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components/ui/markdown.tsx
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@@ -451,6 +451,51 @@ const rehypeProcessBrTags = () => {
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const rehypeStyleAside = () => {
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"[&>p]:text-tuatara-700",
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if (node.children) {
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return node
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return visit(tree)
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@@ -953,7 +998,11 @@ export const Markdown = ({
...components,
}
const rehypePlugins = [rehypeRaw as any, rehypeProcessBrTags as any]
const rehypePlugins = [
rehypeRaw as any,
rehypeProcessBrTags as any,
rehypeStyleAside as any,
]
setContent([
<ReactMarkdown
@@ -972,7 +1021,11 @@ export const Markdown = ({
<ReactMarkdown
key="fallback"
skipHtml={false}
rehypePlugins={[rehypeRaw as any, rehypeProcessBrTags as any]}
rehypePlugins={[
rehypeRaw as any,
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]}
components={{
...REACT_MARKDOWN_CONFIG(darkMode),
...components,

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---
title: "Privacy Experience User Survey"
description: "This report extends our prior qualitative research with a user survey on the current state of privacy on Ethereum, including how people perceive, trust, and adopt privacy tools."
date: "2026-01-08"
authors:
- "Privacy Experience"
tags:
- privacy
- user experience
- privacy experience
image: "/articles/privacy-experience-report/privacy-experience-report.webp"
---
This quantitative survey (75 respondents) builds directly on our earlier **qualitative research on privacy experience on Ethereum** ([Link to the qualitative report](https://pse.dev/blog/privacy-experience-report)), which identified seven core themes shaping how users perceive, trust, and adopt privacy tools. This report should be read as a continuation of that work: the survey was designed to **test, validate, and size those qualitative hypotheses** across a broader and more diverse set of experienced Ethereum users.
**Key takeaways at a glance:**
- **Privacy is non-negotiable, but current solutions fall short.**
- Privacy importance is rated **high (3.3 / 4)**, while satisfaction is **low (1.7 / 4)**.
- Users are moderately confident today (**2.4 / 4**) but pessimistic about the future (**1.9 / 4**).
- **The adoption gap is driven by experience failures, not lack of interest.**
- **86%** of respondents have abandoned a privacy flow at least once.
- The top blocker is **complexity and usability (58%)**, far outweighing cost or regulation.
- **Active privacy tools are widely tried, but rarely habitual.**
- Tools requiring manual steps (mixers, stealth addresses, shielded pools) have **~70% reach** but only **~15–17% habitual use**.
- Passive or background tools (private mempools, RPCs) reach fewer users but are **significantly stickier**.
- **Users strongly prefer privacy by default.**
- **73%** prefer systems that are *private by default with an option to share*.
- “Missing in my wallet” is a top blocker, pointing to the need for wallet-native privacy.
- **Trust depends on verifiability and clarity, not branding.**
- The strongest trust signals are **open-source code (61%)**, clear documentation and architecture (~46%), and **transaction previews/simulations (52%)**.
- Social proof and marketing rank much lower.
- **Trade-offs reveal clear limits.**
- Users are willing to trade **time** (69% will wait a few extra minutes) and tolerate limited extra steps.
- They resist **higher fees, network switching, and compatibility breaks**, which sharply reduce adoption.
- **Confidence does not equal capability.**
- Segmentation shows that even highly capable users frequently abandon privacy flows.
- The *low confidence / high capability* group exhibits the **highest abandonment (~90%)**, highlighting verification anxiety and mental model gaps as critical issues.
The findings reinforce a central conclusion from the qualitative phase: **the gap in privacy adoption is not caused by lack of interest, but by experience failures**. Users overwhelmingly consider privacy *very important*, yet remain dissatisfied with current solutions. Complexity, unclear guarantees, and verification anxiety dominate abandonment, while a strong majority prefer **privacy by default** rather than opt-in flows.
---
## 0. Who This Survey Represents
Before interpreting the results, it is important to clarify **who these findings describe**.
This survey reflects a highly experienced, technically skewed Ethereum audience:
- **Total responses:** 75
- **Ethereum tenure:** 92% have been involved for **3+ years**; 15% for **9+ years**
- **Activity level:** ~50% interact with Ethereum daily; another ~30% weekly
- **Roles:** Developers, researchers, and security professionals make up over half of respondents
This context matters. If privacy tools are frequently abandoned or misunderstood by this group, the usability barrier for less experienced users is likely significantly higher.
## 1. Clarity of Privacy Scope: High Importance, Low Confidence
<aside>
**💬 Qualitative themes referenced:**
- Theme 1: Clarity of privacy scope
- Theme 5: Verification anxiety
- Theme 7: Educational & mental model gaps
**Qualitative hypothesis:** Users believe they understand what is private on-chain, but struggle to accurately identify what is hidden, visible, or still inferable.
</aside>
**Quantitative results:**
- **Importance of privacy:** **3.3 / 4** (High)
- **Satisfaction with current privacy:** **1.7 / 4** (Low, net dissatisfied)
- **Confidence in current privacy guarantees:** **2.4 / 4** (Moderate)
- **Confidence privacy will remain intact in the future:** **1.9 / 4** (Low)
Despite high experience levels, confidence remains limited. Users care deeply about privacy, but do not feel secure that they understand or can rely on existing protections.
**Interpretation:** This validates the qualitative finding that privacy tools fail to clearly communicate scope. Users are not rejecting privacy, they are uncertain what they are actually getting.
## 2. Motivation: Privacy as Control, Not Secrecy
<aside>
**💬 Qualitative themes referenced:**
- **Theme 6:** Context-specific motivation
**Qualitative hypothesis:** Privacy is primarily about control and selective disclosure, not anonymity for its own sake.
</aside>
**Quantitative results (free-text + ranking):**
Users consistently frame privacy as:
- **Control:** choosing what is revealed, to whom, and when
- **Freedom:** a digital extension of fundamental rights
- **Security hygiene:** protection against scams, extortion, profiling, and physical risk
**Top motivations:**
1. Personal safety & security (~60%)
2. Anti-profiling / identity separation (~55%)
3. Asset and balance protection (~50%)
**Top perceived risks:**
- Targeted attacks and scams
- Loss of funds or access
- Surveillance by governments or large platforms
**Interpretation:** The survey confirms that privacy demand is principled and pragmatic, not ideological or fringe, aligning directly with qualitative insights.
## 3. Usage: Widely Tried, Rarely Habitual
<aside>
**💬 Qualitative themes referenced:**
- **Theme 3:** Technical friction
- **Theme 4:** Usability and defaults
**Qualitative hypothesis:** Active, multi-step privacy tools introduce friction that prevents habitual use.
</aside>
**Quantitative results:**
A clear pattern emerges:
- **Active tools** (stealth addresses, mixers, shielded pools) have **high reach (≈70%)** but **low habitual use (≈15–17%)**
- **Passive or infrastructure tools** (private mempools, RPCs) have lower reach (~50%) but higher daily usage (~23%)
| **Tool Category** | **Reach** | **Habit** | **Usage** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Stealth / One-time Addresses** | **73%** (54 users) | 15% (11 users) | Wide but Sporadic |
| **Mixers or Privacy Pools** | **70%** (52 users) | 17% (13 users) | Wide but Sporadic |
| **Shielded Pools** | **69%** (51 users) | 17% (13 users) | Wide but Sporadic |
| **ZK Identity / Proofs** | 68% (50 users) | 16% (12 users) | Wide but Sporadic |
| **Private Mempools / MEV** | 68% (50 users) | **23%** (17 users) | Stickier |
| **Private Voting** | 59% (44 users) | 9% (7 users) | Sporadic |
| **Private L2s / Rollups** | 57% (42 users) | 13% (10 users) | Moderate |
| **Private Relayers** | 54% (40 users) | 9% (7 users) | Sporadic |
| **Private / Custom RPCs** | 51% (38 users) | **23%** (17 users) | Niche Stickier |
![image.png](/articles/privacy-experience-report/px-usage.png)
**Interpretation:** The moment privacy requires users to leave their normal flow, usage drops sharply. Privacy that runs in the background is more likely to stick.
## 4. Technical Friction: Usability Is the Primary Blocker
<aside>
**💬 Qualitative themes referenced:**
- **Theme 3:** Technical friction
- **Theme 5:** Verification anxiety
**Qualitative hypothesis:** Complexity and lack of clarity outweigh cost or regulation as adoption barriers.
</aside>
**Quantitative results:**
Top blockers:
- **Complex or hard to use:** 58% (43 votes)
- High gas costs: 32% (24 votes)
- Regulatory uncertainty: 31% (23 votes)
- Missing in wallet or favorite dapps: 30% (22 votes)
Additional signals:
- **~86%** of respondents have abandoned a privacy flow at least once
- Top reasons: confusion and uncertainty about safety
- The most requested feature **with 74% of all users**, is to **have private sends as default** in existing wallets
**User quotes**
- *"I need a switch in my wallet to turn on private mode."*
- *"Unclear what it would do... Unsure the tool was safe."*
- *"Native wallet support for stealth addresses... making privacy seamless like HTTPS."*
**Interpretation:** This strongly confirms the qualitative finding that privacy UX is fragile. Abandonment is the norm, not the exception.
---
## 5. Trade-offs: Time Is Acceptable, Workflow Breakage Is Not
<aside>
**💬 Qualitative themes referenced:**
- **Theme 3:** Technical friction
- **Theme 6:** Context-specific motivation
**Qualitative hypothesis:** Users are willing to trade speed for privacy, but not cost or workflow disruption.
</aside>
Users are willing to trade **time**, but not **cost or workflow disruption**:
- 69% will wait a few minutes longer
- 53% accept 2–3 extra screens
- Only ~25% accept higher fees or network switching
| **Trade-off** | **Votes** | **Percentage** | **Verdict** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Wait up to a few minutes longer** | **47** | **69.1%** | **😍 Highly Acceptable** |
| 2–3 extra confirmations or screens | 36 | 52.9% | 🙂 Acceptable |
| Using a separate wallet or account | 26 | 38.2% | 😐 Borderline |
| Signing multiple transactions | 18 | 26.5% | ☹️ High Friction |
| Switching to a different network or L2 | 18 | 26.5% | ☹️ High Friction |
| Pay up to ~5% more in fees | 17 | 25.0% | ☹️ High Friction |
| Lower compatibility with some dapps | 8 | 11.8% | 😡 Unacceptable |
| Withdrawal delays up to 1 day | 8 | 11.8% | 😡 Unacceptable |
| Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes | 6 | 8.8% | 😡 Unacceptable |
**Interpretation:** Privacy can be slower, but it must remain affordable and integrated into existing workflows.
---
## 6. Trust & Verification: Don’t Trust, Verify (But Make It Legible)
<aside>
**💬 Qualitative themes referenced:**
- **Theme 2:** Trust transparency
- **Theme 5:** Verification anxiety
**Qualitative hypothesis:** Users want verifiable guarantees, but struggle to interpret technical proofs without clear UX support.
</aside>
**Quantitative results:**
Top trust signals (See appendix 3 for the full table):
- Open-source code (61%)
- Clear docs and architecture explanations (~46%)
- Transaction previews/simulations (52%)
Social proof and branding rank significantly lower.
| **Top 5 Trust Factors** | **Votes** | **Percentage** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Open-source code** | **45** | **60.8%** |
| Clear docs on how it works | 34 | 45.9% |
| Transparent architecture | 34 | 45.9% |
| Clear explanation of trade-offs | 34 | 45.9% |
| Referrals or endorsements from trusted people | 20 | 27.0% |
**Interpretation:** Users want verification, but only if it is surfaced in human-readable ways. Trust must be designed into the interface, not outsourced to reputation.
---
## 7. Confidence vs Capability: Why Adoption Fails Even for Experts
<aside>
**💬 Qualitative themes referenced:**
- **Theme 3:** Technical friction
- **Theme 5:** Verification anxiety
- **Theme 7:** Educational & mental model gaps
**Qualitative hypothesis:** Capability does not guarantee confidence; experienced users still hesitate without clear confirmation and mental models.
</aside>
![Confidence vs capability in crypto privacy.png](/articles/privacy-experience-report/px-confidence.png)
To synthesize multiple themes, we segmented users by **confidence** and **capability**:
- **High confidence / High capability (36.5%):** still abandon flows ~70% of the time
- **High confidence / Low capability (31.1%):** optimism without practice
- **Low confidence / High capability (13.5%):** *highest abandonment (~90%)* and lowest trust
- **Low confidence / Low capability (18.9%)**
**Interpretation:** Technical skill does not eliminate anxiety. The most capable users are often the most cautious, reinforcing that adoption failure is driven by unclear guarantees and weak mental models, not lack of education.
---
## Synthesis: What Quantative + Qualitative Together Tell Us
Across both research phases, the same story repeats:
- Privacy demand is high and principled
- Satisfaction and confidence are low
- Friction and ambiguity dominate behavior
- Defaults, previews, and clarity matter more than cryptographic sophistication alone
---
## Actionable Recommendations (Community Invitation)
This research points to challenges that cannot be solved by any single team or protocol. We see these recommendations as **invitations to the Ethereum community** (wallet teams, protocol developers, UX designers, researchers, and educators) to collaborate on improving the privacy experience together.
1. **Wallet-native privacy primitives**
- Private send / receive as first-class wallet features
- Shared UX patterns for privacy presets (e.g., Quick Private, Maximum Privacy)
2. **Standardized privacy scope visualization**
- Community-aligned patterns for showing what is hidden, visible, and inferable
- Reusable components for transaction privacy previews and confirmations
3. **Confidence-building UX patterns**
- Sandbox or test modes for private transactions
- Progressive disclosure designs that support anxious power users
4. **Shared trust and verification standards**
- Common transparency checklists (open source, architecture, simulations)
- Consistent terminology across wallets and dapps
5. **Passive-by-default privacy infrastructure**
- MEV protection, private RPCs, and address hygiene as defaults
- Tooling that works without requiring behavior changes
6. **Context-aware privacy design**
- Prioritize financial and identity-linked actions first
- Explore programmable privacy for compliance-friendly use cases
We invite builders and researchers to experiment with these directions, share learnings, and help define what “usable privacy” should look like on Ethereum.
