wip

perf: properly share precompile cache + use moka (#20502 )
feat(stages): use EitherWriter for TransactionLookupStage RocksDB writes (#20428 )
2026-04-30 03:01:58 -04:00 · 2025-12-18 19:22:54 -05:00 · 2025-12-18 22:42:44 +00:00 · 2025-12-18 21:34:17 +00:00 · 2025-12-18 21:02:56 +00:00 · 2025-12-18 20:34:50 +00:00
118 changed files with 4871 additions and 1012 deletions
--- a/.config/zepter.yaml
+++ b/.config/zepter.yaml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ workflows:
        # Check that `A` activates the features of `B`.
        "propagate-feature",
        # These are the features to check:
-        "--features=std,op,dev,asm-keccak,jemalloc,jemalloc-prof,tracy-allocator,serde-bincode-compat,serde,test-utils,arbitrary,bench,alloy-compat,min-error-logs,min-warn-logs,min-info-logs,min-debug-logs,min-trace-logs,otlp,js-tracer,portable",
+        "--features=std,op,dev,asm-keccak,jemalloc,jemalloc-prof,tracy-allocator,serde-bincode-compat,serde,test-utils,arbitrary,bench,alloy-compat,min-error-logs,min-warn-logs,min-info-logs,min-debug-logs,min-trace-logs,otlp,js-tracer,portable,keccak-cache-global",
        # Do not try to add a new section to `[features]` of `A` only because `B` exposes that feature. There are edge-cases where this is still needed, but we can add them manually.
        "--left-side-feature-missing=ignore",
        # Ignore the case that `A` it outside of the workspace. Otherwise it will report errors in external dependencies that we have no influence on.
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -329,9 +329,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "alloy-json-abi"
-version = "1.4.1"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5513d5e6bd1cba6bdcf5373470f559f320c05c8c59493b6e98912fbe6733943f"
+checksum = "6bfca3dbbcb7498f0f60e67aff2ad6aff57032e22eb2fd03189854be11a22c03"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-primitives",
 "alloy-sol-type-parser",
@@ -426,9 +426,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "alloy-primitives"
-version = "1.4.1"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "355bf68a433e0fd7f7d33d5a9fc2583fde70bf5c530f63b80845f8da5505cf28"
+checksum = "5c850e6ccbd34b8a463a1e934ffc8fc00e1efc5e5489f2ad82d7797949f3bd4e"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-rlp",
 "arbitrary",
@@ -447,6 +447,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "proptest",
 "proptest-derive 0.6.0",
 "rand 0.9.2",
+ "rapidhash",
 "ruint",
 "rustc-hash",
 "serde",
@@ -781,9 +782,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "alloy-sol-macro"
-version = "1.4.1"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f3ce480400051b5217f19d6e9a82d9010cdde20f1ae9c00d53591e4a1afbb312"
+checksum = "b2218e3aeb3ee665d117fdf188db0d5acfdc3f7b7502c827421cb78f26a2aec0"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-sol-macro-expander",
 "alloy-sol-macro-input",
@@ -795,9 +796,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "alloy-sol-macro-expander"
-version = "1.4.1"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d792e205ed3b72f795a8044c52877d2e6b6e9b1d13f431478121d8d4eaa9028"
+checksum = "b231cb8cc48e66dd1c6e11a1402f3ac86c3667cbc13a6969a0ac030ba7bb8c88"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-sol-macro-input",
 "const-hex",
@@ -813,9 +814,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "alloy-sol-macro-input"
-version = "1.4.1"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0bd1247a8f90b465ef3f1207627547ec16940c35597875cdc09c49d58b19693c"
+checksum = "49a522d79929c1bf0152b07567a38f7eaed3ab149e53e7528afa78ff11994668"
 dependencies = [
 "const-hex",
 "dunce",
@@ -829,9 +830,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "alloy-sol-type-parser"
-version = "1.4.1"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "954d1b2533b9b2c7959652df3076954ecb1122a28cc740aa84e7b0a49f6ac0a9"
+checksum = "0475c459859c8d9428af6ff3736614655a57efda8cc435a3b8b4796fa5ac1dd0"
 dependencies = [
 "serde",
 "winnow",
@@ -839,9 +840,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "alloy-sol-types"
-version = "1.4.1"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "70319350969a3af119da6fb3e9bddb1bce66c9ea933600cb297c8b1850ad2a3c"
+checksum = "35287d9d821d5f26011bcd8d9101340898f761c9933cf50fca689bb7ed62fdeb"
 dependencies = [
 "alloy-json-abi",
 "alloy-primitives",
@@ -7209,6 +7210,16 @@ dependencies = [
 "rand_core 0.9.3",
 ]

+[[package]]
+name = "rapidhash"
+version = "4.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d8e65c75143ce5d47c55b510297eeb1182f3c739b6043c537670e9fc18612dae"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand 0.9.2",
+ "rustversion",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ratatui"
 version = "0.29.0"
@@ -8236,6 +8247,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "metrics",
 "metrics-util",
 "mini-moka",
+ "moka",
 "parking_lot",
 "proptest",
 "rand 0.8.5",
@@ -8269,6 +8281,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "reth-stages",
 "reth-stages-api",
 "reth-static-file",
+ "reth-storage-errors",
 "reth-tasks",
 "reth-testing-utils",
 "reth-tracing",
@@ -9116,6 +9129,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "fdlimit",
 "futures",
 "jsonrpsee",
+ "parking_lot",
 "rayon",
 "reth-basic-payload-builder",
 "reth-chain-state",
@@ -9275,6 +9289,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "reth-rpc-eth-api",
 "reth-rpc-eth-types",
 "reth-rpc-server-types",
+ "reth-stages-types",
 "reth-tasks",
 "reth-testing-utils",
 "reth-tracing",
@@ -9638,6 +9653,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "reth-rpc-engine-api",
 "reth-rpc-eth-types",
 "reth-rpc-server-types",
+ "reth-stages-types",
 "reth-tasks",
 "reth-tracing",
 "reth-transaction-pool",
@@ -10381,6 +10397,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "reth-ethereum-engine-primitives",
 "reth-ethereum-primitives",
 "reth-metrics",
+ "reth-network-api",
 "reth-node-ethereum",
 "reth-payload-builder",
 "reth-payload-builder-primitives",
@@ -10567,6 +10584,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "reth-stages-api",
 "reth-static-file",
 "reth-static-file-types",
+ "reth-storage-api",
 "reth-storage-errors",
 "reth-testing-utils",
 "reth-trie",
@@ -12340,9 +12358,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "syn-solidity"
-version = "1.4.1"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ff790eb176cc81bb8936aed0f7b9f14fc4670069a2d371b3e3b0ecce908b2cb3"
+checksum = "60ceeb7c95a4536de0c0e1649bd98d1a72a4bb9590b1f3e45a8a0bfdb7c188c0"
 dependencies = [
 "paste",
 "proc-macro2",
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -489,10 +489,10 @@ alloy-dyn-abi = "1.4.1"
 alloy-eip2124 = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
 alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.1.0" }
 alloy-evm = { version = "0.25.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-primitives = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false, features = ["map-foldhash"] }
+alloy-primitives = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = ["map-foldhash"] }
 alloy-rlp = { version = "0.3.10", default-features = false, features = ["core-net"] }
-alloy-sol-macro = "1.4.1"
-alloy-sol-types = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-sol-macro = "1.5.0"
+alloy-sol-types = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false }
 alloy-trie = { version = "0.9.1", default-features = false }

 alloy-hardforks = "0.4.5"
@@ -587,6 +587,7 @@ url = { version = "2.3", default-features = false }
 zstd = "0.13"
 byteorder = "1"
 mini-moka = "0.10"
+moka = "0.12"
 tar-no-std = { version = "0.3.2", default-features = false }
 miniz_oxide = { version = "0.8.4", default-features = false }
 chrono = "0.4.41"
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ FROM chef AS builder
 COPY --from=planner /app/recipe.json recipe.json

 # Build profile, release by default
-ARG BUILD_PROFILE=release
+ARG BUILD_PROFILE=maxperf
 ENV BUILD_PROFILE=$BUILD_PROFILE

 # Extra Cargo flags
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ RUN cargo chef prepare --recipe-path recipe.json
 FROM chef AS builder
 COPY --from=planner /app/recipe.json recipe.json

-ARG BUILD_PROFILE=release
+ARG BUILD_PROFILE=maxperf
 ENV BUILD_PROFILE=$BUILD_PROFILE

 ARG RUSTFLAGS=""
--- a/bin/reth/Cargo.toml
+++ b/bin/reth/Cargo.toml
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ backon.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true

 [features]
-default = ["jemalloc", "otlp", "reth-revm/portable", "js-tracer"]
+default = ["jemalloc", "otlp", "reth-revm/portable", "js-tracer", "keccak-cache-global", "asm-keccak"]

 otlp = [
    "reth-ethereum-cli/otlp",
@@ -102,7 +102,9 @@ asm-keccak = [
    "reth-ethereum-cli/asm-keccak",
    "reth-node-ethereum/asm-keccak",
 ]
-
+keccak-cache-global = [
+    "reth-node-ethereum/keccak-cache-global",
+]
 jemalloc = [
    "reth-cli-util/jemalloc",
    "reth-node-core/jemalloc",
--- a/crates/chainspec/src/spec.rs
+++ b/crates/chainspec/src/spec.rs
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ pub fn make_genesis_header(genesis: &Genesis, hardforks: &ChainHardforks) -> Hea
        .then_some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH);

    Header {
+        number: genesis.number.unwrap_or_default(),
+        parent_hash: genesis.parent_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
        gas_limit: genesis.gas_limit,
        difficulty: genesis.difficulty,
        nonce: genesis.nonce.into(),
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/common.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/common.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,10 @@ use reth_node_core::{
    dirs::{ChainPath, DataDirPath},
 };
 use reth_provider::{
-    providers::{BlockchainProvider, NodeTypesForProvider, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider},
+    providers::{
+        BlockchainProvider, NodeTypesForProvider, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider,
+        StaticFileProviderBuilder,
+    },
    ProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory,
 };
 use reth_stages::{sets::DefaultStages, Pipeline, PipelineTarget};
@@ -100,18 +103,27 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> EnvironmentArgs<C> {
        }

        info!(target: "reth::cli", ?db_path, ?sf_path, "Opening storage");
+        let genesis_block_number = self.chain.genesis().number.unwrap_or_default();
        let (db, sfp) = match access {
            AccessRights::RW => (
                Arc::new(init_db(db_path, self.db.database_args())?),
-                StaticFileProvider::read_write(sf_path)?,
-            ),
-            AccessRights::RO | AccessRights::RoInconsistent => (
-                Arc::new(open_db_read_only(&db_path, self.db.database_args())?),
-                StaticFileProvider::read_only(sf_path, false)?,
+                StaticFileProviderBuilder::read_write(sf_path)?
+                    .with_genesis_block_number(genesis_block_number)
+                    .build()?,
            ),
+            AccessRights::RO | AccessRights::RoInconsistent => {
+                (Arc::new(open_db_read_only(&db_path, self.db.database_args())?), {
+                    let provider = StaticFileProviderBuilder::read_only(sf_path)?
+                        .with_genesis_block_number(genesis_block_number)
+                        .build()?;
+                    provider.watch_directory();
+                    provider
+                })
+            }
        };
        // TransactionDB only support read-write mode
        let rocksdb_provider = RocksDBProvider::builder(data_dir.rocksdb())
+            .with_default_tables()
            .with_database_log_level(self.db.log_level)
            .build()?;

--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/init_cmd.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/init_cmd.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 //! Command that initializes the node from a genesis file.

 use crate::common::{AccessRights, CliNodeTypes, Environment, EnvironmentArgs};
+use alloy_consensus::BlockHeader;
 use clap::Parser;
-use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
+use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecProvider, EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
 use reth_cli::chainspec::ChainSpecParser;
 use reth_provider::BlockHashReader;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -22,8 +23,9 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + EthereumHardforks>> InitComman

        let Environment { provider_factory, .. } = self.env.init::<N>(AccessRights::RW)?;

+        let genesis_block_number = provider_factory.chain_spec().genesis_header().number();
        let hash = provider_factory
-            .block_hash(0)?
+            .block_hash(genesis_block_number)?
            .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Genesis hash not found."))?;

        info!(target: "reth::cli", hash = ?hash, "Genesis block written");
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/p2p/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/p2p/mod.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
                .split();
                if result.len() != 1 {
                    eyre::bail!(
-                        "Invalid number of headers received. Expected: 1. Received: {}",
+                        "Invalid number of bodies received. Expected: 1. Received: {}",
                        result.len()
                    )
                }
--- a/crates/e2e-test-utils/src/setup_builder.rs
+++ b/crates/e2e-test-utils/src/setup_builder.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use reth_node_builder::{
    PayloadTypes,
 };
 use reth_node_core::args::{DiscoveryArgs, NetworkArgs, RpcServerArgs};
+use reth_primitives_traits::AlloyBlockHeader;
 use reth_provider::providers::BlockchainProvider;
 use reth_rpc_server_types::RpcModuleSelection;
 use reth_tasks::TaskManager;
@@ -157,8 +158,8 @@ where
                    .await?;

                let node = NodeTestContext::new(node, self.attributes_generator).await?;
-
-                let genesis = node.block_hash(0);
+                let genesis_number = self.chain_spec.genesis_header().number();
+                let genesis = node.block_hash(genesis_number);
                node.update_forkchoice(genesis, genesis).await?;

                eyre::Ok(node)
--- a/crates/engine/tree/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ reth-provider.workspace = true
 reth-prune.workspace = true
 reth-revm.workspace = true
 reth-stages-api.workspace = true
+reth-storage-errors.workspace = true
 reth-tasks.workspace = true
 reth-trie-parallel.workspace = true
 reth-trie-sparse = { workspace = true, features = ["std", "metrics"] }
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ futures.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt", "rt-multi-thread", "sync", "macros"] }
 mini-moka = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
+moka = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
 smallvec.workspace = true

 # metrics
--- a/crates/engine/tree/benches/state_root_task.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/benches/state_root_task.rs
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ fn bench_state_root(c: &mut Criterion) {
                                StateProviderBuilder::new(provider.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
                                OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider),
                                &TreeConfig::default(),
+                                None,
                            );

                            let mut state_hook = handle.state_hook();
--- a/crates/engine/tree/docs/root.md
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/docs/root.md
@@ -128,12 +128,12 @@ we send them along with the state updates to the [Sparse Trie Task](#sparse-trie

 ### Finishing the calculation

-Once all transactions are executed, the [Engine](#engine) sends a `StateRootMessage::FinishStateUpdates` message
+Once all transactions are executed, the [Engine](#engine) sends a `StateRootMessage::FinishedStateUpdates` message
 to the State Root Task, marking the end of receiving state updates.

 Every time we receive a new proof from the [MultiProof Manager](#multiproof-manager), we also check
 the following conditions:
-1. Are all updates received? (`StateRootMessage::FinishStateUpdates` was sent)
+1. Are all updates received? (`StateRootMessage::FinishedStateUpdates` was sent)
 2. Is `ProofSequencer` empty? (no proofs are pending for sequencing)
 3. Are all proofs that were sent to the [`MultiProofManager::spawn_or_queue`](#multiproof-manager) finished
 calculating and were sent to the [Sparse Trie Task](#sparse-trie-task)?
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/chain.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/chain.rs
@@ -219,10 +219,19 @@ pub enum HandlerEvent<T> {
 }

 /// Internal events issued by the [`ChainOrchestrator`].
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum FromOrchestrator {
    /// Invoked when backfill sync finished
    BackfillSyncFinished(ControlFlow),
    /// Invoked when backfill sync started
    BackfillSyncStarted,
+    /// Gracefully terminate the engine service.
+    ///
+    /// When this variant is received, the engine will persist all remaining in-memory blocks
+    /// to disk before shutting down. Once persistence is complete, a signal is sent through
+    /// the oneshot channel to notify the caller.
+    Terminate {
+        /// Channel to signal termination completion.
+        tx: tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>,
+    },
 }
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/cached_state.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/cached_state.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ pub(crate) struct CachedStateProvider<S> {

    /// Metrics for the cached state provider
    metrics: CachedStateMetrics,
+
+    /// If prewarm enabled we populate every cache miss
+    prewarm: bool,
 }

 impl<S> CachedStateProvider<S>
@@ -39,12 +42,32 @@ where
 {
    /// Creates a new [`CachedStateProvider`] from an [`ExecutionCache`], state provider, and
    /// [`CachedStateMetrics`].
-    pub(crate) const fn new_with_caches(
+    pub(crate) const fn new(
        state_provider: S,
        caches: ExecutionCache,
        metrics: CachedStateMetrics,
    ) -> Self {
-        Self { state_provider, caches, metrics }
+        Self { state_provider, caches, metrics, prewarm: false }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S> CachedStateProvider<S> {
+    /// Enables pre-warm mode so that every cache miss is populated.
+    ///
+    /// This is only relevant for pre-warm transaction execution with the intention to pre-populate
+    /// the cache with data for regular block execution. During regular block execution the
+    /// cache doesn't need to be populated because the actual EVM database
+    /// [`State`](revm::database::State) also caches internally during block execution and the cache
+    /// is then updated after the block with the entire [`BundleState`] output of that block which
+    /// contains all accessed accounts,code,storage. See also [`ExecutionCache::insert_state`].
+    pub(crate) const fn prewarm(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.prewarm = true;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether this provider should pre-warm cache misses.
+    const fn is_prewarm(&self) -> bool {
+        self.prewarm
    }
 }

@@ -123,7 +146,10 @@ impl<S: AccountReader> AccountReader for CachedStateProvider<S> {
        self.metrics.account_cache_misses.increment(1);

        let res = self.state_provider.basic_account(address)?;
-        self.caches.account_cache.insert(*address, res);
+
+        if self.is_prewarm() {
+            self.caches.account_cache.insert(*address, res);
+        }
        Ok(res)
    }
 }
@@ -148,15 +174,19 @@ impl<S: StateProvider> StateProvider for CachedStateProvider<S> {
        match self.caches.get_storage(&account, &storage_key) {
            (SlotStatus::NotCached, maybe_cache) => {
                let final_res = self.state_provider.storage(account, storage_key)?;
-                let account_cache = maybe_cache.unwrap_or_default();
-                account_cache.insert_storage(storage_key, final_res);
-                // we always need to insert the value to update the weights.
-                // Note: there exists a race when the storage cache did not exist yet and two
-                // consumers looking up the a storage value for this account for the first time,
-                // however we can assume that this will only happen for the very first (mostlikely
-                // the same) value, and don't expect that this will accidentally
-                // replace an account storage cache with additional values.
-                self.caches.insert_storage_cache(account, account_cache);
+
+                if self.is_prewarm() {
+                    let account_cache = maybe_cache.unwrap_or_default();
+                    account_cache.insert_storage(storage_key, final_res);
+                    // we always need to insert the value to update the weights.
+                    // Note: there exists a race when the storage cache did not exist yet and two
+                    // consumers looking up the a storage value for this account for the first time,
+                    // however we can assume that this will only happen for the very first
+                    // (mostlikely the same) value, and don't expect that this
+                    // will accidentally replace an account storage cache with
+                    // additional values.
+                    self.caches.insert_storage_cache(account, account_cache);
+                }

                self.metrics.storage_cache_misses.increment(1);
                Ok(final_res)
@@ -183,7 +213,11 @@ impl<S: BytecodeReader> BytecodeReader for CachedStateProvider<S> {
        self.metrics.code_cache_misses.increment(1);

        let final_res = self.state_provider.bytecode_by_hash(code_hash)?;
-        self.caches.code_cache.insert(*code_hash, final_res.clone());
+
+        if self.is_prewarm() {
+            self.caches.code_cache.insert(*code_hash, final_res.clone());
+        }
+
        Ok(final_res)
    }
 }
@@ -785,7 +819,7 @@ mod tests {

        let caches = ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(1000);
        let state_provider =
-            CachedStateProvider::new_with_caches(provider, caches, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());
+            CachedStateProvider::new(provider, caches, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());

        // check that the storage is empty
        let res = state_provider.storage(address, storage_key);
@@ -808,7 +842,7 @@ mod tests {

        let caches = ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(1000);
        let state_provider =
-            CachedStateProvider::new_with_caches(provider, caches, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());
+            CachedStateProvider::new(provider, caches, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());

        // check that the storage returns the expected value
        let res = state_provider.storage(address, storage_key);
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/instrumented_state.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/instrumented_state.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ where
 {
    /// Creates a new [`InstrumentedStateProvider`] from a state provider with the provided label
    /// for metrics.
-    pub fn from_state_provider(state_provider: S, source: &'static str) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(state_provider: S, source: &'static str) -> Self {
        Self {
            state_provider,
            metrics: StateProviderMetrics::new_with_labels(&[("source", source)]),
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ use revm::state::EvmState;
 use state::TreeState;
 use std::{
    fmt::Debug,
+    ops,
    sync::{
        mpsc::{Receiver, RecvError, RecvTimeoutError, Sender},
        Arc,
@@ -426,9 +427,13 @@ where
            match self.try_recv_engine_message() {
                Ok(Some(msg)) => {
                    debug!(target: "engine::tree", %msg, "received new engine message");
-                    if let Err(fatal) = self.on_engine_message(msg) {
-                        error!(target: "engine::tree", %fatal, "insert block fatal error");
-                        return
+                    match self.on_engine_message(msg) {
+                        Ok(ops::ControlFlow::Break(())) => return,
+                        Ok(ops::ControlFlow::Continue(())) => {}
+                        Err(fatal) => {
+                            error!(target: "engine::tree", %fatal, "insert block fatal error");
+                            return
+                        }
                    }
                }
                Ok(None) => {
@@ -1302,22 +1307,7 @@ where
            // Check if persistence has complete
            match rx.try_recv() {
                Ok(last_persisted_hash_num) => {
-                    self.metrics.engine.persistence_duration.record(start_time.elapsed());
-                    let Some(BlockNumHash {
-                        hash: last_persisted_block_hash,
-                        number: last_persisted_block_number,
-                    }) = last_persisted_hash_num
-                    else {
-                        // if this happened, then we persisted no blocks because we sent an
-                        // empty vec of blocks
-                        warn!(target: "engine::tree", "Persistence task completed but did not persist any blocks");
-                        return Ok(())
-                    };
-
-                    debug!(target: "engine::tree", ?last_persisted_block_hash, ?last_persisted_block_number, elapsed=?start_time.elapsed(), "Finished persisting, calling finish");
-                    self.persistence_state
-                        .finish(last_persisted_block_hash, last_persisted_block_number);
-                    self.on_new_persisted_block()?;
+                    self.on_persistence_complete(last_persisted_hash_num, start_time)?;
                }
                Err(TryRecvError::Closed) => return Err(TryRecvError::Closed.into()),
                Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => {
@@ -1330,7 +1320,8 @@ where
            if let Some(new_tip_num) = self.find_disk_reorg()? {
                self.remove_blocks(new_tip_num)
            } else if self.should_persist() {
-                let blocks_to_persist = self.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist()?;
+                let blocks_to_persist =
+                    self.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist(PersistTarget::Threshold)?;
                self.persist_blocks(blocks_to_persist);
            }
        }
@@ -1338,11 +1329,72 @@ where
        Ok(())
    }

+    /// Finishes termination by persisting all remaining blocks and signaling completion.
+    ///
+    /// This blocks until all persistence is complete. Always signals completion,
+    /// even if an error occurs.
+    fn finish_termination(
+        &mut self,
+        pending_termination: oneshot::Sender<()>,
+    ) -> Result<(), AdvancePersistenceError> {
+        trace!(target: "engine::tree", "finishing termination, persisting remaining blocks");
+        let result = self.persist_until_complete();
+        let _ = pending_termination.send(());
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Persists all remaining blocks until none are left.
+    fn persist_until_complete(&mut self) -> Result<(), AdvancePersistenceError> {
+        loop {
+            // Wait for any in-progress persistence to complete (blocking)
+            if let Some((rx, start_time, _action)) = self.persistence_state.rx.take() {
+                let result = rx.blocking_recv().map_err(|_| TryRecvError::Closed)?;
+                self.on_persistence_complete(result, start_time)?;
+            }
+
+            let blocks_to_persist = self.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist(PersistTarget::Head)?;
+
+            if blocks_to_persist.is_empty() {
+                debug!(target: "engine::tree", "persistence complete, signaling termination");
+                return Ok(())
+            }
+
+            debug!(target: "engine::tree", count = blocks_to_persist.len(), "persisting remaining blocks before shutdown");
+            self.persist_blocks(blocks_to_persist);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Handles a completed persistence task.
+    fn on_persistence_complete(
+        &mut self,
+        last_persisted_hash_num: Option<BlockNumHash>,
+        start_time: Instant,
+    ) -> Result<(), AdvancePersistenceError> {
+        self.metrics.engine.persistence_duration.record(start_time.elapsed());
+
+        let Some(BlockNumHash {
+            hash: last_persisted_block_hash,
+            number: last_persisted_block_number,
+        }) = last_persisted_hash_num
+        else {
+            // if this happened, then we persisted no blocks because we sent an empty vec of blocks
+            warn!(target: "engine::tree", "Persistence task completed but did not persist any blocks");
+            return Ok(())
+        };
+
+        debug!(target: "engine::tree", ?last_persisted_block_hash, ?last_persisted_block_number, elapsed=?start_time.elapsed(), "Finished persisting, calling finish");
+        self.persistence_state.finish(last_persisted_block_hash, last_persisted_block_number);
+        self.on_new_persisted_block()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
    /// Handles a message from the engine.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `ControlFlow::Break(())` if the engine should terminate.
    fn on_engine_message(
        &mut self,
        msg: FromEngine<EngineApiRequest<T, N>, N::Block>,
-    ) -> Result<(), InsertBlockFatalError> {
+    ) -> Result<ops::ControlFlow<()>, InsertBlockFatalError> {
        match msg {
            FromEngine::Event(event) => match event {
                FromOrchestrator::BackfillSyncStarted => {
@@ -1352,6 +1404,13 @@ where
                FromOrchestrator::BackfillSyncFinished(ctrl) => {
                    self.on_backfill_sync_finished(ctrl)?;
                }
+                FromOrchestrator::Terminate { tx } => {
+                    debug!(target: "engine::tree", "received terminate request");
+                    if let Err(err) = self.finish_termination(tx) {
+                        error!(target: "engine::tree", %err, "Termination failed");
+                    }
+                    return Ok(ops::ControlFlow::Break(()))
+                }
            },
            FromEngine::Request(request) => {
                match request {
@@ -1359,7 +1418,7 @@ where
                        let block_num_hash = block.recovered_block().num_hash();
                        if block_num_hash.number <= self.state.tree_state.canonical_block_number() {
                            // outdated block that can be skipped
-                            return Ok(())
+                            return Ok(ops::ControlFlow::Continue(()))
                        }

                        debug!(target: "engine::tree", block=?block_num_hash, "inserting already executed block");
@@ -1467,7 +1526,7 @@ where
                }
            }
        }
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(ops::ControlFlow::Continue(()))
    }

    /// Invoked if the backfill sync has finished to target.
@@ -1701,10 +1760,10 @@ where
    }

    /// Returns a batch of consecutive canonical blocks to persist in the range
-    /// `(last_persisted_number .. canonical_head - threshold]`. The expected
-    /// order is oldest -> newest.
+    /// `(last_persisted_number .. target]`. The expected order is oldest -> newest.
    fn get_canonical_blocks_to_persist(
        &self,
+        target: PersistTarget,
    ) -> Result<Vec<ExecutedBlock<N>>, AdvancePersistenceError> {
        // We will calculate the state root using the database, so we need to be sure there are no
        // changes
@@ -1715,9 +1774,12 @@ where
        let last_persisted_number = self.persistence_state.last_persisted_block.number;
        let canonical_head_number = self.state.tree_state.canonical_block_number();

