fix(formatting): consolidate duration formatting into shared utility

* improvement(billing): improve against direct subscription creation bypasses

* more usage of block/unblock helpers

* address bugbot comments

* fail closed

* only run dup check for orgs

apps/sim/app/api/cron/cleanup-stale-executions/route.ts

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { verifyCronAuth } from '@/lib/auth/internal'
 const logger = createLogger('CleanupStaleExecutions')
 
 const STALE_THRESHOLD_MINUTES = 30
+const MAX_INT32 = 2_147_483_647
 
 export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
   try {
@@ -45,13 +46,14 @@ export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
       try {
         const staleDurationMs = Date.now() - new Date(execution.startedAt).getTime()
         const staleDurationMinutes = Math.round(staleDurationMs / 60000)
+        const totalDurationMs = Math.min(staleDurationMs, MAX_INT32)
 
         await db
           .update(workflowExecutionLogs)
           .set({
             status: 'failed',
             endedAt: new Date(),
-            totalDurationMs: staleDurationMs,
+            totalDurationMs,
             executionData: sql`jsonb_set(
               COALESCE(execution_data, '{}'::jsonb),
               ARRAY['error'],

apps/sim/app/api/mcp/serve/[serverId]/route.ts

@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ async function handleToolsCall(
       content: [
         { type: 'text', text: JSON.stringify(executeResult.output || executeResult, null, 2) },
       ],
-      isError: !executeResult.success,
+      isError: executeResult.success === false,
     }
 
     return NextResponse.json(createResponse(id, result))

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/logs/components/logs-list/logs-list.tsx

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ import Link from 'next/link'
 import { List, type RowComponentProps, useListRef } from 'react-window'
 import { Badge, buttonVariants } from '@/components/emcn'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/core/utils/cn'
+import { formatDuration } from '@/lib/core/utils/formatting'
 import {
   DELETED_WORKFLOW_COLOR,
   DELETED_WORKFLOW_LABEL,
   formatDate,
-  formatDuration,
   getDisplayStatus,
   LOG_COLUMNS,
   StatusBadge,

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/logs/utils.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import React from 'react'
 import { format } from 'date-fns'
 import { Badge } from '@/components/emcn'
+import { formatDuration } from '@/lib/core/utils/formatting'
 import { getIntegrationMetadata } from '@/lib/logs/get-trigger-options'
 import { getBlock } from '@/blocks/registry'
 import { CORE_TRIGGER_TYPES } from '@/stores/logs/filters/types'
@@ -362,47 +363,14 @@ export function mapToExecutionLogAlt(log: RawLogResponse): ExecutionLog {
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * Format duration for display in logs UI
- * If duration is under 1 second, displays as milliseconds (e.g., "500ms")
- * If duration is 1 second or more, displays as seconds (e.g., "1.23s")
- * @param duration - Duration string (e.g., "500ms") or null
- * @returns Formatted duration string or null
- */
-export function formatDuration(duration: string | null): string | null {
-  if (!duration) return null
-
-  // Extract numeric value from duration string (e.g., "500ms" -> 500)
-  const ms = Number.parseInt(duration.replace(/[^0-9]/g, ''), 10)
-
-  if (!Number.isFinite(ms)) return duration
-
-  if (ms < 1000) {
-    return `${ms}ms`
-  }
-
-  // Convert to seconds with up to 2 decimal places
-  const seconds = ms / 1000
-  return `${seconds.toFixed(2).replace(/\.?0+$/, '')}s`
-}
-
 /**
  * Format latency value for display in dashboard UI
- * If latency is under 1 second, displays as milliseconds (e.g., "500ms")
- * If latency is 1 second or more, displays as seconds (e.g., "1.23s")
  * @param ms - Latency in milliseconds (number)
  * @returns Formatted latency string
  */
 export function formatLatency(ms: number): string {
   if (!Number.isFinite(ms) || ms <= 0) return '—'
-
-  if (ms < 1000) {
-    return `${Math.round(ms)}ms`
-  }
-
-  // Convert to seconds with up to 2 decimal places
-  const seconds = ms / 1000
-  return `${seconds.toFixed(2).replace(/\.?0+$/, '')}s`
+  return formatDuration(ms, { precision: 2 })
 }
 
 export const formatDate = (dateString: string) => {

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/copilot-message/components/thinking-block/thinking-block.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 import { memo, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react'
 import clsx from 'clsx'
 import { ChevronUp } from 'lucide-react'
+import { formatDuration } from '@/lib/core/utils/formatting'
 import { CopilotMarkdownRenderer } from '../markdown-renderer'
 