1. **Make privacy native:** integrate private sends and protections directly into wallets
2. **Expose privacy scope clearly:** show what is hidden, visible, and inferable
3. **Add previews and confirmations:** reduce verification anxiety
4. **Design for anxious power users:** sandbox modes, progressive disclosure, safe defaults
5. **Standardize trust signals:** consistent transparency across tools
6. **Favor passive protections:** private infrastructure as default
7. **Respect context:** prioritize financial and identity-linked actions
---
## Conclusion
This quantitative survey validates, and strengthens our earlier published qualitative findings. Privacy on Ethereum is not failing because users do not care, but because **the experience does not meet the psychological requirements of trust, clarity, and confidence**.
Solving privacy adoption is therefore not only a cryptographic challenge, but a **design and UX challenge**. Addressing this gap is the fastest path to making privacy usable, trusted, and ultimately normal on Ethereum.
---
## Appendix
### Qualitative Themes and How We Tested Them Quantitatively
| **Theme** | **Hypothesis (based on interview insights)** | **Purpose of Testing It** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **1. Clarity of privacy scope** | Users believe they know what’s private on-chain, but in reality, most cannot accurately identify what data is visible or protected. | Measure how well people actually understand privacy boundaries. |
| **2. Trust transparency** | Users place more trust in *brands* (e.g., Flashbots, Railgun) than in *verifiable proofs* (e.g., audits or on-chain evidence). | Quantify how trust forms: social vs technical trust. |
| **3. Technical friction** | Complex setup and multi-step flows (extra wallets, ENS, signatures) are major barriers, even for technically skilled users. | Assess how much friction affects adoption intent. |
| **4. Usability and defaults** | Users assume privacy settings are enabled by default, and rarely change them manually. | Confirm the behavioral gap between assumption and action. |
| **5. Verification anxiety** | Lack of clear confirmations or test environments causes users to hesitate or limit fund size in private transactions. | Measure confidence thresholds and safety needs. |
| **6. Context-specific motivation** | Privacy priorities depend on context: users care most in financial or identity-linked actions, less in social or governance contexts. | Rank contexts by perceived privacy need. |
| **7. Educational & mental model gaps** | Even experienced users struggle to explain how privacy tech (e.g., stealth addresses, shielded pools) actually works. | Measure comprehension and need for educational support. |
### Blockers when using on-chain privacy tools
| **Blocker** | **Votes** | **Percentage** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Complex or hard to use** | **43** | **58%** |
| High gas or transaction costs | 24 | 32% |
| Regulatory or policy uncertainty | 23 | 31% |
| Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps | 22 | 30% |
| Too few people use it / Privacy feels weak | 20 | 27% |
| Hard to verify what is private | 15 | 20% |
| Security concerns (e.g. fear of hacks) | 13 | 17% |
| Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains | 11 | 15% |
| My activity does not feel sensitive enough | 8 | 10% |
| I want onchain reputation (airdrops, social graph) | 7 | 9% |
| Social stigma or reputation risk | 4 | 5% |
| Other | 6 | 8% |
### Trust factors when using on-chain privacy tools
| **Trust Factor** | **Votes** | **Percentage** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Open-source code** | **45** | **60.8%** |
| Clear docs on how it works | 34 | 45.9% |
| Transparent architecture | 34 | 45.9% |
| Clear explanation of trade-offs | 34 | 45.9% |
| Referrals or endorsements from trusted people | 20 | 27.0% |
| Logical in-app UX with info and context | 19 | 25.7% |
| Widely used in production and time-tested | 18 | 24.3% |
| Strong security practices (bug bounties) | 16 | 21.6% |
| Independent audits | 16 | 21.6% |
| Clear website/language explaining function | 16 | 21.6% |
| Reproducible builds | 14 | 18.9% |
| Clear changelogs | 14 | 18.9% |
| Verifiable releases and contracts | 14 | 18.9% |
| Transparent team identity and track record | 10 | 13.5% |
| Verified listings on reputable directories | 1 | 1.4% |
### Open data
We are sharing the full, anonymized survey responses so anyone can analyze the results and draw their own conclusions. The CSV includes all questions and raw answers. Feel free to remix, chart, or join with your own data.
- [Download the dataset](/articles/privacy-experience-report/px-user-survey-2025-results.csv).

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Pick the role that best describes you,Where you are primarily based,Which wallet(s) you use most often,How long you have been actively involved with Ethereum,How often you interact with Ethereum,What you primarily use Ethereum for,"How confident you feel using wallets, signing, and using dapps",Which statements match your typical behavior,What does privacy mean to you?,Your main reasons for using privacy tools.,"Have you used any privacy tools (e.g. VPNs, encrypted email/messenger) before?","Have you used any onchain privacy tools (e.g. Tornado Cash, Railgun, Zcash) before?",How important transaction privacy is to you when using Ethereum,Your overall satisfaction with the current level of privacy available on Ethereum today,How confident you are what is private and what is not when using privacy on Ethereum,How confident you are that what is private will remain private in the future,Your trust in the tools or methods you use for privacy on Ethereum,Which factors most influence your trust in using privacy tools,Which in-app signals would help you feel more confident and safe,How often you use each category of privacy tools | Mixers or privacy pools,How often you use each category of privacy tools | Shielded pools or transactions,How often you use each category of privacy tools | Stealth or one-time addresses,How often you use each category of privacy tools | ZK identity or selective disclosure proofs,How often you use each category of privacy tools | Private or anonymous voting,How often you use each category of privacy tools | Private relayers or paymasters,How often you use each category of privacy tools | Private mempools or MEV-protected order flows,How often you use each category of privacy tools | Private L2/rollups focused on privacy,How often you use each category of privacy tools | Private read mode or custom/private RPCs,Which onchain privacy tools do you use most (be specific),How often you use other privacy tools | VPN,How often you use other privacy tools | Tor,How often you use other privacy tools | Encrypted messaging (e.g. Signal),How often you use other privacy tools | Password manager,How often you use other privacy tools | Hardware security key (e.g. YubiKey),How often you use other privacy tools | Private or hardened browser profile,How often you use other privacy tools | Ad/tracker blockers,How often you use other privacy tools | Email aliases or burner emails,How often you use other privacy tools | Encrypted storage,How often you use other privacy tools | Encrypted DNS,What stops you most from using privacy tools today,What stops you most from using privacy tools today,Have you ever abandoned a privacy app before using or finishing the flow?,"If yes, why?",What your biggest risks are when transacting on Ethereum,Which trade-offs are acceptable for you when using privacy features,Where you would expect to turn on privacy,"Do you prefer transparency by default with an option to go private, or privacy by default with an option to share",How important is it that your main wallet includes clear privacy controls,How likely are you to switch if another wallet offers clearly better privacy,Which of these would help you use privacy tools more,Which of these would help you use privacy tools more,"What’s one thing you’d change, fix, or add to increase adoption of privacy on Ethereum",What privacy use cases or projects are you most excited about?,Any other feedback you like to share
Developer,Europe,"Rabby,Rainbow,Gnosis Safe",9+ years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Running nodes or infrastructure",Very confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust,I use a multisig or smart account",It's important,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Reduce data trails across apps and services",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Widely used in production and time-tested,Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Integrated test networks,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Weekly,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Never,Monthly,Never,"Privacy Pools, Payy",Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Never,"Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Security concerns",,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want","Physical targeting or extortion risk,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Switching to a different network or L2,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private L2s focused on privacy,Selective disclosure proofs",,Native private transfers ,Aztec,
Product,East Asia,MetaMask,3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,Work, salary or payroll,Education and learning",Somewhat confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a multisig or smart account",Something important but we don’t usually think about until something goes wrong,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,Yes,Very important,Satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Transparent team identity and track record","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Integrated test networks",Never,Never,Monthly,Rarely,Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Never,Fluidkey,Daily,Never,Daily,Daily,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,"Complex or hard to use,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,My activity does not feel sensitive enough",,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck","Losing funds or access,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Social or reputation risk","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Public by default, option to go private",Important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Selective disclosure proofs",,Better UX and story,,
Ethereum user,East Asia,"MetaMask,Other",3-5 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.",Very confident,"I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically",,,Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Not at all confident,Trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code",,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Rarely,None,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Rarely,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains",,Rarely,Unclear what the benefits were,"Physical targeting or extortion risk,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool)","2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing",,Privacy on L1,Kohaku ,
Security,South America,MetaMask,3-5 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll",Somewhat confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust",Anarquism,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running",Yes,Yes,Very important,Satisfied,Confident,Confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code","Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Integrated test networks,Linked audits or a security page",Monthly,Weekly,Never,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Never,Never,Never,"Monero, tornado",Daily,Weekly,Weekly,Weekly,Never,Daily,Daily,Never,,,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty",,Rarely,"Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were,Took too long or got stuck","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2",In my network or connection settings,"Private by default, option to share",Important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private messaging,Private L2s focused on privacy",,Easy use,Privacy pools,I hate goverments
Developer,Europe,"MetaMask,Other",6-8 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing",Freedom ,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,Clear website and language that explains what it does,"Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Rarely,Rarely,Daily,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Fluidkey ,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Monthly,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps",,Rarely,,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks",Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools,In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,Keystore ,Privacy pools tò break traceability ,
Community builder,Africa,"MetaMask,Zerion",6-8 years,Daily,"NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.,Education and learning",Very confident,"I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer",,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Keep work and personal activity separate",No,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Very confident,Confident,Strong trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Transparent team identity and track record","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,,,,,,,,,,,,Complex or hard to use,,,,,,,,,,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Private messaging",,Education and Ethereum Communities Focus,,
Education,Southeast Asia,"MetaMask,Rabby,Gnosis Safe",6-8 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.",Not at all confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use a multisig or smart account",very important,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,Yes,Important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Independent audits","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Rarely,Rarely,Never,Rarely,Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Never,tornado cash,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Daily,Weekly,Weekly,Never,Rarely,Never,Never,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty",,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Fees or deposits required up front,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Losing funds or access,Contract exploits or protocol hacks,Legal or policy issues","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Switching to a different network or L2",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations",,i need a switch on wallet to turn on private mode,like tornado cash but much cheaper and easy to use,
Product,Europe,"MetaMask,Rabby,Gnosis Safe",6-8 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.,DAOs and governance",Confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account",Freedom to choose what becomes public,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Important,Satisfied,Confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Never,Rarely,Weekly,Rarely,Rarely,Weekly,Weekly,Rarely,Weekly,Fluidkey,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,,Rarely,Fees or deposits required up front,"Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2,Using a separate wallet or account",Inside the app I am using,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private governance and voting,Selective disclosure proofs",,Make it a default,Neptune Cash,Wishing you the best with these new efforts
Developer,East Asia,"MetaMask,OKX wallet",6-8 years,Monthly,"Finance, payments and transfers,Work, salary or payroll",Somewhat confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming",a way to earn money ,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Somewhat important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,No trust at all,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Trusted badge or reputation labels,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,,Daily,,,Daily,,,,,,,Other,,,,,,,,,,"Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards",,I learn zk ,,
Researcher,East Asia,"MetaMask,Other",1-2 years,Rarely,"Finance, payments and transfers,Work, salary or payroll",Somewhat confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses",everything,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,No,Somewhat important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Confident,No trust at all,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Rarely,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Never,Never,,Daily,,Weekly,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Monthly,"Complex or hard to use,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private",,Sometimes,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Took too long or got stuck","Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Contract exploits or protocol hacks,Social or reputation risk","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Signing multiple transactions,Switching to a different network or L2",Inside the app I am using,"Private by default, option to share",Important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private messaging,Private governance and voting",,none,none,yes
Researcher,Europe,"MetaMask,Gnosis Safe",3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Somewhat confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly","LINDDUN, i.e. a i see it from the perspective of privacy harms that LINDDUN is an acronym for.","Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Meet local policies or regulations",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Not at all confident,No trust at all,"Widely used in production and time-tested,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Monthly,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,,Monthly,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Never,"Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Security concerns",,Often,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing","Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations",,"Actually talk about privacy. Even this form is mostly about security. Not a single person in PSE knows what privacy even is. I have talked with many of them. Literally no clue. Sad. At least hire a single expert, please.",,
Developer,South Asia,MetaMask,3-5 years,Monthly,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Education and learning",Confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties",,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running",Yes,No,Important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Linked audits or a security page",Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Rarely,,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Weekly,Rarely,Monthly,Daily,Rarely,Weekly,Rarely,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty",,,,,,On Ethereum itself,,Important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Private messaging",,NA,,
Marketing or Growth,Europe,"Rabby,Coinbase wallet,Gnosis Safe",3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly",,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs",Rarely,Never,Rarely,Monthly,Monthly,Never,Monthly,Rarely,Never,,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Never,Monthly,Daily,Monthly,Daily,Weekly,"Complex or hard to use,Social stigma or reputation risk,Other",,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want,Took too long or got stuck","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Likely,"Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations,Private messaging",,More EF support to teams working in privacy tech,,
Other,Europe,"Rabby,Trust wallet",6-8 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Education and learning",Very confident,I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,decentraliz,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Somewhat important,Satisfied,Confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context,Open-source code","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Monthly,Never,https://quilibrium.com/,Daily,,Daily,,,,Daily,,Daily,Daily,"Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Security concerns",,Often,"Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were,Fees or deposits required up front","Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account",On Ethereum itself,"Private by default, option to share",Somewhat important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private messaging,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,A PEER-TO-PEER MPC PLATFORM AS A SERVICE,https://quilibrium.com/quilibrium.pdf,
