPOCvTvk+EJo=
@@ -432,8 +432,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8U
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200820211705-5c72a883971a/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20201221181555-eec23a3978ad/go.mod h1:jdWPYTVW3xRLrWPugEBEK3UY2ZEsg3UU495nc5E+M+I=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 h1:LF6fAI+IutBocDJ2OT0Q1g8plpYljMZ4+lty+dsqw3g=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0/go.mod h1:yrmDGqONDYtNj3tH8X9dzUun2m2lzPa9ngI6/RUPGR0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 h1:LKqV2xt9+kDzSTfOhx4FrkEBcMrAgHSYgzywV9zcGmM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0/go.mod h1:o4eNf7Ede1fv+hwOwZsTHl9EsPFO6q6ZvYR8vYfY45I=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20180321215751-8460e604b9de/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20180807140117-3d87b88a115f/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
@@ -543,8 +543,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220908164124-27713097b956/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 h1:EBmGv8NaZBZTWvrbjNoL6HVt+IVy3QDQpJs7VRIw3tU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 h1:KS/R3tvhPqvJvwcKfnBHJwwthS11LRhmM5D59eEXa0s=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201117132131-f5c789dd3221/go.mod h1:Nr5EML6q2oocZ2LXRh80K7BxOlk5/8JxuGnuhpl+muw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -552,8 +552,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.5/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 h1:2sjJmO8cDvYveuX97RDLsxlyUxLl+GHoLxBiRdHllBE=
-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.10.0 h1:UpjohKhiEgNc0CSauXmwYftY1+LlaC75SJwh0SgCX58=
+golang.org/x/text v0.10.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20201208040808-7e3f01d25324/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
--- a/common/version/version.go
+++ b/common/version/version.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"runtime/debug"
 )

-var tag = "v3.3.7"
+var tag = "v4.0.0"

 var commit = func() string {
 	if info, ok := debug.ReadBuildInfo(); ok {
--- a/contracts/integration-test/GasSwap.spec.ts
+++ b/contracts/integration-test/GasSwap.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+/* eslint-disable node/no-unpublished-import */
+/* eslint-disable node/no-missing-import */
+import { ethers } from "hardhat";
+import { GasSwap, MinimalForwarder, MockERC20, MockGasSwapTarget } from "../typechain";
+import { SignerWithAddress } from "@nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers/signers";
+import { expect } from "chai";
+import { BigNumber, constants } from "ethers";
+import { splitSignature } from "ethers/lib/utils";
+
+describe("GasSwap.spec", async () => {
+  let deployer: SignerWithAddress;
+  let signer: SignerWithAddress;
+
+  let forwarder: MinimalForwarder;
+  let swap: GasSwap;
+  let target: MockGasSwapTarget;
+  let token: MockERC20;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    [deployer, signer] = await ethers.getSigners();
+
+    const MinimalForwarder = await ethers.getContractFactory("MinimalForwarder", deployer);
+    forwarder = await MinimalForwarder.deploy();
+    await forwarder.deployed();
+
+    const GasSwap = await ethers.getContractFactory("GasSwap", deployer);
+    swap = await GasSwap.deploy(forwarder.address);
+    await swap.deployed();
+
+    const MockGasSwapTarget = await ethers.getContractFactory("MockGasSwapTarget", deployer);
+    target = await MockGasSwapTarget.deploy();
+    await target.deployed();
+
+    const MockERC20 = await ethers.getContractFactory("MockERC20", deployer);
+    token = await MockERC20.deploy("x", "y", 18);
+    await token.deployed();
+  });
+
+  context("auth", async () => {
+    it("should initialize correctly", async () => {
+      expect(await swap.owner()).to.eq(deployer.address);
+    });
+
+    context("#updateFeeRatio", async () => {
+      it("should revert, when non-owner call", async () => {
+        await expect(swap.connect(signer).updateFeeRatio(1)).to.revertedWith("caller is not the owner");
+      });
+
+      it("should succeed", async () => {
+        expect(await swap.feeRatio()).to.eq(constants.AddressZero);
+        await expect(swap.updateFeeRatio(100)).to.emit(swap, "UpdateFeeRatio").withArgs(100);
+        expect(await swap.feeRatio()).to.eq(100);
+      });
+    });
+
+    context("#updateApprovedTarget", async () => {
+      it("should revert, when non-owner call", async () => {
+        await expect(swap.connect(signer).updateApprovedTarget(target.address, false)).to.revertedWith(
+          "caller is not the owner"
+        );
+      });
+
+      it("should succeed", async () => {
+        expect(await swap.approvedTargets(target.address)).to.eq(false);
+        await expect(swap.updateApprovedTarget(target.address, true))
+          .to.emit(swap, "UpdateApprovedTarget")
+          .withArgs(target.address, true);
+        expect(await swap.approvedTargets(target.address)).to.eq(true);
+        await expect(swap.updateApprovedTarget(target.address, false))
+          .to.emit(swap, "UpdateApprovedTarget")
+          .withArgs(target.address, false);
+        expect(await swap.approvedTargets(target.address)).to.eq(false);
+      });
+    });
+
+    context("#withdraw", async () => {
+      it("should revert, when non-owner call", async () => {
+        await expect(swap.connect(signer).withdraw(constants.AddressZero, 0)).to.revertedWith(
+          "caller is not the owner"
+        );
+      });
+
+      it("should succeed, when withdraw ETH", async () => {
+        await deployer.sendTransaction({ to: swap.address, value: ethers.utils.parseEther("1") });
+        const balanceBefore = await deployer.getBalance();
+        const tx = await swap.withdraw(constants.AddressZero, ethers.utils.parseEther("1"));
+        const receipt = await tx.wait();
+        const balanceAfter = await deployer.getBalance();
+        expect(balanceAfter.sub(balanceBefore)).to.eq(
+          ethers.utils.parseEther("1").sub(receipt.gasUsed.mul(receipt.effectiveGasPrice))
+        );
+      });
+
+      it("should succeed, when withdraw token", async () => {
+        await token.mint(swap.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("1"));
+        const balanceBefore = await token.balanceOf(deployer.address);
+        await swap.withdraw(token.address, ethers.utils.parseEther("1"));
+        const balanceAfter = await token.balanceOf(deployer.address);
+        expect(balanceAfter.sub(balanceBefore)).to.eq(ethers.utils.parseEther("1"));
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  const permit = async (amount: BigNumber) => {
+    const value = {
+      owner: signer.address,
+      spender: swap.address,
+      value: amount,
+      nonce: await token.nonces(signer.address),
+      deadline: constants.MaxUint256,
+    };
+
+    const domain = {
+      name: await token.name(),
+      version: "1",
+      chainId: (await ethers.provider.getNetwork()).chainId,
+      verifyingContract: token.address,
+    };
+
+    const types = {
+      Permit: [
+        {
+          name: "owner",
+          type: "address",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "spender",
+          type: "address",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "value",
+          type: "uint256",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "nonce",
+          type: "uint256",
+        },
+        {
+          name: "deadline",
+          type: "uint256",
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+
+    const signature = splitSignature(await signer._signTypedData(domain, types, value));
+    return signature;
+  };
+
+  context("swap", async () => {
+    it("should revert, when target not approved", async () => {
+      await expect(
+        swap.swap(
+          {
+            token: token.address,
+            value: 0,
+            deadline: 0,
+            r: constants.HashZero,
+            s: constants.HashZero,
+            v: 0,
+          },
+          {
+            target: target.address,
+            data: "0x",
+            minOutput: 0,
+          }
+        )
+      ).to.revertedWith("target not approved");
+    });
+
+    it("should revert, when insufficient output amount", async () => {
+      const amountIn = ethers.utils.parseEther("1");
+      const amountOut = ethers.utils.parseEther("2");
+      await token.mint(signer.address, amountIn);
+      await deployer.sendTransaction({ to: target.address, value: amountOut });
+      const signature = await permit(amountIn);
+
+      await target.setToken(token.address);
+      await target.setAmountIn(amountIn);
+
+      await swap.updateApprovedTarget(target.address, true);
+      await expect(
+        swap.connect(signer).swap(
+          {
+            token: token.address,
+            value: amountIn,
+            deadline: constants.MaxUint256,
+            r: signature.r,
+            s: signature.s,
+            v: signature.v,
+          },
+          {
+            target: target.address,
+            data: "0x8119c065",
+            minOutput: amountOut.add(1),
+          }
+        )
+      ).to.revertedWith("insufficient output amount");
+    });
+
+    for (const refundRatio of ["0", "1", "5"]) {
+      for (const feeRatio of ["0", "5", "50"]) {
+        it(`should succeed, when swap by signer directly, with feeRatio[${feeRatio}%] refundRatio[${refundRatio}%]`, async () => {
+          const amountIn = ethers.utils.parseEther("1");
+          const amountOut = ethers.utils.parseEther("2");
+          await token.mint(signer.address, amountIn);
+          await deployer.sendTransaction({ to: target.address, value: amountOut });
+          const signature = await permit(amountIn);
+
+          await target.setToken(token.address);
+          await target.setAmountIn(amountIn);
+          await target.setRefund(amountIn.mul(refundRatio).div(100));
+
+          await swap.updateApprovedTarget(target.address, true);
+          await swap.updateFeeRatio(ethers.utils.parseEther(feeRatio).div(100));
+          const fee = amountOut.mul(feeRatio).div(100);
+
+          const balanceBefore = await signer.getBalance();
+          const tx = await swap.connect(signer).swap(
+            {
+              token: token.address,
+              value: amountIn,
+              deadline: constants.MaxUint256,
+              r: signature.r,
+              s: signature.s,
+              v: signature.v,
+            },
+            {
+              target: target.address,
+              data: "0x8119c065",
+              minOutput: amountOut.sub(fee),
+            }
+          );
+          const receipt = await tx.wait();
+          const balanceAfter = await signer.getBalance();
+          expect(balanceAfter.sub(balanceBefore)).to.eq(
+            amountOut.sub(fee).sub(receipt.gasUsed.mul(receipt.effectiveGasPrice))
+          );
+          expect(await token.balanceOf(signer.address)).to.eq(amountIn.mul(refundRatio).div(100));
+        });
+
+        it(`should succeed, when swap by signer with forwarder, with feeRatio[${feeRatio}%] refundRatio[${refundRatio}%]`, async () => {
+          const amountIn = ethers.utils.parseEther("1");
+          const amountOut = ethers.utils.parseEther("2");
+          await token.mint(signer.address, amountIn);
+          await deployer.sendTransaction({ to: target.address, value: amountOut });
+          const permitSignature = await permit(amountIn);
+
+          await target.setToken(token.address);
+          await target.setAmountIn(amountIn);
+          await target.setRefund(amountIn.mul(refundRatio).div(100));
+
+          await swap.updateApprovedTarget(target.address, true);
+          await swap.updateFeeRatio(ethers.utils.parseEther(feeRatio).div(100));
+          const fee = amountOut.mul(feeRatio).div(100);
+
+          const req = {
+            from: signer.address,
+            to: swap.address,
+            value: constants.Zero,
+            gas: 1000000,
+            nonce: 0,
+            data: swap.interface.encodeFunctionData("swap", [
+              {
+                token: token.address,
+                value: amountIn,
+                deadline: constants.MaxUint256,
+                r: permitSignature.r,
+                s: permitSignature.s,
+                v: permitSignature.v,
+              },
+              {
+                target: target.address,
+                data: "0x8119c065",
+                minOutput: amountOut.sub(fee),
+              },
+            ]),
+          };
+
+          const signature = await signer._signTypedData(
+            {
+              name: "MinimalForwarder",
+              version: "0.0.1",
+              chainId: (await ethers.provider.getNetwork()).chainId,
+              verifyingContract: forwarder.address,
+            },
+            {
+              ForwardRequest: [
+                {
+                  name: "from",
+                  type: "address",
+                },
+                {
+                  name: "to",
+                  type: "address",
+                },
+                {
+                  name: "value",
+                  type: "uint256",
+                },
+                {
+                  name: "gas",
+                  type: "uint256",
+                },
+                {
+                  name: "nonce",
+                  type: "uint256",
+                },
+                {
+                  name: "data",
+                  type: "bytes",
+                },
+              ],
+            },
+            req
+          );
+
+          const balanceBefore = await signer.getBalance();
+          await forwarder.execute(req, signature);
+          const balanceAfter = await signer.getBalance();
+          expect(balanceAfter.sub(balanceBefore)).to.eq(amountOut.sub(fee));
+          expect(await token.balanceOf(signer.address)).to.eq(amountIn.mul(refundRatio).div(100));
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  });
+});
--- a/contracts/src/External.sol
+++ b/contracts/src/External.sol
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