 /** Removes thinking tags (raw or escaped) and special tags from streamed content */
@@ -241,15 +242,9 @@ export function ThinkingBlock({
     return () => window.clearInterval(intervalId)
   }, [isStreaming, isExpanded, userHasScrolledAway])
 
-  /** Formats duration in milliseconds to seconds (minimum 1s) */
-  const formatDuration = (ms: number) => {
-    const seconds = Math.max(1, Math.round(ms / 1000))
-    return `${seconds}s`
-  }
-
   const hasContent = cleanContent.length > 0
   const isThinkingDone = !isStreaming || hasFollowingContent || hasSpecialTags
-  const durationText = `${label} for ${formatDuration(duration)}`
+  const durationText = `${label} for ${formatDuration(Math.max(1000, duration))}`
 
   const getStreamingLabel = (lbl: string) => {
     if (lbl === 'Thought') return 'Thinking'

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/tool-call/tool-call.tsx

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   hasInterrupt as hasInterruptFromConfig,
   isSpecialTool as isSpecialToolFromConfig,
 } from '@/lib/copilot/tools/client/ui-config'
+import { formatDuration } from '@/lib/core/utils/formatting'
 import { CopilotMarkdownRenderer } from '@/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/copilot-message/components/markdown-renderer'
 import { SmoothStreamingText } from '@/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/copilot-message/components/smooth-streaming'
 import { ThinkingBlock } from '@/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/copilot/components/copilot-message/components/thinking-block'
@@ -848,13 +849,8 @@ const SubagentContentRenderer = memo(function SubagentContentRenderer({
     (allParsed.options && Object.keys(allParsed.options).length > 0)
   )
 
-  const formatDuration = (ms: number) => {
-    const seconds = Math.max(1, Math.round(ms / 1000))
-    return `${seconds}s`
-  }
-
   const outerLabel = getSubagentCompletionLabel(toolCall.name)
-  const durationText = `${outerLabel} for ${formatDuration(duration)}`
+  const durationText = `${outerLabel} for ${formatDuration(Math.max(1000, duration))}`
 
   const renderCollapsibleContent = () => (
     <>

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/panel/components/editor/editor.tsx

@@ -50,6 +50,12 @@ import { useSubBlockStore } from '@/stores/workflows/subblock/store'
 /** Stable empty object to avoid creating new references */
 const EMPTY_SUBBLOCK_VALUES = {} as Record<string, any>
 
+/** Shared style for dashed divider lines */
+const DASHED_DIVIDER_STYLE = {
+  backgroundImage:
+    'repeating-linear-gradient(to right, var(--border) 0px, var(--border) 6px, transparent 6px, transparent 12px)',
+} as const
+
 /**
  * Icon component for rendering block icons.
  *
@@ -89,31 +95,23 @@ export function Editor() {
   const blockConfig = currentBlock ? getBlock(currentBlock.type) : null
   const title = currentBlock?.name || 'Editor'
 
-  // Check if selected block is a subflow (loop or parallel)
   const isSubflow =
     currentBlock && (currentBlock.type === 'loop' || currentBlock.type === 'parallel')
 
-  // Get subflow display properties from configs
   const subflowConfig = isSubflow ? (currentBlock.type === 'loop' ? LoopTool : ParallelTool) : null
 
-  // Check if selected block is a workflow block
   const isWorkflowBlock =
     currentBlock && (currentBlock.type === 'workflow' || currentBlock.type === 'workflow_input')
 
-  // Get workspace ID from params
   const params = useParams()
   const workspaceId = params.workspaceId as string
 