Researcher,East Asia,Rabby,3-5 years,Weekly,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure,Education and learning",Not at all confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC",,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked audits or a security page",Rarely,Weekly,Monthly,Rarely,Never,Never,Weekly,Rarely,Weekly,,Daily,,Daily,Daily,Never,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Rarely,"High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak",,Sometimes,Fees or deposits required up front,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,"Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account",,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very unlikely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,encrypted mempool,Every ether transfer id mixed and untraceable natively. ,
Developer,Europe,"MetaMask,Other",9+ years,Monthly,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,DAOs and governance,Donations, charities and public goods",Very confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC",Being able to choice what I share and to who I share it with,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Daily,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Never,"I want to use privacy tools I can interact with that go beyond defi, like privacy for generic compute etc",,Daily,Daily,Daily,,Daily,Daily,Daily,Never,Daily,"High gas or transaction costs,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Hard to verify what is private",,Sometimes,"Too many steps or signatures,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck","Physical targeting or extortion risk,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone","2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes",Inside the app I am using,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private L2s focused on privacy,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,Make developer tooling and fund and help privacy projects such as shield dot markets stay alive . Make developers aware of these tools,Privacy beyond defi also indistinguishable obfuscation ,"Keep making developers tools, pse should fund more grants to team etc"
Developer,Central America,"Rabby,Other",6-8 years,Monthly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll",Somewhat confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer",,,Yes,No,Somewhat important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Independent audits","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Integrated test networks,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Weekly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Monthly,ZKP,Weekly,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Rarely,"Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak",,Sometimes,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Fees or deposits required up front","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Private governance and voting",,Grandma test pasable UX,ZKPassport,"Good job, keep going!! "
Ethereum user,Europe,Other,6-8 years,Daily,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure",Very confident,"I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC,I use a multisig or smart account",Being able to take any action I want to take without it being linked back to me,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Reduce data trails across apps and services",Yes,Yes,Important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies",Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Rarely,Never,Rarely,Never,Never,Weekly,Railgun,Monthly,Weekly,Rarely,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Rarely,"High gas or transaction costs,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak",,Rarely,,"Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2",In my network or connection settings,"Private by default, option to share",Somewhat important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing",,Verifiable RPC privacy and unlinkability,Aztec,
Product,Europe,"MetaMask,Coinbase wallet,Rainbow",3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.",Confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer",,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Not at all confident,No trust at all,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Independent audits,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Integrated test networks,Linked audits or a security page",Weekly,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Rarely,Never,Never,Monthly,Never,,Weekly,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Weekly,"Complex or hard to use,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak",,Sometimes,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,"Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted",,In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards",,Privacy Dashboard,,
Researcher,North America,"MetaMask,Coinbase wallet,Argent",6-8 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.",Confident,None of the above,Personally speaking: a lot. On-chain: nothing. Because I really dislike the state of on-chain privacy. ,"Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential",Yes,Yes,Somewhat important,Not at all satisfied,Very confident,Confident,No trust at all,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs",Rarely,Monthly,Monthly,Rarely,Weekly,Never,Never,Never,Never,On Ethereum: none. I use zcash shielded addresses otherwise. ,Weekly,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Monthly,Rarely,Complex or hard to use,,Sometimes,"Too many steps or signatures,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want","Losing funds or access,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Public by default, option to go private",Somewhat important,Unlikely,Private send in wallets,,"It's very hard to create new privacy protocols because of the fact that a wallet address has to pay for gas in the first place. Relayers, etc are not the solution. There needs to be a better mechanism to allow users to interact privately with the smart contracts that can provide privacy. Account abstraction isn't the solution either because people have been talking about it for years and there's almost nothing to show on that front.","Projects: Starknet (Private stwo proving), Intmax & Enygma (Rayls). Use cases: private DEXes & AMMs",
Ethereum user,North America,"MetaMask,Rabby,Rainbow",9+ years,Daily,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer",Non-kyc,"Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Independent audits","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Never,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,,Daily,Monthly,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Weekly,Weekly,"Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Security concerns,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains",,Sometimes,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,"Losing funds or access,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account",In my network or connection settings,"Private by default, option to share",Important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,Market makers providing more private asset liquidity in defi,"Defi, social/messaging",
Developer,South Asia,"MetaMask,Rainbow,Other",3-5 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,Work, salary or payroll",Somewhat confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I decode and read what I am signing,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically",,"Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential",Yes,Yes,Important,Not at all satisfied,Confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Widely used in production and time-tested,Independent audits","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Never,Rarely,Never,Never,Never,Never,Nada,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Weekly,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,"High gas or transaction costs,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains",,Rarely,Unclear what it would do,"Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted,Contract exploits or protocol hacks",Wait up to a few minutes longer,In my wallet,"Public by default, option to go private",Important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Selective disclosure proofs,Other",Private interoperable receive,Right now there are too many experiments. Either pick a winner or make things interoperable.,Curvy v2 and interoperable privacy ,
Ethereum user,North America,"MetaMask,Coinbase wallet",3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties",Sovereignty and Agency,"Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Reduce data trails across apps and services",Yes,No,Important,Not at all satisfied,Confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Trusted badge or reputation labels",Never,Never,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Railgun if ux improves,Weekly,Never,Monthly,Weekly,Never,Never,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,"Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private",,Never,,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2,Using a separate wallet or account","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Public by default, option to go private",Important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Private messaging",,Ease like private browser,Shielding balances,Railgun has potential
Ethereum user,East Asia,"Rabby,OKX wallet",6-8 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties","Privacy, to me, is the right to have a part of yourself that is not for sale, not for surveillance, not for optimization, and not for anyone else’s convenience.","Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running",No,No,Somewhat important,Somewhat satisfied,Not at all confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Linked audits or a security page",Never,Never,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Never,,,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Never,Never,"Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Social stigma or reputation risk",,Rarely,"Unclear what the benefits were,Fees or deposits required up front,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Switching to a different network or L2,Using a separate wallet or account,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Somewhat important,Unlikely,"Private stablecoins,Selective disclosure proofs,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards",,Users can choose whether or not to fully disclose their transaction records,,
Researcher,East Asia,OKX wallet,1-2 years,Weekly,Education and learning,Not at all confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer",,"Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential",Yes,No,Somewhat important,Somewhat satisfied,Not at all confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Never,zk,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,"Complex or hard to use,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak",,Sometimes,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Signing multiple transactions,Switching to a different network or L2,Using a separate wallet or account",Inside the app I am using,"Public by default, option to go private",Somewhat important,Very likely,"Private identity and attestations,Private governance and voting,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,i don‘t know,noon,noon
Ethereum user,South Asia,"MetaMask,Gnosis Safe,OKX wallet",6-8 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.",Confident,"I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a multisig or smart account",,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,Yes,Somewhat important,Somewhat satisfied,Confident,Confident,Trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs",Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Ethereum,Daily,,Daily,,,,,,,,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,,Sometimes,"Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want","Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool)","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private messaging",,privacy address,zkemail,No
Product,North America,"Rabby,Rainbow,Gnosis Safe",9+ years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust,I use a multisig or smart account",,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Not at all confident,No trust at all,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Independent audits","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Monthly,Rarely,Monthly,Monthly,Rarely,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Never,"changenow, railgun, houdiniswap, fluidkey, revoke cash, veil cash",Daily,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Weekly,"Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains",,Often,"Too many steps or signatures,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing",,"actual native account abstraction so we can rotate keys, get away from seed phrases, and not use eoa's",stealth addresses,thank you for creating this survey
Community builder,Southeast Asia,"MetaMask,Rabby,Phantom",3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DAOs and governance,Education and learning",Confident,"I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account",Protection,"Personal safety and security,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Reduce data trails across apps and services",Yes,Yes,Important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Confident,Trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Open-source code,Independent audits","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Linked audits or a security page",Monthly,Never,Rarely,Weekly,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,"Privacy pools, Umbra and Fileverse (not financial but onchain pruvacy)",Weekly,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Never,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Never,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak",,Often,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Took too long or got stuck","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Using a separate wallet or account",Inside the app I am using,"Private by default, option to share",Important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Selective disclosure proofs",,"Fixing RPCs comes first, the rest can be done app level","Privacy pools is great but not big enough, kohaku and for everyday privacy ddocs/dsheets",
Ethereum user,North America,MetaMask,6-8 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure",Confident,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,,"Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips",Rarely,Rarely,Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Weekly,Rarely,Never,,Monthly,Never,Never,Daily,Never,Never,Daily,Never,Rarely,Never,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,My activity does not feel sensitive enough",,Never,,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account",On Ethereum itself,"Public by default, option to go private",Somewhat important,Likely,"Private L2s focused on privacy,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,more secure wallets,,
Ethereum user,Central Asia,"MetaMask,OKX wallet",6-8 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.",Somewhat confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly",,"Personal safety and security,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running,Avoid social judgment or harassment",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Confident,Very confident,Trust,"Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code,Independent audits","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked audits or a security page",Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Rarely,Rarely,Never,,Daily,Rarely,Monthly,Monthly,Rarely,Never,Monthly,Rarely,,Never,"Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph)",,Never,"Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Using a separate wallet or account","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Likely,"Private identity and attestations,Private L2s focused on privacy,Selective disclosure proofs",,"I'd add native wallet support for stealth addresses (like EIP-6538). This would let users send/receive ETH privately by default—hiding transaction links—without extra steps, making privacy seamless and driving mainstream adoption like HTTPS did for the web.",WORM | EIP-7503 ,NO
Marketing or Growth,Southeast Asia,"MetaMask,Coinbase wallet",1-2 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.",Confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses",safety,"Personal safety and security,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running",Yes,No,Important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Transparent team identity and track record,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies","Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked audits or a security page,Trusted badge or reputation labels",Never,Monthly,Never,Never,Rarely,Never,Monthly,Never,Never,Cowswap DEX protection against mev,Daily,Never,Monthly,Daily,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,"Complex or hard to use,My activity does not feel sensitive enough,Other",Unsure of all the best ways to protect my privacy.,Rarely,Unclear what it would do,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account",On Ethereum itself,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Encrypted mempools or private order flow,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,"Greater protection against scams, risk to funds getting stolen.",,
Ethereum user,East Asia,"MetaMask,Rabby",3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,Gaming",Somewhat confident,None of the above,fundamental rights,"Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Avoid social judgment or harassment,Meet local policies or regulations",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs",Never,Never,Rarely,Never,Never,Never,Never,Monthly,Never,Aztec,Daily,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,"Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Hard to verify what is private",,Rarely,Unclear what the benefits were,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private identity and attestations,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing",,Think about when I need privacy and when I don’t.,INTMAX,
Developer,Europe,"MetaMask,Gnosis Safe",6-8 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll",Very confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust,I use a multisig or smart account","Saftey to do what I want, with no judgement or repercussions. Not just from a leagal perspective, but mostly social.","Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid social judgment or harassment",Yes,No,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Confident,Confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Never,Never,Monthly,Never,Weekly,none,Weekly,Never,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Rarely,Daily,"Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private",,Often,"Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Selective disclosure proofs",,"make it default, most people don't know to care",aztec,
Ethereum user,North America,Coinbase wallet,9+ years,Rarely,"Donations, charities and public goods,Other",Not at all confident,I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,Control of my own narrative. The only information available is what I provide.,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,No,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code,Independent audits","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,I'm terrified I'll screw something up and lose all my Eth,Rarely,Never,Weekly,Daily,Never,Daily,Daily,Daily,Never,Never,"Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps",,Never,,"Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations",,Clear work flow on how to use Alchemix privately to borrow against Eth/stables,Aztec future Eth. Privacy by default as a paradigm.,Thanks for making the world safer!