-        // Persist only up to block buffer target
-        let target_number =
-            canonical_head_number.saturating_sub(self.config.memory_block_buffer_target());
+        let target_number = match target {
+            PersistTarget::Head => canonical_head_number,
+            PersistTarget::Threshold => {
+                canonical_head_number.saturating_sub(self.config.memory_block_buffer_target())
+            }
+        };

        debug!(
            target: "engine::tree",
@@ -2860,3 +2922,12 @@ pub enum InsertPayloadOk {
    /// The payload was valid and inserted into the tree.
    Inserted(BlockStatus),
 }
+
+/// Target for block persistence.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum PersistTarget {
+    /// Persist up to `canonical_head - memory_block_buffer_target`.
+    Threshold,
+    /// Persist all blocks up to and including the canonical head.
+    Head,
+}
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/bal.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/bal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+//! BAL (Block Access List, EIP-7928) related functionality.
+
+use alloy_consensus::constants::KECCAK_EMPTY;
+use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
+use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, U256};
+use reth_primitives_traits::Account;
+use reth_provider::{AccountReader, ProviderError};
+use reth_trie::{HashedPostState, HashedStorage};
+
+/// Converts a Block Access List into a [`HashedPostState`] by extracting the final state
+/// of modified accounts and storage slots.
+pub fn bal_to_hashed_post_state<P>(
+    bal: &BlockAccessList,
+    provider: &P,
+) -> Result<HashedPostState, ProviderError>
+where
+    P: AccountReader,
+{
+    let mut hashed_state = HashedPostState::with_capacity(bal.len());
+
+    for account_changes in bal {
+        let address = account_changes.address;
+        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
+
+        // Get the latest balance (last balance change if any)
+        let balance = account_changes.balance_changes.last().map(|change| change.post_balance);
+
+        // Get the latest nonce (last nonce change if any)
+        let nonce = account_changes.nonce_changes.last().map(|change| change.new_nonce);
+
+        // Get the latest code (last code change if any)
+        let code_hash = if let Some(code_change) = account_changes.code_changes.last() {
+            if code_change.new_code.is_empty() {
+                Some(Some(KECCAK_EMPTY))
+            } else {
+                Some(Some(keccak256(&code_change.new_code)))
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        // Only fetch account from provider if we're missing any field
+        let existing_account = if balance.is_none() || nonce.is_none() || code_hash.is_none() {
+            provider.basic_account(&address)?
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        // Build the final account state
+        let account = Account {
+            balance: balance.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                existing_account.as_ref().map(|acc| acc.balance).unwrap_or(U256::ZERO)
+            }),
+            nonce: nonce
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| existing_account.as_ref().map(|acc| acc.nonce).unwrap_or(0)),
+            bytecode_hash: code_hash.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                existing_account.as_ref().and_then(|acc| acc.bytecode_hash).or(Some(KECCAK_EMPTY))
+            }),
+        };
+
+        hashed_state.accounts.insert(hashed_address, Some(account));
+
+        // Process storage changes
+        if !account_changes.storage_changes.is_empty() {
+            let mut storage_map = HashedStorage::new(false);
+
+            for slot_changes in &account_changes.storage_changes {
+                let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot_changes.slot);
+
+                // Get the last change for this slot
+                if let Some(last_change) = slot_changes.changes.last() {
+                    storage_map
+                        .storage
+                        .insert(hashed_slot, U256::from_be_bytes(last_change.new_value.0));
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !storage_map.storage.is_empty() {
+                hashed_state.storages.insert(hashed_address, storage_map);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(hashed_state)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use alloy_eip7928::{
+        AccountChanges, BalanceChange, CodeChange, NonceChange, SlotChanges, StorageChange,
+    };
+    use alloy_primitives::{Address, Bytes, StorageKey, B256};
+    use reth_revm::test_utils::StateProviderTest;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bal_to_hashed_post_state_basic() {
+        let provider = StateProviderTest::default();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+        let account_changes = AccountChanges {
+            address,
+            storage_changes: vec![],
+            storage_reads: vec![],
+            balance_changes: vec![BalanceChange::new(0, U256::from(100))],
+            nonce_changes: vec![NonceChange::new(0, 1)],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        let bal = vec![account_changes];
+        let result = bal_to_hashed_post_state(&bal, &provider).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(result.accounts.len(), 1);
+
+        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
+        let account_opt = result.accounts.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
+        assert!(account_opt.is_some());
+
+        let account = account_opt.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(account.balance, U256::from(100));
+        assert_eq!(account.nonce, 1);
+        assert_eq!(account.bytecode_hash, Some(KECCAK_EMPTY));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bal_with_storage_changes() {
+        let provider = StateProviderTest::default();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+        let slot = StorageKey::random();
+        let value = B256::random();
+
+        let slot_changes = SlotChanges { slot, changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, value)] };
+
+        let account_changes = AccountChanges {
+            address,
+            storage_changes: vec![slot_changes],
+            storage_reads: vec![],
+            balance_changes: vec![BalanceChange::new(0, U256::from(500))],
+            nonce_changes: vec![NonceChange::new(0, 2)],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        let bal = vec![account_changes];
+        let result = bal_to_hashed_post_state(&bal, &provider).unwrap();
+
+        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
+        assert!(result.storages.contains_key(&hashed_address));
+
+        let storage = result.storages.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
+        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot);
+
+        let stored_value = storage.storage.get(&hashed_slot).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*stored_value, U256::from_be_bytes(value.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bal_with_code_change() {
+        let provider = StateProviderTest::default();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+        let code = Bytes::from(vec![0x60, 0x80, 0x60, 0x40]); // Some bytecode
+
+        let account_changes = AccountChanges {
+            address,
+            storage_changes: vec![],
+            storage_reads: vec![],
+            balance_changes: vec![BalanceChange::new(0, U256::from(1000))],
+            nonce_changes: vec![NonceChange::new(0, 1)],
+            code_changes: vec![CodeChange::new(0, code.clone())],
+        };
+
+        let bal = vec![account_changes];
+        let result = bal_to_hashed_post_state(&bal, &provider).unwrap();
+
+        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
+        let account_opt = result.accounts.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
+        let account = account_opt.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        let expected_code_hash = keccak256(&code);
+        assert_eq!(account.bytecode_hash, Some(expected_code_hash));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bal_with_empty_code() {
+        let provider = StateProviderTest::default();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+        let empty_code = Bytes::default();
+
+        let account_changes = AccountChanges {
+            address,
+            storage_changes: vec![],
+            storage_reads: vec![],
+            balance_changes: vec![BalanceChange::new(0, U256::from(1000))],
+            nonce_changes: vec![NonceChange::new(0, 1)],
+            code_changes: vec![CodeChange::new(0, empty_code)],
+        };
+
+        let bal = vec![account_changes];
+        let result = bal_to_hashed_post_state(&bal, &provider).unwrap();
+
+        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
+        let account_opt = result.accounts.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
+        let account = account_opt.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(account.bytecode_hash, Some(KECCAK_EMPTY));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bal_multiple_changes_takes_last() {
+        let provider = StateProviderTest::default();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+
+        // Multiple balance changes - should take the last one
+        let account_changes = AccountChanges {
+            address,
+            storage_changes: vec![],
+            storage_reads: vec![],
+            balance_changes: vec![
+                BalanceChange::new(0, U256::from(100)),
+                BalanceChange::new(1, U256::from(200)),
+                BalanceChange::new(2, U256::from(300)),
+            ],
+            nonce_changes: vec![
+                NonceChange::new(0, 1),
+                NonceChange::new(1, 2),
+                NonceChange::new(2, 3),
+            ],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        let bal = vec![account_changes];
+        let result = bal_to_hashed_post_state(&bal, &provider).unwrap();
+
+        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
+        let account_opt = result.accounts.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
+        let account = account_opt.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        // Should have the last values
+        assert_eq!(account.balance, U256::from(300));
+        assert_eq!(account.nonce, 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bal_uses_provider_for_missing_fields() {
+        let mut provider = StateProviderTest::default();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+        let code_hash = B256::random();
+        let existing_account =
+            Account { balance: U256::from(999), nonce: 42, bytecode_hash: Some(code_hash) };
+        provider.insert_account(address, existing_account, None, Default::default());
+
+        // Only change balance, nonce and code should come from provider
+        let account_changes = AccountChanges {
+            address,
+            storage_changes: vec![],
+            storage_reads: vec![],
+            balance_changes: vec![BalanceChange::new(0, U256::from(1500))],
+            nonce_changes: vec![],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        let bal = vec![account_changes];
+        let result = bal_to_hashed_post_state(&bal, &provider).unwrap();
+
+        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
+        let account_opt = result.accounts.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
+        let account = account_opt.as_ref().unwrap();
+
+        // Balance should be updated
+        assert_eq!(account.balance, U256::from(1500));
+        // Nonce and bytecode_hash should come from provider
+        assert_eq!(account.nonce, 42);
+        assert_eq!(account.bytecode_hash, Some(code_hash));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bal_multiple_storage_changes_per_slot() {
+        let provider = StateProviderTest::default();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+        let slot = StorageKey::random();
+
+        // Multiple changes to the same slot - should take the last one
+        let slot_changes = SlotChanges {
+            slot,
+            changes: vec![
+                StorageChange::new(0, B256::from(U256::from(100).to_be_bytes::<32>())),
+                StorageChange::new(1, B256::from(U256::from(200).to_be_bytes::<32>())),
+                StorageChange::new(2, B256::from(U256::from(300).to_be_bytes::<32>())),
+            ],
+        };
+
+        let account_changes = AccountChanges {
+            address,
+            storage_changes: vec![slot_changes],
+            storage_reads: vec![],
+            balance_changes: vec![BalanceChange::new(0, U256::from(100))],
+            nonce_changes: vec![NonceChange::new(0, 1)],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        let bal = vec![account_changes];
+        let result = bal_to_hashed_post_state(&bal, &provider).unwrap();
+
+        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
+        let storage = result.storages.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
+        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot);
+
+        let stored_value = storage.storage.get(&hashed_slot).unwrap();
+
+        // Should have the last value
+        assert_eq!(*stored_value, U256::from(300));
+    }
+}
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::tree::{
    sparse_trie::SparseTrieTask,
    StateProviderBuilder, TreeConfig,
 };
+use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use alloy_eips::eip1898::BlockWithParent;
 use alloy_evm::{block::StateChangeSource, ToTxEnv};
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
@@ -22,11 +23,12 @@ use multiproof::{SparseTrieUpdate, *};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use prewarm::PrewarmMetrics;
 use rayon::prelude::*;
-use reth_engine_primitives::ExecutableTxIterator;
 use reth_evm::{
    execute::{ExecutableTxFor, WithTxEnv},
-    ConfigureEvm, EvmEnvFor, OnStateHook, SpecFor, TxEnvFor,
+    ConfigureEvm, EvmEnvFor, ExecutableTxIterator, ExecutableTxTuple, OnStateHook, SpecFor,
+    TxEnvFor,
 };
+use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_provider::{BlockReader, DatabaseProviderROFactory, StateProviderFactory, StateReader};
 use reth_revm::{db::BundleState, state::EvmState};
@@ -49,8 +51,9 @@ use std::{
    },
    time::Instant,
 };
-use tracing::{debug, debug_span, instrument, warn, Span};
+use tracing::{debug, debug_span, error, instrument, warn, Span};

+pub mod bal;
 mod configured_sparse_trie;
 pub mod executor;
 pub mod multiproof;
@@ -90,6 +93,13 @@ pub const SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_NODES_SHRINK_CAPACITY: usize = 1_000_000;
 /// 144MB.
 pub const SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_VALUES_SHRINK_CAPACITY: usize = 1_000_000;

+/// Type alias for [`PayloadHandle`] returned by payload processor spawn methods.
+type IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N> = PayloadHandle<
+    WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, <I as ExecutableTxTuple>::Tx>,
+    <I as ExecutableTxTuple>::Error,
+    <N as NodePrimitives>::Receipt,
+>;
+
 /// Entrypoint for executing the payload.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct PayloadProcessor<Evm>
@@ -198,7 +208,6 @@ where
    ///
    /// This returns a handle to await the final state root and to interact with the tasks (e.g.
    /// canceling)
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    #[instrument(
        level = "debug",
        target = "engine::tree::payload_processor",
@@ -212,7 +221,8 @@ where
        provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
        multiproof_provider_factory: F,
        config: &TreeConfig,
-    ) -> PayloadHandle<WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, I::Tx>, I::Error>
+        bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
+    ) -> IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N>
    where
        P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
        F: DatabaseProviderROFactory<Provider: TrieCursorFactory + HashedCursorFactory>
@@ -252,19 +262,45 @@ where
        // wire the multiproof task to the prewarm task
        let to_multi_proof = Some(multi_proof_task.state_root_message_sender());

-        let prewarm_handle = self.spawn_caching_with(
-            env,
-            prewarm_rx,
-            transaction_count_hint,
-            provider_builder,
-            to_multi_proof.clone(),
-        );
+        // Handle BAL-based optimization if available
+        let prewarm_handle = if let Some(bal) = bal {
+            // When BAL is present, skip spawning prewarm tasks entirely and send BAL to multiproof
+            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor", "BAL present, skipping prewarm tasks");
+
+            // Send BAL message immediately to MultiProofTask
+            if let Some(ref sender) = to_multi_proof &&
+                let Err(err) = sender.send(MultiProofMessage::BlockAccessList(bal))
+            {
+                // In this case state root validation will simply fail
+                error!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor", ?err, "Failed to send BAL to MultiProofTask");
+            }
+
+            // Spawn minimal cache-only task without prewarming
+            self.spawn_caching_with(
+                env,
+                prewarm_rx,
+                transaction_count_hint,
+                provider_builder.clone(),
+                None, // Don't send proof targets when BAL is present
+            )
+        } else {
+            // Normal path: spawn with full prewarming
+            self.spawn_caching_with(
+                env,
+                prewarm_rx,
+                transaction_count_hint,
+                provider_builder.clone(),
+                to_multi_proof.clone(),
+            )
+        };

        // spawn multi-proof task
        let parent_span = span.clone();
        self.executor.spawn_blocking(move || {
            let _enter = parent_span.entered();
-            multi_proof_task.run();
+            // Build a state provider for the multiproof task
+            let provider = provider_builder.build().expect("failed to build provider");
+            multi_proof_task.run(provider);
        });

        // wire the sparse trie to the state root response receiver
@@ -291,7 +327,7 @@ where
        env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
        transactions: I,
        provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
-    ) -> PayloadHandle<WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, I::Tx>, I::Error>
+    ) -> IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N>
    where
        P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
    {
@@ -371,7 +407,7 @@ where
        transaction_count_hint: usize,
        provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
        to_multi_proof: Option<CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>>,
-    ) -> CacheTaskHandle
+    ) -> CacheTaskHandle<N::Receipt>
    where
        P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
    {
@@ -552,12 +588,15 @@ where
 }

 /// Handle to all the spawned tasks.
+///
+/// Generic over `R` (receipt type) to allow sharing `Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>` with the
+/// caching task without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {
+pub struct PayloadHandle<Tx, Err, R> {
    /// Channel for evm state updates
    to_multi_proof: Option<CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>>,
    // must include the receiver of the state root wired to the sparse trie
-    prewarm_handle: CacheTaskHandle,
+    prewarm_handle: CacheTaskHandle<R>,
    /// Stream of block transactions
    transactions: mpsc::Receiver<Result<Tx, Err>>,
    /// Receiver for the state root
@@ -566,7 +605,7 @@ pub struct PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {
    _span: Span,
 }

-impl<Tx, Err> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {
+impl<Tx, Err, R: Send + Sync + 'static> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err, R> {
    /// Awaits the state root
    ///
    /// # Panics
@@ -595,7 +634,7 @@ impl<Tx, Err> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {

        move |source: StateChangeSource, state: &EvmState| {
            if let Some(sender) = &to_multi_proof {
-                let _ = sender.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, state.clone()));
+                let _ = sender.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source.into(), state.clone()));
            }
        }
    }
@@ -619,9 +658,14 @@ impl<Tx, Err> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {

    /// Terminates the entire caching task.
    ///
-    /// If the [`BundleState`] is provided it will update the shared cache.
-    pub(super) fn terminate_caching(&mut self, block_output: Option<&BundleState>) {
-        self.prewarm_handle.terminate_caching(block_output)
+    /// If the [`ExecutionOutcome`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
+    /// bundle state. Using `Arc<ExecutionOutcome>` allows sharing with the main execution
+    /// path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+    pub(super) fn terminate_caching(
+        &mut self,
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
+    ) {
+        self.prewarm_handle.terminate_caching(execution_outcome)
    }

    /// Returns iterator yielding transactions from the stream.
@@ -633,17 +677,20 @@ impl<Tx, Err> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {
 }

 /// Access to the spawned [`PrewarmCacheTask`].
+///
+/// Generic over `R` (receipt type) to allow sharing `Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>` with the
+/// prewarm task without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct CacheTaskHandle {
+pub(crate) struct CacheTaskHandle<R> {
    /// The shared cache the task operates with.
    cache: Option<StateExecutionCache>,
    /// Metrics for the caches
    cache_metrics: Option<CachedStateMetrics>,
    /// Channel to the spawned prewarm task if any
-    to_prewarm_task: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>>,
+    to_prewarm_task: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<R>>>,
 }

-impl CacheTaskHandle {
+impl<R: Send + Sync + 'static> CacheTaskHandle<R> {
    /// Terminates the pre-warming transaction processing.
    ///
    /// Note: This does not terminate the task yet.
@@ -655,20 +702,25 @@ impl CacheTaskHandle {

    /// Terminates the entire pre-warming task.
    ///
-    /// If the [`BundleState`] is provided it will update the shared cache.
-    pub(super) fn terminate_caching(&mut self, block_output: Option<&BundleState>) {
+    /// If the [`ExecutionOutcome`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
+    /// bundle state. Using `Arc<ExecutionOutcome>` avoids cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+    pub(super) fn terminate_caching(
+        &mut self,
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
+    ) {
        if let Some(tx) = self.to_prewarm_task.take() {
-            // Only clone when we have an active task and a state to send
-            let event = PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { block_output: block_output.cloned() };
+            let event = PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome };
            let _ = tx.send(event);
        }
    }
 }

-impl Drop for CacheTaskHandle {
+impl<R> Drop for CacheTaskHandle<R> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        // Ensure we always terminate on drop
-        self.terminate_caching(None);
+        // Ensure we always terminate on drop - send None without needing Send + Sync bounds
+        if let Some(tx) = self.to_prewarm_task.take() {
+            let _ = tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome: None });
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -721,6 +773,8 @@ impl ExecutionCache {

        cache
            .as_ref()
+            // Check `is_available()` to ensure no other tasks (e.g., prewarming) currently hold
+            // a reference to this cache. We can only reuse it when we have exclusive access.
            .filter(|c| c.executed_block_hash() == parent_hash && c.is_available())
            .cloned()
    }
@@ -1062,6 +1116,7 @@ mod tests {
            StateProviderBuilder::new(provider_factory.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory),
            &TreeConfig::default(),
+            None, // No BAL for test
        );

        let mut state_hook = handle.state_hook();
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/multiproof.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/multiproof.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 //! Multiproof task related functionality.

+use crate::tree::payload_processor::bal::bal_to_hashed_post_state;
+use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use alloy_evm::block::StateChangeSource;
 use alloy_primitives::{
    keccak256,
@@ -11,6 +13,7 @@ use dashmap::DashMap;
 use derive_more::derive::Deref;
 use metrics::{Gauge, Histogram};
 use reth_metrics::Metrics;
+use reth_provider::AccountReader;
 use reth_revm::state::EvmState;
 use reth_trie::{
    added_removed_keys::MultiAddedRemovedKeys, DecodedMultiProof, HashedPostState, HashedStorage,
@@ -26,6 +29,30 @@ use reth_trie_parallel::{
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, mem, ops::DerefMut, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
 use tracing::{debug, error, instrument, trace};

+/// Source of state changes, either from EVM execution or from a Block Access List.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum Source {
+    /// State changes from EVM execution.
+    Evm(StateChangeSource),
+    /// State changes from Block Access List (EIP-7928).
+    BlockAccessList,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for Source {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Evm(source) => source.fmt(f),
+            Self::BlockAccessList => f.write_str("BlockAccessList"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<StateChangeSource> for Source {
+    fn from(source: StateChangeSource) -> Self {
+        Self::Evm(source)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Maximum number of targets to batch together for prefetch batching.
 /// Prefetches are just proof requests (no state merging), so we allow a higher cap than state
 /// updates
@@ -82,7 +109,7 @@ pub(super) enum MultiProofMessage {
    /// Prefetch proof targets
    PrefetchProofs(MultiProofTargets),
    /// New state update from transaction execution with its source
-    StateUpdate(StateChangeSource, EvmState),
+    StateUpdate(Source, EvmState),
    /// State update that can be applied to the sparse trie without any new proofs.
    ///
    /// It can be the case when all accounts and storage slots from the state update were already
@@ -93,6 +120,11 @@ pub(super) enum MultiProofMessage {
        /// The state update that was used to calculate the proof
        state: HashedPostState,
    },
+    /// Block Access List (EIP-7928; BAL) containing complete state changes for the block.
+    ///
+    /// When received, the task generates a single state update from the BAL and processes it.
+    /// No further messages are expected after receiving this variant.
+    BlockAccessList(Arc<BlockAccessList>),
    /// Signals state update stream end.
    ///
    /// This is triggered by block execution, indicating that no additional state updates are
@@ -138,11 +170,6 @@ impl ProofSequencer {
        while let Some(pending) = self.pending_proofs.remove(&current_sequence) {
            consecutive_proofs.push(pending);
            current_sequence += 1;
-
-            // if we don't have the next number, stop collecting
-            if !self.pending_proofs.contains_key(&current_sequence) {
-                break;
-            }
        }

        self.next_to_deliver += consecutive_proofs.len() as u64;
@@ -280,7 +307,7 @@ impl StorageMultiproofInput {
 /// Input parameters for dispatching a multiproof calculation.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct MultiproofInput {
-    source: Option<StateChangeSource>,
+    source: Option<Source>,
    hashed_state_update: HashedPostState,
    proof_targets: MultiProofTargets,
    proof_sequence_number: u64,
@@ -883,9 +910,19 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
        skip(self, update),
        fields(accounts = update.len(), chunks = 0)
    )]
-    fn on_state_update(&mut self, source: StateChangeSource, update: EvmState) -> u64 {
+    fn on_state_update(&mut self, source: Source, update: EvmState) -> u64 {
        let hashed_state_update = evm_state_to_hashed_post_state(update);
+        self.on_hashed_state_update(source, hashed_state_update)
+    }

+    /// Processes a hashed state update and dispatches multiproofs as needed.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the number of state updates dispatched (both `EmptyProof` and regular multiproofs).
+    fn on_hashed_state_update(
+        &mut self,
+        source: Source,
+        hashed_state_update: HashedPostState,
+    ) -> u64 {
        // Update removed keys based on the state update.
        self.multi_added_removed_keys.update_with_state(&hashed_state_update);

@@ -982,12 +1019,16 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
    /// This preserves ordering without requeuing onto the channel.
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if done, `false` to continue.
-    fn process_multiproof_message(
+    fn process_multiproof_message<P>(
        &mut self,
        msg: MultiProofMessage,
        ctx: &mut MultiproofBatchCtx,
        batch_metrics: &mut MultiproofBatchMetrics,
-    ) -> bool {
+        provider: &P,
+    ) -> bool
+    where
+        P: AccountReader,
+    {
        match msg {
            // Prefetch proofs: batch consecutive prefetch requests up to target/message limits
            MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(targets) => {
@@ -1146,6 +1187,56 @@ impl MultiProofTask {

                false
            }
+            // Process Block Access List (BAL) - complete state changes provided upfront
+            MultiProofMessage::BlockAccessList(bal) => {
+                trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof", "processing MultiProofMessage::BAL");
+
+                if ctx.first_update_time.is_none() {
+                    self.metrics
+                        .first_update_wait_time_histogram
+                        .record(ctx.start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
+                    ctx.first_update_time = Some(Instant::now());
+                    debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof", "Started state root calculation from BAL");
+                }
+
+                // Convert BAL to HashedPostState and process it
+                match bal_to_hashed_post_state(&bal, &provider) {
+                    Ok(hashed_state) => {
+                        debug!(
+                            target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof",
+                            accounts = hashed_state.accounts.len(),
+                            storages = hashed_state.storages.len(),
+                            "Processing BAL state update"
+                        );
+
+                        // Use BlockAccessList as source for BAL-derived state updates
+                        batch_metrics.state_update_proofs_requested +=
+                            self.on_hashed_state_update(Source::BlockAccessList, hashed_state);
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        error!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof", ?err, "Failed to convert BAL to hashed state");
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Mark updates as finished since BAL provides complete state
+                ctx.updates_finished_time = Some(Instant::now());
+
+                // Check if we're done (might need to wait for proofs to complete)
+                if self.is_done(
+                    batch_metrics.proofs_processed,
+                    batch_metrics.state_update_proofs_requested,
+                    batch_metrics.prefetch_proofs_requested,
+                    ctx.updates_finished(),
+                ) {
+                    debug!(
+                        target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof",
+                        "BAL processed and all proofs complete, ending calculation"
+                    );
+                    return true;
+                }
+                false
+            }
            // Signal that no more state updates will arrive
            MultiProofMessage::FinishedStateUpdates => {
                trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof", "processing MultiProofMessage::FinishedStateUpdates");
@@ -1238,7 +1329,10 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
        target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof",
        skip_all
    )]
-    pub(crate) fn run(mut self) {
+    pub(crate) fn run<P>(mut self, provider: P)
+    where
+        P: AccountReader,
+    {
        let mut ctx = MultiproofBatchCtx::new(Instant::now());
        let mut batch_metrics = MultiproofBatchMetrics::default();

@@ -1248,7 +1342,7 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
            trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof", "entering main channel receiving loop");

            if let Some(msg) = ctx.pending_msg.take() {
-                if self.process_multiproof_message(msg, &mut ctx, &mut batch_metrics) {
+                if self.process_multiproof_message(msg, &mut ctx, &mut batch_metrics, &provider) {
                    break 'main;
                }
                continue;
@@ -1323,7 +1417,7 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
                        }
                    };

-                    if self.process_multiproof_message(msg, &mut ctx, &mut batch_metrics) {
+                    if self.process_multiproof_message(msg, &mut ctx, &mut batch_metrics, &provider) {
                        break 'main;
                    }
                }
@@ -1359,6 +1453,9 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
 /// Context for multiproof message batching loop.
 ///
 /// Contains processing state that persists across loop iterations.
+///
+/// Used by `process_multiproof_message` to batch consecutive same-type messages received via
+/// `try_recv` for efficient processing.
 struct MultiproofBatchCtx {
    /// Buffers a non-matching message type encountered during batching.
    /// Processed first in next iteration to preserve ordering while allowing same-type
@@ -1374,7 +1471,7 @@ struct MultiproofBatchCtx {
    /// Reusable buffer for accumulating prefetch targets during batching.
    accumulated_prefetch_targets: Vec<MultiProofTargets>,
    /// Reusable buffer for accumulating state updates during batching.
-    accumulated_state_updates: Vec<(StateChangeSource, EvmState)>,
+    accumulated_state_updates: Vec<(Source, EvmState)>,
 }

 impl MultiproofBatchCtx {
@@ -1492,34 +1589,44 @@ where
 /// are safe to merge because they originate from the same logical execution and can be
 /// coalesced to amortize proof work.
 fn can_batch_state_update(
-    batch_source: StateChangeSource,
+    batch_source: Source,
    batch_update: &EvmState,
-    next_source: StateChangeSource,
+    next_source: Source,
    next_update: &EvmState,
 ) -> bool {
-    if !same_state_change_source(batch_source, next_source) {
+    if !same_source(batch_source, next_source) {
        return false;
    }

    match (batch_source, next_source) {
-        (StateChangeSource::PreBlock(_), StateChangeSource::PreBlock(_)) |
-        (StateChangeSource::PostBlock(_), StateChangeSource::PostBlock(_)) => {
-            batch_update == next_update
-        }
+        (
+            Source::Evm(StateChangeSource::PreBlock(_)),
+            Source::Evm(StateChangeSource::PreBlock(_)),
+        ) |
+        (
+            Source::Evm(StateChangeSource::PostBlock(_)),
+            Source::Evm(StateChangeSource::PostBlock(_)),
+        ) => batch_update == next_update,
        _ => true,
    }
 }