-  // Refs for resize functionality
   const subBlocksRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
 
-  // Get user permissions
   const userPermissions = useUserPermissionsContext()
 
-  // Get active workflow ID
   const activeWorkflowId = useWorkflowRegistry((state) => state.activeWorkflowId)
 
-  // Get block properties (advanced/trigger modes)
   const { advancedMode, triggerMode } = useEditorBlockProperties(
     currentBlockId,
     currentWorkflow.isSnapshotView
@@ -145,10 +143,9 @@ export function Editor() {
     [subBlocksForCanonical]
   )
   const canonicalModeOverrides = currentBlock?.data?.canonicalModes
-  const advancedValuesPresent = hasAdvancedValues(
-    subBlocksForCanonical,
-    blockSubBlockValues,
-    canonicalIndex
+  const advancedValuesPresent = useMemo(
+    () => hasAdvancedValues(subBlocksForCanonical, blockSubBlockValues, canonicalIndex),
+    [subBlocksForCanonical, blockSubBlockValues, canonicalIndex]
   )
   const displayAdvancedOptions = userPermissions.canEdit
     ? advancedMode
@@ -156,11 +153,9 @@ export function Editor() {
 
   const hasAdvancedOnlyFields = useMemo(() => {
     for (const subBlock of subBlocksForCanonical) {
-      // Must be standalone advanced (mode: 'advanced' without canonicalParamId)
       if (subBlock.mode !== 'advanced') continue
       if (canonicalIndex.canonicalIdBySubBlockId[subBlock.id]) continue
 
-      // Check condition - skip if condition not met for current values
       if (
         subBlock.condition &&
         !evaluateSubBlockCondition(subBlock.condition, blockSubBlockValues)
@@ -173,7 +168,6 @@ export function Editor() {
     return false
   }, [subBlocksForCanonical, canonicalIndex.canonicalIdBySubBlockId, blockSubBlockValues])
 
-  // Get subblock layout using custom hook
   const { subBlocks, stateToUse: subBlockState } = useEditorSubblockLayout(
     blockConfig || ({} as any),
     currentBlockId || '',
@@ -206,31 +200,34 @@ export function Editor() {
     return { regularSubBlocks: regular, advancedOnlySubBlocks: advancedOnly }
   }, [subBlocks, canonicalIndex.canonicalIdBySubBlockId])
 
-  // Get block connections
   const { incomingConnections, hasIncomingConnections } = useBlockConnections(currentBlockId || '')
 
-  // Connections resize hook
   const { handleMouseDown: handleConnectionsResizeMouseDown, isResizing } = useConnectionsResize({
     subBlocksRef,
   })
 
-  // Collaborative actions
   const {
     collaborativeSetBlockCanonicalMode,
     collaborativeUpdateBlockName,
     collaborativeToggleBlockAdvancedMode,
   } = useCollaborativeWorkflow()
 
-  // Advanced mode toggle handler
   const handleToggleAdvancedMode = useCallback(() => {
     if (!currentBlockId || !userPermissions.canEdit) return
     collaborativeToggleBlockAdvancedMode(currentBlockId)
   }, [currentBlockId, userPermissions.canEdit, collaborativeToggleBlockAdvancedMode])
 
-  // Rename state
   const [isRenaming, setIsRenaming] = useState(false)
   const [editedName, setEditedName] = useState('')
-  const nameInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)
+
+  /**
+   * Ref callback that auto-selects the input text when mounted.
+   */
+  const nameInputRefCallback = useCallback((element: HTMLInputElement | null) => {
+    if (element) {
+      element.select()
+    }
+  }, [])
 
   /**
    * Handles starting the rename process.
@@ -251,7 +248,6 @@ export function Editor() {
     if (trimmedName && trimmedName !== currentBlock?.name) {
       const result = collaborativeUpdateBlockName(currentBlockId, trimmedName)
       if (!result.success) {
-        // Keep rename mode open on error so user can correct the name
         return
       }
     }
@@ -266,14 +262,6 @@ export function Editor() {
     setEditedName('')
   }, [])
 