 import {ProxyAdmin} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/transparent/ProxyAdmin.sol";
 import {TransparentUpgradeableProxy} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/proxy/transparent/TransparentUpgradeableProxy.sol";
+import {MinimalForwarder} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/metatx/MinimalForwarder.sol";
--- a/contracts/src/L1/gateways/EnforcedTxGateway.sol
+++ b/contracts/src/L1/gateways/EnforcedTxGateway.sol
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ contract EnforcedTxGateway is OwnableUpgradeable, ReentrancyGuardUpgradeable, Pa
        }

        // append transaction
-        IL1MessageQueue(messageQueue).appendEnforcedTransaction(_sender, _target, _value, _gasLimit, _data);
+        IL1MessageQueue(_messageQueue).appendEnforcedTransaction(_sender, _target, _value, _gasLimit, _data);

        // refund fee to `_refundAddress`
        unchecked {
--- a/contracts/src/L1/rollup/IL1MessageQueue.sol
+++ b/contracts/src/L1/rollup/IL1MessageQueue.sol
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ interface IL1MessageQueue {
        address indexed sender,
        address indexed target,
        uint256 value,
-        uint256 queueIndex,
+        uint64 queueIndex,
        uint256 gasLimit,
        bytes data
    );
--- a/contracts/src/L1/rollup/L1MessageQueue.sol
+++ b/contracts/src/L1/rollup/L1MessageQueue.sol
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ contract L1MessageQueue is OwnableUpgradeable, IL1MessageQueue {
        messageQueue.push(_hash);

        // emit event
-        emit QueueTransaction(_sender, _target, _value, _queueIndex, _gasLimit, _data);
+        emit QueueTransaction(_sender, _target, _value, uint64(_queueIndex), _gasLimit, _data);
    }

    function _validateGasLimit(uint256 _gasLimit, bytes memory _calldata) internal view {
--- a/contracts/src/L1/rollup/ScrollChain.sol
+++ b/contracts/src/L1/rollup/ScrollChain.sol
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ contract ScrollChain is OwnableUpgradeable, IScrollChain {
     *************/

    /// @notice The chain id of the corresponding layer 2 chain.
-    uint32 public immutable layer2ChainId;
+    uint64 public immutable layer2ChainId;

    /*************
     * Variables *
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ contract ScrollChain is OwnableUpgradeable, IScrollChain {
     * Constructor *
     ***************/

-    constructor(uint32 _chainId) {
+    constructor(uint64 _chainId) {
        layer2ChainId = _chainId;
    }

--- a/contracts/src/gas-swap/GasSwap.sol
+++ b/contracts/src/gas-swap/GasSwap.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
+
+import {ERC2771Context} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/metatx/ERC2771Context.sol";
+import {ReentrancyGuard} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/security/ReentrancyGuard.sol";
+import {IERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
+import {SafeERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
+import {IERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
+import {IERC20Permit} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol";
+
+import {OwnableBase} from "../libraries/common/OwnableBase.sol";
+
+// solhint-disable no-empty-blocks
+
+contract GasSwap is ERC2771Context, ReentrancyGuard, OwnableBase {
+    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;
+
+    /**********
+     * Events *
+     **********/
+
+    /// @notice Emitted when the fee ratio is updated.
+    /// @param feeRatio The new fee ratio, multiplied by 1e18.
+    event UpdateFeeRatio(uint256 feeRatio);
+
+    /// @notice Emitted when the status of target is updated.
+    /// @param target The address of target contract.
+    /// @param status The status updated.
+    event UpdateApprovedTarget(address target, bool status);
+
+    /*************
+     * Constants *
+     *************/
+
+    /// @dev The fee precision.
+    uint256 private constant PRECISION = 1e18;
+
+    /***********
+     * Structs *
+     ***********/
+
+    struct PermitData {
+        // The address of token to spend.
+        address token;
+        // The amount of token to spend.
+        uint256 value;
+        // The deadline of the permit.
+        uint256 deadline;
+        // Below three are signatures.
+        uint8 v;
+        bytes32 r;
+        bytes32 s;
+    }
+
+    struct SwapData {
+        // The address of target contract to call.
+        address target;
+        // The calldata passed to target contract.
+        bytes data;
+        // The minimum amount of Ether should receive.
+        uint256 minOutput;
+    }
+
+    /*************
+     * Variables *
+     *************/
+
+    /// @notice Keep track whether an address is approved.
+    mapping(address => bool) public approvedTargets;
+
+    /// @notice The fee ratio charged for each swap, multiplied by 1e18.
+    uint256 public feeRatio;
+
+    /***************
+     * Constructor *
+     ***************/
+
+    constructor(address trustedForwarder) ERC2771Context(trustedForwarder) {
+        owner = msg.sender;
+    }
+
+    /*****************************
+     * Public Mutating Functions *
+     *****************************/
+
+    receive() external payable {}
+
+    /// @notice Swap some token for ether.
+    /// @param _permit The permit data, see comments from `PermitData`.
+    /// @param _swap The swap data, see comments from `SwapData`.
+    function swap(PermitData memory _permit, SwapData memory _swap) external nonReentrant {
+        require(approvedTargets[_swap.target], "target not approved");
+        address _sender = _msgSender();
+
+        // do permit
+        IERC20Permit(_permit.token).permit(
+            _sender,
+            address(this),
+            _permit.value,
+            _permit.deadline,
+            _permit.v,
+            _permit.r,
+            _permit.s
+        );
+
+        // transfer token
+        IERC20(_permit.token).safeTransferFrom(_sender, address(this), _permit.value);
+
+        // approve
+        IERC20(_permit.token).safeApprove(_swap.target, 0);
+        IERC20(_permit.token).safeApprove(_swap.target, _permit.value);
+
+        // do swap
+        uint256 _outputTokenAmount = address(this).balance;
+        // solhint-disable-next-line avoid-low-level-calls
+        (bool _success, bytes memory _res) = _swap.target.call(_swap.data);
+        require(_success, string(concat(bytes("swap failed: "), bytes(getRevertMsg(_res)))));
+        _outputTokenAmount = address(this).balance - _outputTokenAmount;
+
+        // take fee
+        uint256 _fee = (_outputTokenAmount * feeRatio) / PRECISION;
+        _outputTokenAmount = _outputTokenAmount - _fee;
+        require(_outputTokenAmount >= _swap.minOutput, "insufficient output amount");
+
+        // tranfer ETH to sender
+        (_success, ) = _sender.call{value: _outputTokenAmount}("");
+        require(_success, "transfer ETH failed");
+
+        // refund rest token
+        uint256 _dust = IERC20(_permit.token).balanceOf(address(this));
+        if (_dust > 0) {
+            IERC20(_permit.token).safeTransfer(_sender, _dust);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /************************
+     * Restricted Functions *
+     ************************/
+
+    /// @notice Withdraw stucked tokens.
+    /// @param _token The address of token to withdraw. Use `address(0)` if you want to withdraw Ether.
+    /// @param _amount The amount of token to withdraw.
+    function withdraw(address _token, uint256 _amount) external onlyOwner {
+        if (_token == address(0)) {
+            (bool success, ) = msg.sender.call{value: _amount}("");
+            require(success, "ETH transfer failed");
+        } else {
+            IERC20(_token).safeTransfer(msg.sender, _amount);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Update the fee ratio.
+    /// @param _feeRatio The new fee ratio.
+    function updateFeeRatio(uint256 _feeRatio) external onlyOwner {
+        feeRatio = _feeRatio;
+
+        emit UpdateFeeRatio(_feeRatio);
+    }
+
+    /// @notice Update the status of a target address.
+    /// @param _target The address of target to update.
+    /// @param _status The new status.
+    function updateApprovedTarget(address _target, bool _status) external onlyOwner {
+        approvedTargets[_target] = _status;
+
+        emit UpdateApprovedTarget(_target, _status);
+    }
+
+    /**********************
+     * Internal Functions *
+     **********************/
+
+    /// @dev Internal function to concat two bytes array.
+    function concat(bytes memory a, bytes memory b) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
+        return abi.encodePacked(a, b);
+    }
+
+    /// @dev Internal function decode revert message from return data.
+    function getRevertMsg(bytes memory _returnData) internal pure returns (string memory) {
+        if (_returnData.length < 68) return "Transaction reverted silently";
+
+        // solhint-disable-next-line no-inline-assembly
+        assembly {
+            _returnData := add(_returnData, 0x04)
+        }
+
+        return abi.decode(_returnData, (string));
+    }
+}
--- a/contracts/src/mocks/MockERC20.sol
+++ b/contracts/src/mocks/MockERC20.sol
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@

 pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

-import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
+import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/draft-ERC20Permit.sol";

-contract MockERC20 is ERC20 {
+contract MockERC20 is ERC20Permit {
    uint8 private decimals_;

    constructor(
        string memory _name,
        string memory _symbol,
        uint8 _decimals
-    ) ERC20(_name, _symbol) {
+    ) ERC20(_name, _symbol) ERC20Permit(_name) {
        decimals_ = _decimals;
    }

--- a/contracts/src/mocks/MockGasSwapTarget.sol
+++ b/contracts/src/mocks/MockGasSwapTarget.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
+
+import {IERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
+
+// solhint-disable no-empty-blocks
+
+contract MockGasSwapTarget {
+    address public token;
+
+    uint256 public amountIn;
+
+    uint256 public refund;
+
+    receive() external payable {}
+
+    function setToken(address _token) external {
+        token = _token;
+    }
+
+    function setAmountIn(uint256 _amountIn) external {
+        amountIn = _amountIn;
+    }
+
+    function setRefund(uint256 _refund) external {
+        refund = _refund;
+    }
+
+    function swap() external {
+        IERC20(token).transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amountIn);
+        (bool success, ) = msg.sender.call{value: address(this).balance}("");
+        require(success, "transfer ETH failed");
+        IERC20(token).transfer(msg.sender, refund);
+    }
+}
--- a/contracts/src/test/L1GatewayTestBase.t.sol
+++ b/contracts/src/test/L1GatewayTestBase.t.sol
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ abstract contract L1GatewayTestBase is DSTestPlus {
        address indexed sender,
        address indexed target,
        uint256 value,
-        uint256 queueIndex,
+        uint64 queueIndex,
        uint256 gasLimit,
        bytes data
    );
--- a/coordinator/api.go
+++ b/coordinator/api.go
@@ -25,13 +25,6 @@ type RollerAPI interface {
 	SubmitProof(proof *message.ProofMsg) error
 }

-// AdminAPI for Coordinator in order to manage process.
-type AdminAPI interface {
-	StartSend()
-	PauseSend()
-	PauseSendUntil(batchIdx uint64)
-}
-
 // RequestToken generates and sends back register token for roller
 func (m *Manager) RequestToken(authMsg *message.AuthMsg) (string, error) {
 	if ok, err := authMsg.Verify(); !ok {
@@ -134,18 +127,3 @@ func (m *Manager) SubmitProof(proof *message.ProofMsg) error {

 	return nil
 }
-
-// StartSend starts to send basic tasks.
-func (m *Manager) StartSend() {
-	m.StartSendTask()
-}
-
-// PauseSend pauses to send basic tasks.
-func (m *Manager) PauseSend() {
-	m.PauseSendTask()
-}
-
-// PauseSendUntil pause to send basic tasks until batchIdx.
-func (m *Manager) PauseSendUntil(batchIdx uint64) {
-	m.PauseSendTaskUntil(batchIdx)
-}
--- a/coordinator/config/config.go
+++ b/coordinator/config/config.go
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ const (

 // RollerManagerConfig loads sequencer configuration items.
 type RollerManagerConfig struct {
-	PauseSendTask      bool   `json:"pause_send_task"`
-	PauseSendTaskUntil uint64 `json:"pause_send_task_until"`
-	CompressionLevel   int    `json:"compression_level,omitempty"`
+	CompressionLevel int `json:"compression_level,omitempty"`
 	// asc or desc (default: asc)
 	OrderSession string `json:"order_session,omitempty"`
 	// The amount of rollers to pick per proof generation session.
--- a/coordinator/go.mod
+++ b/coordinator/go.mod
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/agiledragon/gomonkey/v2 v2.9.0
 	github.com/orcaman/concurrent-map v1.0.0
 	github.com/patrickmn/go-cache v2.1.0+incompatible
-	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61
+	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.17.2-0.20221006022127-8f469abc00aa
-	go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230206171751-46f607a40771
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0
 )
@@ -54,8 +53,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20201216005158-039620a65673 // indirect
 	github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c // indirect
 	gopkg.in/natefinch/npipe.v2 v2.0.0-20160621034901-c1b8fa8bdcce // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
--- a/coordinator/go.sum
+++ b/coordinator/go.sum
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0/go.mod h1:UQnix2H7Ngw/k4C5ijL5+65zddjncj
 github.com/rs/cors v1.7.0 h1:+88SsELBHx5r+hZ8TCkggzSstaWNbDvThkVK8H6f9ik=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 h1:JIOH55/0cWyOuilr9/qlrm0BSXldqnqwMsf35Ld67mk=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:+Rmxgy9KzJVeS9/2gXHxylqXiyQDYRxCVz55jmeOWTM=
-github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61 h1:4fslVpNOPLeJPYX3tivrVWgqNvChPs7/y9OqWvQSNCw=
-github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61/go.mod h1:45PZqlQCqV0dU4o4+SE8LoJLEvXkK5j45ligvbih9QY=
+github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56 h1:Cqj7haxwvzI2O4n9ZZ25helShzFGCy7Z/B+FFSBFHNI=
+github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56/go.mod h1:45PZqlQCqV0dU4o4+SE8LoJLEvXkK5j45ligvbih9QY=
 github.com/scroll-tech/zktrie v0.5.3 h1:jjzQchGU6XPL5s1C5bwwivSadefSRuYASE9OL7UKAdE=
 github.com/scroll-tech/zktrie v0.5.3/go.mod h1:XvNo7vAk8yxNyTjBDj5WIiFzYW4bx/gJ78+NK6Zn6Uk=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.11+incompatible h1:+1+c1VGhc88SSonWP6foOcLhvnKlUeu/erjjvaPEYiI=
@@ -133,13 +133,11 @@ github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20201216005158-039620a65673 h1:bAn7/zixMGCfxrRT
 github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20201216005158-039620a65673/go.mod h1:N3UwUGtsrSj3ccvlPHLoLsHnpR27oXr4ZE984MbSER8=
 github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.2 h1:KBNDSne4vP5mbSWnJbO+51IMOXJB67QiYCSBrubbPRg=
 github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.2/go.mod h1:SBZ9tNy3G9/m5Oi98Zks0QjeHVDvuK0qfxQmPyzfmi0=
-go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0 h1:ZvwS0R+56ePWxUNi+Atn9dWONBPp/AUETXlHW0DxSjE=
-go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0/go.mod h1:LUxbIzbOniOlMKjJjyPfpl4v+PKK2cNJn91OQbhoJI0=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20170930174604-9419663f5a44/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 h1:LF6fAI+IutBocDJ2OT0Q1g8plpYljMZ4+lty+dsqw3g=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0/go.mod h1:yrmDGqONDYtNj3tH8X9dzUun2m2lzPa9ngI6/RUPGR0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 h1:LKqV2xt9+kDzSTfOhx4FrkEBcMrAgHSYgzywV9zcGmM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0/go.mod h1:o4eNf7Ede1fv+hwOwZsTHl9EsPFO6q6ZvYR8vYfY45I=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230206171751-46f607a40771 h1:xP7rWLUr1e1n2xkK5YB4LI0hPEy3LJC6Wk+D4pGlOJg=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230206171751-46f607a40771/go.mod h1:CxIveKay+FTh1D0yPZemJVgC/95VzuuOLq5Qi4xnoYc=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -156,10 +154,10 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190916202348-b4ddaad3f8a3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 h1:EBmGv8NaZBZTWvrbjNoL6HVt+IVy3QDQpJs7VRIw3tU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 h1:KS/R3tvhPqvJvwcKfnBHJwwthS11LRhmM5D59eEXa0s=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 h1:2sjJmO8cDvYveuX97RDLsxlyUxLl+GHoLxBiRdHllBE=
+golang.org/x/text v0.10.0 h1:UpjohKhiEgNc0CSauXmwYftY1+LlaC75SJwh0SgCX58=
 golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 h1:rg5rLMjNzMS1RkNLzCG38eapWhnYLFYXDXj2gOlr8j4=
 golang.org/x/time v0.3.0/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190328211700-ab21143f2384/go.mod h1:LCzVGOaR6xXOjkQ3onu1FJEFr0SW1gC7cKk1uF8kGRs=
--- a/coordinator/manager.go
+++ b/coordinator/manager.go
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/log"
 	geth_metrics "github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum/rpc"
-	uatomic "go.uber.org/atomic"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/rand"