-/// Checks whether two state change sources refer to the same origin.
-fn same_state_change_source(lhs: StateChangeSource, rhs: StateChangeSource) -> bool {
+/// Checks whether two sources refer to the same origin.
+fn same_source(lhs: Source, rhs: Source) -> bool {
    match (lhs, rhs) {
-        (StateChangeSource::Transaction(a), StateChangeSource::Transaction(b)) => a == b,
-        (StateChangeSource::PreBlock(a), StateChangeSource::PreBlock(b)) => {
-            mem::discriminant(&a) == mem::discriminant(&b)
-        }
-        (StateChangeSource::PostBlock(a), StateChangeSource::PostBlock(b)) => {
-            mem::discriminant(&a) == mem::discriminant(&b)
-        }
+        (
+            Source::Evm(StateChangeSource::Transaction(a)),
+            Source::Evm(StateChangeSource::Transaction(b)),
+        ) => a == b,
+        (
+            Source::Evm(StateChangeSource::PreBlock(a)),
+            Source::Evm(StateChangeSource::PreBlock(b)),
+        ) => mem::discriminant(&a) == mem::discriminant(&b),
+        (
+            Source::Evm(StateChangeSource::PostBlock(a)),
+            Source::Evm(StateChangeSource::PostBlock(b)),
+        ) => mem::discriminant(&a) == mem::discriminant(&b),
+        (Source::BlockAccessList, Source::BlockAccessList) => true,
        _ => false,
    }
 }
@@ -1539,7 +1646,8 @@ fn estimate_evm_state_targets(state: &EvmState) -> usize {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
-    use alloy_primitives::map::B256Set;
+    use alloy_eip7928::{AccountChanges, BalanceChange};
+    use alloy_primitives::{map::B256Set, Address};
    use reth_provider::{
        providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, test_utils::create_test_provider_factory,
        BlockReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader,
@@ -1548,7 +1656,7 @@ mod tests {
    use reth_trie::MultiProof;
    use reth_trie_parallel::proof_task::{ProofTaskCtx, ProofWorkerHandle};
    use revm_primitives::{B256, U256};
-    use std::sync::OnceLock;
+    use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
    use tokio::runtime::{Handle, Runtime};

    /// Get a handle to the test runtime, creating it if necessary
@@ -2109,8 +2217,8 @@ mod tests {
        let source = StateChangeSource::Transaction(0);

        let tx = task.state_root_message_sender();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, update1.clone())).unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, update2.clone())).unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source.into(), update1.clone())).unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source.into(), update2.clone())).unwrap();

        let proofs_requested =
            if let Ok(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(_src, update)) = task.rx.recv() {
@@ -2129,7 +2237,7 @@ mod tests {
                assert!(merged_update.contains_key(&addr1));
                assert!(merged_update.contains_key(&addr2));

-                task.on_state_update(source, merged_update)
+                task.on_state_update(source.into(), merged_update)
            } else {
                panic!("Expected StateUpdate message");
            };
@@ -2173,20 +2281,20 @@ mod tests {

        // Queue: A1 (immediate dispatch), B1 (batched), A2 (should become pending)
        let tx = task.state_root_message_sender();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source_a, create_state_update(addr_a1, 100)))
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source_a.into(), create_state_update(addr_a1, 100)))
            .unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source_b, create_state_update(addr_b1, 200)))
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source_b.into(), create_state_update(addr_b1, 200)))
            .unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source_a, create_state_update(addr_a2, 300)))
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source_a.into(), create_state_update(addr_a2, 300)))
            .unwrap();

        let mut pending_msg: Option<MultiProofMessage> = None;

        if let Ok(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(first_source, _)) = task.rx.recv() {
-            assert!(same_state_change_source(first_source, source_a));
+            assert!(same_source(first_source, source_a.into()));

            // Simulate batching loop for remaining messages
-            let mut accumulated_updates: Vec<(StateChangeSource, EvmState)> = Vec::new();
+            let mut accumulated_updates: Vec<(Source, EvmState)> = Vec::new();
            let mut accumulated_targets = 0usize;

            loop {
@@ -2234,7 +2342,7 @@ mod tests {

            assert_eq!(accumulated_updates.len(), 1, "Should only batch matching sources");
            let batch_source = accumulated_updates[0].0;
-            assert!(same_state_change_source(batch_source, source_b));
+            assert!(same_source(batch_source, source_b.into()));

            let batch_source = accumulated_updates[0].0;
            let mut merged_update = accumulated_updates.remove(0).1;
@@ -2242,10 +2350,7 @@ mod tests {
                merged_update.extend(next_update);
            }

-            assert!(
-                same_state_change_source(batch_source, source_b),
-                "Batch should use matching source"
-            );
+            assert!(same_source(batch_source, source_b.into()), "Batch should use matching source");
            assert!(merged_update.contains_key(&addr_b1));
            assert!(!merged_update.contains_key(&addr_a1));
            assert!(!merged_update.contains_key(&addr_a2));
@@ -2255,7 +2360,7 @@ mod tests {

        match pending_msg {
            Some(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(pending_source, pending_update)) => {
-                assert!(same_state_change_source(pending_source, source_a));
+                assert!(same_source(pending_source, source_a.into()));
                assert!(pending_update.contains_key(&addr_a2));
            }
            other => panic!("Expected pending StateUpdate with source_a, got {:?}", other),
@@ -2298,17 +2403,20 @@ mod tests {

        // Queue: first update dispatched immediately, next two should not merge
        let tx = task.state_root_message_sender();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, create_state_update(addr1, 100))).unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, create_state_update(addr2, 200))).unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, create_state_update(addr3, 300))).unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source.into(), create_state_update(addr1, 100)))
+            .unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source.into(), create_state_update(addr2, 200)))
+            .unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source.into(), create_state_update(addr3, 300)))
+            .unwrap();

        let mut pending_msg: Option<MultiProofMessage> = None;

        if let Ok(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(first_source, first_update)) = task.rx.recv() {
-            assert!(same_state_change_source(first_source, source));
+            assert!(same_source(first_source, source.into()));
            assert!(first_update.contains_key(&addr1));

-            let mut accumulated_updates: Vec<(StateChangeSource, EvmState)> = Vec::new();
+            let mut accumulated_updates: Vec<(Source, EvmState)> = Vec::new();
            let mut accumulated_targets = 0usize;

            loop {
@@ -2360,7 +2468,7 @@ mod tests {
                "Second pre-block update should not merge with a different payload"
            );
            let (batched_source, batched_update) = accumulated_updates.remove(0);
-            assert!(same_state_change_source(batched_source, source));
+            assert!(same_source(batched_source, source.into()));
            assert!(batched_update.contains_key(&addr2));
            assert!(!batched_update.contains_key(&addr3));

@@ -2440,8 +2548,8 @@ mod tests {
        let tx = task.state_root_message_sender();
        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(targets1)).unwrap();
        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(targets2)).unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, state_update1)).unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, state_update2)).unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source.into(), state_update1)).unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source.into(), state_update2)).unwrap();
        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(targets3.clone())).unwrap();

        // Step 1: Receive and batch PrefetchProofs (should get targets1 + targets2)
@@ -2508,6 +2616,7 @@ mod tests {
        use revm_state::Account;

        let test_provider_factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        let test_provider = test_provider_factory.latest().unwrap();
        let mut task = create_test_state_root_task(test_provider_factory);

        // Queue: Prefetch1, StateUpdate, Prefetch2
@@ -2539,7 +2648,7 @@ mod tests {

        let tx = task.state_root_message_sender();
        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(prefetch1)).unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, state_update)).unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source.into(), state_update)).unwrap();
        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(prefetch2.clone())).unwrap();

        let mut ctx = MultiproofBatchCtx::new(Instant::now());
@@ -2548,12 +2657,22 @@ mod tests {
        // First message: Prefetch1 batches; StateUpdate becomes pending.
        let first = task.rx.recv().unwrap();
        assert!(matches!(first, MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(_)));
-        assert!(!task.process_multiproof_message(first, &mut ctx, &mut batch_metrics));
+        assert!(!task.process_multiproof_message(
+            first,
+            &mut ctx,
+            &mut batch_metrics,
+            &test_provider
+        ));
        let pending = ctx.pending_msg.take().expect("pending message captured");
        assert!(matches!(pending, MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(_, _)));

        // Pending message should be handled before the next select loop.
-        assert!(!task.process_multiproof_message(pending, &mut ctx, &mut batch_metrics));
+        assert!(!task.process_multiproof_message(
+            pending,
+            &mut ctx,
+            &mut batch_metrics,
+            &test_provider
+        ));

        // Prefetch2 should now be in pending_msg (captured by StateUpdate's batching loop).
        match ctx.pending_msg.take() {
@@ -2625,12 +2744,21 @@ mod tests {
        // Queue: [Prefetch1, State1, State2, State3, Prefetch2]
        let tx = task.state_root_message_sender();
        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(prefetch1.clone())).unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, create_state_update(state_addr1, 100)))
-            .unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, create_state_update(state_addr2, 200)))
-            .unwrap();
-        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(source, create_state_update(state_addr3, 300)))
-            .unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(
+            source.into(),
+            create_state_update(state_addr1, 100),
+        ))
+        .unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(
+            source.into(),
+            create_state_update(state_addr2, 200),
+        ))
+        .unwrap();
+        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::StateUpdate(
+            source.into(),
+            create_state_update(state_addr3, 300),
+        ))
+        .unwrap();
        tx.send(MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(prefetch2.clone())).unwrap();

        // Simulate the state-machine loop behavior
@@ -2703,4 +2831,44 @@ mod tests {
            _ => panic!("Prefetch2 was lost!"),
        }
    }
+
+    /// Verifies that BAL messages are processed correctly and generate state updates.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bal_message_processing() {
+        let test_provider_factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        let test_provider = test_provider_factory.latest().unwrap();
+        let mut task = create_test_state_root_task(test_provider_factory);
+
+        // Create a simple BAL with one account change
+        let account_address = Address::random();
+        let account_changes = AccountChanges {
+            address: account_address,
+            balance_changes: vec![BalanceChange::new(0, U256::from(1000))],
+            nonce_changes: vec![],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+            storage_changes: vec![],
+            storage_reads: vec![],
+        };
+
+        let bal = Arc::new(vec![account_changes]);
+
+        let mut ctx = MultiproofBatchCtx::new(Instant::now());
+        let mut batch_metrics = MultiproofBatchMetrics::default();
+
+        let should_finish = task.process_multiproof_message(
+            MultiProofMessage::BlockAccessList(bal),
+            &mut ctx,
+            &mut batch_metrics,
+            &test_provider,
+        );
+
+        // BAL should mark updates as finished
+        assert!(ctx.updates_finished_time.is_some());
+
+        // Should have dispatched state update proofs
+        assert!(batch_metrics.state_update_proofs_requested > 0);
+
+        // Should need to wait for the results of those proofs to arrive
+        assert!(!should_finish, "Should continue waiting for proofs");
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs
@@ -27,10 +27,11 @@ use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, map::B256Set, B256};
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
 use metrics::{Counter, Gauge, Histogram};
 use reth_evm::{execute::ExecutableTxFor, ConfigureEvm, Evm, EvmFor, SpecFor};
+use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
 use reth_metrics::Metrics;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
-use reth_provider::{BlockReader, StateProviderBox, StateProviderFactory, StateReader};
-use reth_revm::{database::StateProviderDatabase, db::BundleState, state::EvmState};
+use reth_provider::{BlockReader, StateProviderFactory, StateReader};
+use reth_revm::{database::StateProviderDatabase, state::EvmState};
 use reth_trie::MultiProofTargets;
 use std::{
    sync::{
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ where
    /// Sender to emit evm state outcome messages, if any.
    to_multi_proof: Option<CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>>,
    /// Receiver for events produced by tx execution
-    actions_rx: Receiver<PrewarmTaskEvent>,
+    actions_rx: Receiver<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
    /// Parent span for tracing
    parent_span: Span,
 }
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ where
        to_multi_proof: Option<CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>>,
        transaction_count_hint: usize,
        max_concurrency: usize,
-    ) -> (Self, Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>) {
+    ) -> (Self, Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>) {
        let (actions_tx, actions_rx) = channel();

        trace!(
@@ -135,8 +136,11 @@ where
    /// For Optimism chains, special handling is applied to the first transaction if it's a
    /// deposit transaction (type 0x7E/126) which sets critical metadata that affects all
    /// subsequent transactions in the block.
-    fn spawn_all<Tx>(&self, pending: mpsc::Receiver<Tx>, actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>)
-    where
+    fn spawn_all<Tx>(
+        &self,
+        pending: mpsc::Receiver<Tx>,
+        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
+    ) where
        Tx: ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + Clone + Send + 'static,
    {
        let executor = self.executor.clone();
@@ -248,7 +252,7 @@ where
    ///
    /// This method is called from `run()` only after all execution tasks are complete.
    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", skip_all)]
-    fn save_cache(self, state: BundleState) {
+    fn save_cache(self, execution_outcome: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>) {
        let start = Instant::now();

        let Self { execution_cache, ctx: PrewarmContext { env, metrics, saved_cache, .. }, .. } =
@@ -265,7 +269,8 @@ where
                let new_cache = SavedCache::new(hash, caches, cache_metrics);

                // Insert state into cache while holding the lock
-                if new_cache.cache().insert_state(&state).is_err() {
+                // Access the BundleState through the shared ExecutionOutcome
+                if new_cache.cache().insert_state(execution_outcome.state()).is_err() {
                    // Clear the cache on error to prevent having a polluted cache
                    *cached = None;
                    debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on update error");
@@ -300,12 +305,12 @@ where
    pub(super) fn run(
        self,
        pending: mpsc::Receiver<impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + Clone + Send + 'static>,
-        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>,
+        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
    ) {
        // spawn execution tasks.
        self.spawn_all(pending, actions_tx);

-        let mut final_block_output = None;
+        let mut final_execution_outcome = None;
        let mut finished_execution = false;
        while let Ok(event) = self.actions_rx.recv() {
            match event {
@@ -318,9 +323,9 @@ where
                    // completed executing a set of transactions
                    self.send_multi_proof_targets(proof_targets);
                }
-                PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { block_output } => {
+                PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome } => {
                    trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "Received termination signal");
-                    final_block_output = Some(block_output);
+                    final_execution_outcome = Some(execution_outcome);

                    if finished_execution {
                        // all tasks are done, we can exit, which will save caches and exit
@@ -334,7 +339,7 @@ where

                    finished_execution = true;

-                    if final_block_output.is_some() {
+                    if final_execution_outcome.is_some() {
                        // all tasks are done, we can exit, which will save caches and exit
                        break
                    }
@@ -344,9 +349,9 @@ where

        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "Completed prewarm execution");

-        // save caches and finish
-        if let Some(Some(state)) = final_block_output {
-            self.save_cache(state);
+        // save caches and finish using the shared ExecutionOutcome
+        if let Some(Some(execution_outcome)) = final_execution_outcome {
+            self.save_cache(execution_outcome);
        }
    }
 }
@@ -388,10 +393,10 @@ where
            metrics,
            terminate_execution,
            precompile_cache_disabled,
-            mut precompile_cache_map,
+            precompile_cache_map,
        } = self;

-        let state_provider = match provider.build() {
+        let mut state_provider = match provider.build() {
            Ok(provider) => provider,
            Err(err) => {
                trace!(
@@ -404,13 +409,15 @@ where
        };

        // Use the caches to create a new provider with caching
-        let state_provider: StateProviderBox = if let Some(saved_cache) = saved_cache {
+        if let Some(saved_cache) = saved_cache {
            let caches = saved_cache.cache().clone();
            let cache_metrics = saved_cache.metrics().clone();
-            Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new_with_caches(state_provider, caches, cache_metrics))
-        } else {
-            state_provider
-        };
+            state_provider = Box::new(
+                CachedStateProvider::new(state_provider, caches, cache_metrics)
+                    // ensure we pre-warm the cache
+                    .prewarm(),
+            );
+        }

        let state_provider = StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider);

@@ -452,7 +459,7 @@ where
    fn transact_batch<Tx>(
        self,
        txs: mpsc::Receiver<IndexedTransaction<Tx>>,
-        sender: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>,
+        sender: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
        done_tx: Sender<()>,
    ) where
        Tx: ExecutableTxFor<Evm>,
@@ -533,7 +540,7 @@ where
        &self,
        idx: usize,
        executor: &WorkloadExecutor,
-        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>,
+        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
        done_tx: Sender<()>,
    ) -> mpsc::Sender<IndexedTransaction<Tx>>
    where
@@ -589,14 +596,18 @@ fn multiproof_targets_from_state(state: EvmState) -> (MultiProofTargets, usize)
 }

 /// The events the pre-warm task can handle.
-pub(super) enum PrewarmTaskEvent {
+///
+/// Generic over `R` (receipt type) to allow sharing `Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>` with the main
+/// execution path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+pub(super) enum PrewarmTaskEvent<R> {
    /// Forcefully terminate all remaining transaction execution.
    TerminateTransactionExecution,
    /// Forcefully terminate the task on demand and update the shared cache with the given output
    /// before exiting.
    Terminate {
-        /// The final block state output.
-        block_output: Option<BundleState>,
+        /// The final execution outcome. Using `Arc` allows sharing with the main execution
+        /// path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
    },
    /// The outcome of a pre-warm task
    Outcome {
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs
@@ -35,12 +35,13 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{
 };
 use reth_provider::{
    providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, BlockExecutionOutput, BlockReader,
-    DatabaseProviderFactory, ExecutionOutcome, HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError,
-    PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
-    StateRootProvider, TrieReader,
+    DatabaseProviderFactory, DatabaseProviderROFactory, ExecutionOutcome, HashedPostStateProvider,
+    ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProvider,
+    StateProviderFactory, StateReader, TrieReader,
 };
 use reth_revm::db::State;
-use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState, TrieInputSorted};
+use reth_storage_errors::db::DatabaseError;
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState, StateRoot, TrieInputSorted};
 use reth_trie_parallel::root::{ParallelStateRoot, ParallelStateRootError};
 use revm_primitives::Address;
 use std::{
@@ -374,7 +375,8 @@ where
        let mut state_provider = ensure_ok!(provider_builder.build());
        drop(_enter);

-        // fetch parent block
+        // Fetch parent block. This goes to memory most of the time unless the parent block is
+        // beyond the in-memory buffer.
        let Some(parent_block) = ensure_ok!(self.sealed_header_by_hash(parent_hash, ctx.state()))
        else {
            return Err(InsertBlockError::new(
@@ -399,9 +401,17 @@ where
            "Decided which state root algorithm to run"
        );

-        // use prewarming background task
+        // Get an iterator over the transactions in the payload
        let txs = self.tx_iterator_for(&input)?;

+        // Extract the BAL, if valid and available
+        let block_access_list = ensure_ok!(input
+            .block_access_list()
+            .transpose()
+            // Eventually gets converted to a `InsertBlockErrorKind::Other`
+            .map_err(Box::<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>::from))
+        .map(Arc::new);
+
        // Spawn the appropriate processor based on strategy
        let mut handle = ensure_ok!(self.spawn_payload_processor(
            env.clone(),
@@ -410,26 +420,23 @@ where
            parent_hash,
            ctx.state(),
            strategy,
+            block_access_list,
        ));

        // Use cached state provider before executing, used in execution after prewarming threads
        // complete
        if let Some((caches, cache_metrics)) = handle.caches().zip(handle.cache_metrics()) {
-            state_provider = Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new_with_caches(
-                state_provider,
-                caches,
-                cache_metrics,
-            ));
+            state_provider =
+                Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new(state_provider, caches, cache_metrics));
        };

+        if self.config.state_provider_metrics() {
+            state_provider = Box::new(InstrumentedStateProvider::new(state_provider, "engine"));
+        }
+
        // Execute the block and handle any execution errors
-        let (output, senders) = match if self.config.state_provider_metrics() {
-            let state_provider =
-                InstrumentedStateProvider::from_state_provider(&state_provider, "engine");
-            self.execute_block(&state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle)
-        } else {
-            self.execute_block(&state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle)
-        } {
+        let (output, senders) = match self.execute_block(&state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle)
+        {
            Ok(output) => output,
            Err(err) => return self.handle_execution_error(input, err, &parent_block),
        };
@@ -513,7 +520,7 @@ where
            }

            let (root, updates) = ensure_ok_post_block!(
-                state_provider.state_root_with_updates(hashed_state.clone()),
+                self.compute_state_root_serial(block.parent_hash(), &hashed_state, ctx.state()),
                block
            );
            (root, updates, root_time.elapsed())
@@ -543,17 +550,14 @@ where
            .into())
        }

-        // terminate prewarming task with good state output
-        handle.terminate_caching(Some(&output.state));
+        // Create ExecutionOutcome and wrap in Arc for sharing with both the caching task
+        // and the deferred trie task. This avoids cloning the expensive BundleState.
+        let execution_outcome = Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::from((output, block_num_hash.number)));

-        Ok(self.spawn_deferred_trie_task(
-            block,
-            output,
-            block_num_hash.number,
-            &ctx,
-            hashed_state,
-            trie_output,
-        ))
+        // Terminate prewarming task with the shared execution outcome
+        handle.terminate_caching(Some(Arc::clone(&execution_outcome)));
+
+        Ok(self.spawn_deferred_trie_task(block, execution_outcome, &ctx, hashed_state, trie_output))
    }

    /// Return sealed block header from database or in-memory state by hash.
@@ -596,7 +600,7 @@ where
        state_provider: S,
        env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
        input: &BlockOrPayload<T>,
-        handle: &mut PayloadHandle<impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm>, Err>,
+        handle: &mut PayloadHandle<impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm>, Err, N::Receipt>,
    ) -> Result<(BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>, Vec<Address>), InsertBlockErrorKind>
    where
        S: StateProvider,
@@ -608,7 +612,7 @@ where
        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Executing block");

        let mut db = State::builder()
-            .with_database(StateProviderDatabase::new(&state_provider))
+            .with_database(StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider))
            .with_bundle_update()
            .without_state_clear()
            .build();
@@ -654,8 +658,6 @@ where
    ///
    /// Returns `Ok(_)` if computed successfully.
    /// Returns `Err(_)` if error was encountered during computation.
-    /// `Err(ProviderError::ConsistentView(_))` can be safely ignored and fallback computation
-    /// should be used instead.
    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
    fn compute_state_root_parallel(
        &self,
@@ -685,6 +687,36 @@ where
        ParallelStateRoot::new(factory, prefix_sets).incremental_root_with_updates()
    }

+    /// Compute state root for the given hashed post state in serial.
+    fn compute_state_root_serial(
+        &self,
+        parent_hash: B256,
+        hashed_state: &HashedPostState,
+        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
+        let (mut input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
+
+        // Extend state overlay with current block's sorted state.
+        input.prefix_sets.extend(hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets());
+        let sorted_hashed_state = hashed_state.clone_into_sorted();
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut input.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
+
+        let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, .. } = input;
+        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets();
+
+        let factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
+            .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
+            .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
+            .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro()?;
+
+        Ok(StateRoot::new(&provider, &provider)
+            .with_prefix_sets(prefix_sets.freeze())
+            .root_with_updates()
+            .map_err(Into::<DatabaseError>::into)?)
+    }
+
    /// Validates the block after execution.
    ///
    /// This performs:
@@ -779,10 +811,12 @@ where
        parent_hash: B256,
        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
        strategy: StateRootStrategy,
+        block_access_list: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
    ) -> Result<
        PayloadHandle<
            impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + use<N, P, Evm, V, T>,
            impl core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static + use<N, P, Evm, V, T>,
+            N::Receipt,
        >,
        InsertBlockErrorKind,
    > {
@@ -808,12 +842,14 @@ where
                    .record(trie_input_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());

                let spawn_start = Instant::now();
+
                let handle = self.payload_processor.spawn(
                    env,
                    txs,
                    provider_builder,
                    multiproof_provider_factory,
                    &self.config,
+                    block_access_list,
                );

                // record prewarming initialization duration
@@ -1015,8 +1051,7 @@ where
    fn spawn_deferred_trie_task(
        &self,
        block: RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
-        output: BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>,
-        block_number: u64,
+        execution_outcome: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
        ctx: &TreeCtx<'_, N>,
        hashed_state: HashedPostState,
        trie_output: TrieUpdates,
@@ -1066,7 +1101,7 @@ where

        ExecutedBlock::with_deferred_trie_data(
            Arc::new(block),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::from((output, block_number))),
+            execution_outcome,
            deferred_trie_data,
        )
    }
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/precompile_cache.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/precompile_cache.rs
@@ -1,50 +1,56 @@
 //! Contains a precompile cache backed by `schnellru::LruMap` (LRU by length).

 use alloy_primitives::Bytes;
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use dashmap::DashMap;
 use reth_evm::precompiles::{DynPrecompile, Precompile, PrecompileInput};
 use revm::precompile::{PrecompileId, PrecompileOutput, PrecompileResult};
 use revm_primitives::Address;
-use schnellru::LruMap;
-use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
-    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
-    sync::Arc,
-};
+use std::{hash::Hash, sync::Arc};

 /// Default max cache size for [`PrecompileCache`]
 const MAX_CACHE_SIZE: u32 = 10_000;

 /// Stores caches for each precompile.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
-pub struct PrecompileCacheMap<S>(HashMap<Address, PrecompileCache<S>>)
+pub struct PrecompileCacheMap<S>(Arc<DashMap<Address, PrecompileCache<S>>>)
 where
-    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone;
+    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static;

 impl<S> PrecompileCacheMap<S>
 where
    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
 {
-    pub(crate) fn cache_for_address(&mut self, address: Address) -> PrecompileCache<S> {
+    pub(crate) fn cache_for_address(&self, address: Address) -> PrecompileCache<S> {
+        // Try just using `.get` first to avoid acquiring a write lock.
+        if let Some(cache) = self.0.get(&address) {
+            return cache.clone();
+        }
+        // Otherwise, fallback to `.entry` and initialize the cache.
+        //
+        // This should be very rare as caches for all precompiles will be initialized as soon as
+        // first EVM is created.
        self.0.entry(address).or_default().clone()
    }
 }

 /// Cache for precompiles, for each input stores the result.
-///
-/// [`LruMap`] requires a mutable reference on `get` since it updates the LRU order,
-/// so we use a [`Mutex`] instead of an `RwLock`.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct PrecompileCache<S>(Arc<Mutex<LruMap<CacheKey<S>, CacheEntry>>>)
+pub struct PrecompileCache<S>(
+    moka::sync::Cache<Bytes, CacheEntry<S>, alloy_primitives::map::DefaultHashBuilder>,
+)
 where
-    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone;
+    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static;

 impl<S> Default for PrecompileCache<S>
 where
    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
 {
    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self(Arc::new(Mutex::new(LruMap::new(schnellru::ByLength::new(MAX_CACHE_SIZE)))))
+        Self(
+            moka::sync::CacheBuilder::new(MAX_CACHE_SIZE as u64)
+                .initial_capacity(MAX_CACHE_SIZE as usize)
+                .build_with_hasher(Default::default()),
+        )
    }
 }

@@ -52,63 +58,31 @@ impl<S> PrecompileCache<S>
 where
    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
 {
-    fn get(&self, key: &CacheKeyRef<'_, S>) -> Option<CacheEntry> {
-        self.0.lock().get(key).cloned()
+    fn get(&self, input: &[u8], spec: S) -> Option<CacheEntry<S>> {
+        self.0.get(input).filter(|e| e.spec == spec)
    }