-  // Focus input when entering rename mode
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (isRenaming && nameInputRef.current) {
-      nameInputRef.current.select()
-    }
-  }, [isRenaming])
-
-  // Trigger rename mode when signaled from context menu
   useEffect(() => {
     if (shouldFocusRename && currentBlock) {
       handleStartRename()
@@ -284,17 +272,13 @@ export function Editor() {
   /**
    * Handles opening documentation link in a new secure tab.
    */
-  const handleOpenDocs = () => {
+  const handleOpenDocs = useCallback(() => {
     const docsLink = isSubflow ? subflowConfig?.docsLink : blockConfig?.docsLink
-    if (docsLink) {
-      window.open(docsLink, '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer')
-    }
-  }
+    window.open(docsLink || 'https://docs.sim.ai/quick-reference', '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer')
+  }, [isSubflow, subflowConfig?.docsLink, blockConfig?.docsLink])
 
-  // Get child workflow ID for workflow blocks
   const childWorkflowId = isWorkflowBlock ? blockSubBlockValues?.workflowId : null
 
-  // Fetch child workflow state for preview (only for workflow blocks with a selected workflow)
   const { data: childWorkflowState, isLoading: isLoadingChildWorkflow } =
     useWorkflowState(childWorkflowId)
 
@@ -307,7 +291,6 @@ export function Editor() {
     }
   }, [childWorkflowId, workspaceId])
 
-  // Determine if connections are at minimum height (collapsed state)
   const isConnectionsAtMinHeight = connectionsHeight <= 35
 
   return (
@@ -328,7 +311,7 @@ export function Editor() {
           )}
           {isRenaming ? (
             <input
-              ref={nameInputRef}
+              ref={nameInputRefCallback}
               type='text'
               value={editedName}
               onChange={(e) => setEditedName(e.target.value)}
@@ -399,23 +382,21 @@ export function Editor() {
               </Tooltip.Content>
             </Tooltip.Root>
           )} */}
-          {currentBlock && (isSubflow ? subflowConfig?.docsLink : blockConfig?.docsLink) && (
-            <Tooltip.Root>
-              <Tooltip.Trigger asChild>
-                <Button
-                  variant='ghost'
-                  className='p-0'
-                  onClick={handleOpenDocs}
-                  aria-label='Open documentation'
-                >
-                  <BookOpen className='h-[14px] w-[14px]' />
-                </Button>
-              </Tooltip.Trigger>
-              <Tooltip.Content side='top'>
-                <p>Open docs</p>
-              </Tooltip.Content>
-            </Tooltip.Root>
-          )}
+          <Tooltip.Root>
+            <Tooltip.Trigger asChild>
+              <Button
+                variant='ghost'
+                className='p-0'
+                onClick={handleOpenDocs}
+                aria-label='Open documentation'
+              >
+                <BookOpen className='h-[14px] w-[14px]' />
+              </Button>
+            </Tooltip.Trigger>
+            <Tooltip.Content side='top'>
+              <p>Open docs</p>
+            </Tooltip.Content>
+          </Tooltip.Root>
         </div>
       </div>
 
@@ -495,13 +476,7 @@ export function Editor() {
                     </div>
                   </div>
                   <div className='subblock-divider px-[2px] pt-[16px] pb-[13px]'>
-                    <div
-                      className='h-[1.25px]'
-                      style={{
-                        backgroundImage:
-                          'repeating-linear-gradient(to right, var(--border) 0px, var(--border) 6px, transparent 6px, transparent 12px)',
-                      }}
-                    />
+                    <div className='h-[1.25px]' style={DASHED_DIVIDER_STYLE} />
                   </div>
                 </>
               )}
@@ -566,13 +541,7 @@ export function Editor() {
                         />
                         {showDivider && (
                           <div className='subblock-divider px-[2px] pt-[16px] pb-[13px]'>
-                            <div
-                              className='h-[1.25px]'
-                              style={{
-                                backgroundImage:
-                                  'repeating-linear-gradient(to right, var(--border) 0px, var(--border) 6px, transparent 6px, transparent 12px)',
-                              }}
-                            />
+                            <div className='h-[1.25px]' style={DASHED_DIVIDER_STYLE} />
                           </div>
                         )}
                       </div>
@@ -581,13 +550,7 @@ export function Editor() {
 