 	"scroll-tech/common/metrics"
@@ -76,9 +75,7 @@ type Manager struct {
 	cfg *config.RollerManagerConfig

 	// The indicator whether the backend is running or not.
-	running            int32
-	sendTaskPaused     *uatomic.Bool
-	pauseUntilBatchIdx *uatomic.Uint64
+	running int32

 	// A mutex guarding the boolean below.
 	mu sync.RWMutex
@@ -120,8 +117,6 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, cfg *config.RollerManagerConfig, orm database.OrmF
 	return &Manager{
 		ctx:                ctx,
 		cfg:                cfg,
-		sendTaskPaused:     uatomic.NewBool(cfg.PauseSendTask),
-		pauseUntilBatchIdx: uatomic.NewUint64(cfg.PauseSendTaskUntil),
 		rollerPool:         cmap.New(),
 		sessions:           make(map[string]*session),
 		failedSessionInfos: make(map[string]*SessionInfo),
@@ -206,13 +201,7 @@ func (m *Manager) Loop() {
 				}
 			}
 			// Select basic type roller and send message
-			for len(tasks) > 0 {
-				if m.isSendTaskPaused(tasks[0].Index) {
-					break
-				}
-				if !m.StartBasicProofGenerationSession(tasks[0], nil) {
-					break
-				}
+			for len(tasks) > 0 && m.StartBasicProofGenerationSession(tasks[0], nil) {
 				tasks = tasks[1:]
 			}
 		case <-m.ctx.Done():
@@ -570,11 +559,6 @@ func (m *Manager) APIs() []rpc.API {
 			Service:   RollerAPI(m),
 			Public:    true,
 		},
-		{
-			Namespace: "admin",
-			Service:   AdminAPI(m),
-			Public:    true,
-		},
 		{
 			Namespace: "debug",
 			Public:    true,
@@ -583,26 +567,6 @@ func (m *Manager) APIs() []rpc.API {
 	}
 }

-// StartSendTask starts to send basic tasks loop.
-func (m *Manager) StartSendTask() {
-	m.sendTaskPaused.Store(false)
-}
-
-// PauseSendTask pauses to send basic tasks loop.
-func (m *Manager) PauseSendTask() {
-	m.sendTaskPaused.Store(true)
-}
-
-// PauseSendTaskUntil pauses to send basic tasks loop until batchIdx.
-func (m *Manager) PauseSendTaskUntil(batchIdx uint64) {
-	m.PauseSendTask()
-	m.pauseUntilBatchIdx.Store(batchIdx)
-}
-
-func (m *Manager) isSendTaskPaused(batchIdx uint64) bool {
-	return m.sendTaskPaused.Load() && m.pauseUntilBatchIdx.Load() > batchIdx
-}
-
 // StartBasicProofGenerationSession starts a basic proof generation session
 func (m *Manager) StartBasicProofGenerationSession(task *types.BlockBatch, prevSession *session) (success bool) {
 	var taskID string
--- a/coordinator/manager_test.go
+++ b/coordinator/manager_test.go
@@ -655,6 +655,9 @@ func testListRollers(t *testing.T) {