Ethereum user,East Asia,"MetaMask,Phantom",1-2 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Somewhat confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically",no one know me,"Personal safety and security,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Meet local policies or regulations",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Confident,Confident,Trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Daily,Monthly,Rarely,Never,Never,Rarely,Never,Monthly,Never,Railgun,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Rarely,Daily,Monthly,Rarely,"High gas or transaction costs,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains",,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Fees or deposits required up front","Losing funds or access,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools",Inside the app I am using,"Public by default, option to go private",Very important,Likely,"Private stablecoins,Private messaging,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards",,The cost of privacy is too high,,
Ethereum user,Europe,"MetaMask,Rabby",3-5 years,Monthly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Confident,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid social judgment or harassment",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context",Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Never,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Weekly,Rarely,Weekly,Weekly,Weekly,tonardo cash before ,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty",,Often,Took too long or got stuck,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Social or reputation risk",2–3 extra confirmations or screens,In my wallet,"Public by default, option to go private",Important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations",,"privacy send, I don't want people to judge my trading history and transaction history ",privacy send,/
Ethereum user,Europe,"MetaMask,Rabby",3-5 years,Monthly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Confident,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid social judgment or harassment",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context",Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Never,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Weekly,Rarely,Weekly,Weekly,Weekly,tonardo cash before ,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty",,Often,Took too long or got stuck,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Social or reputation risk",2–3 extra confirmations or screens,In my wallet,"Public by default, option to go private",Important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations",,"privacy send, I don't want people to judge my trading history and transaction history ",privacy send,/
Legal,South America,"MetaMask,Phantom,OKX wallet",3-5 years,Monthly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use a multisig or smart account",,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,No,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code,Independent audits","Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Never,Monthly,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,VPN ,Daily,,Rarely,Weekly,Weekly,Weekly,Weekly,,Weekly,,"Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Hard to verify what is private",,Never,,"Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Legal or policy issues","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private identity and attestations,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,Untraceable tx ,Monero or similar ,"Privacy is freedom, control isn’t "
Ethereum user,East Asia,"MetaMask,Phantom,OKX wallet",6-8 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.",Not at all confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties",Privacy is extremely important. I don't want anyone to know of my existence.,"Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid social judgment or harassment",Yes,No,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies","Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Rarely,Never,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Monthly,Rarely,None,Daily,Never,Monthly,Weekly,Never,Weekly,Rarely,Never,Weekly,Rarely,"Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Security concerns,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph)",,Rarely,"Unclear what the benefits were,Fees or deposits required up front,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want","Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Switching to a different network or L2",In my network or connection settings,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private identity and attestations,Private messaging,Private L2s focused on privacy",,YES,None,None
Developer,South America,"MetaMask,Gnosis Safe",6-8 years,Daily,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.,Running nodes or infrastructure",Very confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC,I use a multisig or smart account",Interacting with other without revealing/leaking PII,"Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Reduce data trails across apps and services",Yes,Yes,Important,Satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies","Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Monthly,Rarely,Never,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Railgun for sending funds privately to a CEX address before cashing out. zkPassport for private KYC verification ,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Monthly,Never,High gas or transaction costs,,Rarely,Took too long or got stuck,"Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account",On Ethereum itself,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards",,Enshrine private at the infra level,"Private smart contracts, A2A private communication, Privacy wallets by default",
Ethereum user,Europe,"MetaMask,Argent,Gnosis Safe",9+ years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.",Very confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account",Freedom of not be controlled by government ,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,No,Important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Open-source code,Independent audits","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Weekly,Fluidkey ,Daily,,Monthly,Daily,Daily,,Daily,,,,"Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Security concerns",,Sometimes,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account",On Ethereum itself,"Private by default, option to share",Important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,More private options directly in wallets & apps,Fluidkey ,
Ethereum user,Europe,"MetaMask,Gnosis Safe",9+ years,Monthly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Somewhat confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account",-,Personal safety and security,Yes,Yes,Important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context",,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,,,,,,,,,,,,Complex or hard to use,,,,,,,,,,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations",,UX,,
Ethereum user,Europe,"MetaMask,Rabby,Other",3-5 years,Daily,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,Running nodes or infrastructure",Confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer",Safety,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running",Yes,No,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Rarely,Never,Rarely,Never,Rarely,Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Fileverse,Monthly,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Never,"Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph)",,Never,,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Using a separate wallet or account,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes",In my network or connection settings,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private identity and attestations,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,EF actively using the tools and leading by example,Fileverse,Thanks for doing this
Developer,Europe,"Rainbow,Gnosis Safe,Other",3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,Other",Very confident,"I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account",Choosing what to hide and what to reveal,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Business confidentiality for vendors, payroll, or partners",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Very confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Trusted badge or reputation labels",Never,Never,Weekly,Never,Never,Never,Monthly,Never,Never,FluidKey,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Never,Never,Daily,Daily,Never,Never,"Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains",,Sometimes,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Took too long or got stuck","Physical targeting or extortion risk,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,Delete WalletConnect,"FluidKey, RAILGUN, Aztec",
Developer,Europe,MetaMask,6-8 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,DAOs and governance",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing",,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Donate or support causes without exposure",Yes,Yes,Important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Open-source code,Verified listings or badges on reputable directories","Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Integrated test networks,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Weekly,Weekly,Weekly,Daily,Monthly,Monthly,Weekly,Weekly,Weekly,"Use nodes via tor and recent I been starting to use shield.markets the Kusama shield, I also used the private voting with maci ",Weekly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Weekly,Weekly,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains",,Sometimes,Fees or deposits required up front,"Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes",Inside the app I am using,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations",,"Make privacy cheap and easy to use, shout out Kusama shield, also apps that make privacy Permissionless ",Privacy beyond defi so private web3 interactions,"Keep it going, push more products"
Developer,Europe,"Rabby,Argent,Other",3-5 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer",,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,Yes,Somewhat important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,,Weekly,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Rarely,Weekly,,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph)",,Sometimes,"Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Encrypted mempools or private order flow,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,privacy at the protocol layer,private transfers,
Marketing or Growth,South Asia,Rainbow,3-5 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers",Somewhat confident,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,Privacy is normal.,"Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs",Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Weekly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Stabletrust by Fairblock,Weekly,Never,Rarely,Daily,Never,Daily,Weekly,Never,Never,Never,"Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty",,Sometimes,Unclear what it would do,"Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private stablecoins,Private governance and voting,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,"Making it more easy to use, Compliance friendly, not isolated chain it should be opt in","Fairblock, 0xbow, Aztec",
Business or Operations,Europe,"Rabby,Zerion,Other",3-5 years,Daily,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,DAOs and governance,Donations, charities and public goods",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a multisig or smart account",ability to to decide over which information I decide to share publicly,"Personal safety and security,Keep work and personal activity separate,Reduce data trails across apps and services",Yes,Yes,Important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Independent audits","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Monthly,Monthly,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,"Railgun, Fluidkey, Worm (testnet), CowSwap",Daily,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Rarely,Rarely,"Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Social stigma or reputation risk",,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck","Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,make privacy by default,"Worm (EIP7503), Kohaku, web3privacy now","together in privacy, stronk"
Developer,Europe,"Rabby,Other",6-8 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Very confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use a multisig or smart account",I don't care that much and i guess even most of the community do not care since they are using pseudonymous blockchains and authors made them pseudonymous by default,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid social judgment or harassment",Yes,No,Somewhat important,Satisfied,Very confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Never,Weekly,Weekly,Never,Never,,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Daily,Weekly,Never,Daily,Daily,Daily,Never,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak",,Never,,"Losing funds or access,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools",In my wallet,"Public by default, option to go private",Somewhat important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private governance and voting",,wormholes,kohaku,
Developer,Europe,"MetaMask,Rabby,Gnosis Safe",9+ years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,Work, salary or payroll,Running nodes or infrastructure",Very confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use a multisig or smart account","The ultimate feeling of capture resistance and freedom, a refreshing feeling of independence deep inside","Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Reduce data trails across apps and services",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Very confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Never,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,"Tornado Cash, privacypools.com, Gnosis VPN (in earliest internal test version)",Daily,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Weekly,Daily,Monthly,Daily,Never,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak",,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck","Losing funds or access,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards",,"Culture: transition from the current core dev consensus on goals being FASTER, MORE TVL, BIGGER to MORE RESILIENT. Everything else is downstream from that.","Shielded pools that are so easy to integrate that every wallet they I care about has them available, Gnosis VPN :)","People don't like to say it but a major reason for using privacy tools that you don't list as an option is ""afraid of the tax man"". This isn't just ""I want to dox taxes"" but there's really NO way that you can 100% correctly report your taxes as an even moderately active cross chain Ethereum user with only a dozen accounts. Everyone can make an example of you for ""doxxing taxes"" even though that wasn't your intent!"
Developer,South America,"MetaMask,Gnosis Safe",3-5 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Education and learning",Very confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer",Privacy in Ethereum means being able to transact/interact on-chain without anybody (besides the party I am interacting with) been able to see my data,"Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Donate or support causes without exposure",Yes,Yes,Important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code","Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Trusted badge or reputation labels",Never,Never,Rarely,Monthly,Monthly,Never,Weekly,Rarely,Never,Fluidkey,Never,Never,Weekly,Monthly,Monthly,Weekly,Weekly,Never,Weekly,Never,"Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Hard to verify what is private",,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Losing funds or access,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions,Switching to a different network or L2","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Public by default, option to go private",Very important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Selective disclosure proofs,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,Better documentation and explanations. Also I think it is important to have more people using privacy tools so the anonymity set is larger,"Railgun, Nullmask, WORM (EIP-7503)",No :)
Product,North America,"MetaMask,Gnosis Safe,Other",6-8 years,Monthly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.",Somewhat confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a multisig or smart account",Essential at the least; fun at its best.,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Very confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Weekly,Weekly,Monthly,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Weekly,Weekly,Payy,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Daily,"High gas or transaction costs,Security concerns,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains",,Rarely,"Fees or deposits required up front,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck","Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Physical targeting or extortion risk,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private stablecoins,Private L2s focused on privacy,Other",Stronger security guarantees,UX,"Aztec, Payy, Hopr, Tor, ZKPassport, Signal",Thank you for hosting the survey! Great if PSE could tally and share results publicly after it wraps.
Security,North America,"MetaMask,Rabby,Other",3-5 years,Weekly,"Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,Donations, charities and public goods,Running nodes or infrastructure",Very confident,"I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC","I get to control who learns what information about me and my past/, present, and future activity.","Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Reduce data trails across apps and services",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Very confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked audits or a security page,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Monthly,Weekly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Weekly,Never,Rarely,I've used Zcash more than I've ever used any Ethereum-specific tool. Ethereum tools are still lagging behind in terms of integration and convenience. Zcash wallets have shielded pools as their default UX path.,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,"Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains,Other","Tracking for tax purposes. I use a custom script to track my activity and create tax reports to pay my yearly taxes, including things like treating each ETH transaction fee as a sale event. This script relies on public chain data. Making all this activity private creates a very large personal accounting and tracking burden that can no longer be as automated.",Often,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want,"Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private messaging,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing",,"There is a huge UX challenge ahead of breaking the UX assumption that one account = one Ethereum address. This breaks the way dapps, wallets, and users all think about Ethereum. It feels impossible to fix, yet it is required regardless of which privacy solution ends up winning (whether pool-based or stealth-address-based). I think this really needs some fleshing out and I don't see current privacy solutions really paying enough attention to this problem relative to how large and inevitably-in-the-way it seems to be in my view.","Kohaku, making it easy for wallets to actually integrate.",I really appreciate that the Ethereum Foundation is looking at privacy seriously!
Security,Oceania,Other,6-8 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.",Very confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically","A means to an end for achieving agency over my data for important digital services such as finance, identity, and messaging.","Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Reduce data trails across apps and services",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Very confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies",,Rarely,Weekly,Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Weekly,Rarely,Weekly,"ZEC, but I don't transact on chain because offchain systems are currently more private and usable at this point. There's too many sharp edges to do things on chain right now and chainalysis still is a massive data broker sitting in the middle of all this and reselling all this data to governments and businesses.",Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,"High gas or transaction costs,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains",,Often,"Too many steps or signatures,Fees or deposits required up front,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want","Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone,Contract exploits or protocol hacks",,On Ethereum itself,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private stablecoins,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing",,"wallets act as an abstraction layer to make it easier for Web2 apps to add support for Web3 functionality like cheaper, more private, and more permissionless payment rails","private transactions that just work. I don't want to care about what coin I'm transacting in, what network it's on, and I want it cheaper than Visa and Mastercard (so not % based fees, but instead market based like gas currently)",I didn't answer 28 because I don't want to compromise anything for this to work. We're trying to export a payment rails that competes against Visa and Mastercard so we can't compromise to beat them.
Marketing or Growth,Europe,"MetaMask,Rabby,Rainbow",6-8 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll",Very confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically",Using Ambire Wallet,"Personal safety and security,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Keep work and personal activity separate",Yes,No,Somewhat important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,I don't use much,Rarely,Never,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Daily,"Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,My activity does not feel sensitive enough",,Never,,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Switching to a different network or L2,Using a separate wallet or account","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Public by default, option to go private",Somewhat important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Private L2s focused on privacy",,Better explanations and education on when privacy is needed,Private mempools ,
Marketing or Growth,Europe,Other,6-8 years,Daily,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Very confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use a multisig or smart account","It means freedom, i dont wanna dont want to see my things public in the open.","Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Keep work and personal activity separate",Yes,Yes,Important,Somewhat satisfied,Confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Transparent team identity and track record","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Monthly,Monthly,Never,Never,Never,Never,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Railgun only for now,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,"Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak",,Rarely,"Too many steps or signatures,Fees or deposits required up front,Took too long or got stuck","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Using a separate wallet or account,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools",On Ethereum itself,"Public by default, option to go private",Very important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private governance and voting",,Getting privacy tools integrated in wallet and offer better UX compared to eg today's Railwallet.,"Light client, private transfers.",
Education,Oceania,"MetaMask,Coinbase wallet,Rainbow",6-8 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.",Confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer",Freedom,Personal safety and security,No,No,Important,Not at all satisfied,Very confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Never,Never,Rarely,Never,Rarely,Never,Never,Never,Never,,Daily,Monthly,Monthly,Daily,Weekly,Never,Daily,Daily,Never,Never,"Complex or hard to use,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph),Other",How to easily do taxes,Often,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what the benefits were,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins",,Make doing taxes easier,,
Ethereum user,Oceania,Rabby,3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll",Very confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses",It is literally a basic thing like air. ,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Keep work and personal activity separate",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Very confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs",Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Weekly,Weekly,Monthly,Never,Never,Monthly,Never,Never,Rarely,Privacy pools and railgun,Weekly,,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,"Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains",,Often,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very unlikely,"Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,Na,"Privacy pools, railgun, kohaku",Can u publish this survey result
Other,Europe,"MetaMask,Rabby,Coinbase wallet",6-8 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.",Confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use a multisig or smart account","safe virtual-physical interactions, obfuscation of private activities, protection against malevolent actors","Personal safety and security,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,No,Somewhat important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Never,Never,Never,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Never,"ZK L2, Cloudflare ETH RPC, Rabby Wallet features",Never,Never,Daily,Monthly,Never,Rarely,Daily,Rarely,Monthly,Rarely,"Security concerns,My activity does not feel sensitive enough,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph)",,Sometimes,"Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Physical targeting or extortion risk,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Switching to a different network or L2,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day",Inside the app I am using,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,"Choose what digital information (wallet, location, time, tools) to send out when executing public transactions",ZK-encrypted rollups,A public code repository of apps and other onchain tools reputed for privacy (A sort of L2Beat for blockchain user interfaces)
Ethereum user,Europe,Other,3-5 years,Monthly,Running nodes or infrastructure,Somewhat confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer","To not be able to be tracked. Nobody wants open doors and windows in their apartment, so why do I need to have data leaks not under my control, where I can never shut the door?","Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Reduce data trails across apps and services",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Not at all confident,Not at all confident,No trust at all,"Open-source code,Independent audits,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Monthly,Never,Monthly,Never,Never,Shutter snapshot dao voting,Monthly,Rarely,Daily,Never,Never,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Never,Never,"Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Hard to verify what is private,Security concerns",,Never,,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens",On Ethereum itself,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,build it into the core of Ethereum,the one hopefully changing the game - maybe in the zk game,
Developer,Europe,MetaMask,6-8 years,Monthly,"Work, salary or payroll,Education and learning",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a multisig or smart account",Ability to choose myself what I share,"Personal safety and security,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running,Avoid social judgment or harassment",Yes,Yes,Somewhat important,Somewhat satisfied,Very confident,Confident,Trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Widely used in production and time-tested","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Rarely,Never,Rarely,Monthly,Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Never,Aztec for testing,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Daily,Never,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Never,Never,"Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty",,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Losing funds or access,Legal or policy issues",Wait up to a few minutes longer,"I do not care where, I just want it to work","Public by default, option to go private",Somewhat important,Unlikely,Private messaging,,More and better tooling,ZKPassport,
Ethereum user,North America,Other,3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure",Very confident,"I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC","No trust, no backdoors","Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Confident,Somewhat confident,Trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Independent audits,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Rarely,Rarely,Never,Rarely,Never,Never,Weekly,Never,Daily,,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Never,Monthly,Daily,Weekly,Weekly,Monthly,"Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Other",black box centralized verification provider,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Fees or deposits required up front,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Physical targeting or extortion risk,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Signing multiple transactions,Switching to a different network or L2,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private L2s focused on privacy,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing",,Add to base layer,AZTEC,Privacy pools are a non-starter with the centralized gatekeeper
Developer,South America,"Rabby,Uniswap wallet",1-2 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.",Confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming",Safety of operating in public without being traced,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,No,Somewhat important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Confident,Trust,"Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context,Widely used in production and time-tested","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,I don’t actively use onchain privacy tools today.,Daily,Rarely,Weekly,Daily,Never,Never,Daily,Weekly,Rarely,Rarely,"Hard to verify what is private,Security concerns,My activity does not feel sensitive enough",,Rarely,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,"Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted","Wait up to a few minutes longer,Using a separate wallet or account",In my wallet,"Public by default, option to go private",Somewhat important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private L2s focused on privacy",,"Make private transactions the default UX in wallets. If privacy didn’t require extra steps, special tooling, or social stigma, adoption would be easier.","I’m most excited about privacy for payments and identity, stealth addresses, private attestations, and tools that let users prove things without exposing their data.",
Developer,South America,MetaMask,Less than 1 year,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Work, salary or payroll",Somewhat confident,"I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically",-,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running",Yes,No,Important,Satisfied,Confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,-,Weekly,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Daily,Weekly,Rarely,Rarely,"Complex or hard to use,Hard to verify what is private,Security concerns",,Never,,"Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations",,-,,
Developer,Europe,MetaMask,3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Education and learning",Confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account",non negotiable ,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Monthly,Rarely,Monthly,Weekly,Never,Rarely,Weekly,Never,Daily,privacy pools,Daily,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Monthly,"Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Security concerns",,Sometimes,"Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy","Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes",On Ethereum itself,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing",,benis,,
Marketing or Growth,South Asia,MetaMask,3-5 years,Daily,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking",Somewhat confident,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,Railgun ,,No,Yes,Very important,Very satisfied,Very confident,Very confident,Trust,Other,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later,Daily,Monthly,Monthly,Daily,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Weekly,Monthly,,Daily,,Monthly,Monthly,Daily,,Monthly,,,,"Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private,My activity does not feel sensitive enough",,Sometimes,"Fees or deposits required up front,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck","Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing",Pay up to ~5% more in fees,In my wallet,"Public by default, option to go private",Important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins",,Railgun,Railgun,Railgun
Developer,Europe,"MetaMask,Argent,Gnosis Safe",9+ years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.,Running nodes or infrastructure",Not at all confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC,I use a multisig or smart account",,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running",Yes,Yes,Somewhat important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Open-source code,Independent audits,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Rarely,Never,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Weekly,Mixers,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,"Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Hard to verify what is private,My activity does not feel sensitive enough",,Sometimes,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Took too long or got stuck","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Using a separate wallet or account,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Somewhat important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing",,"Shielded balances by default (similar to Zcash's Sapling), view keys for selective disclosure (auditors, tax, compliance), public transactions as the explicit choice",,
Ethereum user,North America,"MetaMask,Rabby,Coinbase wallet",3-5 years,Daily,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,DAOs and governance",Somewhat confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly",Safety from bad actors targeting one entity ,"Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Somewhat confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Widely used in production and time-tested","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked audits or a security page,Trusted badge or reputation labels",Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Monthly,"Railgun , vpn , etc",Weekly,Weekly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Never,Rarely,"Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph)",,Sometimes,"Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were","Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations,Private governance and voting",,"More obvious stack of Accepted privacy preserving tools, easily accessible",Signal . Some ZK projects ,Would love to learn more about: [redacted]
Ethereum user,North America,"MetaMask,Other",9+ years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure",Somewhat confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust",Peace of mind,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Donate or support causes without exposure",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Somewhat confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending",Weekly,Weekly,Weekly,Weekly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Monthly,Zcash wallet Zingo! desktop and mobile,Weekly,,Daily,,Weekly,,Daily,Daily,Daily,,"Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps",,Often,,"Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens",In my wallet,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards",,Privacy by default ,Privacy by default ,The complete chaos when having to transact on different chains and layers. It keeps the world from using Ethereum.