                   {hasAdvancedOnlyFields && userPermissions.canEdit && (
                     <div className='flex items-center gap-[10px] px-[2px] pt-[14px] pb-[12px]'>
-                      <div
-                        className='h-[1.25px] flex-1'
-                        style={{
-                          backgroundImage:
-                            'repeating-linear-gradient(to right, var(--border) 0px, var(--border) 6px, transparent 6px, transparent 12px)',
-                        }}
-                      />
+                      <div className='h-[1.25px] flex-1' style={DASHED_DIVIDER_STYLE} />
                       <button
                         type='button'
                         onClick={handleToggleAdvancedMode}
@@ -600,13 +563,7 @@ export function Editor() {
                           className={`h-[14px] w-[14px] transition-transform duration-200 ${displayAdvancedOptions ? 'rotate-180' : ''}`}
                         />
                       </button>
-                      <div
-                        className='h-[1.25px] flex-1'
-                        style={{
-                          backgroundImage:
-                            'repeating-linear-gradient(to right, var(--border) 0px, var(--border) 6px, transparent 6px, transparent 12px)',
-                        }}
-                      />
+                      <div className='h-[1.25px] flex-1' style={DASHED_DIVIDER_STYLE} />
                     </div>
                   )}
 
@@ -630,13 +587,7 @@ export function Editor() {
                         />
                         {index < advancedOnlySubBlocks.length - 1 && (
                           <div className='subblock-divider px-[2px] pt-[16px] pb-[13px]'>
-                            <div
-                              className='h-[1.25px]'
-                              style={{
-                                backgroundImage:
-                                  'repeating-linear-gradient(to right, var(--border) 0px, var(--border) 6px, transparent 6px, transparent 12px)',
-                              }}
-                            />
+                            <div className='h-[1.25px]' style={DASHED_DIVIDER_STYLE} />
                           </div>
                         )}
                       </div>

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/terminal/terminal.tsx

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import {
   Tooltip,
 } from '@/components/emcn'
 import { getEnv, isTruthy } from '@/lib/core/config/env'
+import { formatDuration } from '@/lib/core/utils/formatting'
 import { useRegisterGlobalCommands } from '@/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/providers/global-commands-provider'
 import { createCommands } from '@/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/utils/commands-utils'
 import {
@@ -43,7 +44,6 @@ import {
   type EntryNode,
   type ExecutionGroup,
   flattenBlockEntriesOnly,
-  formatDuration,
   getBlockColor,
   getBlockIcon,
   groupEntriesByExecution,

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/terminal/utils.ts

@@ -53,17 +53,6 @@ export function getBlockColor(blockType: string): string {
   return '#6b7280'
 }
 
-/**
- * Formats duration from milliseconds to readable format
- */
-export function formatDuration(ms?: number): string {
-  if (ms === undefined || ms === null) return '-'
-  if (ms < 1000) {
-    return `${Math.round(ms)}ms`
-  }
-  return `${(ms / 1000).toFixed(2)}s`
-}
-
 /**
  * Determines if a keyboard event originated from a text-editable element
  */

apps/sim/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/components/training-modal/training-modal.tsx

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import {
   Textarea,
 } from '@/components/emcn'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/core/utils/cn'
+import { formatDuration } from '@/lib/core/utils/formatting'
 import { sanitizeForCopilot } from '@/lib/workflows/sanitization/json-sanitizer'
 import { formatEditSequence } from '@/lib/workflows/training/compute-edit-sequence'
 import { useCurrentWorkflow } from '@/app/workspace/[workspaceId]/w/[workflowId]/hooks/use-current-workflow'
@@ -575,7 +576,9 @@ export function TrainingModal() {
                                     <span className='text-[var(--text-muted)]'>Duration:</span>{' '}
                                     <span className='text-[var(--text-secondary)]'>
                                       {dataset.metadata?.duration
-                                        ? `${(dataset.metadata.duration / 1000).toFixed(1)}s`
+                                        ? formatDuration(dataset.metadata.duration, {
+                                            precision: 1,
+                                          })
                                         : 'N/A'}
                                     </span>
                                   </div>