 	// test ListRollers if one roller closed.
 	roller3.close()
+	// wait coordinator free completely
+	time.Sleep(time.Second * 5)
+
 	rollers, err = rollerManager.ListRollers()
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	var newRollersName []string
--- a/database/go.mod
+++ b/database/go.mod
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.7
 	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.14
 	github.com/pressly/goose/v3 v3.7.0
-	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61
+	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.17.2-0.20221006022127-8f469abc00aa
 )
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 // indirect
 	github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20201216005158-039620a65673 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.8.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
--- a/database/go.sum
+++ b/database/go.sum
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 h1:TMyTOH3F/DB16zRVcYyreMH6GnZZrwQVAoYjR
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0/go.mod h1:UQnix2H7Ngw/k4C5ijL5+65zddjncjaFoBhdsK/akog=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 h1:JIOH55/0cWyOuilr9/qlrm0BSXldqnqwMsf35Ld67mk=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:+Rmxgy9KzJVeS9/2gXHxylqXiyQDYRxCVz55jmeOWTM=
-github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61 h1:4fslVpNOPLeJPYX3tivrVWgqNvChPs7/y9OqWvQSNCw=
-github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61/go.mod h1:45PZqlQCqV0dU4o4+SE8LoJLEvXkK5j45ligvbih9QY=
+github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56 h1:Cqj7haxwvzI2O4n9ZZ25helShzFGCy7Z/B+FFSBFHNI=
+github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56/go.mod h1:45PZqlQCqV0dU4o4+SE8LoJLEvXkK5j45ligvbih9QY=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@ github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.17.2-0.20221006022127-8f469abc00aa h1:5SqCsI/2Qya2bC
 github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.17.2-0.20221006022127-8f469abc00aa/go.mod h1:1CNUng3PtjQMtRzJO4FMXBQvkGtuYRxxiR9xMa7jMwI=
 github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20201216005158-039620a65673 h1:bAn7/zixMGCfxrRTfdpNzjtPYqr8smhKouy9mxVdGPU=
 github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20201216005158-039620a65673/go.mod h1:N3UwUGtsrSj3ccvlPHLoLsHnpR27oXr4ZE984MbSER8=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 h1:LF6fAI+IutBocDJ2OT0Q1g8plpYljMZ4+lty+dsqw3g=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0/go.mod h1:yrmDGqONDYtNj3tH8X9dzUun2m2lzPa9ngI6/RUPGR0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 h1:LKqV2xt9+kDzSTfOhx4FrkEBcMrAgHSYgzywV9zcGmM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0/go.mod h1:o4eNf7Ede1fv+hwOwZsTHl9EsPFO6q6ZvYR8vYfY45I=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.10.0 h1:lFO9qtOdlre5W1jxS3r/4szv2/6iXxScdzjoBMXNhYk=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 h1:EBmGv8NaZBZTWvrbjNoL6HVt+IVy3QDQpJs7VRIw3tU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 h1:KS/R3tvhPqvJvwcKfnBHJwwthS11LRhmM5D59eEXa0s=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.8.0 h1:vSDcovVPld282ceKgDimkRSC8kpaH1dgyc9UMzlt84Y=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.8.0/go.mod h1:JxBZ99ISMI5ViVkT1tr6tdNmXeTrcpVSD3vZ1RsRdN4=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
--- a/go.work.sum
+++ b/go.work.sum
@@ -43,10 +43,13 @@ github.com/Azure/go-autorest/tracing v0.6.0/go.mod h1:+vhtPC754Xsa23ID7GlGsrdKBp
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.1.0 h1:ksErzDEI1khOiGPgpwuI7x2ebx/uXQNw7xJpn9Eq1+I=
 github.com/BurntSushi/xgb v0.0.0-20160522181843-27f122750802 h1:1BDTz0u9nC3//pOCMdNH+CiXJVYJh5UQNCOBG7jbELc=
 github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go/v2 v2.2.0 h1:dj00TDKY+xwuTJdbpspCSmTLFyWzRJerTHwaBxut1C0=
+github.com/ClickHouse/clickhouse-go/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:8f2XZUi7XoeU+uPIytSi1cvx8fmJxi7vIgqpvYTF1+o=
 github.com/CloudyKit/jet/v3 v3.0.0 h1:1PwO5w5VCtlUUl+KTOBsTGZlhjWkcybsGaAau52tOy8=
 github.com/DATA-DOG/go-sqlmock v1.3.3 h1:CWUqKXe0s8A2z6qCgkP4Kru7wC11YoAnoupUKFDnH08=
 github.com/HdrHistogram/hdrhistogram-go v1.1.2 h1:5IcZpTvzydCQeHzK4Ef/D5rrSqwxob0t8PQPMybUNFM=
+github.com/HdrHistogram/hdrhistogram-go v1.1.2/go.mod h1:yDgFjdqOqDEKOvasDdhWNXYg9BVp4O+o5f6V/ehm6Oo=
 github.com/Nvveen/Gotty v0.0.0-20120604004816-cd527374f1e5 h1:TngWCqHvy9oXAN6lEVMRuU21PR1EtLVZJmdB18Gu3Rw=
+github.com/Nvveen/Gotty v0.0.0-20120604004816-cd527374f1e5/go.mod h1:lmUJ/7eu/Q8D7ML55dXQrVaamCz2vxCfdQBasLZfHKk=
 github.com/OneOfOne/xxhash v1.2.2 h1:KMrpdQIwFcEqXDklaen+P1axHaj9BSKzvpUUfnHldSE=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v0.0.0-20180116203802-5d049714c4a6 h1:fLjPD/aNc3UIOA6tDi6QXUemppXK3P9BI7mr2hd6gx8=
 github.com/StackExchange/wmi v0.0.0-20180116203802-5d049714c4a6/go.mod h1:3eOhrUMpNV+6aFIbp5/iudMxNCF27Vw2OZgy4xEx0Fg=
@@ -54,12 +57,15 @@ github.com/aead/siphash v1.0.1 h1:FwHfE/T45KPKYuuSAKyyvE+oPWcaQ+CUmFW0bPlM+kg=
 github.com/ajstarks/svgo v0.0.0-20180226025133-644b8db467af h1:wVe6/Ea46ZMeNkQjjBW6xcqyQA/j5e0D6GytH95g0gQ=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc h1:cAKDfWh5VpdgMhJosfJnn5/FoN2SRZ4p7fJNX58YPaU=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20190718012654-fb15b899a751 h1:JYp7IbQjafoB+tBA3gMyHYHrpOtNuDiK/uB5uXxq5wM=
+github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20190718012654-fb15b899a751/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20151022065526-2efee857e7cf h1:qet1QNfXsQxTZqLG4oE62mJzwPIB8+Tee4RNCL9ulrY=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20190924025748-f65c72e2690d h1:UQZhZ2O0vMHr2cI+DC1Mbh0TJxzA3RcLoMsFw+aXw7E=
+github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20190924025748-f65c72e2690d/go.mod h1:rBZYJk541a8SKzHPHnH3zbiI+7dagKZ0cgpgrD7Fyho=
 github.com/andreyvit/diff v0.0.0-20170406064948-c7f18ee00883 h1:bvNMNQO63//z+xNgfBlViaCIJKLlCJ6/fmUseuG0wVQ=
 github.com/apache/arrow/go/arrow v0.0.0-20191024131854-af6fa24be0db h1:nxAtV4VajJDhKysp2kdcJZsq8Ss1xSA0vZTkVHHJd0E=
 github.com/armon/consul-api v0.0.0-20180202201655-eb2c6b5be1b6 h1:G1bPvciwNyF7IUmKXNt9Ak3m6u9DE1rF+RmtIkBpVdA=
 github.com/avast/retry-go/v4 v4.1.0 h1:CwudD9anYv6JMVnDuTRlK6kLo4dBamiL+F3U8YDiyfg=
+github.com/avast/retry-go/v4 v4.1.0/go.mod h1:HqmLvS2VLdStPCGDFjSuZ9pzlTqVRldCI4w2dO4m1Ms=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.2.0 h1:BS+UYpbsElC82gB+2E2jiCBg36i8HlubTB/dO/moQ9c=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.2.0/go.mod h1:zEQs02YRBw1DjK0PoJv3ygDYOFTre1ejlJWl8FwAuQo=
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.9.1/go.mod h1:cK/D0BBs0b/oWPIcX/Z/obahJK1TT7IPVjy53i/mX/4=
@@ -82,6 +88,7 @@ github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EzMw8dbp/YJL4A5/sbhGddag+NPT7q084agLbB
 github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.8.0/go.mod h1:SObp3lf9smib00L/v3U2eAKG8FyQ7iLrJnQiAmR5n+E=
 github.com/aymerick/raymond v2.0.3-0.20180322193309-b565731e1464+incompatible h1:Ppm0npCCsmuR9oQaBtRuZcmILVE74aXE+AmrJj8L2ns=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.0 h1:HWo1m869IqiPhD389kmkxeTalrjNbbJTC8LXupb+sl0=
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.5.0/go.mod h1:gIdJ4wp64HaoK2YrL1Q5/N7Y16edYb8uY+O0FJTyyDA=
 github.com/bmizerany/pat v0.0.0-20170815010413-6226ea591a40 h1:y4B3+GPxKlrigF1ha5FFErxK+sr6sWxQovRMzwMhejo=
 github.com/boltdb/bolt v1.3.1 h1:JQmyP4ZBrce+ZQu0dY660FMfatumYDLun9hBCUVIkF4=
 github.com/btcsuite/btcd/btcec/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:U7MHm051Al6XmscBQ0BoNydpOTsFAn707034b5nY8zU=
@@ -99,6 +106,7 @@ github.com/btcsuite/websocket v0.0.0-20150119174127-31079b680792 h1:R8vQdOQdZ9Y3
 github.com/btcsuite/winsvc v1.0.0 h1:J9B4L7e3oqhXOcm+2IuNApwzQec85lE+QaikUcCs+dk=
 github.com/c-bata/go-prompt v0.2.2 h1:uyKRz6Z6DUyj49QVijyM339UJV9yhbr70gESwbNU3e0=
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.1.3 h1:cFAlzYUlVYDysBEH2T5hyJZMh3+5+WCBvSnK6Q8UtC4=
+github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.1.3/go.mod h1:scbssz8iZGpm3xbr14ovlUdkxfGXNInqkPWOWmG2CLw=
 github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1 h1:glEXhBS5PSLLv4IXzLA5yPRVX4bilULVyxxbrfOtDAk=
 github.com/cespare/cp v0.1.0/go.mod h1:SOGHArjBr4JWaSDEVpWpo/hNg6RoKrls6Oh40hiwW+s=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash v1.1.0 h1:a6HrQnmkObjyL+Gs60czilIUGqrzKutQD6XZog3p+ko=
@@ -111,16 +119,16 @@ github.com/cloudflare/cloudflare-go v0.14.0 h1:gFqGlGl/5f9UGXAaKapCGUfaTCgRKKnzu
 github.com/cloudflare/cloudflare-go v0.14.0/go.mod h1:EnwdgGMaFOruiPZRFSgn+TsQ3hQ7C/YWzIGLeu5c304=
 github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20201120205902-5459f2c99403 h1:cqQfy1jclcSy/FwLjemeg3SR1yaINm74aQyupQ0Bl8M=
 github.com/cockroachdb/sentry-go v0.6.1-cockroachdb.2 h1:IKgmqgMQlVJIZj19CdocBeSfSaiCbEBZGKODaixqtHM=
+github.com/cockroachdb/sentry-go v0.6.1-cockroachdb.2/go.mod h1:8BT+cPK6xvFOcRlk0R8eg+OTkcqI6baNH4xAkpiYVvQ=
 github.com/codegangsta/inject v0.0.0-20150114235600-33e0aa1cb7c0 h1:sDMmm+q/3+BukdIpxwO365v/Rbspp2Nt5XntgQRXq8Q=
 github.com/consensys/bavard v0.1.8-0.20210406032232-f3452dc9b572 h1:+R8G1+Ftumd0DaveLgMIjrFPcAS4G8MsVXWXiyZL5BY=
 github.com/consensys/bavard v0.1.8-0.20210406032232-f3452dc9b572/go.mod h1:Bpd0/3mZuaj6Sj+PqrmIquiOKy397AKGThQPaGzNXAQ=
-github.com/consensys/bavard v0.1.13 h1:oLhMLOFGTLdlda/kma4VOJazblc7IM5y5QPd2A/YjhQ=
-github.com/consensys/bavard v0.1.13/go.mod h1:9ItSMtA/dXMAiL7BG6bqW2m3NdSEObYWoH223nGHukI=
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.4.1-0.20210426202927-39ac3d4b3f1f h1:C43yEtQ6NIf4ftFXD/V55gnGFgPbMQobd//YlnLjUJ8=