Business or Operations,Europe,MetaMask,3-5 years,Weekly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll",Somewhat confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use a multisig or smart account","Freedom of handling my assets as I see fit, without exposing myself to any stigma due to using privacy tools","Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Business confidentiality for vendors, payroll, or partners",Yes,Yes,Very important,Not at all satisfied,Confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Logical in-app UX with info and context,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs","Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Never,Never,Rarely,Never,Never,Rarely,Weekly,Never,Never,Mirage :D,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Rarely,Weekly,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,"Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Social stigma or reputation risk",,Often,"Too many steps or signatures,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want,Took too long or got stuck","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions","I do not care where, I just want it to work","Public by default, option to go private",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Selective disclosure proofs",,"We need an easy-to-use normie friendly privacy solution that ""just works"". Focus on UX and speed.",Private stablecoin transfers obviously :),"We are building mirageprivacy.com and think support from the EF in promoting more privacy protocols (Mirage and others) would be very valuable. Kohaku is a great initiative, but we remain skeptical of how well it will be adopted due to its reliance on privacy pools and mixer designs which are inherently limited when it comes to scaling and being stigma-free."
Ethereum user,Europe,"MetaMask,Trust wallet,Other",3-5 years,Rarely,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Education and learning",Confident,,,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Confident,Somewhat confident,Some trust,"Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies",Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Rarely,Never,Never,Rarely,,Daily,Rarely,Monthly,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Weekly,Weekly,Monthly,Never,"Hard to verify what is private,Security concerns",,Sometimes,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Losing funds or access,"Using a separate wallet or account,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day",On Ethereum itself,"Private by default, option to share",Very important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing",,.,,
Developer,Europe,"MetaMask,Gnosis Safe,Other",9+ years,Daily,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.,Gaming",Very confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use a multisig or smart account",Security,"Personal safety and security,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Somewhat important,Somewhat satisfied,Confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code","Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Trusted badge or reputation labels",Rarely,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Rarely,Never,Rarely,,Daily,Rarely,Daily,Daily,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Monthly,Rarely,"High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak",,Often,"Too many steps or signatures,Fees or deposits required up front,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want","Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Physical targeting or extortion risk","Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Switching to a different network or L2",Inside the app I am using,"Public by default, option to go private",Somewhat important,Unlikely,"Private identity and attestations,Private L2s focused on privacy,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,"Too much focus on the ""wallets"", privacy should be at the raw signing rpc level, the wallet or a dapp is just a front end, users are not just the front end users. The focus should be at the integration layer where all users share the same standard ""protocol"" (normal users, advanced users and business). Like Ethereum itself, to reach to everyone, privacy should to cater to be integrated in all current and future applications in a standard way. Shared crypto libraries used across all development languages, shared integration, etc, etc. ","Commerce (purchase of physical goods) will be the simplest use case, the capability to buy (trade) anything on chain, without tracing the original account supplying the funds. ","Options in the survey should be other of preference, as so many are valid. Including not important"
Ethereum user,Europe,"Zerion,Other",3-5 years,Monthly,"Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Education and learning",Somewhat confident,"I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties",Protect myself against authoritarian actors,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Very important,Satisfied,Somewhat confident,Not at all confident,Some trust,"Open-source code,Independent audits,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes",Rarely,Rarely,Monthly,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,Never,,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,Daily,Rarely,Rarely,Daily,Monthly,Rarely,Rarely,"Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private",,Rarely,Took too long or got stuck,"Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data","2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account",On Ethereum itself,"Private by default, option to share",Important,Likely,"Private stablecoins,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow",,Increase privacy and security education for normies,Fluidkey (Stealth) and WORM (private by def),Very good survey. Sharing it w/ my communities.
Researcher,Europe,"MetaMask,Other",6-8 years,Daily,"DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll,Running nodes or infrastructure",Very confident,"I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC,I use a multisig or smart account",Privacy is a right everyone should have the option to,"Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact",Yes,Yes,Very important,Somewhat satisfied,Very confident,Not at all confident,Strong trust,"Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs","Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Integrated test networks,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later",Weekly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Weekly,Monthly,Daily,Daily,"railgun, ceaser (custom mainet contracts), zec",Daily,Weekly,Daily,Daily,Monthly,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,Daily,"High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty",,Rarely,,"Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Legal or policy issues",Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Inside the app I am using,"Public by default, option to go private",Somewhat important,Very likely,"Private send in wallets,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges",,private onchain chat,https://zkwrapper.pages.dev/,
1 Pick the role that best describes you Where you are primarily based Which wallet(s) you use most often How long you have been actively involved with Ethereum How often you interact with Ethereum What you primarily use Ethereum for How confident you feel using wallets, signing, and using dapps Which statements match your typical behavior What does privacy mean to you? Your main reasons for using privacy tools. Have you used any privacy tools (e.g. VPNs, encrypted email/messenger) before? Have you used any onchain privacy tools (e.g. Tornado Cash, Railgun, Zcash) before? How important transaction privacy is to you when using Ethereum Your overall satisfaction with the current level of privacy available on Ethereum today How confident you are what is private and what is not when using privacy on Ethereum How confident you are that what is private will remain private in the future Your trust in the tools or methods you use for privacy on Ethereum Which factors most influence your trust in using privacy tools Which in-app signals would help you feel more confident and safe How often you use each category of privacy tools | Mixers or privacy pools How often you use each category of privacy tools | Shielded pools or transactions How often you use each category of privacy tools | Stealth or one-time addresses How often you use each category of privacy tools | ZK identity or selective disclosure proofs How often you use each category of privacy tools | Private or anonymous voting How often you use each category of privacy tools | Private relayers or paymasters How often you use each category of privacy tools | Private mempools or MEV-protected order flows How often you use each category of privacy tools | Private L2/rollups focused on privacy How often you use each category of privacy tools | Private read mode or custom/private RPCs Which onchain privacy tools do you use most (be specific) How often you use other privacy tools | VPN How often you use other privacy tools | Tor How often you use other privacy tools | Encrypted messaging (e.g. Signal) How often you use other privacy tools | Password manager How often you use other privacy tools | Hardware security key (e.g. YubiKey) How often you use other privacy tools | Private or hardened browser profile How often you use other privacy tools | Ad/tracker blockers How often you use other privacy tools | Email aliases or burner emails How often you use other privacy tools | Encrypted storage How often you use other privacy tools | Encrypted DNS What stops you most from using privacy tools today What stops you most from using privacy tools today Have you ever abandoned a privacy app before using or finishing the flow? If yes, why? What your biggest risks are when transacting on Ethereum Which trade-offs are acceptable for you when using privacy features Where you would expect to turn on privacy Do you prefer transparency by default with an option to go private, or privacy by default with an option to share How important is it that your main wallet includes clear privacy controls How likely are you to switch if another wallet offers clearly better privacy Which of these would help you use privacy tools more Which of these would help you use privacy tools more What’s one thing you’d change, fix, or add to increase adoption of privacy on Ethereum What privacy use cases or projects are you most excited about? Any other feedback you like to share
2 Developer Europe Rabby,Rainbow,Gnosis Safe 9+ years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Running nodes or infrastructure Very confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust,I use a multisig or smart account It's important Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Reduce data trails across apps and services Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Widely used in production and time-tested,Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Integrated test networks,Linked verified contracts and release notes Weekly Monthly Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Never Monthly Never Privacy Pools, Payy Daily Rarely Daily Daily Rarely Daily Daily Daily Daily Never Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Security concerns Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want Physical targeting or extortion risk,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone,Contract exploits or protocol hacks 2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Switching to a different network or L2,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Likely Private send in wallets,Private L2s focused on privacy,Selective disclosure proofs Native private transfers Aztec
3 Product East Asia MetaMask 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,Work, salary or payroll,Education and learning Somewhat confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a multisig or smart account Something important but we don’t usually think about until something goes wrong Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes Yes Very important Satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Trust Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Transparent team identity and track record Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Integrated test networks Never Never Monthly Rarely Never Never Never Rarely Never Fluidkey Daily Never Daily Daily Never Never Never Never Never Never Complex or hard to use,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,My activity does not feel sensitive enough Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Social or reputation risk Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions I do not care where, I just want it to work Public by default, option to go private Important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Selective disclosure proofs Better UX and story
4 Ethereum user East Asia MetaMask,Other 3-5 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc. Very confident I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Not at all confident Trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Never Never Never Never Rarely None Daily Daily Daily Daily Rarely Daily Daily Daily Daily Rarely Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains Rarely Unclear what the benefits were Physical targeting or extortion risk,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool) 2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing Privacy on L1 Kohaku
5 Security South America MetaMask 3-5 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll Somewhat confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust Anarquism Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running Yes Yes Very important Satisfied Confident Confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Integrated test networks,Linked audits or a security page Monthly Weekly Never Rarely Rarely Never Never Never Never Monero, tornado Daily Weekly Weekly Weekly Never Daily Daily Never Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty Rarely Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were,Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2 In my network or connection settings Private by default, option to share Important Likely Private send in wallets,Private messaging,Private L2s focused on privacy Easy use Privacy pools I hate goverments
6 Developer Europe MetaMask,Other 6-8 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing Freedom Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Confident Not at all confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes Rarely Rarely Daily Never Never Never Never Never Never Fluidkey Daily Rarely Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Monthly Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps Rarely Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges Keystore Privacy pools tò break traceability
7 Community builder Africa MetaMask,Zerion 6-8 years Daily NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.,Education and learning Very confident I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Keep work and personal activity separate No Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Very confident Confident Strong trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Transparent team identity and track record Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Complex or hard to use Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Private messaging Education and Ethereum Communities Focus
8 Education Southeast Asia MetaMask,Rabby,Gnosis Safe 6-8 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc. Not at all confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use a multisig or smart account very important Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes Yes Important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Independent audits Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes Rarely Rarely Never Rarely Never Never Never Rarely Never tornado cash Monthly Rarely Rarely Daily Weekly Weekly Never Rarely Never Never Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Fees or deposits required up front,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Contract exploits or protocol hacks,Legal or policy issues Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Switching to a different network or L2 In my wallet Private by default, option to share Important Likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations i need a switch on wallet to turn on private mode like tornado cash but much cheaper and easy to use
9 Product Europe MetaMask,Rabby,Gnosis Safe 6-8 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.,DAOs and governance Confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account Freedom to choose what becomes public Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Important Satisfied Confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Never Rarely Weekly Rarely Rarely Weekly Weekly Rarely Weekly Fluidkey Daily Rarely Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps Rarely Fees or deposits required up front Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2,Using a separate wallet or account Inside the app I am using Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private governance and voting,Selective disclosure proofs Make it a default Neptune Cash Wishing you the best with these new efforts
10 Developer East Asia MetaMask,OKX wallet 6-8 years Monthly Finance, payments and transfers,Work, salary or payroll Somewhat confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming a way to earn money Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Somewhat important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident No trust at all Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Trusted badge or reputation labels,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Other Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards I learn zk
11 Researcher East Asia MetaMask,Other 1-2 years Rarely Finance, payments and transfers,Work, salary or payroll Somewhat confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses everything Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes No Somewhat important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Confident No trust at all Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Rarely Monthly Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Monthly Never Never Daily Weekly Daily Rarely Rarely Daily Daily Daily Monthly Complex or hard to use,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private Sometimes Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Took too long or got stuck Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Contract exploits or protocol hacks,Social or reputation risk Wait up to a few minutes longer,Signing multiple transactions,Switching to a different network or L2 Inside the app I am using Private by default, option to share Important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private messaging,Private governance and voting none none yes
12 Researcher Europe MetaMask,Gnosis Safe 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Somewhat confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly LINDDUN, i.e. a i see it from the perspective of privacy harms that LINDDUN is an acronym for. Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Meet local policies or regulations Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Not at all confident No trust at all Widely used in production and time-tested,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes Monthly Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Monthly Rarely Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Never Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Security concerns Often Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations Actually talk about privacy. Even this form is mostly about security. Not a single person in PSE knows what privacy even is. I have talked with many of them. Literally no clue. Sad. At least hire a single expert, please.