    /// Inserts the given key and value into the cache, returning the new cache size.
-    fn insert(&self, key: CacheKey<S>, value: CacheEntry) -> usize {
-        let mut cache = self.0.lock();
-        cache.insert(key, value);
-        cache.len()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Cache key, spec id and precompile call input. spec id is included in the key to account for
-/// precompile repricing across fork activations.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct CacheKey<S>((S, Bytes));
-
-impl<S> CacheKey<S> {
-    const fn new(spec_id: S, input: Bytes) -> Self {
-        Self((spec_id, input))
-    }
-}
-
-/// Cache key reference, used to avoid cloning the input bytes when looking up using a [`CacheKey`].
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct CacheKeyRef<'a, S>((S, &'a [u8]));
-
-impl<'a, S> CacheKeyRef<'a, S> {
-    const fn new(spec_id: S, input: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-        Self((spec_id, input))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S: PartialEq> PartialEq<CacheKey<S>> for CacheKeyRef<'_, S> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &CacheKey<S>) -> bool {
-        self.0 .0 == other.0 .0 && self.0 .1 == other.0 .1.as_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, S: Hash> Hash for CacheKeyRef<'a, S> {
-    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        self.0 .0.hash(state);
-        self.0 .1.hash(state);
+    fn insert(&self, input: Bytes, value: CacheEntry<S>) -> usize {
+        self.0.insert(input, value);
+        self.0.entry_count() as usize
    }
 }

 /// Cache entry, precompile successful output.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct CacheEntry(PrecompileOutput);
+pub struct CacheEntry<S> {
+    output: PrecompileOutput,
+    spec: S,
+}

-impl CacheEntry {
+impl<S> CacheEntry<S> {
    const fn gas_used(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.0.gas_used
+        self.output.gas_used
    }

    fn to_precompile_result(&self) -> PrecompileResult {
-        Ok(self.0.clone())
+        Ok(self.output.clone())
    }
 }

@@ -190,9 +164,7 @@ where
    }

    fn call(&self, input: PrecompileInput<'_>) -> PrecompileResult {
-        let key = CacheKeyRef::new(self.spec_id.clone(), input.data);
-
-        if let Some(entry) = &self.cache.get(&key) {
+        if let Some(entry) = &self.cache.get(input.data, self.spec_id.clone()) {
            self.increment_by_one_precompile_cache_hits();
            if input.gas >= entry.gas_used() {
                return entry.to_precompile_result()
@@ -204,8 +176,10 @@ where

        match &result {
            Ok(output) => {
-                let key = CacheKey::new(self.spec_id.clone(), Bytes::copy_from_slice(calldata));
-                let size = self.cache.insert(key, CacheEntry(output.clone()));
+                let size = self.cache.insert(
+                    Bytes::copy_from_slice(calldata),
+                    CacheEntry { output: output.clone(), spec: self.spec_id.clone() },
+                );
                self.set_precompile_cache_size_metric(size as f64);
                self.increment_by_one_precompile_cache_misses();
            }
@@ -246,31 +220,12 @@ impl CachedPrecompileMetrics {

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use std::hash::DefaultHasher;
-
    use super::*;
    use reth_evm::{EthEvmFactory, Evm, EvmEnv, EvmFactory};
    use reth_revm::db::EmptyDB;
    use revm::{context::TxEnv, precompile::PrecompileOutput};
    use revm_primitives::hardfork::SpecId;

-    #[test]
-    fn test_cache_key_ref_hash() {
-        let key1 = CacheKey::new(SpecId::PRAGUE, b"test_input".into());
-        let key2 = CacheKeyRef::new(SpecId::PRAGUE, b"test_input");
-        assert!(PartialEq::eq(&key2, &key1));
-
-        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-        key1.hash(&mut hasher);
-        let hash1 = hasher.finish();
-
-        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-        key2.hash(&mut hasher);
-        let hash2 = hasher.finish();
-
-        assert_eq!(hash1, hash2);
-    }
-
    #[test]
    fn test_precompile_cache_basic() {
        let dyn_precompile: DynPrecompile = (|_input: PrecompileInput<'_>| -> PrecompileResult {
@@ -293,12 +248,11 @@ mod tests {
            reverted: false,
        };

-        let key = CacheKey::new(SpecId::PRAGUE, b"test_input".into());
-        let expected = CacheEntry(output);
-        cache.cache.insert(key, expected.clone());
+        let input = b"test_input";
+        let expected = CacheEntry { output, spec: SpecId::PRAGUE };
+        cache.cache.insert(input.into(), expected.clone());

-        let key = CacheKeyRef::new(SpecId::PRAGUE, b"test_input");
-        let actual = cache.cache.get(&key).unwrap();
+        let actual = cache.cache.get(input, SpecId::PRAGUE).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
    }
@@ -312,7 +266,7 @@ mod tests {
        let address1 = Address::repeat_byte(1);
        let address2 = Address::repeat_byte(2);

-        let mut cache_map = PrecompileCacheMap::default();
+        let cache_map = PrecompileCacheMap::default();

        // create the first precompile with a specific output
        let precompile1: DynPrecompile = (PrecompileId::custom("custom"), {
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/tests.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
    tree::{
        payload_validator::{BasicEngineValidator, TreeCtx, ValidationOutcome},
        persistence_state::CurrentPersistenceAction,
-        TreeConfig,
+        PersistTarget, TreeConfig,
    },
 };

@@ -285,7 +285,8 @@ impl TestHarness {
        let fcu_state = self.fcu_state(block_hash);

        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-        self.tree
+        let _ = self
+            .tree
            .on_engine_message(FromEngine::Request(
                BeaconEngineMessage::ForkchoiceUpdated {
                    state: fcu_state,
@@ -498,7 +499,7 @@ fn test_tree_persist_block_batch() {

    // process the message
    let msg = test_harness.tree.try_recv_engine_message().unwrap().unwrap();
-    test_harness.tree.on_engine_message(msg).unwrap();
+    let _ = test_harness.tree.on_engine_message(msg).unwrap();

    // we now should receive the other batch
    let msg = test_harness.tree.try_recv_engine_message().unwrap().unwrap();
@@ -577,7 +578,7 @@ async fn test_engine_request_during_backfill() {
        .with_backfill_state(BackfillSyncState::Active);

    let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-    test_harness
+    let _ = test_harness
        .tree
        .on_engine_message(FromEngine::Request(
            BeaconEngineMessage::ForkchoiceUpdated {
@@ -658,7 +659,7 @@ async fn test_holesky_payload() {
        TestHarness::new(HOLESKY.clone()).with_backfill_state(BackfillSyncState::Active);

    let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-    test_harness
+    let _ = test_harness
        .tree
        .on_engine_message(FromEngine::Request(
            BeaconEngineMessage::NewPayload {
@@ -883,7 +884,8 @@ async fn test_get_canonical_blocks_to_persist() {
        .with_persistence_threshold(persistence_threshold)
        .with_memory_block_buffer_target(memory_block_buffer_target);

-    let blocks_to_persist = test_harness.tree.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist().unwrap();
+    let blocks_to_persist =
+        test_harness.tree.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist(PersistTarget::Threshold).unwrap();

    let expected_blocks_to_persist_length: usize =
        (canonical_head_number - memory_block_buffer_target - last_persisted_block_number)
@@ -902,7 +904,8 @@ async fn test_get_canonical_blocks_to_persist() {

    assert!(test_harness.tree.state.tree_state.sealed_header_by_hash(&fork_block_hash).is_some());

-    let blocks_to_persist = test_harness.tree.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist().unwrap();
+    let blocks_to_persist =
+        test_harness.tree.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist(PersistTarget::Threshold).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(blocks_to_persist.len(), expected_blocks_to_persist_length);

    // check that the fork block is not included in the blocks to persist
@@ -981,7 +984,7 @@ async fn test_engine_tree_live_sync_transition_required_blocks_requested() {
    let backfill_tip_block = main_chain[(backfill_finished_block_number - 1) as usize].clone();
    // add block to mock provider to enable persistence clean up.
    test_harness.provider.add_block(backfill_tip_block.hash(), backfill_tip_block.into_block());
-    test_harness.tree.on_engine_message(FromEngine::Event(backfill_finished)).unwrap();
+    let _ = test_harness.tree.on_engine_message(FromEngine::Event(backfill_finished)).unwrap();

    let event = test_harness.from_tree_rx.recv().await.unwrap();
    match event {
@@ -991,7 +994,7 @@ async fn test_engine_tree_live_sync_transition_required_blocks_requested() {
        _ => panic!("Unexpected event: {event:#?}"),
    }

-    test_harness
+    let _ = test_harness
        .tree
        .on_engine_message(FromEngine::DownloadedBlocks(vec![main_chain
            .last()
@@ -1047,7 +1050,7 @@ async fn test_fcu_with_canonical_ancestor_updates_latest_block() {

    // Send FCU to the canonical ancestor
    let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-    test_harness
+    let _ = test_harness
        .tree
        .on_engine_message(FromEngine::Request(
            BeaconEngineMessage::ForkchoiceUpdated {
@@ -1943,4 +1946,53 @@ mod forkchoice_updated_tests {
            .unwrap();
        assert!(result.is_some(), "OpStack should handle canonical head");
    }
+
+    /// Test that engine termination persists all blocks and signals completion.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_engine_termination_with_everything_persisted() {
+        let chain_spec = MAINNET.clone();
+        let mut test_block_builder = TestBlockBuilder::eth().with_chain_spec((*chain_spec).clone());
+
+        // Create 10 blocks to persist
+        let blocks: Vec<_> = test_block_builder.get_executed_blocks(1..11).collect();
+        let canonical_tip = blocks.last().unwrap().recovered_block().number;
+        let test_harness = TestHarness::new(chain_spec).with_blocks(blocks);
+
+        // Create termination channel
+        let (terminate_tx, mut terminate_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+
+        let to_tree_tx = test_harness.to_tree_tx.clone();
+        let action_rx = test_harness.action_rx;
+
+        // Spawn tree in background thread
+        std::thread::Builder::new()
+            .name("Engine Task".to_string())
+            .spawn(|| test_harness.tree.run())
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Send terminate request
+        to_tree_tx
+            .send(FromEngine::Event(FromOrchestrator::Terminate { tx: terminate_tx }))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Handle persistence actions until termination completes
+        let mut last_persisted_number = 0;
+        loop {
+            if terminate_rx.try_recv().is_ok() {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if let Ok(PersistenceAction::SaveBlocks(saved_blocks, sender)) =
+                action_rx.recv_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100))
+            {
+                if let Some(last) = saved_blocks.last() {
+                    last_persisted_number = last.recovered_block().number;
+                }
+                sender.send(saved_blocks.last().map(|b| b.recovered_block().num_hash())).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Ensure we persisted right to the tip
+        assert_eq!(last_persisted_number, canonical_tip);
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/era-utils/src/export.rs
+++ b/crates/era-utils/src/export.rs
@@ -150,6 +150,12 @@ where
        let era1_id = Era1Id::new(&config.network, start_block, block_count as u32)
            .with_hash(historical_root);

+        let era1_id = if config.max_blocks_per_file == MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1 as u64 {
+            era1_id
+        } else {
+            era1_id.with_era_count()
+        };
+
        debug!("Final file name {}", era1_id.to_file_name());
        let file_path = config.dir.join(era1_id.to_file_name());
        let file = std::fs::File::create(&file_path)?;
--- a/crates/era-utils/tests/it/genesis.rs
+++ b/crates/era-utils/tests/it/genesis.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn test_export_with_genesis_only() {
    assert!(file_path.exists(), "Exported file should exist on disk");
    let file_name = file_path.file_name().unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
    assert!(
-        file_name.starts_with("mainnet-00000-00001-"),
+        file_name.starts_with("mainnet-00000-"),
        "File should have correct prefix with era format"
    );
    assert!(file_name.ends_with(".era1"), "File should have correct extension");
--- a/crates/era/src/common/file_ops.rs
+++ b/crates/era/src/common/file_ops.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,11 @@ pub trait EraFileFormat: Sized {

 /// Era file identifiers
 pub trait EraFileId: Clone {
-    /// Convert to standardized file name
-    fn to_file_name(&self) -> String;
+    /// File type for this identifier
+    const FILE_TYPE: EraFileType;
+
+    /// Number of items, slots for `era`, blocks for `era1`, per era
+    const ITEMS_PER_ERA: u64;

    /// Get the network name
    fn network_name(&self) -> &str;
@@ -41,6 +44,43 @@ pub trait EraFileId: Clone {

    /// Get the count of items
    fn count(&self) -> u32;
+
+    /// Get the optional hash identifier
+    fn hash(&self) -> Option<[u8; 4]>;
+
+    /// Whether to include era count in filename
+    fn include_era_count(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Calculate era number
+    fn era_number(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.start_number() / Self::ITEMS_PER_ERA
+    }
+
+    /// Calculate the number of eras spanned per file.
+    ///
+    /// If the user can decide how many slots/blocks per era file there are, we need to calculate
+    /// it. Most of the time it should be 1, but it can never be more than 2 eras per file
+    /// as there is a maximum of 8192 slots/blocks per era file.
+    fn era_count(&self) -> u64 {
+        if self.count() == 0 {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        let first_era = self.era_number();
+        let last_number = self.start_number() + self.count() as u64 - 1;
+        let last_era = last_number / Self::ITEMS_PER_ERA;
+        last_era - first_era + 1
+    }
+
+    /// Convert to standardized file name.
+    fn to_file_name(&self) -> String {
+        Self::FILE_TYPE.format_filename(
+            self.network_name(),
+            self.era_number(),
+            self.hash(),
+            self.include_era_count(),
+            self.era_count(),
+        )
+    }
 }

 /// [`StreamReader`] for reading era-format files
@@ -154,6 +194,37 @@ impl EraFileType {
        }
    }

+    /// Generate era file name.
+    ///
+    /// Standard format: `<config-name>-<era-number>-<short-historical-root>.<ext>`
+    /// See also <https://github.com/eth-clients/e2store-format-specs/blob/main/formats/era.md#file-name>
+    ///
+    /// With era count (for custom exports):
+    /// `<config-name>-<era-number>-<era-count>-<short-historical-root>.<ext>`
+    pub fn format_filename(
+        &self,
+        network_name: &str,
+        era_number: u64,
+        hash: Option<[u8; 4]>,
+        include_era_count: bool,
+        era_count: u64,
+    ) -> String {
+        let hash = format_hash(hash);
+
+        if include_era_count {
+            format!(
+                "{}-{:05}-{:05}-{}{}",
+                network_name,
+                era_number,
+                era_count,
+                hash,
+                self.extension()
+            )
+        } else {
+            format!("{}-{:05}-{}{}", network_name, era_number, hash, self.extension())
+        }
+    }
+
    /// Detect file type from URL
    /// By default, it assumes `Era` type
    pub fn from_url(url: &str) -> Self {
@@ -164,3 +235,11 @@ impl EraFileType {
        }
    }
 }
+
+/// Format hash as hex string, or placeholder if none
+pub fn format_hash(hash: Option<[u8; 4]>) -> String {
+    match hash {
+        Some(h) => format!("{:02x}{:02x}{:02x}{:02x}", h[0], h[1], h[2], h[3]),
+        None => "00000000".to_string(),
+    }
+}
--- a/crates/era/src/era/types/group.rs
+++ b/crates/era/src/era/types/group.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! See also <https://github.com/eth-clients/e2store-format-specs/blob/main/formats/era.md>

 use crate::{
-    common::file_ops::EraFileId,
+    common::file_ops::{EraFileId, EraFileType},
    e2s::types::{Entry, IndexEntry, SLOT_INDEX},
    era::types::consensus::{CompressedBeaconState, CompressedSignedBeaconBlock},
 };
@@ -163,12 +163,22 @@ pub struct EraId {
    /// Optional hash identifier for this file
    /// First 4 bytes of the last historical root in the last state in the era file
    pub hash: Option<[u8; 4]>,
+
+    /// Whether to include era count in filename
+    /// It is used for custom exports when we don't use the max number of items per file
+    include_era_count: bool,
 }

 impl EraId {
    /// Create a new [`EraId`]
    pub fn new(network_name: impl Into<String>, start_slot: u64, slot_count: u32) -> Self {
-        Self { network_name: network_name.into(), start_slot, slot_count, hash: None }
+        Self {
+            network_name: network_name.into(),
+            start_slot,
+            slot_count,
+            hash: None,
+            include_era_count: false,
+        }
    }

    /// Add a hash identifier to  [`EraId`]
@@ -177,32 +187,18 @@ impl EraId {
        self
    }

-    /// Calculate which era number the file starts at
-    pub const fn era_number(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.start_slot / SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT
-    }
-
-    // Helper function to calculate the number of eras per era1 file,
-    // If the user can decide how many blocks per era1 file there are, we need to calculate it.
-    // Most of the time it should be 1, but it can never be more than 2 eras per file
-    // as there is a maximum of 8192 blocks per era1 file.
-    const fn calculate_era_count(&self) -> u64 {
-        if self.slot_count == 0 {
-            return 0;
-        }
-
-        let first_era = self.era_number();
-
-        // Calculate the actual last slot number in the range
-        let last_slot = self.start_slot + self.slot_count as u64 - 1;
-        // Find which era the last block belongs to
-        let last_era = last_slot / SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT;
-        // Count how many eras we span
-        last_era - first_era + 1
+    /// Include era count in filename, for custom slot-per-file exports
+    pub const fn with_era_count(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.include_era_count = true;
+        self
    }
 }

 impl EraFileId for EraId {
+    const FILE_TYPE: EraFileType = EraFileType::Era;
+
+    const ITEMS_PER_ERA: u64 = SLOTS_PER_HISTORICAL_ROOT;
+
    fn network_name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.network_name
    }
@@ -214,24 +210,13 @@ impl EraFileId for EraId {
    fn count(&self) -> u32 {
        self.slot_count
    }
-    /// Convert to file name following the era file naming:
-    /// `<config-name>-<era-number>-<era-count>-<short-historical-root>.era`
-    /// <https://github.com/eth-clients/e2store-format-specs/blob/main/formats/era.md#file-name>
-    /// See also <https://github.com/eth-clients/e2store-format-specs/blob/main/formats/era.md>
-    fn to_file_name(&self) -> String {
-        let era_number = self.era_number();
-        let era_count = self.calculate_era_count();

-        if let Some(hash) = self.hash {
-            format!(
-                "{}-{:05}-{:05}-{:02x}{:02x}{:02x}{:02x}.era",
-                self.network_name, era_number, era_count, hash[0], hash[1], hash[2], hash[3]
-            )
-        } else {
-            // era spec format with placeholder hash when no hash available
-            // Format: `<config-name>-<era-number>-<era-count>-00000000.era`
-            format!("{}-{:05}-{:05}-00000000.era", self.network_name, era_number, era_count)
-        }
+    fn hash(&self) -> Option<[u8; 4]> {
+        self.hash
+    }
+
+    fn include_era_count(&self) -> bool {
+        self.include_era_count
    }
 }

@@ -399,4 +384,40 @@ mod tests {
        let parsed_offset = index.offsets[0];
        assert_eq!(parsed_offset, -1024);
    }
+
+    #[test_case::test_case(
+        EraId::new("mainnet", 0, 8192).with_hash([0x4b, 0x36, 0x3d, 0xb9]),
+        "mainnet-00000-4b363db9.era";
+        "Mainnet era 0"
+    )]
+    #[test_case::test_case(
+        EraId::new("mainnet", 8192, 8192).with_hash([0x40, 0xcf, 0x2f, 0x3c]),
+        "mainnet-00001-40cf2f3c.era";
+        "Mainnet era 1"
+    )]
+    #[test_case::test_case(
+        EraId::new("mainnet", 0, 8192),
+        "mainnet-00000-00000000.era";
+        "Without hash"
+    )]
+    fn test_era_id_file_naming(id: EraId, expected_file_name: &str) {
+        let actual_file_name = id.to_file_name();
+        assert_eq!(actual_file_name, expected_file_name);
+    }
+
+    // File naming with era-count, for custom exports
+    #[test_case::test_case(
+        EraId::new("mainnet", 0, 8192).with_hash([0x4b, 0x36, 0x3d, 0xb9]).with_era_count(),
+        "mainnet-00000-00001-4b363db9.era";
+        "Mainnet era 0 with count"
+    )]
+    #[test_case::test_case(
+        EraId::new("mainnet", 8000, 500).with_hash([0xab, 0xcd, 0xef, 0x12]).with_era_count(),
+        "mainnet-00000-00002-abcdef12.era";
+        "Spanning two eras with count"
+    )]
+    fn test_era_id_file_naming_with_era_count(id: EraId, expected_file_name: &str) {
+        let actual_file_name = id.to_file_name();
+        assert_eq!(actual_file_name, expected_file_name);
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/era/src/era1/types/group.rs
+++ b/crates/era/src/era1/types/group.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! See also <https://github.com/eth-clients/e2store-format-specs/blob/main/formats/era1.md>

 use crate::{
-    common::file_ops::EraFileId,
+    common::file_ops::{EraFileId, EraFileType},
    e2s::types::{Entry, IndexEntry},
    era1::types::execution::{Accumulator, BlockTuple, MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1},
 };
@@ -105,6 +105,10 @@ pub struct Era1Id {
    /// Optional hash identifier for this file
    /// First 4 bytes of the last historical root in the last state in the era file
    pub hash: Option<[u8; 4]>,
+
+    /// Whether to include era count in filename
+    /// It is used for custom exports when we don't use the max number of items per file
+    pub include_era_count: bool,
 }

 impl Era1Id {
@@ -114,7 +118,13 @@ impl Era1Id {
        start_block: BlockNumber,
        block_count: u32,
    ) -> Self {
-        Self { network_name: network_name.into(), start_block, block_count, hash: None }
+        Self {
+            network_name: network_name.into(),
+            start_block,
+            block_count,
+            hash: None,
+            include_era_count: false,
+        }
    }

    /// Add a hash identifier to  [`Era1Id`]
@@ -123,21 +133,17 @@ impl Era1Id {
        self
    }

-    // Helper function to calculate the number of eras per era1 file,
-    // If the user can decide how many blocks per era1 file there are, we need to calculate it.
-    // Most of the time it should be 1, but it can never be more than 2 eras per file
-    // as there is a maximum of 8192 blocks per era1 file.
-    const fn calculate_era_count(&self, first_era: u64) -> u64 {
-        // Calculate the actual last block number in the range
-        let last_block = self.start_block + self.block_count as u64 - 1;
-        // Find which era the last block belongs to
-        let last_era = last_block / MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1 as u64;
-        // Count how many eras we span
-        last_era - first_era + 1
+    /// Include era count in filename, for custom block-per-file exports
+    pub const fn with_era_count(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.include_era_count = true;
+        self
    }
 }

 impl EraFileId for Era1Id {
+    const FILE_TYPE: EraFileType = EraFileType::Era1;
+
+    const ITEMS_PER_ERA: u64 = MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1 as u64;
    fn network_name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.network_name
    }
@@ -149,24 +155,13 @@ impl EraFileId for Era1Id {
    fn count(&self) -> u32 {
        self.block_count
    }
-    /// Convert to file name following the era file naming:
-    /// `<config-name>-<era-number>-<era-count>-<short-historical-root>.era(1)`
-    /// <https://github.com/eth-clients/e2store-format-specs/blob/main/formats/era.md#file-name>
-    /// See also <https://github.com/eth-clients/e2store-format-specs/blob/main/formats/era1.md>
-    fn to_file_name(&self) -> String {
-        // Find which era the first block belongs to
-        let era_number = self.start_block / MAX_BLOCKS_PER_ERA1 as u64;
-        let era_count = self.calculate_era_count(era_number);
-        if let Some(hash) = self.hash {
-            format!(
-                "{}-{:05}-{:05}-{:02x}{:02x}{:02x}{:02x}.era1",
-                self.network_name, era_number, era_count, hash[0], hash[1], hash[2], hash[3]
-            )
-        } else {
-            // era spec format with placeholder hash when no hash available
-            // Format: `<config-name>-<era-number>-<era-count>-00000000.era1`
-            format!("{}-{:05}-{:05}-00000000.era1", self.network_name, era_number, era_count)
-        }
+
+    fn hash(&self) -> Option<[u8; 4]> {
+        self.hash
+    }
+
+    fn include_era_count(&self) -> bool {
+        self.include_era_count
    }
 }

@@ -314,35 +309,51 @@ mod tests {

    #[test_case::test_case(
        Era1Id::new("mainnet", 0, 8192).with_hash([0x5e, 0xc1, 0xff, 0xb8]),
-        "mainnet-00000-00001-5ec1ffb8.era1";
+        "mainnet-00000-5ec1ffb8.era1";
        "Mainnet era 0"
    )]
    #[test_case::test_case(
        Era1Id::new("mainnet", 8192, 8192).with_hash([0x5e, 0xcb, 0x9b, 0xf9]),
-        "mainnet-00001-00001-5ecb9bf9.era1";
+        "mainnet-00001-5ecb9bf9.era1";
        "Mainnet era 1"
    )]
    #[test_case::test_case(
        Era1Id::new("sepolia", 0, 8192).with_hash([0x90, 0x91, 0x84, 0x72]),
-        "sepolia-00000-00001-90918472.era1";
+        "sepolia-00000-90918472.era1";
        "Sepolia era 0"
    )]
    #[test_case::test_case(
        Era1Id::new("sepolia", 155648, 8192).with_hash([0xfa, 0x77, 0x00, 0x19]),
-        "sepolia-00019-00001-fa770019.era1";
+        "sepolia-00019-fa770019.era1";
        "Sepolia era 19"
    )]
    #[test_case::test_case(
        Era1Id::new("mainnet", 1000, 100),
-        "mainnet-00000-00001-00000000.era1";
+        "mainnet-00000-00000000.era1";
        "ID without hash"
    )]
    #[test_case::test_case(
        Era1Id::new("sepolia", 101130240, 8192).with_hash([0xab, 0xcd, 0xef, 0x12]),
-        "sepolia-12345-00001-abcdef12.era1";
+        "sepolia-12345-abcdef12.era1";
        "Large block number era 12345"
    )]
-    fn test_era1id_file_naming(id: Era1Id, expected_file_name: &str) {
+    fn test_era1_id_file_naming(id: Era1Id, expected_file_name: &str) {
+        let actual_file_name = id.to_file_name();
+        assert_eq!(actual_file_name, expected_file_name);
+    }
+
+    // File naming with era-count, for custom exports
+    #[test_case::test_case(
+        Era1Id::new("mainnet", 0, 8192).with_hash([0x5e, 0xc1, 0xff, 0xb8]).with_era_count(),
+        "mainnet-00000-00001-5ec1ffb8.era1";
+        "Mainnet era 0 with count"
+    )]
+    #[test_case::test_case(
+        Era1Id::new("mainnet", 8000, 500).with_hash([0xab, 0xcd, 0xef, 0x12]).with_era_count(),
+        "mainnet-00000-00002-abcdef12.era1";
+        "Spanning two eras with count"
+    )]
+    fn test_era1_id_file_naming_with_era_count(id: Era1Id, expected_file_name: &str) {
        let actual_file_name = id.to_file_name();
        assert_eq!(actual_file_name, expected_file_name);
    }
--- a/crates/ethereum/hardforks/src/display.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/hardforks/src/display.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl DisplayHardforks {
        let mut post_merge = Vec::new();

        for (fork, condition, metadata) in hardforks {
-            let mut display_fork = DisplayFork {
+            let display_fork = DisplayFork {
                name: fork.name().to_string(),
                activated_at: condition,
                eip: None,
@@ -181,12 +181,7 @@ impl DisplayHardforks {
                ForkCondition::Block(_) => {
                    pre_merge.push(display_fork);
                }
-                ForkCondition::TTD { activation_block_number, total_difficulty, fork_block } => {
-                    display_fork.activated_at = ForkCondition::TTD {
-                        activation_block_number,
-                        fork_block,
-                        total_difficulty,
-                    };
+                ForkCondition::TTD { .. } => {
                    with_merge.push(display_fork);
                }
                ForkCondition::Timestamp(_) => {
--- a/crates/ethereum/node/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/ethereum/node/Cargo.toml
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ reth-node-core.workspace = true
 reth-e2e-test-utils.workspace = true
 reth-tasks.workspace = true
 reth-testing-utils.workspace = true
+reth-stages-types.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true
 jsonrpsee-core.workspace = true