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.4.1-0.20210426202927-39ac3d4b3f1f/go.mod h1:815PAHg3wvysy0SyIqanF8gZ0Y1wjk/hrDHD/iT88+Q=
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.9.1-0.20230105202408-1a7a29904a7c h1:llSLg4o9EgH3SrXky+Q5BqEYqV76NGKo07K5Ps2pIKo=
 github.com/consensys/gnark-crypto v0.9.1-0.20230105202408-1a7a29904a7c/go.mod h1:CkbdF9hbRidRJYMRzmfX8TMOr95I2pYXRHF18MzRrvA=
 github.com/containerd/continuity v0.3.0 h1:nisirsYROK15TAMVukJOUyGJjz4BNQJBVsNvAXZJ/eg=
+github.com/containerd/continuity v0.3.0/go.mod h1:wJEAIwKOm/pBZuBd0JmeTvnLquTB1Ag8espWhkykbPM=
 github.com/coreos/etcd v3.3.10+incompatible h1:jFneRYjIvLMLhDLCzuTuU4rSJUjRplcJQ7pD7MnhC04=
 github.com/coreos/go-etcd v2.0.0+incompatible h1:bXhRBIXoTm9BYHS3gE0TtQuyNZyeEMux2sDi4oo5YOo=
 github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.2.0 h1:3Jm3tLmsgAYcjC+4Up7hJrFBPr+n7rAqYeSw/SZazuY=
@@ -139,13 +147,17 @@ github.com/decred/dcrd/crypto/blake256 v1.0.1/go.mod h1:2OfgNZ5wDpcsFmHmCK5gZTPc
 github.com/decred/dcrd/dcrec/secp256k1/v4 v4.0.1/go.mod h1:hyedUtir6IdtD/7lIxGeCxkaw7y45JueMRL4DIyJDKs=
 github.com/decred/dcrd/lru v1.0.0/go.mod h1:mxKOwFd7lFjN2GZYsiz/ecgqR6kkYAl+0pz0tEMk218=
 github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb v0.12.2 h1:1OcPn5GBIobjWNd+8yjfHNIaFX14B1pWI3F9HZy5KXw=
+github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb v0.12.2/go.mod h1:lnIw1mZukFRZDJYQ0Pb833QS2IaC3l5HkEfra2LJ+sk=
 github.com/dgraph-io/badger v1.6.0 h1:DshxFxZWXUcO0xX476VJC07Xsr6ZCBVRHKZ93Oh7Evo=
 github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v2 v2.2007.4 h1:TRWBQg8UrlUhaFdco01nO2uXwzKS7zd+HVdwV/GHc4o=
+github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v2 v2.2007.4/go.mod h1:vSw/ax2qojzbN6eXHIx6KPKtCSHJN/Uz0X0VPruTIhk=
 github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.0.3-0.20200630154024-f66de99634de h1:t0UHb5vdojIDUqktM6+xJAfScFBsVpXZmqC9dsgJmeA=
+github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto v0.0.3-0.20200630154024-f66de99634de/go.mod h1:KPxhHT9ZxKefz+PCeOGsrHpl1qZ7i70dGTu2u+Ahh6E=
 github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go v3.2.0+incompatible h1:7qlOGliEKZXTDg6OTjfoBKDXWrumCAMpl/TFQ4/5kLM=
 github.com/dgryski/go-bitstream v0.0.0-20180413035011-3522498ce2c8 h1:akOQj8IVgoeFfBTzGOEQakCYshWD6RNo1M5pivFXt70=
 github.com/dgryski/go-farm v0.0.0-20190423205320-6a90982ecee2 h1:tdlZCpZ/P9DhczCTSixgIKmwPv6+wP5DGjqLYw5SUiA=
 github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f h1:lO4WD4F/rVNCu3HqELle0jiPLLBs70cWOduZpkS1E78=
+github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f/go.mod h1:cuUVRXasLTGF7a8hSLbxyZXjz+1KgoB3wDUb6vlszIc=
 github.com/dgryski/go-sip13 v0.0.0-20181026042036-e10d5fee7954 h1:RMLoZVzv4GliuWafOuPuQDKSm1SJph7uCRnnS61JAn4=
 github.com/djherbis/atime v1.1.0 h1:rgwVbP/5by8BvvjBNrbh64Qz33idKT3pSnMSJsxhi0g=
 github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.4.1-0.20201116162257-a2a8dda75c91 h1:Izz0+t1Z5nI16/II7vuEo/nHjodOg0p7+OiDpjX5t1E=
@@ -156,6 +168,7 @@ github.com/dnaeon/go-vcr v1.1.0/go.mod h1:M7tiix8f0r6mKKJ3Yq/kqU1OYf3MnfmBWVbPx/
 github.com/dnaeon/go-vcr v1.2.0 h1:zHCHvJYTMh1N7xnV7zf1m1GPBF9Ad0Jk/whtQ1663qI=
 github.com/dnaeon/go-vcr v1.2.0/go.mod h1:R4UdLID7HZT3taECzJs4YgbbH6PIGXB6W/sc5OLb6RQ=
 github.com/docker/cli v20.10.17+incompatible h1:eO2KS7ZFeov5UJeaDmIs1NFEDRf32PaqRpvoEkKBy5M=
+github.com/docker/cli v20.10.17+incompatible/go.mod h1:JLrzqnKDaYBop7H2jaqPtU4hHvMKP+vjCwu2uszcLI8=
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@@ -183,6 +196,7 @@ github.com/fatih/color v1.7.0/go.mod h1:Zm6kSWBoL9eyXnKyktHP6abPY2pDugNf5Kwzbycv
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@@ -191,17 +205,22 @@ github.com/gballet/go-verkle v0.0.0-20220902153445-097bd83b7732 h1:AB7YjNrzlVHsY
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@@ -209,20 +228,27 @@ github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.2.1/go.mod h1:7FAglXiTm7HKlQRDeOQ6ZNUHidzCWXuZWq/1dT
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@@ -235,6 +261,7 @@ github.com/google/btree v1.0.0 h1:0udJVsspx3VBr5FwtLhQQtuAsVc79tTq0ocGIPAU6qo=
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@@ -242,30 +269,28 @@ github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20191218002539-d4f498aebedc h1:DLpL8pWq0v4JYoRpEh
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@@ -403,17 +450,8 @@ github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.0 h1:oget//CVOEoFewqQxwr0Ej5yjygnqGkvggSE/gB35Q8=
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@@ -421,23 +459,28 @@ github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.4.0/go.mod h1:1+UI3pD8NW14VMwdgJNJ1ESk2UnwhAnz5hM
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 go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.9.0 h1:8WZNQFIB2a71LnANS9JeyidJKKGOOremcUtb/OtHISw=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.9.0/go.mod h1:np4EoPGzoPs3O67xUVNoPPcmSvsfOxNlNA4F4AC+0Eo=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.9.0 h1:oZaCNJUjWcg60VXWee8lJKlqhPbXAPB51URuR47pQYc=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.9.0/go.mod h1:2737Q0MuG8q1uILYm2YYVkAyLtOofiTNGg6VODnOiPo=
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@@ -446,6 +489,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211117183948-ae814b36b871/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220722155217-630584e8d5aa/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
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+golang.org/x/crypto v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pYwdfH91IfpZVANVyUOhSIPZaFoJGxTFbZhFTx+dXZU=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0/go.mod h1:yrmDGqONDYtNj3tH8X9dzUun2m2lzPa9ngI6/RUPGR0=
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@@ -461,37 +506,31 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210220033124-5f55cee0dc0d/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v
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-golang.org/x/tools v0.1.8-0.20211029000441-d6a9af8af023/go.mod h1:nABZi5QlRsZVlzPpHl034qft6wpY4eDcsTt5AaioBiU=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.2.0/go.mod h1:y4OqIKeOV/fWJetJ8bXPU1sEVniLMIyDAZWeHdV+NTA=
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@@ -500,6 +539,7 @@ gonum.org/v1/plot v0.0.0-20190515093506-e2840ee46a6b h1:Qh4dB5D/WpoUUp3lSod7qgoy
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+google.golang.org/appengine v1.6.7/go.mod h1:8WjMMxjGQR8xUklV/ARdw2HLXBOI7O7uCIDZVag1xfc=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200108215221-bd8f9a0ef82f h1:2wh8dWY8959cBGQvk1RD+/eQBgRYYDaZ+hT0/zsARoA=
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@@ -508,22 +548,21 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0 h1:bxAC2xTBsZGibn2RTntX0oH50xLsqy1OxA9tTL3p/l
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-gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6 h1:jMFz6MfLP0/4fUyZle81rXUoxOBFi19VUFKVDOQfozc=
-gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0 h1:0vLT13EuvQ0hNvakwLuFZ/jYrLp5F3kcWHXdRggjCE8=
-gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7 h1:xOHLXZwVvI9hhs+cLKq5+I5onOuwQLhQwiu63xxlHs4=
-gopkg.in/go-playground/assert.v1 v1.2.1 h1:xoYuJVE7KT85PYWrN730RguIQO0ePzVRfFMXadIrXTM=
-gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8 v8.18.2 h1:lFB4DoMU6B626w8ny76MV7VX6W2VHct2GVOI3xgiMrQ=
-gopkg.in/mgo.v2 v2.0.0-20180705113604-9856a29383ce h1:xcEWjVhvbDy+nHP67nPDDpbYrY+ILlfndk4bRioVHaU=
-gopkg.in/olebedev/go-duktape.v3 v3.0.0-20200619000410-60c24ae608a6 h1:a6cXbcDDUkSBlpnkWV1bJ+vv3mOgQEltEJ2rPxroVu0=
 gopkg.in/olebedev/go-duktape.v3 v3.0.0-20200619000410-60c24ae608a6/go.mod h1:uAJfkITjFhyEEuUfm7bsmCZRbW5WRq8s9EY8HZ6hCns=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.3/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.8/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
-gotest.tools v1.4.0 h1:BjtEgfuw8Qyd+jPvQz8CfoxiO/UjFEidWinwEXZiWv0=
 gotest.tools v1.4.0/go.mod h1:DsYFclhRJ6vuDpmuTbkuFWG+y2sxOXAzmJt81HFBacw=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.1-2019.2.3 h1:3JgtbtFHMiCmsznwGVTUWbgGov+pVqnlf1dEJTNAXeM=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.1.3 h1:qTakTkI6ni6LFD5sBwwsdSO+AQqbSIxOauHTTQKZ/7o=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.1.3/go.mod h1:NgwopIslSNH47DimFoV78dnkksY2EFtX0ajyb3K/las=
+lukechampine.com/uint128 v1.2.0/go.mod h1:c4eWIwlEGaxC/+H1VguhU4PHXNWDCDMUlWdIWl2j1gk=
+modernc.org/cc/v3 v3.36.1/go.mod h1:NFUHyPn4ekoC/JHeZFfZurN6ixxawE1BnVonP/oahEI=
+modernc.org/ccgo/v3 v3.16.8/go.mod h1:zNjwkizS+fIFDrDjIAgBSCLkWbJuHF+ar3QRn+Z9aws=
+modernc.org/libc v1.16.19/go.mod h1:p7Mg4+koNjc8jkqwcoFBJx7tXkpj00G77X7A72jXPXA=
+modernc.org/mathutil v1.4.1/go.mod h1:mZW8CKdRPY1v87qxC/wUdX5O1qDzXMP5TH3wjfpga6E=
+modernc.org/memory v1.1.1/go.mod h1:/0wo5ibyrQiaoUoH7f9D8dnglAmILJ5/cxZlRECf+Nw=
+modernc.org/opt v0.1.3/go.mod h1:WdSiB5evDcignE70guQKxYUl14mgWtbClRi5wmkkTX0=
+modernc.org/sqlite v1.18.1/go.mod h1:6ho+Gow7oX5V+OiOQ6Tr4xeqbx13UZ6t+Fw9IRUG4d4=
+modernc.org/strutil v1.1.2/go.mod h1:OYajnUAcI/MX+XD/Wx7v1bbdvcQSvxgtb0gC+u3d3eg=
+modernc.org/token v1.0.0/go.mod h1:UGzOrNV1mAFSEB63lOFHIpNRUVMvYTc6yu1SMY/XTDM=
+moul.io/http2curl/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:RW4hyBjTWSYDOxapodpNEtX0g5Eb16sxklBqmd2RHcE=
 rsc.io/binaryregexp v0.2.0 h1:HfqmD5MEmC0zvwBuF187nq9mdnXjXsSivRiXN7SmRkE=
 rsc.io/pdf v0.1.1 h1:k1MczvYDUvJBe93bYd7wrZLLUEcLZAuF824/I4e5Xr4=
-rsc.io/tmplfunc v0.0.3 h1:53XFQh69AfOa8Tw0Jm7t+GV7KZhOi6jzsCzTtKbMvzU=
-rsc.io/tmplfunc v0.0.3/go.mod h1:AG3sTPzElb1Io3Yg4voV9AGZJuleGAwaVRxL9M49PhA=
--- a/2
+++ b/2
--- a/roller/go.mod
+++ b/roller/go.mod
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module scroll-tech/roller
 go 1.19