apps/sim/background/workspace-notification-delivery.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import { checkUsageStatus } from '@/lib/billing/calculations/usage-monitor'
 import { getHighestPrioritySubscription } from '@/lib/billing/core/subscription'
 import { RateLimiter } from '@/lib/core/rate-limiter'
 import { decryptSecret } from '@/lib/core/security/encryption'
+import { formatDuration } from '@/lib/core/utils/formatting'
 import { getBaseUrl } from '@/lib/core/utils/urls'
 import type { TraceSpan, WorkflowExecutionLog } from '@/lib/logs/types'
 import { sendEmail } from '@/lib/messaging/email/mailer'
@@ -227,12 +228,6 @@ async function deliverWebhook(
   }
 }
 
-function formatDuration(ms: number): string {
-  if (ms < 1000) return `${ms}ms`
-  if (ms < 60000) return `${(ms / 1000).toFixed(1)}s`
-  return `${(ms / 60000).toFixed(1)}m`
-}
-
 function formatCost(cost?: Record<string, unknown>): string {
   if (!cost?.total) return 'N/A'
   const total = cost.total as number

apps/sim/components/ui/tool-call.tsx

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Collapsible, CollapsibleContent, CollapsibleTrigger } from '@/components/ui/collapsible'
 import type { ToolCallGroup, ToolCallState } from '@/lib/copilot/types'
 import { cn } from '@/lib/core/utils/cn'
+import { formatDuration } from '@/lib/core/utils/formatting'
 
 interface ToolCallProps {
   toolCall: ToolCallState
@@ -225,11 +226,6 @@ export function ToolCallCompletion({ toolCall, isCompact = false }: ToolCallProp
   const isError = toolCall.state === 'error'
   const isAborted = toolCall.state === 'aborted'
 
-  const formatDuration = (duration?: number) => {
-    if (!duration) return ''
-    return duration < 1000 ? `${duration}ms` : `${(duration / 1000).toFixed(1)}s`
-  }
-
   return (
     <div
       className={cn(

apps/sim/lib/core/utils/formatting.ts

@@ -153,20 +153,44 @@ export function formatCompactTimestamp(iso: string): string {
 }
 
 /**
- * Format a duration in milliseconds to a human-readable format
- * @param durationMs - The duration in milliseconds
+ * Format a duration to a human-readable format
+ * @param duration - Duration in milliseconds (number) or as string (e.g., "500ms")
  * @param options - Optional formatting options
  * @param options.precision - Number of decimal places for seconds (default: 0)
  * @returns A formatted duration string
  */
-export function formatDuration(durationMs: number, options?: { precision?: number }): string {
-  const precision = options?.precision ?? 0
-
-  if (durationMs < 1000) {
-    return `${durationMs}ms`
+export function formatDuration(
+  duration: number | string | undefined | null,
+  options?: { precision?: number }
+): string {
+  if (duration === undefined || duration === null) {
+    return '-'
   }
 
-  const seconds = durationMs / 1000
+  // Parse string durations (e.g., "500ms", "1234")
+  let ms: number
+  if (typeof duration === 'string') {
+    ms = Number.parseInt(duration.replace(/[^0-9.-]/g, ''), 10)
+    if (!Number.isFinite(ms)) {
+      return duration
+    }
+  } else {
+    ms = duration
+  }
+
+  const precision = options?.precision ?? 0
+
+  if (ms < 1) {
+    // Sub-millisecond: show with 2 decimal places
+    return `${ms.toFixed(2)}ms`
+  }
+
+  if (ms < 1000) {
+    // Milliseconds: round to integer
+    return `${Math.round(ms)}ms`
+  }
+
+  const seconds = ms / 1000
   if (seconds < 60) {
     return precision > 0 ? `${seconds.toFixed(precision)}s` : `${Math.floor(seconds)}s`
   }