@@ -88,6 +89,9 @@ asm-keccak = [
    "reth-node-core/asm-keccak",
    "revm/asm-keccak",
 ]
+keccak-cache-global = [
+    "alloy-primitives/keccak-cache-global",
+]
 js-tracer = [
    "reth-node-builder/js-tracer",
    "reth-rpc/js-tracer",
@@ -106,4 +110,5 @@ test-utils = [
    "reth-evm/test-utils",
    "reth-primitives-traits/test-utils",
    "reth-evm-ethereum/test-utils",
+    "reth-stages-types/test-utils",
 ]
--- a/crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/custom_genesis.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/custom_genesis.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+use crate::utils::eth_payload_attributes;
+use alloy_genesis::Genesis;
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecBuilder, MAINNET};
+use reth_e2e_test_utils::{setup, transaction::TransactionTestContext};
+use reth_node_ethereum::EthereumNode;
+use reth_provider::{HeaderProvider, StageCheckpointReader};
+use reth_stages_types::StageId;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// Tests that a node can initialize and advance with a custom genesis block number.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn can_run_eth_node_with_custom_genesis_number() -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+    // Create genesis with custom block number (e.g., 1000)
+    let mut genesis: Genesis =
+        serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../assets/genesis.json")).unwrap();
+    genesis.number = Some(1000);
+    genesis.parent_hash = Some(B256::random());
+
+    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
+        ChainSpecBuilder::default()
+            .chain(MAINNET.chain)
+            .genesis(genesis)
+            .cancun_activated()
+            .build(),
+    );
+
+    let (mut nodes, _tasks, wallet) =
+        setup::<EthereumNode>(1, chain_spec, false, eth_payload_attributes).await?;
+
+    let mut node = nodes.pop().unwrap();
+
+    // Verify stage checkpoints are initialized to genesis block number (1000)
+    for stage in StageId::ALL {
+        let checkpoint = node.inner.provider.get_stage_checkpoint(stage)?;
+        assert!(checkpoint.is_some(), "Stage {:?} checkpoint should exist", stage);
+        assert_eq!(
+            checkpoint.unwrap().block_number,
+            1000,
+            "Stage {:?} checkpoint should be at genesis block 1000",
+            stage
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Advance the chain (block 1001)
+    let raw_tx = TransactionTestContext::transfer_tx_bytes(1, wallet.inner).await;
+    let tx_hash = node.rpc.inject_tx(raw_tx).await?;
+    let payload = node.advance_block().await?;
+
+    let block_hash = payload.block().hash();
+    let block_number = payload.block().number;
+
+    // Verify we're at block 1001 (genesis + 1)
+    assert_eq!(block_number, 1001, "Block number should be 1001 after advancing from genesis 1000");
+
+    // Assert the block has been committed
+    node.assert_new_block(tx_hash, block_hash, block_number).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Tests that block queries respect custom genesis boundaries.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn custom_genesis_block_query_boundaries() -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+    let genesis_number = 5000u64;
+
+    let mut genesis: Genesis =
+        serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../assets/genesis.json")).unwrap();
+    genesis.number = Some(genesis_number);
+    genesis.parent_hash = Some(B256::random());
+
+    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
+        ChainSpecBuilder::default()
+            .chain(MAINNET.chain)
+            .genesis(genesis)
+            .cancun_activated()
+            .build(),
+    );
+
+    let (mut nodes, _tasks, _wallet) =
+        setup::<EthereumNode>(1, chain_spec, false, eth_payload_attributes).await?;
+
+    let node = nodes.pop().unwrap();
+
+    // Query genesis block should succeed
+    let genesis_header = node.inner.provider.header_by_number(genesis_number)?;
+    assert!(genesis_header.is_some(), "Genesis block at {} should exist", genesis_number);
+
+    // Query blocks before genesis should return None
+    for block_num in [0, 1, genesis_number - 1] {
+        let header = node.inner.provider.header_by_number(block_num)?;
+        assert!(header.is_none(), "Block {} before genesis should not exist", block_num);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/eth.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/eth.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use reth_e2e_test_utils::{
 use reth_node_builder::{NodeBuilder, NodeHandle};
 use reth_node_core::{args::RpcServerArgs, node_config::NodeConfig};
 use reth_node_ethereum::EthereumNode;
+use reth_provider::BlockNumReader;
 use reth_tasks::TaskManager;
 use std::sync::Arc;

@@ -127,3 +128,55 @@ async fn test_failed_run_eth_node_with_no_auth_engine_api_over_ipc_opts() -> eyr

    Ok(())
 }
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_engine_graceful_shutdown() -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+    let (mut nodes, _tasks, wallet) = setup::<EthereumNode>(
+        1,
+        Arc::new(
+            ChainSpecBuilder::default()
+                .chain(MAINNET.chain)
+                .genesis(serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../assets/genesis.json")).unwrap())
+                .cancun_activated()
+                .build(),
+        ),
+        false,
+        eth_payload_attributes,
+    )
+    .await?;
+
+    let mut node = nodes.pop().unwrap();
+
+    let raw_tx = TransactionTestContext::transfer_tx_bytes(1, wallet.inner).await;
+    let tx_hash = node.rpc.inject_tx(raw_tx).await?;
+    let payload = node.advance_block().await?;
+    node.assert_new_block(tx_hash, payload.block().hash(), payload.block().number).await?;
+
+    // Get block number before shutdown
+    let block_before = node.inner.provider.best_block_number()?;
+    assert_eq!(block_before, 1, "Expected 1 block before shutdown");
+
+    // Verify block is NOT yet persisted to database
+    let db_block_before = node.inner.provider.last_block_number()?;
+    assert_eq!(db_block_before, 0, "Block should not be persisted yet");
+
+    // Trigger graceful shutdown
+    let done_rx = node
+        .inner
+        .add_ons_handle
+        .engine_shutdown
+        .shutdown()
+        .expect("shutdown should return receiver");
+
+    tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), done_rx)
+        .await
+        .expect("shutdown timed out")
+        .expect("shutdown completion channel should not be closed");
+
+    let db_block = node.inner.provider.last_block_number()?;
+    assert_eq!(db_block, 1, "Database should have persisted block 1");
+
+    Ok(())
+}
--- a/crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/main.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/main.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![allow(missing_docs)]

 mod blobs;
+mod custom_genesis;
 mod dev;
 mod eth;
 mod p2p;
--- a/crates/ethereum/reth/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/ethereum/reth/Cargo.toml
@@ -79,7 +79,9 @@ arbitrary = [
    "alloy-rpc-types-engine?/arbitrary",
    "reth-codecs?/arbitrary",
 ]
-
+keccak-cache-global = [
+    "reth-node-ethereum?/keccak-cache-global",
+]
 test-utils = [
    "reth-chainspec/test-utils",
    "reth-consensus?/test-utils",
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/broadcast.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/broadcast.rs
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ impl NewPooledTransactionHashes {
                matches!(version, EthVersion::Eth67 | EthVersion::Eth66)
            }
            Self::Eth68(_) => {
-                matches!(version, EthVersion::Eth68 | EthVersion::Eth69)
+                matches!(version, EthVersion::Eth68 | EthVersion::Eth69 | EthVersion::Eth70)
            }
        }
    }
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/capability.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/capability.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,16 @@ impl Capability {
        Self::eth(EthVersion::Eth68)
    }

+    /// Returns the [`EthVersion::Eth69`] capability.
+    pub const fn eth_69() -> Self {
+        Self::eth(EthVersion::Eth69)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`EthVersion::Eth70`] capability.
+    pub const fn eth_70() -> Self {
+        Self::eth(EthVersion::Eth70)
+    }
+
    /// Whether this is eth v66 protocol.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_eth_v66(&self) -> bool {
@@ -118,10 +128,26 @@ impl Capability {
        self.name == "eth" && self.version == 68
    }

+    /// Whether this is eth v69.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_eth_v69(&self) -> bool {
+        self.name == "eth" && self.version == 69
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this is eth v70.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_eth_v70(&self) -> bool {
+        self.name == "eth" && self.version == 70
+    }
+
    /// Whether this is any eth version.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_eth(&self) -> bool {
-        self.is_eth_v66() || self.is_eth_v67() || self.is_eth_v68()
+        self.is_eth_v66() ||
+            self.is_eth_v67() ||
+            self.is_eth_v68() ||
+            self.is_eth_v69() ||
+            self.is_eth_v70()
    }
 }

@@ -141,7 +167,7 @@ impl From<EthVersion> for Capability {
 #[cfg(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"))]
 impl<'a> arbitrary::Arbitrary<'a> for Capability {
    fn arbitrary(u: &mut arbitrary::Unstructured<'a>) -> arbitrary::Result<Self> {
-        let version = u.int_in_range(66..=69)?; // Valid eth protocol versions are 66-69
+        let version = u.int_in_range(66..=70)?; // Valid eth protocol versions are 66-70
                                                // Only generate valid eth protocol name for now since it's the only supported protocol
        Ok(Self::new_static("eth", version))
    }
@@ -155,6 +181,8 @@ pub struct Capabilities {
    eth_66: bool,
    eth_67: bool,
    eth_68: bool,
+    eth_69: bool,
+    eth_70: bool,
 }

 impl Capabilities {
@@ -164,6 +192,8 @@ impl Capabilities {
            eth_66: value.iter().any(Capability::is_eth_v66),
            eth_67: value.iter().any(Capability::is_eth_v67),
            eth_68: value.iter().any(Capability::is_eth_v68),
+            eth_69: value.iter().any(Capability::is_eth_v69),
+            eth_70: value.iter().any(Capability::is_eth_v70),
            inner: value,
        }
    }
@@ -182,7 +212,7 @@ impl Capabilities {
    /// Whether the peer supports `eth` sub-protocol.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn supports_eth(&self) -> bool {
-        self.eth_68 || self.eth_67 || self.eth_66
+        self.eth_70 || self.eth_69 || self.eth_68 || self.eth_67 || self.eth_66
    }

    /// Whether this peer supports eth v66 protocol.
@@ -202,6 +232,18 @@ impl Capabilities {
    pub const fn supports_eth_v68(&self) -> bool {
        self.eth_68
    }
+
+    /// Whether this peer supports eth v69 protocol.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn supports_eth_v69(&self) -> bool {
+        self.eth_69
+    }
+
+    /// Whether this peer supports eth v70 protocol.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn supports_eth_v70(&self) -> bool {
+        self.eth_70
+    }
 }

 impl From<Vec<Capability>> for Capabilities {
@@ -224,6 +266,8 @@ impl Decodable for Capabilities {
            eth_66: inner.iter().any(Capability::is_eth_v66),
            eth_67: inner.iter().any(Capability::is_eth_v67),
            eth_68: inner.iter().any(Capability::is_eth_v68),
+            eth_69: inner.iter().any(Capability::is_eth_v69),
+            eth_70: inner.iter().any(Capability::is_eth_v70),
            inner,
        })
    }
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/message.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/message.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! Implements Ethereum wire protocol for versions 66, 67, and 68.
+//! Implements Ethereum wire protocol for versions 66 through 70.
 //! Defines structs/enums for messages, request-response pairs, and broadcasts.
 //! Handles compatibility with [`EthVersion`].
 //!
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@

 use super::{
    broadcast::NewBlockHashes, BlockBodies, BlockHeaders, GetBlockBodies, GetBlockHeaders,
-    GetNodeData, GetPooledTransactions, GetReceipts, NewPooledTransactionHashes66,
+    GetNodeData, GetPooledTransactions, GetReceipts, GetReceipts70, NewPooledTransactionHashes66,
    NewPooledTransactionHashes68, NodeData, PooledTransactions, Receipts, Status, StatusEth69,
    Transactions,
 };
 use crate::{
    status::StatusMessage, BlockRangeUpdate, EthNetworkPrimitives, EthVersion, NetworkPrimitives,
-    RawCapabilityMessage, Receipts69, SharedTransactions,
+    RawCapabilityMessage, Receipts69, Receipts70, SharedTransactions,
 };
 use alloc::{boxed::Box, string::String, sync::Arc};
 use alloy_primitives::{
@@ -111,13 +111,29 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> ProtocolMessage<N> {
                }
                EthMessage::NodeData(RequestPair::decode(buf)?)
            }
-            EthMessageID::GetReceipts => EthMessage::GetReceipts(RequestPair::decode(buf)?),
-            EthMessageID::Receipts => {
-                if version < EthVersion::Eth69 {
-                    EthMessage::Receipts(RequestPair::decode(buf)?)
+            EthMessageID::GetReceipts => {
+                if version >= EthVersion::Eth70 {
+                    EthMessage::GetReceipts70(RequestPair::decode(buf)?)
                } else {
-                    // with eth69, receipts no longer include the bloom
-                    EthMessage::Receipts69(RequestPair::decode(buf)?)
+                    EthMessage::GetReceipts(RequestPair::decode(buf)?)
+                }
+            }
+            EthMessageID::Receipts => {
+                match version {
+                    v if v >= EthVersion::Eth70 => {
+                        // eth/70 continues to omit bloom filters and adds the
+                        // `lastBlockIncomplete` flag, encoded as
+                        // `[request-id, lastBlockIncomplete, [[receipt₁, receipt₂], ...]]`.
+                        EthMessage::Receipts70(RequestPair::decode(buf)?)
+                    }
+                    EthVersion::Eth69 => {
+                        // with eth69, receipts no longer include the bloom
+                        EthMessage::Receipts69(RequestPair::decode(buf)?)
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        // before eth69 we need to decode the bloom  as well
+                        EthMessage::Receipts(RequestPair::decode(buf)?)
+                    }
                }
            }
            EthMessageID::BlockRangeUpdate => {
@@ -205,6 +221,9 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> From<EthBroadcastMessage<N>> for ProtocolBroadcastMes
 ///
 /// The `eth/69` announces the historical block range served by the node. Removes total difficulty
 /// information. And removes the Bloom field from receipts transferred over the protocol.
+///
+/// The `eth/70` (EIP-7975) keeps the eth/69 status format and introduces partial receipts.
+/// requests/responses.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 pub enum EthMessage<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
@@ -259,6 +278,12 @@ pub enum EthMessage<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
    NodeData(RequestPair<NodeData>),
    /// Represents a `GetReceipts` request-response pair.
    GetReceipts(RequestPair<GetReceipts>),
+    /// Represents a `GetReceipts` request for eth/70.
+    ///
+    /// Note: Unlike earlier protocol versions, the eth/70 encoding for
+    /// `GetReceipts` in EIP-7975 inlines the request id. The type still wraps
+    /// a [`RequestPair`], but with a custom inline encoding.
+    GetReceipts70(RequestPair<GetReceipts70>),
    /// Represents a Receipts request-response pair.
    #[cfg_attr(
        feature = "serde",
@@ -271,6 +296,16 @@ pub enum EthMessage<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
        serde(bound = "N::Receipt: serde::Serialize + serde::de::DeserializeOwned")
    )]
    Receipts69(RequestPair<Receipts69<N::Receipt>>),
+    /// Represents a Receipts request-response pair for eth/70.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "serde",
+        serde(bound = "N::Receipt: serde::Serialize + serde::de::DeserializeOwned")
+    )]
+    ///
+    /// Note: The eth/70 encoding for `Receipts` in EIP-7975 inlines the
+    /// request id. The type still wraps a [`RequestPair`], but with a custom
+    /// inline encoding.
+    Receipts70(RequestPair<Receipts70<N::Receipt>>),
    /// Represents a `BlockRangeUpdate` message broadcast to the network.
    #[cfg_attr(
        feature = "serde",
@@ -300,8 +335,8 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> EthMessage<N> {
            Self::PooledTransactions(_) => EthMessageID::PooledTransactions,
            Self::GetNodeData(_) => EthMessageID::GetNodeData,
            Self::NodeData(_) => EthMessageID::NodeData,
-            Self::GetReceipts(_) => EthMessageID::GetReceipts,
-            Self::Receipts(_) | Self::Receipts69(_) => EthMessageID::Receipts,
+            Self::GetReceipts(_) | Self::GetReceipts70(_) => EthMessageID::GetReceipts,
+            Self::Receipts(_) | Self::Receipts69(_) | Self::Receipts70(_) => EthMessageID::Receipts,
            Self::BlockRangeUpdate(_) => EthMessageID::BlockRangeUpdate,
            Self::Other(msg) => EthMessageID::Other(msg.id as u8),
        }
@@ -314,6 +349,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> EthMessage<N> {
            Self::GetBlockBodies(_) |
                Self::GetBlockHeaders(_) |
                Self::GetReceipts(_) |
+                Self::GetReceipts70(_) |
                Self::GetPooledTransactions(_) |
                Self::GetNodeData(_)
        )
@@ -326,11 +362,40 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> EthMessage<N> {
            Self::PooledTransactions(_) |
                Self::Receipts(_) |
                Self::Receipts69(_) |
+                Self::Receipts70(_) |
                Self::BlockHeaders(_) |
                Self::BlockBodies(_) |
                Self::NodeData(_)
        )
    }
+
+    /// Converts the message types where applicable.
+    ///
+    /// This handles up/downcasting where appropriate, for example for different receipt request
+    /// types.
+    pub fn map_versioned(self, version: EthVersion) -> Self {
+        // For eth/70 peers we send `GetReceipts` using the new eth/70
+        // encoding with `firstBlockReceiptIndex = 0`, while keeping the
+        // user-facing `PeerRequest` API unchanged.
+        if version >= EthVersion::Eth70 {
+            return match self {
+                Self::GetReceipts(pair) => {
+                    let RequestPair { request_id, message } = pair;
+                    let req = RequestPair {
+                        request_id,
+                        message: GetReceipts70 {
+                            first_block_receipt_index: 0,
+                            block_hashes: message.0,
+                        },
+                    };
+                    Self::GetReceipts70(req)
+                }
+                other => other,
+            }
+        }
+
+        self
+    }
 }

 impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> Encodable for EthMessage<N> {
@@ -351,8 +416,10 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> Encodable for EthMessage<N> {
            Self::GetNodeData(request) => request.encode(out),
            Self::NodeData(data) => data.encode(out),
            Self::GetReceipts(request) => request.encode(out),
+            Self::GetReceipts70(request) => request.encode(out),
            Self::Receipts(receipts) => receipts.encode(out),
            Self::Receipts69(receipt69) => receipt69.encode(out),
+            Self::Receipts70(receipt70) => receipt70.encode(out),
            Self::BlockRangeUpdate(block_range_update) => block_range_update.encode(out),
            Self::Other(unknown) => out.put_slice(&unknown.payload),
        }
@@ -374,8 +441,10 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> Encodable for EthMessage<N> {
            Self::GetNodeData(request) => request.length(),
            Self::NodeData(data) => data.length(),
            Self::GetReceipts(request) => request.length(),
+            Self::GetReceipts70(request) => request.length(),
            Self::Receipts(receipts) => receipts.length(),
            Self::Receipts69(receipt69) => receipt69.length(),
+            Self::Receipts70(receipt70) => receipt70.length(),
            Self::BlockRangeUpdate(block_range_update) => block_range_update.length(),
            Self::Other(unknown) => unknown.length(),
        }
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/receipts.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/receipts.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,42 @@ pub struct GetReceipts(
    pub Vec<B256>,
 );

+/// Eth/70 `GetReceipts` request payload that supports partial receipt queries.
+///
+/// When used with eth/70, the request id is carried by the surrounding
+/// [`crate::message::RequestPair`], and the on-wire shape is the flattened list
+/// `firstBlockReceiptIndex, [blockhash₁, ...]`.
+///
+/// See also [eip-7975](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7975)
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
+pub struct GetReceipts70 {
+    /// Index into the receipts of the first requested block hash.
+    pub first_block_receipt_index: u64,
+    /// The block hashes to request receipts for.
+    pub block_hashes: Vec<B256>,
+}
+
+impl alloy_rlp::Encodable for GetReceipts70 {
+    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn alloy_rlp::BufMut) {
+        self.first_block_receipt_index.encode(out);
+        self.block_hashes.encode(out);
+    }
+
+    fn length(&self) -> usize {
+        self.first_block_receipt_index.length() + self.block_hashes.length()
+    }
+}
+
+impl alloy_rlp::Decodable for GetReceipts70 {
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8]) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self> {
+        let first_block_receipt_index = u64::decode(buf)?;
+        let block_hashes = Vec::<B256>::decode(buf)?;
+        Ok(Self { first_block_receipt_index, block_hashes })
+    }
+}
+
 /// The response to [`GetReceipts`], containing receipt lists that correspond to each block
 /// requested.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
@@ -58,7 +94,13 @@ pub struct Receipts69<T = Receipt>(pub Vec<Vec<T>>);
 impl<T: TxReceipt> Receipts69<T> {
    /// Encodes all receipts with the bloom filter.
    ///
-    /// Note: This is an expensive operation that recalculates the bloom for each receipt.
+    /// Eth/69 omits bloom filters on the wire, while some internal callers
+    /// (and legacy APIs) still operate on [`Receipts`] with
+    /// [`ReceiptWithBloom`]. This helper reconstructs the bloom locally from
+    /// each receipt's logs so the older API can be used on top of eth/69 data.
+    ///
+    /// Note: This is an expensive operation that recalculates the bloom for
+    /// every receipt.
    pub fn into_with_bloom(self) -> Receipts<T> {
        Receipts(
            self.0
@@ -75,6 +117,68 @@ impl<T: TxReceipt> From<Receipts69<T>> for Receipts<T> {
    }
 }

+/// Eth/70 `Receipts` response payload.
+///
+/// This is used in conjunction with [`crate::message::RequestPair`] to encode the full wire
+/// message `[request-id, lastBlockIncomplete, [[receipt₁, receipt₂], ...]]`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(any(test, feature = "arbitrary"), derive(arbitrary::Arbitrary))]
+pub struct Receipts70<T = Receipt> {
+    /// Whether the receipts list for the last block is incomplete.
+    pub last_block_incomplete: bool,
+    /// Receipts grouped by block.
+    pub receipts: Vec<Vec<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T> alloy_rlp::Encodable for Receipts70<T>
+where
+    T: alloy_rlp::Encodable,
+{
+    fn encode(&self, out: &mut dyn alloy_rlp::BufMut) {
+        self.last_block_incomplete.encode(out);
+        self.receipts.encode(out);
+    }
+
+    fn length(&self) -> usize {
+        self.last_block_incomplete.length() + self.receipts.length()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> alloy_rlp::Decodable for Receipts70<T>
+where
+    T: alloy_rlp::Decodable,
+{
+    fn decode(buf: &mut &[u8]) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self> {
+        let last_block_incomplete = bool::decode(buf)?;
+        let receipts = Vec::<Vec<T>>::decode(buf)?;
+        Ok(Self { last_block_incomplete, receipts })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: TxReceipt> Receipts70<T> {
+    /// Encodes all receipts with the bloom filter.
+    ///
+    /// Just like eth/69, eth/70 does not transmit bloom filters over the wire.
+    /// When higher layers still expect the older bloom-bearing [`Receipts`]
+    /// type, this helper converts the eth/70 payload into that shape by
+    /// recomputing the bloom locally from the contained receipts.
+    ///
+    /// Note: This is an expensive operation that recalculates the bloom for
+    /// every receipt.
+    pub fn into_with_bloom(self) -> Receipts<T> {
+        // Reuse the eth/69 helper, since both variants carry the same
+        // receipt list shape (only eth/70 adds request metadata).
+        Receipts69(self.receipts).into_with_bloom()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: TxReceipt> From<Receipts70<T>> for Receipts<T> {
+    fn from(receipts: Receipts70<T>) -> Self {
+        receipts.into_with_bloom()
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
@@ -225,4 +329,70 @@ mod tests {
        let encoded = alloy_rlp::encode(&request);
        assert_eq!(encoded, data);
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn encode_get_receipts70_inline_shape() {
+        let req = RequestPair {
+            request_id: 1111,
+            message: GetReceipts70 {
+                first_block_receipt_index: 0,
+                block_hashes: vec![
+                    hex!("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000deadc0de").into(),
+                    hex!("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000feedbeef").into(),
+                ],
+            },
+        };
+
+        let mut out = vec![];
+        req.encode(&mut out);
+
+        let mut buf = out.as_slice();
+        let header = alloy_rlp::Header::decode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        let payload_start = buf.len();
+        let request_id = u64::decode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        let first_block_receipt_index = u64::decode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        let block_hashes = Vec::<B256>::decode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(buf.is_empty(), "buffer not fully consumed");
+        assert_eq!(request_id, 1111);
+        assert_eq!(first_block_receipt_index, 0);
+        assert_eq!(block_hashes.len(), 2);
+        // ensure payload length matches header
+        assert_eq!(payload_start - buf.len(), header.payload_length);
+
+        let mut buf = out.as_slice();
+        let decoded = RequestPair::<GetReceipts70>::decode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        assert!(buf.is_empty(), "buffer not fully consumed on decode");
+        assert_eq!(decoded, req);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn encode_receipts70_inline_shape() {
+        let payload: Receipts70<Receipt> =
+            Receipts70 { last_block_incomplete: true, receipts: vec![vec![Receipt::default()]] };
+
+        let resp = RequestPair { request_id: 7, message: payload };
+
+        let mut out = vec![];
+        resp.encode(&mut out);
+
+        let mut buf = out.as_slice();
+        let header = alloy_rlp::Header::decode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        let payload_start = buf.len();
+        let request_id = u64::decode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        let last_block_incomplete = bool::decode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        let receipts = Vec::<Vec<Receipt>>::decode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(buf.is_empty(), "buffer not fully consumed");
+        assert_eq!(payload_start - buf.len(), header.payload_length);
+        assert_eq!(request_id, 7);
+        assert!(last_block_incomplete);
+        assert_eq!(receipts.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(receipts[0].len(), 1);
+
+        let mut buf = out.as_slice();
+        let decoded = RequestPair::<Receipts70>::decode(&mut buf).unwrap();
+        assert!(buf.is_empty(), "buffer not fully consumed on decode");
+        assert_eq!(decoded, resp);
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/status.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/status.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use reth_codecs_derive::add_arbitrary_tests;
 /// unsupported fields are stripped out.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Copy)]
 pub struct UnifiedStatus {
-    /// The eth protocol version (e.g. eth/66 to eth/69).
+    /// The eth protocol version (e.g. eth/66 to eth/70).
    pub version: EthVersion,
    /// The chain ID identifying the peer’s network.
    pub chain: Chain,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ impl StatusBuilder {
        self.status
    }

-    /// Sets the eth protocol version (e.g., eth/66, eth/69).
+    /// Sets the eth protocol version (e.g., eth/66, eth/70).
    pub const fn version(mut self, version: EthVersion) -> Self {
        self.status.version = version;
        self
@@ -378,8 +378,8 @@ impl Debug for StatusEth69 {
    }
 }

-/// `StatusMessage` can store either the Legacy version (with TD) or the
-/// eth/69 version (omits TD).
+/// `StatusMessage` can store either the Legacy version (with TD), or the eth/69+/eth/70 version
+/// (omits TD, includes block range).
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum StatusMessage {
@@ -546,6 +546,24 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(unified_status, roundtripped_unified_status);
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn roundtrip_eth70() {
+        let unified_status = UnifiedStatus::builder()
+            .version(EthVersion::Eth70)
+            .chain(Chain::mainnet())
+            .genesis(MAINNET_GENESIS_HASH)
+            .forkid(ForkId { hash: ForkHash([0xb7, 0x15, 0x07, 0x7d]), next: 0 })
+            .blockhash(b256!("0xfeb27336ca7923f8fab3bd617fcb6e75841538f71c1bcfc267d7838489d9e13d"))
+            .total_difficulty(None)
+            .earliest_block(Some(1))
+            .latest_block(Some(2))
+            .build();
+
+        let status_message = unified_status.into_message();
+        let roundtripped_unified_status = UnifiedStatus::from_message(status_message);
+        assert_eq!(unified_status, roundtripped_unified_status);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn encode_eth69_status_message() {
        let expected = hex!("f8544501a0d4e56740f876aef8c010b86a40d5f56745a118d0906a34e69aec8c0db1cb8fa3c684b715077d8083ed14f2840112a880a0feb27336ca7923f8fab3bd617fcb6e75841538f71c1bcfc267d7838489d9e13d");
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/version.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/version.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ pub enum EthVersion {
    Eth68 = 68,
    /// The `eth` protocol version 69.
    Eth69 = 69,
+    /// The `eth` protocol version 70.
+    Eth70 = 70,
 }

 impl EthVersion {
@@ -55,6 +57,11 @@ impl EthVersion {
    pub const fn is_eth69(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Self::Eth69)
    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the version is eth/70
+    pub const fn is_eth70(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Eth70)
+    }
 }