 require (
-	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61
+	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.17.2-0.20221006022127-8f469abc00aa
 	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.7
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip39 v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20201216005158-039620a65673 // indirect
 	github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c // indirect
 	gopkg.in/natefinch/npipe.v2 v2.0.0-20160621034901-c1b8fa8bdcce // indirect
--- a/roller/go.sum
+++ b/roller/go.sum
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0/go.mod h1:UQnix2H7Ngw/k4C5ijL5+65zddjncj
 github.com/rs/cors v1.7.0 h1:+88SsELBHx5r+hZ8TCkggzSstaWNbDvThkVK8H6f9ik=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 h1:JIOH55/0cWyOuilr9/qlrm0BSXldqnqwMsf35Ld67mk=
 github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0/go.mod h1:+Rmxgy9KzJVeS9/2gXHxylqXiyQDYRxCVz55jmeOWTM=
-github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61 h1:4fslVpNOPLeJPYX3tivrVWgqNvChPs7/y9OqWvQSNCw=
-github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61/go.mod h1:45PZqlQCqV0dU4o4+SE8LoJLEvXkK5j45ligvbih9QY=
+github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56 h1:Cqj7haxwvzI2O4n9ZZ25helShzFGCy7Z/B+FFSBFHNI=
+github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56/go.mod h1:45PZqlQCqV0dU4o4+SE8LoJLEvXkK5j45ligvbih9QY=
 github.com/scroll-tech/zktrie v0.5.3 h1:jjzQchGU6XPL5s1C5bwwivSadefSRuYASE9OL7UKAdE=
 github.com/scroll-tech/zktrie v0.5.3/go.mod h1:XvNo7vAk8yxNyTjBDj5WIiFzYW4bx/gJ78+NK6Zn6Uk=
 github.com/shirou/gopsutil v3.21.11+incompatible h1:+1+c1VGhc88SSonWP6foOcLhvnKlUeu/erjjvaPEYiI=
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.7/go.mod h1:N9Mkw9X8x5fupy0IKsmuqVtoGDyxsaDlbk4Rd05IAQw=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20170930174604-9419663f5a44/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 h1:LF6fAI+IutBocDJ2OT0Q1g8plpYljMZ4+lty+dsqw3g=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0/go.mod h1:yrmDGqONDYtNj3tH8X9dzUun2m2lzPa9ngI6/RUPGR0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 h1:LKqV2xt9+kDzSTfOhx4FrkEBcMrAgHSYgzywV9zcGmM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0/go.mod h1:o4eNf7Ede1fv+hwOwZsTHl9EsPFO6q6ZvYR8vYfY45I=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20180314180146-1d60e4601c6f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@@ -136,10 +136,10 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190916202348-b4ddaad3f8a3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 h1:EBmGv8NaZBZTWvrbjNoL6HVt+IVy3QDQpJs7VRIw3tU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 h1:KS/R3tvhPqvJvwcKfnBHJwwthS11LRhmM5D59eEXa0s=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 h1:2sjJmO8cDvYveuX97RDLsxlyUxLl+GHoLxBiRdHllBE=
+golang.org/x/text v0.10.0 h1:UpjohKhiEgNc0CSauXmwYftY1+LlaC75SJwh0SgCX58=
 golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 h1:rg5rLMjNzMS1RkNLzCG38eapWhnYLFYXDXj2gOlr8j4=
 golang.org/x/time v0.3.0/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
--- a/tests/integration-test/go.mod
+++ b/tests/integration-test/go.mod
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module scroll-tech/integration-test
 go 1.19