13 Developer South Asia MetaMask 3-5 years Monthly DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Education and learning Confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running Yes No Important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Linked audits or a security page Never Never Never Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Monthly Rarely Monthly Rarely Rarely Weekly Rarely Monthly Daily Rarely Weekly Rarely Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty On Ethereum itself Important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Private messaging NA
14 Marketing or Growth Europe Rabby,Coinbase wallet,Gnosis Safe 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Not at all confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs Rarely Never Rarely Monthly Monthly Never Monthly Rarely Never Daily Rarely Daily Daily Never Monthly Daily Monthly Daily Weekly Complex or hard to use,Social stigma or reputation risk,Other Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want,Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Likely Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations,Private messaging More EF support to teams working in privacy tech
15 Other Europe Rabby,Trust wallet 6-8 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Education and learning Very confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists decentraliz Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Somewhat important Satisfied Confident Somewhat confident Trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context,Open-source code Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Never Never Never Never Never Never Rarely Monthly Never https://quilibrium.com/ Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Security concerns Often Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were,Fees or deposits required up front Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account On Ethereum itself Private by default, option to share Somewhat important Likely Private send in wallets,Private messaging,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges A PEER-TO-PEER MPC PLATFORM AS A SERVICE https://quilibrium.com/quilibrium.pdf
16 Researcher East Asia Rabby 3-5 years Weekly DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure,Education and learning Not at all confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked audits or a security page Rarely Weekly Monthly Rarely Never Never Weekly Rarely Weekly Daily Daily Daily Never Daily Daily Daily Daily Rarely High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak Sometimes Fees or deposits required up front Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account Private by default, option to share Very important Very unlikely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Encrypted mempools or private order flow encrypted mempool Every ether transfer id mixed and untraceable natively.
17 Developer Europe MetaMask,Other 9+ years Monthly DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,DAOs and governance,Donations, charities and public goods Very confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC Being able to choice what I share and to who I share it with Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Not at all confident Some trust Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Daily Daily Weekly Daily Daily Rarely Rarely Never Never I want to use privacy tools I can interact with that go beyond defi, like privacy for generic compute etc Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Never Daily High gas or transaction costs,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Hard to verify what is private Sometimes Too many steps or signatures,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck Physical targeting or extortion risk,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone 2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes Inside the app I am using Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private L2s focused on privacy,Encrypted mempools or private order flow Make developer tooling and fund and help privacy projects such as shield dot markets stay alive . Make developers aware of these tools Privacy beyond defi also indistinguishable obfuscation Keep making developers tools, pse should fund more grants to team etc
18 Developer Central America Rabby,Other 6-8 years Monthly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll Somewhat confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer Yes No Somewhat important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Independent audits Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Integrated test networks,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Monthly Rarely Rarely Weekly Rarely Rarely Rarely Monthly Monthly ZKP Weekly Monthly Daily Daily Rarely Rarely Daily Rarely Daily Rarely Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak Sometimes Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Fees or deposits required up front Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions In my wallet Private by default, option to share Important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Private governance and voting Grandma test pasable UX ZKPassport Good job, keep going!!
19 Ethereum user Europe Other 6-8 years Daily DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure Very confident I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC,I use a multisig or smart account Being able to take any action I want to take without it being linked back to me Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Reduce data trails across apps and services Yes Yes Important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Somewhat confident Trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Transaction preview or simulation before sending Rarely Rarely Never Rarely Never Rarely Never Never Weekly Railgun Monthly Weekly Rarely Daily Weekly Daily Daily Daily Daily Rarely High gas or transaction costs,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak Rarely Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2 In my network or connection settings Private by default, option to share Somewhat important Very likely Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing Verifiable RPC privacy and unlinkability Aztec
20 Product Europe MetaMask,Coinbase wallet,Rainbow 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc. Confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Not at all confident No trust at all Logical in-app UX with info and context,Independent audits,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Integrated test networks,Linked audits or a security page Weekly Rarely Rarely Monthly Rarely Never Never Monthly Never Weekly Rarely Daily Daily Rarely Rarely Daily Daily Daily Weekly Complex or hard to use,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak Sometimes Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards Privacy Dashboard
21 Researcher North America MetaMask,Coinbase wallet,Argent 6-8 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc. Confident None of the above Personally speaking: a lot. On-chain: nothing. Because I really dislike the state of on-chain privacy. Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential Yes Yes Somewhat important Not at all satisfied Very confident Confident No trust at all Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs Rarely Monthly Monthly Rarely Weekly Never Never Never Never On Ethereum: none. I use zcash shielded addresses otherwise. Weekly Rarely Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Monthly Monthly Rarely Complex or hard to use Sometimes Too many steps or signatures,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want Losing funds or access,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer I do not care where, I just want it to work Public by default, option to go private Somewhat important Unlikely Private send in wallets It's very hard to create new privacy protocols because of the fact that a wallet address has to pay for gas in the first place. Relayers, etc are not the solution. There needs to be a better mechanism to allow users to interact privately with the smart contracts that can provide privacy. Account abstraction isn't the solution either because people have been talking about it for years and there's almost nothing to show on that front. Projects: Starknet (Private stwo proving), Intmax & Enygma (Rayls). Use cases: private DEXes & AMMs
22 Ethereum user North America MetaMask,Rabby,Rainbow 9+ years Daily DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer Non-kyc Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Independent audits Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Never Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Daily Monthly Weekly Daily Daily Daily Daily Weekly Weekly Weekly Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Security concerns,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains Sometimes Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account In my network or connection settings Private by default, option to share Important Likely Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow Market makers providing more private asset liquidity in defi Defi, social/messaging
23 Developer South Asia MetaMask,Rainbow,Other 3-5 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,Work, salary or payroll Somewhat confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I decode and read what I am signing,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential Yes Yes Important Not at all satisfied Confident Somewhat confident Trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Widely used in production and time-tested,Independent audits Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked verified contracts and release notes Rarely Rarely Monthly Never Rarely Never Never Never Never Nada Daily Rarely Daily Daily Rarely Rarely Weekly Monthly Rarely Rarely High gas or transaction costs,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains Rarely Unclear what it would do Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Wait up to a few minutes longer In my wallet Public by default, option to go private Important Likely Private send in wallets,Selective disclosure proofs,Other Private interoperable receive Right now there are too many experiments. Either pick a winner or make things interoperable. Curvy v2 and interoperable privacy
24 Ethereum user North America MetaMask,Coinbase wallet 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc. Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties Sovereignty and Agency Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Reduce data trails across apps and services Yes No Important Not at all satisfied Confident Somewhat confident Trust Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Trusted badge or reputation labels Never Never Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Railgun if ux improves Weekly Never Monthly Weekly Never Never Monthly Rarely Rarely Rarely Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private Never Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2,Using a separate wallet or account I do not care where, I just want it to work Public by default, option to go private Important Likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Private messaging Ease like private browser Shielding balances Railgun has potential
25 Ethereum user East Asia Rabby,OKX wallet 6-8 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc. Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties Privacy, to me, is the right to have a part of yourself that is not for sale, not for surveillance, not for optimization, and not for anyone else’s convenience. Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running No No Somewhat important Somewhat satisfied Not at all confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Linked audits or a security page Never Never Monthly Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Never Rarely Rarely Monthly Monthly Rarely Rarely Never Never Never Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Social stigma or reputation risk Rarely Unclear what the benefits were,Fees or deposits required up front,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Switching to a different network or L2,Using a separate wallet or account,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Somewhat important Unlikely Private stablecoins,Selective disclosure proofs,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards Users can choose whether or not to fully disclose their transaction records
26 Researcher East Asia OKX wallet 1-2 years Weekly Education and learning Not at all confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential Yes No Somewhat important Somewhat satisfied Not at all confident Somewhat confident Trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Never zk Daily Rarely Rarely Rarely Monthly Monthly Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Complex or hard to use,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak Sometimes Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Signing multiple transactions,Switching to a different network or L2,Using a separate wallet or account Inside the app I am using Public by default, option to go private Somewhat important Very likely Private identity and attestations,Private governance and voting,Encrypted mempools or private order flow i don‘t know noon noon
27 Ethereum user South Asia MetaMask,Gnosis Safe,OKX wallet 6-8 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc. Confident I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a multisig or smart account Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes Yes Somewhat important Somewhat satisfied Confident Confident Trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Ethereum Daily Daily Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps Sometimes Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool) Wait up to a few minutes longer,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account In my wallet Private by default, option to share Important Likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private messaging privacy address zkemail No
28 Product North America Rabby,Rainbow,Gnosis Safe 9+ years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc. Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust,I use a multisig or smart account Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Not at all confident No trust at all Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Independent audits Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Monthly Rarely Monthly Monthly Rarely Monthly Monthly Monthly Never changenow, railgun, houdiniswap, fluidkey, revoke cash, veil cash Daily Monthly Daily Daily Monthly Weekly Daily Daily Daily Weekly Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains Often Too many steps or signatures,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing actual native account abstraction so we can rotate keys, get away from seed phrases, and not use eoa's stealth addresses thank you for creating this survey
29 Community builder Southeast Asia MetaMask,Rabby,Phantom 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DAOs and governance,Education and learning Confident I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account Protection Personal safety and security,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Reduce data trails across apps and services Yes Yes Important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Confident Trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Open-source code,Independent audits Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Linked audits or a security page Monthly Never Rarely Weekly Never Never Never Never Never Privacy pools, Umbra and Fileverse (not financial but onchain pruvacy) Weekly Monthly Daily Daily Never Daily Daily Daily Daily Never Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak Often Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Using a separate wallet or account Inside the app I am using Private by default, option to share Important Likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Selective disclosure proofs Fixing RPCs comes first, the rest can be done app level Privacy pools is great but not big enough, kohaku and for everyday privacy ddocs/dsheets
30 Ethereum user North America MetaMask 6-8 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure Confident I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips Rarely Rarely Never Never Never Rarely Weekly Rarely Never Monthly Never Never Daily Never Never Daily Never Rarely Never Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,My activity does not feel sensitive enough Never Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks 2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account On Ethereum itself Public by default, option to go private Somewhat important Likely Private L2s focused on privacy,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow more secure wallets
31 Ethereum user Central Asia MetaMask,OKX wallet 6-8 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc. Somewhat confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly Personal safety and security,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running,Avoid social judgment or harassment Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Confident Very confident Trust Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code,Independent audits Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked audits or a security page Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Rarely Rarely Never Daily Rarely Monthly Monthly Rarely Never Monthly Rarely Never Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph) Never Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Using a separate wallet or account I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Likely Private identity and attestations,Private L2s focused on privacy,Selective disclosure proofs I'd add native wallet support for stealth addresses (like EIP-6538). This would let users send/receive ETH privately by default—hiding transaction links—without extra steps, making privacy seamless and driving mainstream adoption like HTTPS did for the web. WORM | EIP-7503 NO
32 Marketing or Growth Southeast Asia MetaMask,Coinbase wallet 1-2 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc. Confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses safety Personal safety and security,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running Yes No Important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Transparent team identity and track record,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked audits or a security page,Trusted badge or reputation labels Never Monthly Never Never Rarely Never Monthly Never Never Cowswap DEX protection against mev Daily Never Monthly Daily Never Never Never Never Never Never Complex or hard to use,My activity does not feel sensitive enough,Other Unsure of all the best ways to protect my privacy. Rarely Unclear what it would do Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Wait up to a few minutes longer,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account On Ethereum itself Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Encrypted mempools or private order flow,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges Greater protection against scams, risk to funds getting stolen.
33 Ethereum user East Asia MetaMask,Rabby 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,Gaming Somewhat confident None of the above fundamental rights Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Avoid social judgment or harassment,Meet local policies or regulations Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs Never Never Rarely Never Never Never Never Monthly Never Aztec Daily Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Hard to verify what is private Rarely Unclear what the benefits were Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private identity and attestations,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing Think about when I need privacy and when I don’t. INTMAX
34 Developer Europe MetaMask,Gnosis Safe 6-8 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll Very confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust,I use a multisig or smart account Saftey to do what I want, with no judgement or repercussions. Not just from a leagal perspective, but mostly social. Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid social judgment or harassment Yes No Very important Not at all satisfied Confident Confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked verified contracts and release notes Never Never Never Rarely Never Never Monthly Never Weekly none Weekly Never Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Weekly Rarely Daily Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private Often Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Selective disclosure proofs make it default, most people don't know to care aztec
35 Ethereum user North America Coinbase wallet 9+ years Rarely Donations, charities and public goods,Other Not at all confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists Control of my own narrative. The only information available is what I provide. Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes No Very important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Not at all confident Some trust Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code,Independent audits Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never I'm terrified I'll screw something up and lose all my Eth Rarely Never Weekly Daily Never Daily Daily Daily Never Never Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps Never Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations Clear work flow on how to use Alchemix privately to borrow against Eth/stables Aztec future Eth. Privacy by default as a paradigm. Thanks for making the world safer!