 /// RLP encodes `EthVersion` as a single byte (66-69).
@@ -96,6 +103,7 @@ impl TryFrom<&str> for EthVersion {
            "67" => Ok(Self::Eth67),
            "68" => Ok(Self::Eth68),
            "69" => Ok(Self::Eth69),
+            "70" => Ok(Self::Eth70),
            _ => Err(ParseVersionError(s.to_string())),
        }
    }
@@ -120,6 +128,7 @@ impl TryFrom<u8> for EthVersion {
            67 => Ok(Self::Eth67),
            68 => Ok(Self::Eth68),
            69 => Ok(Self::Eth69),
+            70 => Ok(Self::Eth70),
            _ => Err(ParseVersionError(u.to_string())),
        }
    }
@@ -149,6 +158,7 @@ impl From<EthVersion> for &'static str {
            EthVersion::Eth67 => "67",
            EthVersion::Eth68 => "68",
            EthVersion::Eth69 => "69",
+            EthVersion::Eth70 => "70",
        }
    }
 }
@@ -195,7 +205,7 @@ impl Decodable for ProtocolVersion {

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::{EthVersion, ParseVersionError};
+    use super::EthVersion;
    use alloy_rlp::{Decodable, Encodable, Error as RlpError};
    use bytes::BytesMut;

@@ -205,7 +215,7 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(EthVersion::Eth67, EthVersion::try_from("67").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(EthVersion::Eth68, EthVersion::try_from("68").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(EthVersion::Eth69, EthVersion::try_from("69").unwrap());
-        assert_eq!(Err(ParseVersionError("70".to_string())), EthVersion::try_from("70"));
+        assert_eq!(EthVersion::Eth70, EthVersion::try_from("70").unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
@@ -214,12 +224,18 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(EthVersion::Eth67, "67".parse().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(EthVersion::Eth68, "68".parse().unwrap());
        assert_eq!(EthVersion::Eth69, "69".parse().unwrap());
-        assert_eq!(Err(ParseVersionError("70".to_string())), "70".parse::<EthVersion>());
+        assert_eq!(EthVersion::Eth70, "70".parse().unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_eth_version_rlp_encode() {
-        let versions = [EthVersion::Eth66, EthVersion::Eth67, EthVersion::Eth68, EthVersion::Eth69];
+        let versions = [
+            EthVersion::Eth66,
+            EthVersion::Eth67,
+            EthVersion::Eth68,
+            EthVersion::Eth69,
+            EthVersion::Eth70,
+        ];

        for version in versions {
            let mut encoded = BytesMut::new();
@@ -236,7 +252,7 @@ mod tests {
            (67_u8, Ok(EthVersion::Eth67)),
            (68_u8, Ok(EthVersion::Eth68)),
            (69_u8, Ok(EthVersion::Eth69)),
-            (70_u8, Err(RlpError::Custom("invalid eth version"))),
+            (70_u8, Ok(EthVersion::Eth70)),
            (65_u8, Err(RlpError::Custom("invalid eth version"))),
        ];

--- a/crates/net/eth-wire/src/capability.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire/src/capability.rs
@@ -418,6 +418,8 @@ mod tests {
            Capability::new_static("eth", 66),
            Capability::new_static("eth", 67),
            Capability::new_static("eth", 68),
+            Capability::new_static("eth", 69),
+            Capability::new_static("eth", 70),
        ]
        .into();

@@ -425,6 +427,8 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(capabilities.supports_eth_v66());
        assert!(capabilities.supports_eth_v67());
        assert!(capabilities.supports_eth_v68());
+        assert!(capabilities.supports_eth_v69());
+        assert!(capabilities.supports_eth_v70());
    }

    #[test]
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire/src/hello.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire/src/hello.rs
@@ -260,10 +260,11 @@ mod tests {

        assert_eq!(hello_encoded.len(), hello.length());
    }
+    //TODO: add test for eth70 here once we have fully support it

    #[test]
-    fn test_default_protocols_include_eth69() {
-        // ensure that the default protocol list includes Eth69 as the latest version
+    fn test_default_protocols_still_include_eth69() {
+        // ensure that older eth/69 remains advertised for compatibility
        let secret_key = SecretKey::new(&mut rand_08::thread_rng());
        let id = pk2id(&secret_key.public_key(SECP256K1));
        let hello = HelloMessageWithProtocols::builder(id).build();
--- a/crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs
+++ b/crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs
@@ -101,8 +101,9 @@ where
            .or(Err(P2PStreamError::HandshakeError(P2PHandshakeError::Timeout)))?
            .ok_or(P2PStreamError::HandshakeError(P2PHandshakeError::NoResponse))??;

-        // let's check the compressed length first, we will need to check again once confirming
-        // that it contains snappy-compressed data (this will be the case for all non-p2p messages).
+        // Check that the uncompressed message length does not exceed the max payload size.
+        // Note: The first message (Hello/Disconnect) is not snappy compressed. We will check the
+        // decompressed length again for subsequent messages after the handshake.
        if first_message_bytes.len() > MAX_PAYLOAD_SIZE {
            return Err(P2PStreamError::MessageTooBig {
                message_size: first_message_bytes.len(),
--- a/crates/net/network-api/src/events.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network-api/src/events.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 use reth_eth_wire_types::{
    message::RequestPair, BlockBodies, BlockHeaders, Capabilities, DisconnectReason, EthMessage,
    EthNetworkPrimitives, EthVersion, GetBlockBodies, GetBlockHeaders, GetNodeData,
-    GetPooledTransactions, GetReceipts, NetworkPrimitives, NodeData, PooledTransactions, Receipts,
-    Receipts69, UnifiedStatus,
+    GetPooledTransactions, GetReceipts, GetReceipts70, NetworkPrimitives, NodeData,
+    PooledTransactions, Receipts, Receipts69, Receipts70, UnifiedStatus,
 };
 use reth_ethereum_forks::ForkId;
 use reth_network_p2p::error::{RequestError, RequestResult};
@@ -238,6 +238,15 @@ pub enum PeerRequest<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
        /// The channel to send the response for receipts.
        response: oneshot::Sender<RequestResult<Receipts69<N::Receipt>>>,
    },
+    /// Requests receipts from the peer using eth/70 (supports `firstBlockReceiptIndex`).
+    ///
+    /// The response should be sent through the channel.
+    GetReceipts70 {
+        /// The request for receipts.
+        request: GetReceipts70,
+        /// The channel to send the response for receipts.
+        response: oneshot::Sender<RequestResult<Receipts70<N::Receipt>>>,
+    },
 }

 // === impl PeerRequest ===
@@ -257,6 +266,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> PeerRequest<N> {
            Self::GetNodeData { response, .. } => response.send(Err(err)).ok(),
            Self::GetReceipts { response, .. } => response.send(Err(err)).ok(),
            Self::GetReceipts69 { response, .. } => response.send(Err(err)).ok(),
+            Self::GetReceipts70 { response, .. } => response.send(Err(err)).ok(),
        };
    }

@@ -281,6 +291,9 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> PeerRequest<N> {
            Self::GetReceipts { request, .. } | Self::GetReceipts69 { request, .. } => {
                EthMessage::GetReceipts(RequestPair { request_id, message: request.clone() })
            }
+            Self::GetReceipts70 { request, .. } => {
+                EthMessage::GetReceipts70(RequestPair { request_id, message: request.clone() })
+            }
        }
    }

--- a/crates/net/network/src/eth_requests.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/eth_requests.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ use alloy_rlp::Encodable;
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use reth_eth_wire::{
    BlockBodies, BlockHeaders, EthNetworkPrimitives, GetBlockBodies, GetBlockHeaders, GetNodeData,
-    GetReceipts, HeadersDirection, NetworkPrimitives, NodeData, Receipts, Receipts69,
+    GetReceipts, GetReceipts70, HeadersDirection, NetworkPrimitives, NodeData, Receipts,
+    Receipts69, Receipts70,
 };
 use reth_network_api::test_utils::PeersHandle;
 use reth_network_p2p::error::RequestResult;
@@ -217,6 +218,69 @@ where
        let _ = response.send(Ok(Receipts69(receipts)));
    }

+    /// Handles partial responses for [`GetReceipts70`] queries.
+    ///
+    /// This will adhere to the soft limit but allow filling the last vec partially.
+    fn on_receipts70_request(
+        &self,
+        _peer_id: PeerId,
+        request: GetReceipts70,
+        response: oneshot::Sender<RequestResult<Receipts70<C::Receipt>>>,
+    ) {
+        self.metrics.eth_receipts_requests_received_total.increment(1);
+
+        let GetReceipts70 { first_block_receipt_index, block_hashes } = request;
+
+        let mut receipts = Vec::new();
+        let mut total_bytes = 0usize;
+        let mut last_block_incomplete = false;
+
+        for (idx, hash) in block_hashes.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            if idx >= MAX_RECEIPTS_SERVE {
+                break
+            }
+
+            let Some(mut block_receipts) =
+                self.client.receipts_by_block(BlockHashOrNumber::Hash(hash)).unwrap_or_default()
+            else {
+                break
+            };
+
+            if idx == 0 && first_block_receipt_index > 0 {
+                let skip = first_block_receipt_index as usize;
+                if skip >= block_receipts.len() {
+                    block_receipts.clear();
+                } else {
+                    block_receipts.drain(0..skip);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let block_size = block_receipts.length();
+
+            if total_bytes + block_size <= SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT {
+                total_bytes += block_size;
+                receipts.push(block_receipts);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let mut partial_block = Vec::new();
+            for receipt in block_receipts {
+                let receipt_size = receipt.length();
+                if total_bytes + receipt_size > SOFT_RESPONSE_LIMIT {
+                    break;
+                }
+                total_bytes += receipt_size;
+                partial_block.push(receipt);
+            }
+
+            receipts.push(partial_block);
+            last_block_incomplete = true;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        let _ = response.send(Ok(Receipts70 { last_block_incomplete, receipts }));
+    }
+
    #[inline]
    fn get_receipts_response<T, F>(&self, request: GetReceipts, transform_fn: F) -> Vec<Vec<T>>
    where
@@ -285,6 +349,9 @@ where
                    IncomingEthRequest::GetReceipts69 { peer_id, request, response } => {
                        this.on_receipts69_request(peer_id, request, response)
                    }
+                    IncomingEthRequest::GetReceipts70 { peer_id, request, response } => {
+                        this.on_receipts70_request(peer_id, request, response)
+                    }
                }
            },
        );
@@ -359,4 +426,15 @@ pub enum IncomingEthRequest<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
        /// The channel sender for the response containing Receipts69.
        response: oneshot::Sender<RequestResult<Receipts69<N::Receipt>>>,
    },
+    /// Request Receipts from the peer using eth/70.
+    ///
+    /// The response should be sent through the channel.
+    GetReceipts70 {
+        /// The ID of the peer to request receipts from.
+        peer_id: PeerId,
+        /// The specific receipts requested including the `firstBlockReceiptIndex`.
+        request: GetReceipts70,
+        /// The channel sender for the response containing Receipts70.
+        response: oneshot::Sender<RequestResult<Receipts70<N::Receipt>>>,
+    },
 }
--- a/crates/net/network/src/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/manager.rs
@@ -532,6 +532,13 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> NetworkManager<N> {
                    response,
                })
            }
+            PeerRequest::GetReceipts70 { request, response } => {
+                self.delegate_eth_request(IncomingEthRequest::GetReceipts70 {
+                    peer_id,
+                    request,
+                    response,
+                })
+            }
            PeerRequest::GetPooledTransactions { request, response } => {
                self.notify_tx_manager(NetworkTransactionEvent::GetPooledTransactions {
                    peer_id,
--- a/crates/net/network/src/message.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/message.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! An `RLPx` stream is multiplexed via the prepended message-id of a framed message.
 //! Capabilities are exchanged via the `RLPx` `Hello` message as pairs of `(id, version)`, <https://github.com/ethereum/devp2p/blob/master/rlpx.md#capability-messaging>

-use crate::types::Receipts69;
+use crate::types::{Receipts69, Receipts70};
 use alloy_consensus::{BlockHeader, ReceiptWithBloom};
 use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, B256};
 use futures::FutureExt;
@@ -116,6 +116,11 @@ pub enum PeerResponse<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
        /// The receiver channel for the response to a receipts request.
        response: oneshot::Receiver<RequestResult<Receipts69<N::Receipt>>>,
    },
+    /// Represents a response to a request for receipts using eth/70.
+    Receipts70 {
+        /// The receiver channel for the response to a receipts request.
+        response: oneshot::Receiver<RequestResult<Receipts70<N::Receipt>>>,
+    },
 }

 // === impl PeerResponse ===
@@ -151,6 +156,10 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> PeerResponse<N> {
            Self::Receipts69 { response } => {
                poll_request!(response, Receipts69, cx)
            }
+            Self::Receipts70 { response } => match ready!(response.poll_unpin(cx)) {
+                Ok(res) => PeerResponseResult::Receipts70(res),
+                Err(err) => PeerResponseResult::Receipts70(Err(err.into())),
+            },
        };
        Poll::Ready(res)
    }
@@ -171,6 +180,8 @@ pub enum PeerResponseResult<N: NetworkPrimitives = EthNetworkPrimitives> {
    Receipts(RequestResult<Vec<Vec<ReceiptWithBloom<N::Receipt>>>>),
    /// Represents a result containing receipts or an error for eth/69.
    Receipts69(RequestResult<Vec<Vec<N::Receipt>>>),
+    /// Represents a result containing receipts or an error for eth/70.
+    Receipts70(RequestResult<Receipts70<N::Receipt>>),
 }

 // === impl PeerResponseResult ===
@@ -208,6 +219,13 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> PeerResponseResult<N> {
            Self::Receipts69(resp) => {
                to_message!(resp, Receipts69, id)
            }
+            Self::Receipts70(resp) => match resp {
+                Ok(res) => {
+                    let request = RequestPair { request_id: id, message: res };
+                    Ok(EthMessage::Receipts70(request))
+                }
+                Err(err) => Err(err),
+            },
        }
    }

@@ -220,6 +238,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> PeerResponseResult<N> {
            Self::NodeData(res) => res.as_ref().err(),
            Self::Receipts(res) => res.as_ref().err(),
            Self::Receipts69(res) => res.as_ref().err(),
+            Self::Receipts70(res) => res.as_ref().err(),
        }
    }

--- a/crates/net/network/src/session/active.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/session/active.rs
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ use futures::{stream::Fuse, SinkExt, StreamExt};
 use metrics::Gauge;
 use reth_eth_wire::{
    errors::{EthHandshakeError, EthStreamError},
-    message::{EthBroadcastMessage, MessageError, RequestPair},
+    message::{EthBroadcastMessage, MessageError},
    Capabilities, DisconnectP2P, DisconnectReason, EthMessage, NetworkPrimitives, NewBlockPayload,
 };
-use reth_eth_wire_types::RawCapabilityMessage;
+use reth_eth_wire_types::{message::RequestPair, RawCapabilityMessage};
 use reth_metrics::common::mpsc::MeteredPollSender;
 use reth_network_api::PeerRequest;
 use reth_network_p2p::error::RequestError;
@@ -270,12 +270,18 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> ActiveSession<N> {
                    on_request!(req, Receipts, GetReceipts)
                }
            }
+            EthMessage::GetReceipts70(req) => {
+                on_request!(req, Receipts70, GetReceipts70)
+            }
            EthMessage::Receipts(resp) => {
                on_response!(resp, GetReceipts)
            }
            EthMessage::Receipts69(resp) => {
                on_response!(resp, GetReceipts69)
            }
+            EthMessage::Receipts70(resp) => {
+                on_response!(resp, GetReceipts70)
+            }
            EthMessage::BlockRangeUpdate(msg) => {
                // Validate that earliest <= latest according to the spec
                if msg.earliest > msg.latest {
@@ -311,9 +317,9 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> ActiveSession<N> {
    /// Handle an internal peer request that will be sent to the remote.
    fn on_internal_peer_request(&mut self, request: PeerRequest<N>, deadline: Instant) {
        let request_id = self.next_id();
-
        trace!(?request, peer_id=?self.remote_peer_id, ?request_id, "sending request to peer");
-        let msg = request.create_request_message(request_id);
+        let msg = request.create_request_message(request_id).map_versioned(self.conn.version());
+
        self.queued_outgoing.push_back(msg.into());
        let req = InflightRequest {
            request: RequestState::Waiting(request),
--- a/crates/net/network/src/transactions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/net/network/src/transactions/mod.rs
@@ -1924,7 +1924,9 @@ impl PooledTransactionsHashesBuilder {
    fn new(version: EthVersion) -> Self {
        match version {
            EthVersion::Eth66 | EthVersion::Eth67 => Self::Eth66(Default::default()),
-            EthVersion::Eth68 | EthVersion::Eth69 => Self::Eth68(Default::default()),
+            EthVersion::Eth68 | EthVersion::Eth69 | EthVersion::Eth70 => {
+                Self::Eth68(Default::default())
+            }
        }
    }

--- a/crates/node/builder/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/node/builder/Cargo.toml
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ secp256k1 = { workspace = true, features = ["global-context", "std", "recovery"]
 ## misc
 aquamarine.workspace = true
 eyre.workspace = true
+parking_lot.workspace = true
 jsonrpsee.workspace = true
 fdlimit.workspace = true
 rayon.workspace = true
--- a/crates/node/builder/src/launch/common.rs
+++ b/crates/node/builder/src/launch/common.rs
@@ -483,10 +483,12 @@ where
            StaticFileProviderBuilder::read_write(self.data_dir().static_files())?
                .with_metrics()
                .with_blocks_per_file_for_segments(static_files_config.as_blocks_per_file_map())
+                .with_genesis_block_number(self.chain_spec().genesis().number.unwrap_or_default())
                .build()?;

-        // Initialize RocksDB provider with metrics and statistics enabled
+        // Initialize RocksDB provider with metrics, statistics, and default tables
        let rocksdb_provider = RocksDBProvider::builder(self.data_dir().rocksdb())
+            .with_default_tables()
            .with_metrics()
            .with_statistics()
            .build()?;
@@ -936,11 +938,15 @@ where
    ///
    /// A target block hash if the pipeline is inconsistent, otherwise `None`.
    pub fn check_pipeline_consistency(&self) -> ProviderResult<Option<B256>> {
+        // Get the expected first stage based on config.
+        let first_stage =
+            if self.era_import_source().is_some() { StageId::Era } else { StageId::Headers };
+
        // If no target was provided, check if the stages are congruent - check if the
        // checkpoint of the last stage matches the checkpoint of the first.
        let first_stage_checkpoint = self
            .blockchain_db()
-            .get_stage_checkpoint(*StageId::ALL.first().unwrap())?
+            .get_stage_checkpoint(first_stage)?
            .unwrap_or_default()
            .block_number;

--- a/crates/node/builder/src/launch/engine.rs
+++ b/crates/node/builder/src/launch/engine.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use crate::{
    common::{Attached, LaunchContextWith, WithConfigs},
    hooks::NodeHooks,
-    rpc::{EngineValidatorAddOn, EngineValidatorBuilder, RethRpcAddOns, RpcHandle},
+    rpc::{EngineShutdown, EngineValidatorAddOn, EngineValidatorBuilder, RethRpcAddOns, RpcHandle},
    setup::build_networked_pipeline,
    AddOns, AddOnsContext, FullNode, LaunchContext, LaunchNode, NodeAdapter,
    NodeBuilderWithComponents, NodeComponents, NodeComponentsBuilder, NodeHandle, NodeTypesAdapter,
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use futures::{stream_select, StreamExt};
 use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
 use reth_engine_service::service::{ChainEvent, EngineService};
 use reth_engine_tree::{
+    chain::FromOrchestrator,
    engine::{EngineApiRequest, EngineRequestHandler},
    tree::TreeConfig,
 };
@@ -260,8 +261,16 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
            )),
        );

-        let RpcHandle { rpc_server_handles, rpc_registry, engine_events, beacon_engine_handle } =
-            add_ons.launch_add_ons(add_ons_ctx).await?;
+        let RpcHandle {
+            rpc_server_handles,
+            rpc_registry,
+            engine_events,
+            beacon_engine_handle,
+            engine_shutdown: _,
+        } = add_ons.launch_add_ons(add_ons_ctx).await?;
+
+        // Create engine shutdown handle
+        let (engine_shutdown, mut shutdown_rx) = EngineShutdown::new();

        // Run consensus engine to completion
        let initial_target = ctx.initial_backfill_target()?;
@@ -295,6 +304,14 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
            // advance the chain and await payloads built locally to add into the engine api tree handler to prevent re-execution if that block is received as payload from the CL
            loop {
                tokio::select! {
+                    shutdown_req = &mut shutdown_rx => {
+                        if let Ok(req) = shutdown_req {
+                            debug!(target: "reth::cli", "received engine shutdown request");
+                            engine_service.orchestrator_mut().handler_mut().handler_mut().on_event(
+                                FromOrchestrator::Terminate { tx: req.done_tx }.into()
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
                    payload = built_payloads.select_next_some() => {
                        if let Some(executed_block) = payload.executed_block() {
                            debug!(target: "reth::cli", block=?executed_block.recovered_block.num_hash(),  "inserting built payload");
@@ -366,6 +383,7 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
                rpc_registry,
                engine_events,
                beacon_engine_handle,
+                engine_shutdown,
            },
        };
        // Notify on node started
--- a/crates/node/builder/src/rpc.rs
+++ b/crates/node/builder/src/rpc.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
 use alloy_rpc_types::engine::ClientVersionV1;
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::ExecutionData;
 use jsonrpsee::{core::middleware::layer::Either, RpcModule};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use reth_chain_state::CanonStateSubscriptions;
 use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecProvider, EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks, Hardforks};
 use reth_node_api::{
@@ -41,7 +42,9 @@ use std::{
    fmt::{self, Debug},
    future::Future,
    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    sync::Arc,
 };
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;

 /// Contains the handles to the spawned RPC servers.
 ///
@@ -332,6 +335,8 @@ pub struct RpcHandle<Node: FullNodeComponents, EthApi: EthApiTypes> {
    pub engine_events: EventSender<ConsensusEngineEvent<<Node::Types as NodeTypes>::Primitives>>,
    /// Handle to the beacon consensus engine.
    pub beacon_engine_handle: ConsensusEngineHandle<<Node::Types as NodeTypes>::Payload>,
+    /// Handle to trigger engine shutdown.
+    pub engine_shutdown: EngineShutdown,
 }

 impl<Node: FullNodeComponents, EthApi: EthApiTypes> Clone for RpcHandle<Node, EthApi> {
@@ -341,6 +346,7 @@ impl<Node: FullNodeComponents, EthApi: EthApiTypes> Clone for RpcHandle<Node, Et
            rpc_registry: self.rpc_registry.clone(),
            engine_events: self.engine_events.clone(),
            beacon_engine_handle: self.beacon_engine_handle.clone(),
+            engine_shutdown: self.engine_shutdown.clone(),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -361,6 +367,7 @@ where
        f.debug_struct("RpcHandle")
            .field("rpc_server_handles", &self.rpc_server_handles)
            .field("rpc_registry", &self.rpc_registry)
+            .field("engine_shutdown", &self.engine_shutdown)
            .finish()
    }
 }
@@ -956,6 +963,7 @@ where
            rpc_registry: registry,
            engine_events,
            beacon_engine_handle: engine_handle,
+            engine_shutdown: EngineShutdown::default(),
        })
    }

@@ -1381,6 +1389,7 @@ where
            version: version_metadata().cargo_pkg_version.to_string(),
            commit: version_metadata().vergen_git_sha.to_string(),
        };
+
        Ok(EngineApi::new(
            ctx.node.provider().clone(),
            ctx.config.chain.clone(),
@@ -1392,6 +1401,7 @@ where
            EngineCapabilities::default(),
            engine_validator,
            ctx.config.engine.accept_execution_requests_hash,
+            ctx.node.network().clone(),
        ))
    }
 }
@@ -1426,3 +1436,48 @@ impl IntoEngineApiRpcModule for NoopEngineApi {
        RpcModule::new(())
    }
 }
+
+/// Handle to trigger graceful engine shutdown.
+///
+/// This handle can be used to request a graceful shutdown of the engine,
+/// which will persist all remaining in-memory blocks before terminating.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct EngineShutdown {
+    /// Channel to send shutdown signal.
+    tx: Arc<Mutex<Option<oneshot::Sender<EngineShutdownRequest>>>>,
+}
+
+impl EngineShutdown {
+    /// Creates a new [`EngineShutdown`] handle and returns the receiver.
+    pub fn new() -> (Self, oneshot::Receiver<EngineShutdownRequest>) {
+        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        (Self { tx: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(tx))) }, rx)
+    }
+
+    /// Requests a graceful engine shutdown.
+    ///
+    /// All remaining in-memory blocks will be persisted before the engine terminates.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a receiver that resolves when shutdown is complete.
+    /// Returns `None` if shutdown was already triggered.
+    pub fn shutdown(&self) -> Option<oneshot::Receiver<()>> {
+        let mut guard = self.tx.lock();
+        let tx = guard.take()?;
+        let (done_tx, done_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let _ = tx.send(EngineShutdownRequest { done_tx });
+        Some(done_rx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for EngineShutdown {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { tx: Arc::new(Mutex::new(None)) }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Request to shutdown the engine.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EngineShutdownRequest {
+    /// Channel to signal shutdown completion.
+    pub done_tx: oneshot::Sender<()>,
+}
--- a/crates/node/core/src/args/network.rs
+++ b/crates/node/core/src/args/network.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ use reth_network::{
        DEFAULT_SOFT_LIMIT_BYTE_SIZE_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_RESP_ON_PACK_GET_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_REQ,
        SOFT_LIMIT_BYTE_SIZE_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_RESPONSE,
    },
-    HelloMessageWithProtocols, NetworkConfigBuilder, NetworkPrimitives, SessionsConfig,
+    HelloMessageWithProtocols, NetworkConfigBuilder, NetworkPrimitives,
 };
 use reth_network_peers::{mainnet_nodes, TrustedPeer};
 use secp256k1::SecretKey;
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ impl NetworkArgs {
        NetworkConfigBuilder::<N>::new(secret_key)
            .external_ip_resolver(self.nat.clone())
            .sessions_config(
-                SessionsConfig::default().with_upscaled_event_buffer(peers_config.max_peers()),
+                config.sessions.clone().with_upscaled_event_buffer(peers_config.max_peers()),
            )
            .peer_config(peers_config)
            .boot_nodes(chain_bootnodes.clone())
--- a/crates/node/ethstats/src/ethstats.rs
+++ b/crates/node/ethstats/src/ethstats.rs
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ where
                active: true,
                syncing: self.network.is_syncing(),
                peers: self.network.num_connected_peers() as u64,
-                gas_price: 0, // TODO
+                gas_price: self.pool.block_info().pending_basefee,
                uptime: 100,
            },
        };
--- a/crates/optimism/bin/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/optimism/bin/Cargo.toml
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ tracing.workspace = true
 workspace = true

 [features]
-default = ["jemalloc", "otlp", "reth-optimism-evm/portable", "js-tracer"]
+default = ["jemalloc", "otlp", "reth-optimism-evm/portable", "js-tracer", "keccak-cache-global", "asm-keccak"]

 otlp = ["reth-optimism-cli/otlp"]

@@ -40,7 +40,9 @@ jemalloc-prof = ["reth-cli-util/jemalloc-prof"]
 tracy-allocator = ["reth-cli-util/tracy-allocator"]

 asm-keccak = ["reth-optimism-cli/asm-keccak", "reth-optimism-node/asm-keccak"]
-
+keccak-cache-global = [
+    "reth-optimism-node/keccak-cache-global",
+]
 dev = [
    "reth-optimism-cli/dev",
    "reth-optimism-primitives/arbitrary",
--- a/crates/optimism/node/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/optimism/node/Cargo.toml
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ reth-payload-util.workspace = true
 reth-revm = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
 reth-rpc.workspace = true
 reth-rpc-eth-types.workspace = true
+reth-stages-types.workspace = true

 alloy-network.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
@@ -93,6 +94,10 @@ asm-keccak = [
    "reth-node-core/asm-keccak",
    "revm/asm-keccak",
 ]
+keccak-cache-global = [
+    "alloy-primitives/keccak-cache-global",
+    "reth-optimism-node/keccak-cache-global",
+]
 js-tracer = [
    "reth-node-builder/js-tracer",
    "reth-optimism-node/js-tracer",
@@ -118,6 +123,7 @@ test-utils = [
    "reth-optimism-primitives/arbitrary",
    "reth-primitives-traits/test-utils",
    "reth-trie-common/test-utils",
+    "reth-stages-types/test-utils",
 ]
 reth-codec = ["reth-optimism-primitives/reth-codec"]