 require (
-	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230508165858-27a3830afa61
+	github.com/scroll-tech/go-ethereum v1.10.14-0.20230613025759-f055f50f9d56
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2
 )

@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.11 // indirect
 	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.10.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.9.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c // indirect
 	gopkg.in/natefinch/npipe.v2 v2.0.0-20160621034901-c1b8fa8bdcce // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
--- a/tests/integration-test/go.sum
+++ b/tests/integration-test/go.sum
@@ -1,54 +1,110 @@
 github.com/VictoriaMetrics/fastcache v1.6.0 h1:C/3Oi3EiBCqufydp1neRZkqcwmEiuRT9c3fqvvgKm5o=
+github.com/aead/siphash v1.0.1/go.mod h1:Nywa3cDsYNNK3gaciGTWPwHt0wlpNV15vwmswBAUSII=
 github.com/btcsuite/btcd v0.20.1-beta h1:Ik4hyJqN8Jfyv3S4AGBOmyouMsYE3EdYODkMbQjwPGw=
+github.com/btcsuite/btcd v0.20.1-beta/go.mod h1:wVuoA8VJLEcwgqHBwHmzLRazpKxTv13Px/pDuV7OomQ=
+github.com/btcsuite/btclog v0.0.0-20170628155309-84c8d2346e9f/go.mod h1:TdznJufoqS23FtqVCzL0ZqgP5MqXbb4fg/WgDys70nA=
+github.com/btcsuite/btcutil v0.0.0-20190425235716-9e5f4b9a998d/go.mod h1:+5NJ2+qvTyV9exUAL/rxXi3DcLg2Ts+ymUAY5y4NvMg=
+github.com/btcsuite/go-socks v0.0.0-20170105172521-4720035b7bfd/go.mod h1:HHNXQzUsZCxOoE+CPiyCTO6x34Zs86zZUiwtpXoGdtg=
+github.com/btcsuite/goleveldb v0.0.0-20160330041536-7834afc9e8cd/go.mod h1:F+uVaaLLH7j4eDXPRvw78tMflu7Ie2bzYOH4Y8rRKBY=
+github.com/btcsuite/snappy-go v0.0.0-20151229074030-0bdef8d06723/go.mod h1:8woku9dyThutzjeg+3xrA5iCpBRH8XEEg3lh6TiUghc=
+github.com/btcsuite/websocket v0.0.0-20150119174127-31079b680792/go.mod h1:ghJtEyQwv5/p4Mg4C0fgbePVuGr935/5ddU9Z3TmDRY=
+github.com/btcsuite/winsvc v1.0.0/go.mod h1:jsenWakMcC0zFBFurPLEAyrnc/teJEM1O46fmI40EZs=
 github.com/cespare/cp v0.1.0 h1:SE+dxFebS7Iik5LK0tsi1k9ZCxEaFX4AjQmoyA+1dJk=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 h1:DC2CZ1Ep5Y4k3ZQ899DldepgrayRUGE6BBZ/cd9Cj44=
+github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
+github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v0.0.0-20171005155431-ecdeabc65495/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/deckarep/golang-set v1.8.0 h1:sk9/l/KqpunDwP7pSjUg0keiOOLEnOBHzykLrsPppp4=
+github.com/deckarep/golang-set v1.8.0/go.mod h1:5nI87KwE7wgsBU1F4GKAw2Qod7p5kyS383rP6+o6qqo=
 github.com/edsrzf/mmap-go v1.0.0 h1:CEBF7HpRnUCSJgGUb5h1Gm7e3VkmVDrR8lvWVLtrOFw=
+github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.7/go.mod h1:jwhsz4b93w/PPRr/qN1Yymfu8t87LnFCMoQvtojpjFo=
 github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.2.6 h1:/Fpf6oFPoeFik9ty7siob0G6Ke8QvQEuVcuChpwXzpY=
+github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.2.6/go.mod h1:pprOEPIfldk/42T2oK7lQ4v4JSDwmV0As9GaiUsvbm0=
 github.com/go-stack/stack v1.8.1 h1:ntEHSVwIt7PNXNpgPmVfMrNhLtgjlmnZha2kOpuRiDw=
+github.com/go-stack/stack v1.8.1/go.mod h1:dcoOX6HbPZSZptuspn9bctJ+N/CnF5gGygcUP3XYfe4=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.2.0/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
 github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb h1:PBC98N2aIaM3XXiurYmW7fx4GZkL8feAMVq7nEjURHk=
+github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.5-0.20220116011046-fa5810519dcb/go.mod h1:/XxbfmMg8lxefKM7IXC3fBNl/7bRcc72aCRzEWrmP2Q=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 h1:t6JiXgmwXMjEs8VusXIJk2BXHsn+wx8BZdTaoZ5fu7I=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.0 h1:PPwGk2jz7EePpoHN/+ClbZu8SPxiqlu12wZP/3sWmnc=
+github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.0/go.mod h1:YR8l580nyteQvAITg2hZ9XVh4b55+EU/adAjf1fMHhE=
 github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.5-0.20210104140557-80c98217689d h1:dg1dEPuWpEqDnvIw251EVy4zlP8gWbsGj4BsUKCRpYs=
 github.com/holiman/bloomfilter/v2 v2.0.3 h1:73e0e/V0tCydx14a0SCYS/EWCxgwLZ18CZcZKVu0fao=
 github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.2.2 h1:TXKcSGc2WaxPD2+bmzAsVthL4+pEN0YwXcL5qED83vk=
+github.com/holiman/uint256 v1.2.2/go.mod h1:SC8Ryt4n+UBbPbIBKaG9zbbDlp4jOru9xFZmPzLUTxw=
+github.com/hpcloud/tail v1.0.0/go.mod h1:ab1qPbhIpdTxEkNHXyeSf5vhxWSCs/tWer42PpOxQnU=
 github.com/iden3/go-iden3-crypto v0.0.15 h1:4MJYlrot1l31Fzlo2sF56u7EVFeHHJkxGXXZCtESgK4=
+github.com/iden3/go-iden3-crypto v0.0.15/go.mod h1:dLpM4vEPJ3nDHzhWFXDjzkn1qHoBeOT/3UEhXsEsP3E=
+github.com/jessevdk/go-flags v0.0.0-20141203071132-1679536dcc89/go.mod h1:4FA24M0QyGHXBuZZK/XkWh8h0e1EYbRYJSGM75WSRxI=
+github.com/jrick/logrotate v1.0.0/go.mod h1:LNinyqDIJnpAur+b8yyulnQw/wDuN1+BYKlTRt3OuAQ=
+github.com/kkdai/bstream v0.0.0-20161212061736-f391b8402d23/go.mod h1:J+Gs4SYgM6CZQHDETBtE9HaSEkGmuNXF86RwHhHUvq4=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1/go.mod h1:ipq/a2n7PKx3OHsz4KJII5eveXtPO4qwEXGdVfWzfnI=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=
 github.com/kr/pty v1.1.1/go.mod h1:pFQYn66WHrOpPYNljwOMqo10TkYh1fy3cYio2l3bCsQ=
 github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
 github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
+github.com/kr/text v0.2.0/go.mod h1:eLer722TekiGuMkidMxC/pM04lWEeraHUUmBw8l2grE=
 github.com/leanovate/gopter v0.2.9 h1:fQjYxZaynp97ozCzfOyOuAGOU4aU/z37zf/tOujFk7c=
 github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.14 h1:+xnbZSEeDbOIg5/mE6JF0w6n9duR1l3/WmbinWVwUuU=
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--- a/tests/integration-test/integration_test.go
+++ b/tests/integration-test/integration_test.go
@@ -12,13 +12,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"

 	bcmd "scroll-tech/bridge/cmd"
-	_ "scroll-tech/bridge/cmd/event_watcher/app"
-	_ "scroll-tech/bridge/cmd/gas_oracle/app"
-	_ "scroll-tech/bridge/cmd/msg_relayer/app"
-	_ "scroll-tech/bridge/cmd/rollup_relayer/app"

 	"scroll-tech/common/docker"
-	"scroll-tech/common/utils"

 	rapp "scroll-tech/roller/cmd/app"

@@ -52,19 +47,12 @@ func TestStartProcess(t *testing.T) {
 	// Reset db.
 	assert.NoError(t, migrate.ResetDB(base.DBClient(t)))

-	// Run bridge apps.
-	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, utils.EventWatcherApp)
-	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, utils.GasOracleApp)
-	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, utils.MessageRelayerApp)
-	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, utils.RollupRelayerApp)
-
 	// Run coordinator app.
 	coordinatorApp.RunApp(t)
 	// Run roller app.
 	rollerApp.RunApp(t)

 	// Free apps.
-	bridgeApp.WaitExit()
 	rollerApp.WaitExit()
 	coordinatorApp.WaitExit()
 }
@@ -75,50 +63,22 @@ func TestMonitorMetrics(t *testing.T) {
 	// Reset db.
 	assert.NoError(t, migrate.ResetDB(base.DBClient(t)))

-	port1, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(2000))
-	svrPort1 := strconv.FormatInt(port1.Int64()+50000, 10)
-	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, utils.EventWatcherApp, "--metrics", "--metrics.addr", "localhost", "--metrics.port", svrPort1)
-
-	port2, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(2000))
-	svrPort2 := strconv.FormatInt(port2.Int64()+50000, 10)
-	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, utils.GasOracleApp, "--metrics", "--metrics.addr", "localhost", "--metrics.port", svrPort2)
-
-	port3, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(2000))
-	svrPort3 := strconv.FormatInt(port3.Int64()+50000, 10)
-	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, utils.MessageRelayerApp, "--metrics", "--metrics.addr", "localhost", "--metrics.port", svrPort3)
-
-	port4, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(2000))
-	svrPort4 := strconv.FormatInt(port4.Int64()+50000, 10)
-	bridgeApp.RunApp(t, utils.RollupRelayerApp, "--metrics", "--metrics.addr", "localhost", "--metrics.port", svrPort4)
-
 	// Start coordinator process with metrics server.
-	port5, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(2000))
-	svrPort5 := strconv.FormatInt(port5.Int64()+52000, 10)
-	coordinatorApp.RunApp(t, "--metrics", "--metrics.addr", "localhost", "--metrics.port", svrPort5)
+	port, _ := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(2000))
+	svrPort := strconv.FormatInt(port.Int64()+52000, 10)
+	coordinatorApp.RunApp(t, "--metrics", "--metrics.addr", "localhost", "--metrics.port", svrPort)

-	// Get bridge monitor metrics.
-	resp, err := http.Get("http://localhost:" + svrPort1)
+	// Get coordinator monitor metrics.
+	resp, err := http.Get("http://localhost:" + svrPort)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	defer resp.Body.Close()
 	body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	bodyStr := string(body)
 	assert.Equal(t, 200, resp.StatusCode)
-	assert.Equal(t, true, strings.Contains(bodyStr, "bridge_l1_msgs_sync_height"))
-	assert.Equal(t, true, strings.Contains(bodyStr, "bridge_l2_msgs_sync_height"))
-
-	// Get coordinator monitor metrics.
-	resp, err = http.Get("http://localhost:" + svrPort5)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	defer resp.Body.Close()
-	body, err = ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	bodyStr = string(body)
-	assert.Equal(t, 200, resp.StatusCode)
 	assert.Equal(t, true, strings.Contains(bodyStr, "coordinator_sessions_timeout_total"))
 	assert.Equal(t, true, strings.Contains(bodyStr, "coordinator_rollers_disconnects_total"))

 	// Exit.
-	bridgeApp.WaitExit()
 	coordinatorApp.WaitExit()
 }
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
colin	86175a04c3	feat(bridge): upgrade bridge to rollup v2 (#530 ) Co-authored-by: Richard Zhang <rzhang139@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: georgehao <haohongfan@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: HAOYUatHZ <37070449+HAOYUatHZ@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: HAOYUatHZ <haoyu@protonmail.com>	2023-06-28 10:12:16 +08:00
Xi Lin	dbb26f91b4	fix(contracts): change type of queueIndex to uint64 (#592 ) Co-authored-by: HAOYUatHZ <37070449+HAOYUatHZ@users.noreply.github.com>	2023-06-27 21:30:20 +08:00
HAOYUatHZ	65620464fb	feat: upgrade l2geth to `scroll-v4.1.0` (#593 ) Co-authored-by: Your Name <you@example.com>	2023-06-27 18:27:09 +08:00
Xi Lin	bd9fdf885f	fix(contracts): change type of layer2ChainId to uint64 (#591 )	2023-06-22 11:14:04 -07:00
Xi Lin	7a1992ba91	feat(contracts): add GasSwap contract (#531 ) Co-authored-by: Péter Garamvölgyi <peter@scroll.io>	2023-06-19 12:03:28 +08:00