36 Ethereum user East Asia MetaMask,Phantom 1-2 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Somewhat confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically no one know me Personal safety and security,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Meet local policies or regulations Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Confident Confident Trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Daily Monthly Rarely Never Never Rarely Never Monthly Never Railgun Daily Rarely Daily Daily Daily Weekly Rarely Daily Monthly Rarely High gas or transaction costs,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Fees or deposits required up front Losing funds or access,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools Inside the app I am using Public by default, option to go private Very important Likely Private stablecoins,Private messaging,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards The cost of privacy is too high
37 Ethereum user Europe MetaMask,Rabby 3-5 years Monthly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Confident I review token approvals and revoke them regularly Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid social judgment or harassment Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context Clear instructions and confirmation prompts Never Rarely Rarely Rarely Weekly Rarely Weekly Weekly Weekly tonardo cash before Daily Weekly Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Rarely Rarely Rarely Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty Often Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Social or reputation risk 2–3 extra confirmations or screens In my wallet Public by default, option to go private Important Likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations privacy send, I don't want people to judge my trading history and transaction history privacy send /
38 Ethereum user Europe MetaMask,Rabby 3-5 years Monthly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Confident I review token approvals and revoke them regularly Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid social judgment or harassment Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context Clear instructions and confirmation prompts Never Rarely Rarely Rarely Weekly Rarely Weekly Weekly Weekly tonardo cash before Daily Weekly Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Rarely Rarely Rarely Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty Often Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Social or reputation risk 2–3 extra confirmations or screens In my wallet Public by default, option to go private Important Likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations privacy send, I don't want people to judge my trading history and transaction history privacy send /
39 Legal South America MetaMask,Phantom,OKX wallet 3-5 years Monthly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use a multisig or smart account Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes No Very important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Trust Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code,Independent audits Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Never Monthly Never Never Never Never Never Never Never VPN Daily Rarely Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Hard to verify what is private Never Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Legal or policy issues Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private identity and attestations,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges Untraceable tx Monero or similar Privacy is freedom, control isn’t
40 Ethereum user East Asia MetaMask,Phantom,OKX wallet 6-8 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc. Not at all confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties Privacy is extremely important. I don't want anyone to know of my existence. Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid social judgment or harassment Yes No Very important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Rarely Never Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Monthly Monthly Rarely None Daily Never Monthly Weekly Never Weekly Rarely Never Weekly Rarely Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Security concerns,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph) Rarely Unclear what the benefits were,Fees or deposits required up front,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Switching to a different network or L2 In my network or connection settings Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private identity and attestations,Private messaging,Private L2s focused on privacy YES None None
41 Developer South America MetaMask,Gnosis Safe 6-8 years Daily DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.,Running nodes or infrastructure Very confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC,I use a multisig or smart account Interacting with other without revealing/leaking PII Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Reduce data trails across apps and services Yes Yes Important Satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Monthly Rarely Never Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Railgun for sending funds privately to a CEX address before cashing out. zkPassport for private KYC verification Rarely Rarely Monthly Never Never Never Never Never Monthly Never High gas or transaction costs Rarely Took too long or got stuck Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account On Ethereum itself Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards Enshrine private at the infra level Private smart contracts, A2A private communication, Privacy wallets by default
42 Ethereum user Europe MetaMask,Argent,Gnosis Safe 9+ years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc. Very confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account Freedom of not be controlled by government Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes No Important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Open-source code,Independent audits Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked verified contracts and release notes Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Weekly Fluidkey Daily Monthly Daily Daily Daily Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Security concerns Sometimes Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone Pay up to ~5% more in fees,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account On Ethereum itself Private by default, option to share Important Likely Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges More private options directly in wallets & apps Fluidkey
43 Ethereum user Europe MetaMask,Gnosis Safe 9+ years Monthly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Somewhat confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account - Personal safety and security Yes Yes Important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Complex or hard to use Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations UX
44 Ethereum user Europe MetaMask,Rabby,Other 3-5 years Daily DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,Running nodes or infrastructure Confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer Safety Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running Yes No Very important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Not at all confident Some trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Rarely Never Rarely Never Rarely Never Never Never Rarely Fileverse Monthly Monthly Daily Daily Daily Weekly Daily Daily Rarely Never Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph) Never Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone Wait up to a few minutes longer,Using a separate wallet or account,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes In my network or connection settings Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private identity and attestations,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges EF actively using the tools and leading by example Fileverse Thanks for doing this
45 Developer Europe Rainbow,Gnosis Safe,Other 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,Other Very confident I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account Choosing what to hide and what to reveal Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Business confidentiality for vendors, payroll, or partners Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Very confident Not at all confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Trusted badge or reputation labels Never Never Weekly Never Never Never Monthly Never Never FluidKey Daily Rarely Daily Daily Never Never Daily Daily Never Never Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains Sometimes Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Took too long or got stuck Physical targeting or extortion risk,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone Wait up to a few minutes longer,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Likely Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow Delete WalletConnect FluidKey, RAILGUN, Aztec
46 Developer Europe MetaMask 6-8 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,DAOs and governance Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Donate or support causes without exposure Yes Yes Important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Not at all confident Some trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Open-source code,Verified listings or badges on reputable directories Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Integrated test networks,Linked verified contracts and release notes Weekly Weekly Weekly Daily Monthly Monthly Weekly Weekly Weekly Use nodes via tor and recent I been starting to use shield.markets the Kusama shield, I also used the private voting with maci Weekly Daily Daily Daily Weekly Daily Weekly Daily Weekly Weekly Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains Sometimes Fees or deposits required up front Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes Inside the app I am using Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations Make privacy cheap and easy to use, shout out Kusama shield, also apps that make privacy Permissionless Privacy beyond defi so private web3 interactions Keep it going, push more products
47 Developer Europe Rabby,Argent,Other 3-5 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes Yes Somewhat important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Not at all confident Some trust Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Weekly Monthly Daily Daily Daily Weekly Daily Rarely Weekly Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph) Sometimes Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Important Very likely Private send in wallets,Encrypted mempools or private order flow,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges privacy at the protocol layer private transfers
48 Marketing or Growth South Asia Rainbow 3-5 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers Somewhat confident I review token approvals and revoke them regularly Privacy is normal. Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs Rarely Rarely Monthly Weekly Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Stabletrust by Fairblock Weekly Never Rarely Daily Never Daily Weekly Never Never Never Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty Sometimes Unclear what it would do Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private stablecoins,Private governance and voting,Encrypted mempools or private order flow Making it more easy to use, Compliance friendly, not isolated chain it should be opt in Fairblock, 0xbow, Aztec
49 Business or Operations Europe Rabby,Zerion,Other 3-5 years Daily DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,DAOs and governance,Donations, charities and public goods Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a multisig or smart account ability to to decide over which information I decide to share publicly Personal safety and security,Keep work and personal activity separate,Reduce data trails across apps and services Yes Yes Important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Independent audits Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Monthly Monthly Daily Rarely Rarely Rarely Monthly Rarely Rarely Railgun, Fluidkey, Worm (testnet), CowSwap Daily Monthly Daily Daily Monthly Daily Daily Weekly Rarely Rarely Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Social stigma or reputation risk Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow make privacy by default Worm (EIP7503), Kohaku, web3privacy now together in privacy, stronk
50 Developer Europe Rabby,Other 6-8 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Very confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use a multisig or smart account I don't care that much and i guess even most of the community do not care since they are using pseudonymous blockchains and authors made them pseudonymous by default Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid social judgment or harassment Yes No Somewhat important Satisfied Very confident Not at all confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Never Never Never Rarely Never Weekly Weekly Never Never Daily Rarely Rarely Daily Weekly Never Daily Daily Daily Never Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak Never Losing funds or access,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools In my wallet Public by default, option to go private Somewhat important Likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private governance and voting wormholes kohaku
51 Developer Europe MetaMask,Rabby,Gnosis Safe 9+ years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,Work, salary or payroll,Running nodes or infrastructure Very confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use a multisig or smart account The ultimate feeling of capture resistance and freedom, a refreshing feeling of independence deep inside Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Reduce data trails across apps and services Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Very confident Somewhat confident Some trust Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Monthly Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Never Rarely Rarely Monthly Tornado Cash, privacypools.com, Gnosis VPN (in earliest internal test version) Daily Monthly Daily Daily Monthly Weekly Daily Monthly Daily Never Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards Culture: transition from the current core dev consensus on goals being FASTER, MORE TVL, BIGGER to MORE RESILIENT. Everything else is downstream from that. Shielded pools that are so easy to integrate that every wallet they I care about has them available, Gnosis VPN :) People don't like to say it but a major reason for using privacy tools that you don't list as an option is "afraid of the tax man". This isn't just "I want to dox taxes" but there's really NO way that you can 100% correctly report your taxes as an even moderately active cross chain Ethereum user with only a dozen accounts. Everyone can make an example of you for "doxxing taxes" even though that wasn't your intent!
52 Developer South America MetaMask,Gnosis Safe 3-5 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Education and learning Very confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer Privacy in Ethereum means being able to transact/interact on-chain without anybody (besides the party I am interacting with) been able to see my data Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Donate or support causes without exposure Yes Yes Important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Trusted badge or reputation labels Never Never Rarely Monthly Monthly Never Weekly Rarely Never Fluidkey Never Never Weekly Monthly Monthly Weekly Weekly Never Weekly Never Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Hard to verify what is private Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Contract exploits or protocol hacks 2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions,Switching to a different network or L2 I do not care where, I just want it to work Public by default, option to go private Very important Likely Private send in wallets,Selective disclosure proofs,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges Better documentation and explanations. Also I think it is important to have more people using privacy tools so the anonymity set is larger Railgun, Nullmask, WORM (EIP-7503) No :)
53 Product North America MetaMask,Gnosis Safe,Other 6-8 years Monthly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc. Somewhat confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a multisig or smart account Essential at the least; fun at its best. Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Very confident Not at all confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Weekly Weekly Monthly Monthly Rarely Rarely Monthly Weekly Weekly Payy Daily Rarely Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Weekly Daily High gas or transaction costs,Security concerns,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains Rarely Fees or deposits required up front,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Physical targeting or extortion risk,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Using a separate wallet or account In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private stablecoins,Private L2s focused on privacy,Other Stronger security guarantees UX Aztec, Payy, Hopr, Tor, ZKPassport, Signal Thank you for hosting the survey! Great if PSE could tally and share results publicly after it wraps.
54 Security North America MetaMask,Rabby,Other 3-5 years Weekly Socials, Farcaster, Lens, etc.,Donations, charities and public goods,Running nodes or infrastructure Very confident I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC I get to control who learns what information about me and my past/, present, and future activity. Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Reduce data trails across apps and services Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Very confident Somewhat confident Trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked audits or a security page,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Monthly Weekly Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Weekly Never Rarely I've used Zcash more than I've ever used any Ethereum-specific tool. Ethereum tools are still lagging behind in terms of integration and convenience. Zcash wallets have shielded pools as their default UX path. Daily Daily Daily Daily Weekly Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains,Other Tracking for tax purposes. I use a custom script to track my activity and create tax reports to pay my yearly taxes, including things like treating each ETH transaction fee as a sale event. This script relies on public chain data. Making all this activity private creates a very large personal accounting and tracking burden that can no longer be as automated. Often Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private messaging,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing There is a huge UX challenge ahead of breaking the UX assumption that one account = one Ethereum address. This breaks the way dapps, wallets, and users all think about Ethereum. It feels impossible to fix, yet it is required regardless of which privacy solution ends up winning (whether pool-based or stealth-address-based). I think this really needs some fleshing out and I don't see current privacy solutions really paying enough attention to this problem relative to how large and inevitably-in-the-way it seems to be in my view. Kohaku, making it easy for wallets to actually integrate. I really appreciate that the Ethereum Foundation is looking at privacy seriously!
55 Security Oceania Other 6-8 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc. Very confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically A means to an end for achieving agency over my data for important digital services such as finance, identity, and messaging. Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Reduce data trails across apps and services Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Very confident Not at all confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Rarely Weekly Never Never Never Rarely Weekly Rarely Weekly ZEC, but I don't transact on chain because offchain systems are currently more private and usable at this point. There's too many sharp edges to do things on chain right now and chainalysis still is a massive data broker sitting in the middle of all this and reselling all this data to governments and businesses. Daily Rarely Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily High gas or transaction costs,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains Often Too many steps or signatures,Fees or deposits required up front,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone,Contract exploits or protocol hacks On Ethereum itself Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private stablecoins,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing wallets act as an abstraction layer to make it easier for Web2 apps to add support for Web3 functionality like cheaper, more private, and more permissionless payment rails private transactions that just work. I don't want to care about what coin I'm transacting in, what network it's on, and I want it cheaper than Visa and Mastercard (so not % based fees, but instead market based like gas currently) I didn't answer 28 because I don't want to compromise anything for this to work. We're trying to export a payment rails that competes against Visa and Mastercard so we can't compromise to beat them.
56 Marketing or Growth Europe MetaMask,Rabby,Rainbow 6-8 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll Very confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically Using Ambire Wallet Personal safety and security,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Keep work and personal activity separate Yes No Somewhat important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely I don't use much Rarely Never Monthly Daily Daily Weekly Daily Weekly Daily Daily Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,My activity does not feel sensitive enough Never Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Switching to a different network or L2,Using a separate wallet or account I do not care where, I just want it to work Public by default, option to go private Somewhat important Likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Private L2s focused on privacy Better explanations and education on when privacy is needed Private mempools
57 Marketing or Growth Europe Other 6-8 years Daily DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Very confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use a multisig or smart account It means freedom, i dont wanna dont want to see my things public in the open. Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Keep work and personal activity separate Yes Yes Important Somewhat satisfied Confident Somewhat confident Trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Transparent team identity and track record Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Monthly Monthly Never Never Never Never Monthly Rarely Rarely Railgun only for now Daily Weekly Daily Daily Daily Monthly Daily Daily Daily Daily Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak Rarely Too many steps or signatures,Fees or deposits required up front,Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing Wait up to a few minutes longer,Using a separate wallet or account,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools On Ethereum itself Public by default, option to go private Very important Likely Private send in wallets,Private governance and voting Getting privacy tools integrated in wallet and offer better UX compared to eg today's Railwallet. Light client, private transfers.