--- a/crates/optimism/node/src/rpc.rs
+++ b/crates/optimism/node/src/rpc.rs
@@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ where
            EngineCapabilities::new(OP_ENGINE_CAPABILITIES.iter().copied()),
            engine_validator,
            ctx.config.engine.accept_execution_requests_hash,
+            ctx.node.network().clone(),
        );

        Ok(OpEngineApi::new(inner))
--- a/crates/optimism/node/tests/it/custom_genesis.rs
+++ b/crates/optimism/node/tests/it/custom_genesis.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//! Tests for custom genesis block number support.
+
+use alloy_consensus::BlockHeader;
+use alloy_genesis::Genesis;
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use reth_chainspec::EthChainSpec;
+use reth_db::test_utils::create_test_rw_db_with_path;
+use reth_e2e_test_utils::{
+    node::NodeTestContext, transaction::TransactionTestContext, wallet::Wallet,
+};
+use reth_node_builder::{EngineNodeLauncher, Node, NodeBuilder, NodeConfig};
+use reth_node_core::args::DatadirArgs;
+use reth_optimism_chainspec::OpChainSpecBuilder;
+use reth_optimism_node::{utils::optimism_payload_attributes, OpNode};
+use reth_provider::{providers::BlockchainProvider, HeaderProvider, StageCheckpointReader};
+use reth_stages_types::StageId;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use tokio::sync::Mutex;
+
+/// Tests that an OP node can initialize with a custom genesis block number.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_op_node_custom_genesis_number() {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+    let genesis_number = 1000;
+
+    // Create genesis with custom block number (1000)
+    let mut genesis: Genesis =
+        serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../assets/genesis.json")).unwrap();
+    genesis.number = Some(genesis_number);
+    genesis.parent_hash = Some(B256::random());
+
+    let chain_spec =
+        Arc::new(OpChainSpecBuilder::base_mainnet().genesis(genesis).ecotone_activated().build());
+
+    let wallet = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Wallet::default().with_chain_id(chain_spec.chain().into())));
+
+    // Configure and launch the node
+    let config = NodeConfig::new(chain_spec.clone()).with_datadir_args(DatadirArgs {
+        datadir: reth_db::test_utils::tempdir_path().into(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    let db = create_test_rw_db_with_path(
+        config
+            .datadir
+            .datadir
+            .unwrap_or_chain_default(config.chain.chain(), config.datadir.clone())
+            .db(),
+    );
+    let tasks = reth_tasks::TaskManager::current();
+    let node_handle = NodeBuilder::new(config.clone())
+        .with_database(db)
+        .with_types_and_provider::<OpNode, BlockchainProvider<_>>()
+        .with_components(OpNode::default().components())
+        .with_add_ons(OpNode::new(Default::default()).add_ons())
+        .launch_with_fn(|builder| {
+            let launcher = EngineNodeLauncher::new(
+                tasks.executor(),
+                builder.config.datadir(),
+                Default::default(),
+            );
+            builder.launch_with(launcher)
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("Failed to launch node");
+
+    let mut node =
+        NodeTestContext::new(node_handle.node, optimism_payload_attributes).await.unwrap();
+
+    // Verify stage checkpoints are initialized to genesis block number (1000)
+    for stage in StageId::ALL {
+        let checkpoint = node.inner.provider.get_stage_checkpoint(stage).unwrap();
+        assert!(checkpoint.is_some(), "Stage {:?} checkpoint should exist", stage);
+        assert_eq!(
+            checkpoint.unwrap().block_number,
+            1000,
+            "Stage {:?} checkpoint should be at genesis block 1000",
+            stage
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Query genesis block should succeed
+    let genesis_header = node.inner.provider.header_by_number(genesis_number).unwrap();
+    assert!(genesis_header.is_some(), "Genesis block at {} should exist", genesis_number);
+
+    // Query blocks before genesis should return None
+    for block_num in [0, 1, genesis_number - 1] {
+        let header = node.inner.provider.header_by_number(block_num).unwrap();
+        assert!(header.is_none(), "Block {} before genesis should not exist", block_num);
+    }
+
+    // Advance the chain with a single block
+    let _ = wallet; // wallet available for future use
+    let block_payloads = node
+        .advance(1, |_| {
+            Box::pin({
+                let value = wallet.clone();
+                async move {
+                    let mut wallet = value.lock().await;
+                    let tx_fut = TransactionTestContext::optimism_l1_block_info_tx(
+                        wallet.chain_id,
+                        wallet.inner.clone(),
+                        wallet.inner_nonce,
+                    );
+                    wallet.inner_nonce += 1;
+
+                    tx_fut.await
+                }
+            })
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(block_payloads.len(), 1);
+    let block = block_payloads.first().unwrap().block();
+
+    // Verify the new block is at 1001 (genesis 1000 + 1)
+    assert_eq!(
+        block.number(),
+        1001,
+        "Block number should be 1001 after advancing from genesis 100"
+    );
+}
--- a/crates/optimism/node/tests/it/main.rs
+++ b/crates/optimism/node/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -6,4 +6,6 @@ mod priority;

 mod rpc;

+mod custom_genesis;
+
 const fn main() {}
--- a/crates/optimism/reth/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/optimism/reth/Cargo.toml
@@ -74,7 +74,9 @@ arbitrary = [
    "reth-eth-wire?/arbitrary",
    "reth-codecs?/arbitrary",
 ]
-
+keccak-cache-global = [
+    "reth-optimism-node?/keccak-cache-global",
+]
 test-utils = [
    "reth-chainspec/test-utils",
    "reth-consensus?/test-utils",
--- a/crates/optimism/rpc/src/eth/receipt.rs
+++ b/crates/optimism/rpc/src/eth/receipt.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use alloy_rpc_types_eth::{Log, TransactionReceipt};
 use op_alloy_consensus::{OpReceipt, OpTransaction};
 use op_alloy_rpc_types::{L1BlockInfo, OpTransactionReceipt, OpTransactionReceiptFields};
 use op_revm::estimate_tx_compressed_size;
-use reth_chainspec::ChainSpecProvider;
+use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecProvider, EthChainSpec};
 use reth_node_api::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_optimism_evm::RethL1BlockInfo;
 use reth_optimism_forks::OpHardforks;
@@ -74,9 +74,11 @@ where
        let mut l1_block_info = match reth_optimism_evm::extract_l1_info(block.body()) {
            Ok(l1_block_info) => l1_block_info,
            Err(err) => {
+                let genesis_number =
+                    self.provider.chain_spec().genesis().number.unwrap_or_default();
                // If it is the genesis block (i.e. block number is 0), there is no L1 info, so
                // we return an empty l1_block_info.
-                if block.header().number() == 0 {
+                if block.header().number() == genesis_number {
                    return Ok(vec![]);
                }
                return Err(err.into());
--- a/crates/payload/util/src/traits.rs
+++ b/crates/payload/util/src/traits.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,11 @@ pub trait PayloadTransactions {
        ctx: (),
    ) -> Option<Self::Transaction>;

-    /// Exclude descendants of the transaction with given sender and nonce from the iterator,
-    /// because this transaction won't be included in the block.
+    /// Marks the transaction identified by `sender` and `nonce` as invalid for this iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Implementations must ensure that subsequent transactions returned from this iterator do not
+    /// depend on this transaction. For example, they may choose to stop yielding any further
+    /// transactions from this sender in the current iteration.
    fn mark_invalid(&mut self, sender: Address, nonce: u64);
 }

@@ -46,6 +49,9 @@ impl<T> PayloadTransactions for NoopPayloadTransactions<T> {

 /// Wrapper struct that allows to convert `BestTransactions` (used in tx pool) to
 /// `PayloadTransactions` (used in block composition).
+///
+/// Note: `mark_invalid` for this type filters out all further transactions from the given sender
+/// in the current iteration, mirroring the semantics of `BestTransactions::mark_invalid`.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BestPayloadTransactions<T, I>
 where
--- a/crates/primitives-traits/src/block/recovered.rs
+++ b/crates/primitives-traits/src/block/recovered.rs
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ impl<B: Block> RecoveredBlock<B> {

    /// A safer variant of [`Self::new_sealed`] that checks if the number of senders is equal to
    /// the number of transactions in the block and recovers the senders from the transactions, if
-    /// not using [`SignedTransaction::recover_signer_unchecked`](crate::transaction::signed::SignedTransaction)
+    /// not using [`SignedTransaction::recover_signer`](crate::transaction::signed::SignedTransaction)
    /// to recover the senders.
    ///
    /// Returns an error if any of the transactions fail to recover the sender.
--- a/crates/primitives-traits/src/block/sealed.rs
+++ b/crates/primitives-traits/src/block/sealed.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ impl<B: Block> SealedBlock<B> {

    /// Recovers all senders from the transactions in the block.
    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if any of the transactions fail to recover the sender.
+    /// Returns an error if any of the transactions fail to recover the sender.
    pub fn senders(&self) -> Result<Vec<Address>, RecoveryError> {
        self.body().recover_signers()
    }
--- a/crates/primitives-traits/src/header/sealed.rs
+++ b/crates/primitives-traits/src/header/sealed.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl<H: Sealable> SealedHeader<H> {
        *self.hash_ref()
    }

-    /// This is the inverse of [`Header::seal_slow`] which returns the raw header and hash.
+    /// This is the inverse of [`Self::seal_slow`] which returns the raw header and hash.
    pub fn split(self) -> (H, BlockHash) {
        let hash = self.hash();
        (self.header, hash)
--- a/crates/primitives/benches/validate_blob_tx.rs
+++ b/crates/primitives/benches/validate_blob_tx.rs
@@ -42,14 +42,13 @@ fn validate_blob_tx(
            blob_sidecar.blobs.extend(blob_sidecar_ext.blobs);
            blob_sidecar.proofs.extend(blob_sidecar_ext.proofs);
            blob_sidecar.commitments.extend(blob_sidecar_ext.commitments);
-
-            if blob_sidecar.blobs.len() > num_blobs as usize {
-                blob_sidecar.blobs.truncate(num_blobs as usize);
-                blob_sidecar.proofs.truncate(num_blobs as usize);
-                blob_sidecar.commitments.truncate(num_blobs as usize);
-            }
        }

+        // ensure exactly num_blobs blobs
+        blob_sidecar.blobs.truncate(num_blobs as usize);
+        blob_sidecar.proofs.truncate(num_blobs as usize);
+        blob_sidecar.commitments.truncate(num_blobs as usize);
+
        tx.blob_versioned_hashes = blob_sidecar.versioned_hashes().collect();

        (tx, blob_sidecar)
--- a/crates/rpc/rpc-api/src/engine.rs
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc-api/src/engine.rs
@@ -240,6 +240,18 @@ pub trait EngineApi<Engine: EngineTypes> {
        &self,
        versioned_hashes: Vec<B256>,
    ) -> RpcResult<Option<Vec<BlobAndProofV2>>>;
+
+    /// Fetch blobs for the consensus layer from the blob store.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a response of the same length as the request. Missing or older-version blobs are
+    /// returned as `null` elements.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `null` if syncing.
+    #[method(name = "getBlobsV3")]
+    async fn get_blobs_v3(
+        &self,
+        versioned_hashes: Vec<B256>,
+    ) -> RpcResult<Option<Vec<Option<BlobAndProofV2>>>>;
 }

 /// A subset of the ETH rpc interface: <https://ethereum.github.io/execution-apis/api-documentation>
--- a/crates/rpc/rpc-builder/tests/it/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc-builder/tests/it/utils.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ pub async fn launch_auth(secret: JwtSecret) -> AuthServerHandle {
        EngineCapabilities::default(),
        EthereumEngineValidator::new(MAINNET.clone()),
        false,
+        NoopNetwork::default(),
    );
    let module = AuthRpcModule::new(engine_api);
    module.start_server(config).await.unwrap()
--- a/crates/rpc/rpc-engine-api/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc-engine-api/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ reth-tasks.workspace = true
 reth-engine-primitives.workspace = true
 reth-transaction-pool.workspace = true
 reth-primitives-traits.workspace = true
+reth-network-api.workspace = true

 # ethereum
 alloy-eips.workspace = true
--- a/crates/rpc/rpc-engine-api/src/capabilities.rs
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc-engine-api/src/capabilities.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ pub const CAPABILITIES: &[&str] = &[
    "engine_getPayloadBodiesByRangeV1",
    "engine_getBlobsV1",
    "engine_getBlobsV2",
+    "engine_getBlobsV3",
 ];

 // The list of all supported Engine capabilities available over the engine endpoint.
--- a/crates/rpc/rpc-engine-api/src/engine_api.rs
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc-engine-api/src/engine_api.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 use jsonrpsee_core::{server::RpcModule, RpcResult};
 use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
 use reth_engine_primitives::{ConsensusEngineHandle, EngineApiValidator, EngineTypes};
+use reth_network_api::NetworkInfo;
 use reth_payload_builder::PayloadStore;
 use reth_payload_primitives::{
    validate_payload_timestamp, EngineApiMessageVersion, MessageValidationKind,
@@ -94,7 +95,9 @@ where
        capabilities: EngineCapabilities,
        validator: Validator,
        accept_execution_requests_hash: bool,
+        network: impl NetworkInfo + 'static,
    ) -> Self {
+        let is_syncing = Arc::new(move || network.is_syncing());
        let inner = Arc::new(EngineApiInner {
            provider,
            chain_spec,
@@ -107,6 +110,7 @@ where
            tx_pool,
            validator,
            accept_execution_requests_hash,
+            is_syncing,
        });
        Self { inner }
    }
@@ -792,6 +796,35 @@ where
            .map_err(|err| EngineApiError::Internal(Box::new(err)))
    }

+    fn get_blobs_v3(
+        &self,
+        versioned_hashes: Vec<B256>,
+    ) -> EngineApiResult<Option<Vec<Option<BlobAndProofV2>>>> {
+        // Check if Osaka fork is active
+        let current_timestamp =
+            SystemTime::now().duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap_or_default().as_secs();
+        if !self.inner.chain_spec.is_osaka_active_at_timestamp(current_timestamp) {
+            return Err(EngineApiError::EngineObjectValidationError(
+                reth_payload_primitives::EngineObjectValidationError::UnsupportedFork,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        if versioned_hashes.len() > MAX_BLOB_LIMIT {
+            return Err(EngineApiError::BlobRequestTooLarge { len: versioned_hashes.len() })
+        }
+
+        // Spec requires returning `null` if syncing.
+        if (*self.inner.is_syncing)() {
+            return Ok(None)
+        }
+
+        self.inner
+            .tx_pool
+            .get_blobs_for_versioned_hashes_v3(&versioned_hashes)
+            .map(Some)
+            .map_err(|err| EngineApiError::Internal(Box::new(err)))
+    }
+
    /// Metered version of `get_blobs_v2`.
    pub fn get_blobs_v2_metered(
        &self,
@@ -827,6 +860,27 @@ where

        res
    }
+
+    /// Metered version of `get_blobs_v3`.
+    pub fn get_blobs_v3_metered(
+        &self,
+        versioned_hashes: Vec<B256>,
+    ) -> EngineApiResult<Option<Vec<Option<BlobAndProofV2>>>> {
+        let hashes_len = versioned_hashes.len();
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        let res = Self::get_blobs_v3(self, versioned_hashes);
+        self.inner.metrics.latency.get_blobs_v3.record(start.elapsed());
+
+        if let Ok(Some(blobs)) = &res {
+            let blobs_found = blobs.iter().flatten().count();
+            let blobs_missed = hashes_len - blobs_found;
+
+            self.inner.metrics.blob_metrics.blob_count.increment(blobs_found as u64);
+            self.inner.metrics.blob_metrics.blob_misses.increment(blobs_missed as u64);
+        }
+
+        res
+    }
 }

 // This is the concrete ethereum engine API implementation.
@@ -1099,6 +1153,14 @@ where
        trace!(target: "rpc::engine", "Serving engine_getBlobsV2");
        Ok(self.get_blobs_v2_metered(versioned_hashes)?)
    }
+
+    async fn get_blobs_v3(
+        &self,
+        versioned_hashes: Vec<B256>,
+    ) -> RpcResult<Option<Vec<Option<BlobAndProofV2>>>> {
+        trace!(target: "rpc::engine", "Serving engine_getBlobsV3");
+        Ok(self.get_blobs_v3_metered(versioned_hashes)?)
+    }
 }

 impl<Provider, EngineT, Pool, Validator, ChainSpec> IntoEngineApiRpcModule
@@ -1155,6 +1217,8 @@ struct EngineApiInner<Provider, PayloadT: PayloadTypes, Pool, Validator, ChainSp
    /// Engine validator.
    validator: Validator,
    accept_execution_requests_hash: bool,
+    /// Returns `true` if the node is currently syncing.
+    is_syncing: Arc<dyn Fn() -> bool + Send + Sync>,
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -1162,10 +1226,13 @@ mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{ClientCode, ClientVersionV1};
    use assert_matches::assert_matches;
-    use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpec, MAINNET};
+    use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpec, ChainSpecBuilder, MAINNET};
    use reth_engine_primitives::BeaconEngineMessage;
    use reth_ethereum_engine_primitives::EthEngineTypes;
    use reth_ethereum_primitives::Block;
+    use reth_network_api::{
+        noop::NoopNetwork, EthProtocolInfo, NetworkError, NetworkInfo, NetworkStatus,
+    };
    use reth_node_ethereum::EthereumEngineValidator;
    use reth_payload_builder::test_utils::spawn_test_payload_service;
    use reth_provider::test_utils::MockEthProvider;
@@ -1206,6 +1273,7 @@ mod tests {
            EngineCapabilities::default(),
            EthereumEngineValidator::new(chain_spec.clone()),
            false,
+            NoopNetwork::default(),
        );
        let handle = EngineApiTestHandle { chain_spec, provider, from_api: engine_rx };
        (handle, api)
@@ -1247,6 +1315,76 @@ mod tests {
        assert_matches!(handle.from_api.recv().await, Some(BeaconEngineMessage::NewPayload { .. }));
    }

+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    struct TestNetworkInfo {
+        syncing: bool,
+    }
+
+    impl NetworkInfo for TestNetworkInfo {
+        fn local_addr(&self) -> std::net::SocketAddr {
+            (std::net::Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED, 0).into()
+        }
+
+        async fn network_status(&self) -> Result<NetworkStatus, NetworkError> {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            Ok(NetworkStatus {
+                client_version: "test".to_string(),
+                protocol_version: 5,
+                eth_protocol_info: EthProtocolInfo {
+                    network: 1,
+                    difficulty: None,
+                    genesis: Default::default(),
+                    config: Default::default(),
+                    head: Default::default(),
+                },
+                capabilities: vec![],
+            })
+        }
+
+        fn chain_id(&self) -> u64 {
+            1
+        }
+
+        fn is_syncing(&self) -> bool {
+            self.syncing
+        }
+
+        fn is_initially_syncing(&self) -> bool {
+            self.syncing
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn get_blobs_v3_returns_null_when_syncing() {
+        let chain_spec: Arc<ChainSpec> =
+            Arc::new(ChainSpecBuilder::mainnet().osaka_activated().build());
+        let provider = Arc::new(MockEthProvider::default());
+        let payload_store = spawn_test_payload_service::<EthEngineTypes>();
+        let (to_engine, _engine_rx) = unbounded_channel::<BeaconEngineMessage<EthEngineTypes>>();
+
+        let api = EngineApi::new(
+            provider,
+            chain_spec.clone(),
+            ConsensusEngineHandle::new(to_engine),
+            payload_store.into(),
+            NoopTransactionPool::default(),
+            Box::<TokioTaskExecutor>::default(),
+            ClientVersionV1 {
+                code: ClientCode::RH,
+                name: "Reth".to_string(),
+                version: "v0.0.0-test".to_string(),
+                commit: "test".to_string(),
+            },
+            EngineCapabilities::default(),
+            EthereumEngineValidator::new(chain_spec),
+            false,
+            TestNetworkInfo { syncing: true },
+        );
+
+        let res = api.get_blobs_v3_metered(vec![B256::ZERO]);
+        assert_matches!(res, Ok(None));
+    }
+
    // tests covering `engine_getPayloadBodiesByRange` and `engine_getPayloadBodiesByHash`
    mod get_payload_bodies {
        use super::*;
--- a/crates/rpc/rpc-engine-api/src/metrics.rs
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc-engine-api/src/metrics.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ pub(crate) struct EngineApiLatencyMetrics {
    pub(crate) get_blobs_v1: Histogram,
    /// Latency for `engine_getBlobsV2`
    pub(crate) get_blobs_v2: Histogram,
+    /// Latency for `engine_getBlobsV3`
+    pub(crate) get_blobs_v3: Histogram,
 }

 #[derive(Metrics)]
--- a/crates/rpc/rpc-eth-types/src/cache/multi_consumer.rs
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc-eth-types/src/cache/multi_consumer.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ where
    ///
    /// Can fail if the element is rejected by the limiter or if we fail to grow an empty map.
    ///
-    /// See [`Schnellru::insert`](LruMap::insert) for more info.
+    /// See [`LruMap::insert`] for more info.
    pub fn insert<'a>(&mut self, key: L::KeyToInsert<'a>, value: V) -> bool
    where
        L::KeyToInsert<'a>: Hash + PartialEq<K>,
--- a/crates/rpc/rpc/src/trace.rs
+++ b/crates/rpc/rpc/src/trace.rs
@@ -175,8 +175,6 @@ where
                    // need to apply the state changes of this call before executing the
                    // next call
                    if calls.peek().is_some() {
-                        // need to apply the state changes of this call before executing
-                        // the next call
                        db.commit(res.state)
                    }
                }
--- a/crates/stages/stages/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/stages/stages/Cargo.toml
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ reth-network-p2p = { workspace = true, features = ["test-utils"] }
 reth-downloaders.workspace = true
 reth-static-file.workspace = true
 reth-stages-api = { workspace = true, features = ["test-utils"] }
+reth-storage-api.workspace = true
 reth-testing-utils.workspace = true
 reth-trie = { workspace = true, features = ["test-utils"] }
 reth-provider = { workspace = true, features = ["test-utils"] }
@@ -116,6 +117,7 @@ test-utils = [
    "reth-ethereum-primitives?/test-utils",
    "reth-evm-ethereum/test-utils",
 ]
+rocksdb = ["reth-provider/rocksdb"]

 [[bench]]
 name = "criterion"
--- a/crates/stages/stages/src/stages/execution.rs
+++ b/crates/stages/stages/src/stages/execution.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use reth_stages_api::{
 };
 use reth_static_file_types::StaticFileSegment;
 use std::{
-    cmp::Ordering,
+    cmp::{max, Ordering},
    ops::RangeInclusive,
    sync::Arc,
    task::{ready, Context, Poll},
@@ -620,7 +620,11 @@ where
        // Otherwise, we recalculate the whole stage checkpoint including the amount of gas
        // already processed, if there's any.
        _ => {
-            let processed = calculate_gas_used_from_headers(provider, 0..=start_block - 1)?;
+            let genesis_block_number = provider.genesis_block_number();
+            let processed = calculate_gas_used_from_headers(
+                provider,
+                genesis_block_number..=max(start_block - 1, genesis_block_number),
+            )?;

            ExecutionCheckpoint {
                block_range: CheckpointBlockRange { from: start_block, to: max_block },
--- a/crates/stages/stages/src/stages/tx_lookup.rs
+++ b/crates/stages/stages/src/stages/tx_lookup.rs
@@ -3,17 +3,16 @@ use alloy_primitives::{TxHash, TxNumber};
 use num_traits::Zero;
 use reth_config::config::{EtlConfig, TransactionLookupConfig};
 use reth_db_api::{
-    cursor::{DbCursorRO, DbCursorRW},
-    table::Value,
+    table::{Decode, Decompress, Value},
    tables,
    transaction::DbTxMut,
-    RawKey, RawValue,
 };
 use reth_etl::Collector;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{NodePrimitives, SignedTransaction};
 use reth_provider::{
-    BlockReader, DBProvider, PruneCheckpointReader, PruneCheckpointWriter,
-    StaticFileProviderFactory, StatsReader, TransactionsProvider, TransactionsProviderExt,
+    BlockReader, DBProvider, EitherWriter, PruneCheckpointReader, PruneCheckpointWriter,
+    RocksDBProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory, StatsReader, StorageSettingsCache,
+    TransactionsProvider, TransactionsProviderExt,
 };
 use reth_prune_types::{PruneCheckpoint, PruneMode, PrunePurpose, PruneSegment};
 use reth_stages_api::{
@@ -65,7 +64,9 @@ where
        + PruneCheckpointReader
        + StatsReader
        + StaticFileProviderFactory<Primitives: NodePrimitives<SignedTx: Value + SignedTransaction>>
-        + TransactionsProviderExt,
+        + TransactionsProviderExt
+        + StorageSettingsCache
+        + RocksDBProviderFactory,
 {
    /// Return the id of the stage
    fn id(&self) -> StageId {
@@ -150,16 +151,27 @@ where
            );

            if range_output.is_final_range {
-                let append_only =
-                    provider.count_entries::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()?.is_zero();
-                let mut txhash_cursor = provider
-                    .tx_ref()
-                    .cursor_write::<tables::RawTable<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>>()?;
-
                let total_hashes = hash_collector.len();
                let interval = (total_hashes / 10).max(1);
+
+                // Use append mode when table is empty (first sync) - significantly faster
+                let append_only =
+                    provider.count_entries::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()?.is_zero();
+
+                // Create RocksDB batch if feature is enabled
+                #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+                let rocksdb = provider.rocksdb_provider();
+                #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+                let rocksdb_batch = rocksdb.batch();
+                #[cfg(not(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb")))]
+                let rocksdb_batch = ();
+
+                // Create writer that routes to either MDBX or RocksDB based on settings
+                let mut writer =
+                    EitherWriter::new_transaction_hash_numbers(provider, rocksdb_batch)?;
+
                for (index, hash_to_number) in hash_collector.iter()?.enumerate() {
-                    let (hash, number) = hash_to_number?;
+                    let (hash_bytes, number_bytes) = hash_to_number?;
                    if index > 0 && index.is_multiple_of(interval) {
                        info!(
                            target: "sync::stages::transaction_lookup",
@@ -169,12 +181,16 @@ where
                        );
                    }

-                    let key = RawKey::<TxHash>::from_vec(hash);
-                    if append_only {
-                        txhash_cursor.append(key, &RawValue::<TxNumber>::from_vec(number))?
-                    } else {
-                        txhash_cursor.insert(key, &RawValue::<TxNumber>::from_vec(number))?
-                    }
+                    // Decode from raw ETL bytes
+                    let hash = TxHash::decode(&hash_bytes)?;
+                    let tx_num = TxNumber::decompress(&number_bytes)?;
+                    writer.put_transaction_hash_number(hash, tx_num, append_only)?;
+                }
+
+                // Extract and register RocksDB batch for commit at provider level
+                #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+                if let Some(batch) = writer.into_raw_rocksdb_batch() {
+                    provider.set_pending_rocksdb_batch(batch);
                }

                trace!(target: "sync::stages::transaction_lookup",
@@ -199,11 +215,19 @@ where
        provider: &Provider,
        input: UnwindInput,
    ) -> Result<UnwindOutput, StageError> {
-        let tx = provider.tx_ref();
        let (range, unwind_to, _) = input.unwind_block_range_with_threshold(self.chunk_size);