58 Education Oceania MetaMask,Coinbase wallet,Rainbow 6-8 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc. Confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer Freedom Personal safety and security No No Important Not at all satisfied Very confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Widely used in production and time-tested,Open-source code Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Never Never Rarely Never Rarely Never Never Never Never Daily Monthly Monthly Daily Weekly Never Daily Daily Never Never Complex or hard to use,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph),Other How to easily do taxes Often Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what the benefits were,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2 In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins Make doing taxes easier
59 Ethereum user Oceania Rabby 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll Very confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses It is literally a basic thing like air. Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Keep work and personal activity separate Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Very confident Somewhat confident Trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Clear instructions and confirmation prompts Weekly Weekly Monthly Never Never Monthly Never Never Rarely Privacy pools and railgun Weekly Daily Daily Monthly Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Complex or hard to use,High gas or transaction costs,Doesn’t work the same across apps or chains Often Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone Wait up to a few minutes longer,Switching to a different network or L2,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Very unlikely Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow Na Privacy pools, railgun, kohaku Can u publish this survey result
60 Other Europe MetaMask,Rabby,Coinbase wallet 6-8 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc. Confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use a multisig or smart account safe virtual-physical interactions, obfuscation of private activities, protection against malevolent actors Personal safety and security,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes No Somewhat important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Not at all confident Some trust Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Never Never Never Monthly Rarely Rarely Rarely Monthly Never ZK L2, Cloudflare ETH RPC, Rabby Wallet features Never Never Daily Monthly Never Rarely Daily Rarely Monthly Rarely Security concerns,My activity does not feel sensitive enough,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph) Sometimes Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Physical targeting or extortion risk,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data 2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Switching to a different network or L2,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day Inside the app I am using Private by default, option to share Very important Likely Private send in wallets,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges Choose what digital information (wallet, location, time, tools) to send out when executing public transactions ZK-encrypted rollups A public code repository of apps and other onchain tools reputed for privacy (A sort of L2Beat for blockchain user interfaces)
61 Ethereum user Europe Other 3-5 years Monthly Running nodes or infrastructure Somewhat confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer To not be able to be tracked. Nobody wants open doors and windows in their apartment, so why do I need to have data leaks not under my control, where I can never shut the door? Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact,Reduce data trails across apps and services Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Not at all confident Not at all confident No trust at all Open-source code,Independent audits,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Monthly Never Monthly Never Never Shutter snapshot dao voting Monthly Rarely Daily Never Never Daily Daily Monthly Never Never Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Hard to verify what is private,Security concerns Never Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens On Ethereum itself Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges build it into the core of Ethereum the one hopefully changing the game - maybe in the zk game
62 Developer Europe MetaMask 6-8 years Monthly Work, salary or payroll,Education and learning Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a multisig or smart account Ability to choose myself what I share Personal safety and security,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running,Avoid social judgment or harassment Yes Yes Somewhat important Somewhat satisfied Very confident Confident Trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Widely used in production and time-tested Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Rarely Never Rarely Monthly Never Never Never Rarely Never Aztec for testing Rarely Rarely Rarely Daily Never Monthly Daily Daily Never Never Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Legal or policy issues Wait up to a few minutes longer I do not care where, I just want it to work Public by default, option to go private Somewhat important Unlikely Private messaging More and better tooling ZKPassport
63 Ethereum user North America Other 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure Very confident I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC No trust, no backdoors Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Confident Somewhat confident Trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Independent audits,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes Rarely Rarely Never Rarely Never Never Weekly Never Daily Daily Rarely Rarely Monthly Never Monthly Daily Weekly Weekly Monthly Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Other black box centralized verification provider Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Fees or deposits required up front,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Physical targeting or extortion risk,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Contract exploits or protocol hacks Signing multiple transactions,Switching to a different network or L2,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private L2s focused on privacy,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing Add to base layer AZTEC Privacy pools are a non-starter with the centralized gatekeeper
64 Developer South America Rabby,Uniswap wallet 1-2 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc. Confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming Safety of operating in public without being traced Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes No Somewhat important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Confident Trust Clear website and language that explains what it does,Logical in-app UX with info and context,Widely used in production and time-tested Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Monthly Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely I don’t actively use onchain privacy tools today. Daily Rarely Weekly Daily Never Never Daily Weekly Rarely Rarely Hard to verify what is private,Security concerns,My activity does not feel sensitive enough Rarely Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Tools breaking, being blocked, or delisted Wait up to a few minutes longer,Using a separate wallet or account In my wallet Public by default, option to go private Somewhat important Likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private L2s focused on privacy Make private transactions the default UX in wallets. If privacy didn’t require extra steps, special tooling, or social stigma, adoption would be easier. I’m most excited about privacy for payments and identity, stealth addresses, private attestations, and tools that let users prove things without exposing their data.
65 Developer South America MetaMask Less than 1 year Daily Finance, payments and transfers,NFTs, art, collectibles, memberships, etc.,Work, salary or payroll Somewhat confident I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically - Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running Yes No Important Satisfied Confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Open-source code Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked verified contracts and release notes Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never Never - Weekly Rarely Daily Daily Rarely Rarely Daily Weekly Rarely Rarely Complex or hard to use,Hard to verify what is private,Security concerns Never Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations -
66 Developer Europe MetaMask 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Education and learning Confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use a multisig or smart account non negotiable Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Open-source code,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Monthly Rarely Monthly Weekly Never Rarely Weekly Never Daily privacy pools Daily Monthly Daily Daily Monthly Monthly Daily Daily Daily Monthly Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Security concerns Sometimes Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access,Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Pay up to ~5% more in fees,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes On Ethereum itself Private by default, option to share Very important Likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing benis
67 Marketing or Growth South Asia MetaMask 3-5 years Daily DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking Somewhat confident I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties Railgun No Yes Very important Very satisfied Very confident Very confident Trust Other Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Daily Monthly Monthly Daily Monthly Monthly Monthly Weekly Monthly Daily Monthly Monthly Daily Monthly Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private,My activity does not feel sensitive enough Sometimes Fees or deposits required up front,Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy,Took too long or got stuck Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing Pay up to ~5% more in fees In my wallet Public by default, option to go private Important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins Railgun Railgun Railgun
68 Developer Europe MetaMask,Argent,Gnosis Safe 9+ years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.,Running nodes or infrastructure Not at all confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC,I use a multisig or smart account Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running Yes Yes Somewhat important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Open-source code,Independent audits,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Rarely Rarely Monthly Rarely Never Rarely Rarely Never Weekly Mixers Daily Rarely Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Hard to verify what is private,My activity does not feel sensitive enough Sometimes Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Pay up to ~5% more in fees,Using a separate wallet or account,Lower compatibility with some dapps or tools In my wallet Private by default, option to share Somewhat important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing Shielded balances by default (similar to Zcash's Sapling), view keys for selective disclosure (auditors, tax, compliance), public transactions as the explicit choice
69 Ethereum user North America MetaMask,Rabby,Coinbase wallet 3-5 years Daily Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,DAOs and governance Somewhat confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly Safety from bad actors targeting one entity Personal safety and security,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Somewhat confident Somewhat confident Some trust Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Widely used in production and time-tested Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked audits or a security page,Trusted badge or reputation labels Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Daily Daily Weekly Monthly Railgun , vpn , etc Weekly Weekly Monthly Monthly Monthly Daily Daily Monthly Never Rarely Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps,I want onchain reputation or eligibility (airdrops, social graph) Sometimes Too many steps or signatures,Unclear what it would do,Unclear what the benefits were Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions I do not care where, I just want it to work Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private stablecoins,Private identity and attestations,Private governance and voting More obvious stack of Accepted privacy preserving tools, easily accessible Signal . Some ZK projects Would love to learn more about: [redacted]
70 Ethereum user North America MetaMask,Other 9+ years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Running nodes or infrastructure Somewhat confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust Peace of mind Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Donate or support causes without exposure Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Somewhat confident Not at all confident Some trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Transaction preview or simulation before sending Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Zcash wallet Zingo! desktop and mobile Weekly Daily Weekly Daily Daily Daily Complex or hard to use,Missing in my wallet or favorite dapps Often Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Permanent onchain records that cannot be undone Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens In my wallet Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private identity and attestations,Privacy risk and monitoring dashboards Privacy by default Privacy by default The complete chaos when having to transact on different chains and layers. It keeps the world from using Ethereum.
71 Business or Operations Europe MetaMask 3-5 years Weekly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll Somewhat confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use a multisig or smart account Freedom of handling my assets as I see fit, without exposing myself to any stigma due to using privacy tools Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Business confidentiality for vendors, payroll, or partners Yes Yes Very important Not at all satisfied Confident Not at all confident Some trust Logical in-app UX with info and context,Clear docs on how it works, architecture, and trade-offs,Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs Clear instructions and confirmation prompts,Onboarding with in-app documentation and tips,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Never Never Rarely Never Never Rarely Weekly Never Never Mirage :D Daily Rarely Daily Rarely Weekly Weekly Daily Daily Rarely Rarely Complex or hard to use,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Social stigma or reputation risk Often Too many steps or signatures,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want,Took too long or got stuck Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Contract exploits or protocol hacks Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions I do not care where, I just want it to work Public by default, option to go private Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Selective disclosure proofs We need an easy-to-use normie friendly privacy solution that "just works". Focus on UX and speed. Private stablecoin transfers obviously :) We are building mirageprivacy.com and think support from the EF in promoting more privacy protocols (Mirage and others) would be very valuable. Kohaku is a great initiative, but we remain skeptical of how well it will be adopted due to its reliance on privacy pools and mixer designs which are inherently limited when it comes to scaling and being stigma-free.
72 Ethereum user Europe MetaMask,Trust wallet,Other 3-5 years Rarely Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Education and learning Confident Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid profiling, doxxing, or unwanted linking Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Confident Somewhat confident Some trust Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Never Never Rarely Daily Rarely Monthly Daily Rarely Daily Weekly Weekly Monthly Never Hard to verify what is private,Security concerns Sometimes Unsure the tool was safe or trustworthy Losing funds or access Using a separate wallet or account,Fixed deposit/withdrawal sizes,Withdrawal delays up to 1 day On Ethereum itself Private by default, option to share Very important Very likely Private send in wallets,Private stablecoins,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing .
73 Developer Europe MetaMask,Gnosis Safe,Other 9+ years Daily DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Identity, like ENS, Passports, etc.,Gaming Very confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I use a multisig or smart account Security Personal safety and security,Prevent targeting, scams, or front-running,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Somewhat important Somewhat satisfied Confident Not at all confident Some trust Referrals or endorsements from trusted people or orgs,Transparent team identity and track record,Open-source code Simple explanation of risks, leaks and trade-offs,Linked verified contracts and release notes,Trusted badge or reputation labels Rarely Never Never Never Never Never Rarely Never Rarely Daily Rarely Daily Daily Weekly Daily Daily Monthly Monthly Rarely High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak Often Too many steps or signatures,Fees or deposits required up front,Needed new wallet/account or setup I didn’t want Losing funds or access,Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Physical targeting or extortion risk Wait up to a few minutes longer,2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Switching to a different network or L2 Inside the app I am using Public by default, option to go private Somewhat important Unlikely Private identity and attestations,Private L2s focused on privacy,Encrypted mempools or private order flow Too much focus on the "wallets", privacy should be at the raw signing rpc level, the wallet or a dapp is just a front end, users are not just the front end users. The focus should be at the integration layer where all users share the same standard "protocol" (normal users, advanced users and business). Like Ethereum itself, to reach to everyone, privacy should to cater to be integrated in all current and future applications in a standard way. Shared crypto libraries used across all development languages, shared integration, etc, etc. Commerce (purchase of physical goods) will be the simplest use case, the capability to buy (trade) anything on chain, without tracing the original account supplying the funds. Options in the survey should be other of preference, as so many are valid. Including not important
74 Ethereum user Europe Zerion,Other 3-5 years Monthly Finance, payments and transfers,DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Education and learning Somewhat confident I rely on wallet security alerts and blocklists,I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties Protect myself against authoritarian actors Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Very important Satisfied Somewhat confident Not at all confident Some trust Open-source code,Independent audits,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Linked audits or a security page,Linked verified contracts and release notes Rarely Rarely Monthly Never Never Never Never Never Never Monthly Rarely Rarely Daily Rarely Rarely Daily Monthly Rarely Rarely Regulatory or policy uncertainty,Too few people use it, so privacy feels weak,Hard to verify what is private Rarely Took too long or got stuck Deanonymization later by chain analysis,Metadata leakage (IP, RPC, browser, mempool),Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data 2–3 extra confirmations or screens,Signing multiple transactions,Using a separate wallet or account On Ethereum itself Private by default, option to share Important Likely Private stablecoins,Privacy-preserving RPC and network routing,Encrypted mempools or private order flow Increase privacy and security education for normies Fluidkey (Stealth) and WORM (private by def) Very good survey. Sharing it w/ my communities.
75 Researcher Europe MetaMask,Other 6-8 years Daily DeFi, lending, swaps, or staking,Work, salary or payroll,Running nodes or infrastructure Very confident I review gas, nonce, and permissions before confirming,I decode and read what I am signing,I simulate or dry run transactions before sending,I review token approvals and revoke them regularly,I use separate wallets for different activities or counterparties,I avoid linking social profiles to my active addresses,I use a hardware wallet as my primary signer,I rotate addresses or refresh accounts periodically,I use social recovery or a recovery setup I trust,I connect through my own node or a custom RPC,I use a multisig or smart account Privacy is a right everyone should have the option to Personal safety and security,Keep balances, income, or holdings confidential,Avoid censorship and keep freedom to transact Yes Yes Very important Somewhat satisfied Very confident Not at all confident Strong trust Open-source code,Strong security practices: active bug bounties, and policies,Verifiable releases and contracts, reproducible builds, and clear changelogs Transaction preview or simulation before sending,Integrated test networks,Proofs or logs you can copy or share if you need to prove something later Weekly Daily Daily Daily Monthly Weekly Monthly Daily Daily railgun, ceaser (custom mainet contracts), zec Daily Weekly Daily Daily Monthly Daily Daily Daily Daily Daily High gas or transaction costs,Regulatory or policy uncertainty Rarely Targeted attacks, scams, or phishing,Government or big-tech surveillance and misuse of data,Legal or policy issues Pay up to ~5% more in fees Inside the app I am using Public by default, option to go private Somewhat important Very likely Private send in wallets,Verifiable in-App privacy labels, audits, and reputation badges private onchain chat https://zkwrapper.pages.dev/