-        // Cursor to unwind tx hash to number
-        let mut tx_hash_number_cursor = tx.cursor_write::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()?;
+        // Create RocksDB batch if feature is enabled
+        #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+        let rocksdb = provider.rocksdb_provider();
+        #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+        let rocksdb_batch = rocksdb.batch();
+        #[cfg(not(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb")))]
+        let rocksdb_batch = ();
+
+        // Create writer that routes to either MDBX or RocksDB based on settings
+        let mut writer = EitherWriter::new_transaction_hash_numbers(provider, rocksdb_batch)?;
+
        let static_file_provider = provider.static_file_provider();
        let rev_walker = provider
            .block_body_indices_range(range.clone())?
@@ -218,15 +242,18 @@ where

            // Delete all transactions that belong to this block
            for tx_id in body.tx_num_range() {
-                // First delete the transaction and hash to id mapping
-                if let Some(transaction) = static_file_provider.transaction_by_id(tx_id)? &&
-                    tx_hash_number_cursor.seek_exact(transaction.trie_hash())?.is_some()
-                {
-                    tx_hash_number_cursor.delete_current()?;
+                if let Some(transaction) = static_file_provider.transaction_by_id(tx_id)? {
+                    writer.delete_transaction_hash_number(transaction.trie_hash())?;
                }
            }
        }

+        // Extract and register RocksDB batch for commit at provider level
+        #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+        if let Some(batch) = writer.into_raw_rocksdb_batch() {
+            provider.set_pending_rocksdb_batch(batch);
+        }
+
        Ok(UnwindOutput {
            checkpoint: StageCheckpoint::new(unwind_to)
                .with_entities_stage_checkpoint(stage_checkpoint(provider)?),
@@ -266,7 +293,7 @@ mod tests {
    };
    use alloy_primitives::{BlockNumber, B256};
    use assert_matches::assert_matches;
-    use reth_db_api::transaction::DbTx;
+    use reth_db_api::{cursor::DbCursorRO, transaction::DbTx};
    use reth_ethereum_primitives::Block;
    use reth_primitives_traits::SealedBlock;
    use reth_provider::{
@@ -581,4 +608,160 @@ mod tests {
            self.ensure_no_hash_by_block(input.unwind_to)
        }
    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+    mod rocksdb_tests {
+        use super::*;
+        use reth_provider::RocksDBProviderFactory;
+        use reth_storage_api::StorageSettings;
+
+        /// Test that when `transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb` is enabled, the stage
+        /// writes transaction hash mappings to `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn execute_writes_to_rocksdb_when_enabled() {
+            let (previous_stage, stage_progress) = (110, 100);
+            let mut rng = generators::rng();
+
+            // Set up the runner
+            let runner = TransactionLookupTestRunner::default();
+
+            // Enable RocksDB for transaction hash numbers
+            runner.db.factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+                StorageSettings::legacy().with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true),
+            );
+
+            let input = ExecInput {
+                target: Some(previous_stage),
+                checkpoint: Some(StageCheckpoint::new(stage_progress)),
+            };
+
+            // Insert blocks with transactions
+            let blocks = random_block_range(
+                &mut rng,
+                stage_progress + 1..=previous_stage,
+                BlockRangeParams {
+                    parent: Some(B256::ZERO),
+                    tx_count: 1..3, // Ensure we have transactions
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            );
+            runner
+                .db
+                .insert_blocks(blocks.iter(), StorageKind::Static)
+                .expect("failed to insert blocks");
+
+            // Count expected transactions
+            let expected_tx_count: usize = blocks.iter().map(|b| b.body().transactions.len()).sum();
+            assert!(expected_tx_count > 0, "test requires at least one transaction");
+
+            // Execute the stage
+            let rx = runner.execute(input);
+            let result = rx.await.unwrap();
+            assert!(result.is_ok(), "stage execution failed: {:?}", result);
+
+            // Verify MDBX table is empty (data should be in RocksDB)
+            let mdbx_count = runner.db.count_entries::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(
+                mdbx_count, 0,
+                "MDBX TransactionHashNumbers should be empty when RocksDB is enabled"
+            );
+
+            // Verify RocksDB has the data
+            let rocksdb = runner.db.factory.rocksdb_provider();
+            let mut rocksdb_count = 0;
+            for block in &blocks {
+                for tx in &block.body().transactions {
+                    let hash = *tx.tx_hash();
+                    let result = rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash).unwrap();
+                    assert!(result.is_some(), "Transaction hash {:?} not found in RocksDB", hash);
+                    rocksdb_count += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            assert_eq!(
+                rocksdb_count, expected_tx_count,
+                "RocksDB should contain all transaction hashes"
+            );
+        }
+
+        /// Test that when `transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb` is enabled, the stage
+        /// unwind deletes transaction hash mappings from `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn unwind_deletes_from_rocksdb_when_enabled() {
+            let (previous_stage, stage_progress) = (110, 100);
+            let mut rng = generators::rng();
+
+            // Set up the runner
+            let runner = TransactionLookupTestRunner::default();
+
+            // Enable RocksDB for transaction hash numbers
+            runner.db.factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+                StorageSettings::legacy().with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true),
+            );
+
+            // Insert blocks with transactions
+            let blocks = random_block_range(
+                &mut rng,
+                stage_progress + 1..=previous_stage,
+                BlockRangeParams {
+                    parent: Some(B256::ZERO),
+                    tx_count: 1..3, // Ensure we have transactions
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            );
+            runner
+                .db
+                .insert_blocks(blocks.iter(), StorageKind::Static)
+                .expect("failed to insert blocks");
+
+            // Count expected transactions
+            let expected_tx_count: usize = blocks.iter().map(|b| b.body().transactions.len()).sum();
+            assert!(expected_tx_count > 0, "test requires at least one transaction");
+
+            // Execute the stage first to populate RocksDB
+            let exec_input = ExecInput {
+                target: Some(previous_stage),
+                checkpoint: Some(StageCheckpoint::new(stage_progress)),
+            };
+            let rx = runner.execute(exec_input);
+            let result = rx.await.unwrap();
+            assert!(result.is_ok(), "stage execution failed: {:?}", result);
+
+            // Verify RocksDB has the data before unwind
+            let rocksdb = runner.db.factory.rocksdb_provider();
+            for block in &blocks {
+                for tx in &block.body().transactions {
+                    let hash = *tx.tx_hash();
+                    let result = rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash).unwrap();
+                    assert!(
+                        result.is_some(),
+                        "Transaction hash {:?} should exist before unwind",
+                        hash
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Now unwind to stage_progress (removing all the blocks we added)
+            let unwind_input = UnwindInput {
+                checkpoint: StageCheckpoint::new(previous_stage),
+                unwind_to: stage_progress,
+                bad_block: None,
+            };
+            let unwind_result = runner.unwind(unwind_input).await;
+            assert!(unwind_result.is_ok(), "stage unwind failed: {:?}", unwind_result);
+
+            // Verify RocksDB data is deleted after unwind
+            let rocksdb = runner.db.factory.rocksdb_provider();
+            for block in &blocks {
+                for tx in &block.body().transactions {
+                    let hash = *tx.tx_hash();
+                    let result = rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash).unwrap();
+                    assert!(
+                        result.is_none(),
+                        "Transaction hash {:?} should be deleted from RocksDB after unwind",
+                        hash
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/stages/stages/src/test_utils/test_db.rs
+++ b/crates/stages/stages/src/test_utils/test_db.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl Default for TestStageDB {
                create_test_rw_db(),
                MAINNET.clone(),
                StaticFileProvider::read_write(static_dir_path).unwrap(),
-                RocksDBProvider::builder(rocksdb_dir_path).build().unwrap(),
+                RocksDBProvider::builder(rocksdb_dir_path).with_default_tables().build().unwrap(),
            )
            .expect("failed to create test provider factory"),
        }
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl TestStageDB {
                create_test_rw_db_with_path(path),
                MAINNET.clone(),
                StaticFileProvider::read_write(static_dir_path).unwrap(),
-                RocksDBProvider::builder(rocksdb_dir_path).build().unwrap(),
+                RocksDBProvider::builder(rocksdb_dir_path).with_default_tables().build().unwrap(),
            )
            .expect("failed to create test provider factory"),
        }
--- a/crates/storage/db-common/src/init.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/db-common/src/init.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ where
        + StateWriter
        + TrieWriter
        + MetadataWriter
+        + ChainSpecProvider
        + AsRef<PF::ProviderRW>,
    PF::ChainSpec: EthChainSpec<Header = <PF::Primitives as NodePrimitives>::BlockHeader>,
 {
@@ -126,6 +127,7 @@ where
        + StateWriter
        + TrieWriter
        + MetadataWriter
+        + ChainSpecProvider
        + AsRef<PF::ProviderRW>,
    PF::ChainSpec: EthChainSpec<Header = <PF::Primitives as NodePrimitives>::BlockHeader>,
 {
@@ -134,9 +136,12 @@ where
    let genesis = chain.genesis();
    let hash = chain.genesis_hash();

+    // Get the genesis block number from the chain spec
+    let genesis_block_number = chain.genesis_header().number();
+
    // Check if we already have the genesis header or if we have the wrong one.
-    match factory.block_hash(0) {
-        Ok(None) | Err(ProviderError::MissingStaticFileBlock(StaticFileSegment::Headers, 0)) => {}
+    match factory.block_hash(genesis_block_number) {
+        Ok(None) | Err(ProviderError::MissingStaticFileBlock(StaticFileSegment::Headers, _)) => {}
        Ok(Some(block_hash)) => {
            if block_hash == hash {
                // Some users will at times attempt to re-sync from scratch by just deleting the
@@ -179,15 +184,26 @@ where
    // compute state root to populate trie tables
    compute_state_root(&provider_rw, None)?;

-    // insert sync stage
+    // set stage checkpoint to genesis block number for all stages
+    let checkpoint = StageCheckpoint::new(genesis_block_number);
    for stage in StageId::ALL {
-        provider_rw.save_stage_checkpoint(stage, Default::default())?;
+        provider_rw.save_stage_checkpoint(stage, checkpoint)?;
    }

    // Static file segments start empty, so we need to initialize the genesis block.
    let static_file_provider = provider_rw.static_file_provider();
-    static_file_provider.latest_writer(StaticFileSegment::Receipts)?.increment_block(0)?;
-    static_file_provider.latest_writer(StaticFileSegment::Transactions)?.increment_block(0)?;
+
+    // Static file segments start empty, so we need to initialize the genesis block.
+    // For genesis blocks with non-zero block numbers, we need to use get_writer() instead of
+    // latest_writer() to ensure the genesis block is stored in the correct static file range.
+    static_file_provider
+        .get_writer(genesis_block_number, StaticFileSegment::Receipts)?
+        .user_header_mut()
+        .set_block_range(genesis_block_number, genesis_block_number);
+    static_file_provider
+        .get_writer(genesis_block_number, StaticFileSegment::Transactions)?
+        .user_header_mut()
+        .set_block_range(genesis_block_number, genesis_block_number);

    // Behaviour reserved only for new nodes should be set here.
    provider_rw.write_storage_settings(storage_settings)?;
@@ -210,9 +226,11 @@ where
        + DBProvider<Tx: DbTxMut>
        + HeaderProvider
        + StateWriter
+        + ChainSpecProvider
        + AsRef<Provider>,
 {
-    insert_state(provider, alloc, 0)
+    let genesis_block_number = provider.chain_spec().genesis_header().number();
+    insert_state(provider, alloc, genesis_block_number)
 }

 /// Inserts state at given block into database.
@@ -335,9 +353,10 @@ pub fn insert_genesis_history<'a, 'b, Provider>(
    alloc: impl Iterator<Item = (&'a Address, &'b GenesisAccount)> + Clone,
 ) -> ProviderResult<()>
 where
-    Provider: DBProvider<Tx: DbTxMut> + HistoryWriter,
+    Provider: DBProvider<Tx: DbTxMut> + HistoryWriter + ChainSpecProvider,
 {
-    insert_history(provider, alloc, 0)
+    let genesis_block_number = provider.chain_spec().genesis_header().number();
+    insert_history(provider, alloc, genesis_block_number)
 }

 /// Inserts history indices for genesis accounts and storage.
@@ -377,17 +396,37 @@ where
    let (header, block_hash) = (chain.genesis_header(), chain.genesis_hash());
    let static_file_provider = provider.static_file_provider();

-    match static_file_provider.block_hash(0) {
-        Ok(None) | Err(ProviderError::MissingStaticFileBlock(StaticFileSegment::Headers, 0)) => {
-            let mut writer = static_file_provider.latest_writer(StaticFileSegment::Headers)?;
-            writer.append_header(header, &block_hash)?;
+    // Get the actual genesis block number from the header
+    let genesis_block_number = header.number();
+
+    match static_file_provider.block_hash(genesis_block_number) {
+        Ok(None) | Err(ProviderError::MissingStaticFileBlock(StaticFileSegment::Headers, _)) => {
+            let difficulty = header.difficulty();
+
+            // For genesis blocks with non-zero block numbers, we need to ensure they are stored
+            // in the correct static file range. We use get_writer() with the genesis block number
+            // to ensure the genesis block is stored in the correct static file range.
+            let mut writer = static_file_provider
+                .get_writer(genesis_block_number, StaticFileSegment::Headers)?;
+
+            // For non-zero genesis blocks, we need to set block range to genesis_block_number and
+            // append header without increment block
+            if genesis_block_number > 0 {
+                writer
+                    .user_header_mut()
+                    .set_block_range(genesis_block_number, genesis_block_number);
+                writer.append_header_direct(header, difficulty, &block_hash)?;
+            } else {
+                // For zero genesis blocks, use normal append_header
+                writer.append_header(header, &block_hash)?;
+            }
        }
        Ok(Some(_)) => {}
        Err(e) => return Err(e),
    }

-    provider.tx_ref().put::<tables::HeaderNumbers>(block_hash, 0)?;
-    provider.tx_ref().put::<tables::BlockBodyIndices>(0, Default::default())?;
+    provider.tx_ref().put::<tables::HeaderNumbers>(block_hash, genesis_block_number)?;
+    provider.tx_ref().put::<tables::BlockBodyIndices>(genesis_block_number, Default::default())?;

    Ok(())
 }
--- a/crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/mdbx-sys/libmdbx/mdbx.c
+++ b/crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/mdbx-sys/libmdbx/mdbx.c
@@ -12936,6 +12936,125 @@ int mdbx_txn_renew(MDBX_txn *txn) {
  return LOG_IFERR(rc);
 }

+int mdbx_txn_clone(const MDBX_txn *src, MDBX_txn **dest) {
+  if (unlikely(!dest))
+    return LOG_IFERR(MDBX_EINVAL);
+  *dest = nullptr;
+
+  int rc = check_txn(src, MDBX_TXN_BLOCKED);
+  if (unlikely(rc != MDBX_SUCCESS))
+    return LOG_IFERR(rc);
+
+  if (unlikely((src->flags & MDBX_TXN_RDONLY) == 0))
+    return LOG_IFERR(MDBX_EINVAL);
+
+  MDBX_env *const env = src->env;
+  rc = check_env(env, true);
+  if (unlikely(rc != MDBX_SUCCESS))
+    return LOG_IFERR(rc);
+
+  if (unlikely((env->flags & MDBX_NOSTICKYTHREADS) == 0))
+    return LOG_IFERR(MDBX_TXN_OVERLAPPING);
+
+  MDBX_txn *txn = nullptr;
+  const intptr_t bitmap_bytes =
+#if MDBX_ENABLE_DBI_SPARSE
+      ceil_powerof2(env->max_dbi, CHAR_BIT * sizeof(txn->dbi_sparse[0])) / CHAR_BIT;
+#else
+      0;
+#endif /* MDBX_ENABLE_DBI_SPARSE */
+
+  STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(txn->tw) > sizeof(txn->to));
+  const size_t base = sizeof(MDBX_txn) - sizeof(txn->tw) + sizeof(txn->to);
+  const size_t size = base + (size_t)bitmap_bytes + env->max_dbi * sizeof(txn->dbi_seqs[0]) +
+                      env->max_dbi * (sizeof(txn->dbs[0]) + sizeof(txn->cursors[0]) + sizeof(txn->dbi_state[0]));
+
+  txn = osal_malloc(size);
+  if (unlikely(txn == nullptr))
+    return LOG_IFERR(MDBX_ENOMEM);
+#if MDBX_DEBUG
+  memset(txn, 0xCD, size);
+  VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(txn, size);
+#endif /* MDBX_DEBUG */
+  MDBX_ANALYSIS_ASSUME(size > base);
+  memset(txn, 0, (MDBX_GOOFY_MSVC_STATIC_ANALYZER && base > size) ? size : base);
+  txn->dbs = ptr_disp(txn, base);
+  txn->cursors = ptr_disp(txn->dbs, env->max_dbi * sizeof(txn->dbs[0]));
+#if MDBX_DEBUG
+  txn->cursors[FREE_DBI] = nullptr; /* avoid SIGSEGV in an assertion later */
+#endif
+  txn->dbi_state = ptr_disp(txn, size - env->max_dbi * sizeof(txn->dbi_state[0]));
+  txn->dbi_seqs = ptr_disp(txn->cursors, env->max_dbi * sizeof(txn->cursors[0]));
+#if MDBX_ENABLE_DBI_SPARSE
+  txn->dbi_sparse = ptr_disp(txn->dbi_state, -bitmap_bytes);
+#endif /* MDBX_ENABLE_DBI_SPARSE */
+
+  txn->env = env;
+  txn->flags = src->flags & ~txn_state_flags;
+  txn->parent = nullptr;
+  txn->nested = nullptr;
+
+  txn->txnid = src->txnid;
+  txn->front_txnid = src->front_txnid;
+  txn->geo = src->geo;
+  txn->canary = src->canary;
+  txn->owner = (env->flags & MDBX_NOSTICKYTHREADS) ? 0 : osal_thread_self();
+
+  if (unlikely(src->n_dbi > env->max_dbi)) {
+    rc = MDBX_CORRUPTED;
+    goto bailout;
+  }
+
+  txn->n_dbi = src->n_dbi;
+  memset(txn->cursors, 0, env->max_dbi * sizeof(txn->cursors[0]));
+  memset(txn->dbi_state, 0, env->max_dbi * sizeof(txn->dbi_state[0]));
+  memset(txn->dbi_seqs, 0, env->max_dbi * sizeof(txn->dbi_seqs[0]));
+#if MDBX_ENABLE_DBI_SPARSE
+  if (bitmap_bytes)
+    memset(txn->dbi_sparse, 0, bitmap_bytes);
+#endif /* MDBX_ENABLE_DBI_SPARSE */
+
+  memcpy(txn->dbs, src->dbs, txn->n_dbi * sizeof(txn->dbs[0]));
+  memcpy(txn->dbi_state, src->dbi_state, txn->n_dbi * sizeof(txn->dbi_state[0]));
+  memcpy(txn->dbi_seqs, src->dbi_seqs, txn->n_dbi * sizeof(txn->dbi_seqs[0]));
+#if MDBX_ENABLE_DBI_SPARSE
+  if (bitmap_bytes)
+    memcpy(txn->dbi_sparse, src->dbi_sparse, bitmap_bytes);
+#endif /* MDBX_ENABLE_DBI_SPARSE */
+
+  txn->to.reader = nullptr;
+  if (env->lck_mmap.lck) {
+    bsr_t brs = mvcc_bind_slot(env);
+    if (unlikely(brs.err != MDBX_SUCCESS)) {
+      rc = brs.err;
+      goto bailout;
+    }
+    txn->to.reader = brs.rslot;
+    safe64_reset(&txn->to.reader->txnid, true);
+    if (src->to.reader) {
+      atomic_store32(&txn->to.reader->snapshot_pages_used,
+                     atomic_load32(&src->to.reader->snapshot_pages_used, mo_Relaxed), mo_Relaxed);
+      atomic_store64(&txn->to.reader->snapshot_pages_retired,
+                     atomic_load64(&src->to.reader->snapshot_pages_retired, mo_Relaxed), mo_Relaxed);
+    } else {
+      atomic_store32(&txn->to.reader->snapshot_pages_used, src->geo.first_unallocated, mo_Relaxed);
+      atomic_store64(&txn->to.reader->snapshot_pages_retired, 0, mo_Relaxed);
+    }
+    safe64_write(&txn->to.reader->txnid, src->txnid);
+    atomic_store32(&env->lck->rdt_refresh_flag, true, mo_AcquireRelease);
+  }
+
+  txn->signature = txn_signature;
+  txn->userctx = nullptr;
+  *dest = txn;
+  DEBUG("clone txn %" PRIaTXN "r %p from %p on env %p", txn->txnid, (void *)txn, (void *)src, (void *)env);
+  return MDBX_SUCCESS;
+
+bailout:
+  osal_free(txn);
+  return LOG_IFERR(rc);
+}
+
 int mdbx_txn_set_userctx(MDBX_txn *txn, void *ctx) {
  int rc = check_txn(txn, MDBX_TXN_FINISHED);
  if (unlikely(rc != MDBX_SUCCESS))
--- a/crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/mdbx-sys/libmdbx/mdbx.h
+++ b/crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/mdbx-sys/libmdbx/mdbx.h
@@ -3882,6 +3882,35 @@ MDBX_NOTHROW_PURE_FUNCTION LIBMDBX_API void *mdbx_env_get_userctx(const MDBX_env
 LIBMDBX_API int mdbx_txn_begin_ex(MDBX_env *env, MDBX_txn *parent, MDBX_txn_flags_t flags, MDBX_txn **txn,
                                  void *context);

+/** \brief Clone a read-only transaction snapshot.
+ * \ingroup c_transactions
+ *
+ * Creates a new read-only transaction that uses the same MVCC snapshot as
+ * the \p src transaction. This allows parallel read operations across threads
+ * without re-opening a read transaction and re-fetching state.
+ *
+ * \note This function requires \ref MDBX_NOSTICKYTHREADS (aka MDBX_NOTLS)
+ * to be enabled for the environment. Otherwise it will return
+ * \ref MDBX_TXN_OVERLAPPING.
+ *
+ * \note The \p src transaction must be an active read-only transaction.
+ *
+ * \note The \p src transaction and the cloned transaction must not be used
+ * concurrently from multiple threads. Each transaction and its cursors must
+ * be confined to a single thread at a time.
+ *
+ * \param [in]  src   A read-only transaction handle returned by
+ *                    \ref mdbx_txn_begin_ex() or \ref mdbx_txn_begin().
+ * \param [out] dest  Address where the cloned \ref MDBX_txn handle will be
+ *                    stored. Must not be NULL.
+ *
+ * \returns A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
+ * \retval MDBX_EINVAL        Invalid arguments or \p src is not read-only.
+ * \retval MDBX_TXN_OVERLAPPING \ref MDBX_NOSTICKYTHREADS is not enabled.
+ * \retval MDBX_READERS_FULL  Reader lock table is full.
+ * \retval MDBX_ENOMEM        Out of memory. */
+LIBMDBX_API int mdbx_txn_clone(const MDBX_txn *src, MDBX_txn **dest);
+
 /** \brief Create a transaction for use with the environment.
 * \ingroup c_transactions
 *
--- a/crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/src/transaction.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/src/transaction.rs
@@ -483,6 +483,20 @@ impl Transaction<RW> {
 }

 impl Transaction<RO> {
+    /// Clones this read-only transaction, preserving the same MVCC snapshot.
+    ///
+    /// This requires the environment to be opened with `MDBX_NOSTICKYTHREADS` (aka `MDBX_NOTLS`).
+    /// The cloned transaction must not be used concurrently with this transaction from multiple
+    /// threads.
+    pub fn clone_snapshot(&self) -> Result<Self> {
+        let cloned = self.txn_execute(|txn| {
+            let mut cloned: *mut ffi::MDBX_txn = ptr::null_mut();
+            mdbx_result(unsafe { ffi::mdbx_txn_clone(txn, &mut cloned) }).map(|_| cloned)
+        })??;
+
+        Ok(Self::new_from_ptr(self.env().clone(), cloned))
+    }
+
    /// Closes the database handle.
    ///
    /// # Safety
--- a/crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/tests/transaction.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/tests/transaction.rs
@@ -373,3 +373,35 @@ fn test_stat_dupsort() {
        assert_eq!(stat.entries(), 8);
    }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_txn_clone_snapshot() {
+    let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+    let env = Environment::builder().open(dir.path()).unwrap();
+    {
+        let txn = env.begin_rw_txn().unwrap();
+        let db = txn.open_db(None).unwrap();
+        txn.put(db.dbi(), b"k", b"v1", WriteFlags::empty()).unwrap();
+        txn.commit().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let ro = env.begin_ro_txn().unwrap();
+    let clone = ro.clone_snapshot().unwrap();
+
+    {
+        let txn = env.begin_rw_txn().unwrap();
+        let db = txn.open_db(None).unwrap();
+        txn.put(db.dbi(), b"k", b"v2", WriteFlags::empty()).unwrap();
+        txn.commit().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    let db = ro.open_db(None).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(ro.get::<[u8; 2]>(db.dbi(), b"k").unwrap(), Some(*b"v1"));
+
+    let db = clone.open_db(None).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(clone.get::<[u8; 2]>(db.dbi(), b"k").unwrap(), Some(*b"v1"));
+
+    let ro2 = env.begin_ro_txn().unwrap();
+    let db = ro2.open_db(None).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(ro2.get::<[u8; 2]>(db.dbi(), b"k").unwrap(), Some(*b"v2"));
+}
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/either_writer.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/either_writer.rs
@@ -9,14 +9,19 @@ use crate::{
    providers::{StaticFileProvider, StaticFileProviderRWRefMut},
    StaticFileProviderFactory,
 };
-use alloy_primitives::{map::HashMap, Address, BlockNumber, TxNumber};
+use alloy_primitives::{map::HashMap, Address, BlockNumber, TxHash, TxNumber};
 use reth_db::{
    cursor::DbCursorRO,
    static_file::TransactionSenderMask,
    table::Value,
    transaction::{CursorMutTy, CursorTy, DbTx, DbTxMut},
 };
-use reth_db_api::{cursor::DbCursorRW, tables};
+use reth_db_api::{
+    cursor::DbCursorRW,
+    models::{storage_sharded_key::StorageShardedKey, ShardedKey},
+    tables,
+    tables::BlockNumberList,
+};
 use reth_errors::ProviderError;
 use reth_node_types::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_primitives_traits::ReceiptTy;
@@ -182,6 +187,21 @@ impl<'a> EitherWriter<'a, (), ()> {
 }

 impl<'a, CURSOR, N: NodePrimitives> EitherWriter<'a, CURSOR, N> {
+    /// Extracts the raw `RocksDB` write batch from this writer, if it contains one.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Some(WriteBatchWithTransaction)` for [`Self::RocksDB`] variant,
+    /// `None` for other variants.
+    ///
+    /// This is used to defer `RocksDB` commits to the provider level, ensuring all
+    /// storage commits (MDBX, static files, `RocksDB`) happen atomically in a single place.
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+    pub fn into_raw_rocksdb_batch(self) -> Option<rocksdb::WriteBatchWithTransaction<true>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Database(_) | Self::StaticFile(_) => None,
+            Self::RocksDB(batch) => Some(batch.into_inner()),
+        }
+    }
+
    /// Increment the block number.
    ///
    /// Relevant only for [`Self::StaticFile`]. It is a no-op for [`Self::Database`].
@@ -294,6 +314,119 @@ where
    }
 }

+impl<'a, CURSOR, N: NodePrimitives> EitherWriter<'a, CURSOR, N>
+where
+    CURSOR: DbCursorRW<tables::TransactionHashNumbers> + DbCursorRO<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>,
+{
+    /// Puts a transaction hash number mapping.
+    ///
+    /// When `append_only` is true, uses `cursor.append()` which is significantly faster
+    /// but requires entries to be inserted in order and the table to be empty.
+    /// When false, uses `cursor.insert()` which handles arbitrary insertion order.
+    pub fn put_transaction_hash_number(
+        &mut self,
+        hash: TxHash,
+        tx_num: TxNumber,
+        append_only: bool,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Database(cursor) => {
+                if append_only {
+                    Ok(cursor.append(hash, &tx_num)?)
+                } else {
+                    Ok(cursor.insert(hash, &tx_num)?)
+                }
+            }
+            Self::StaticFile(_) => Err(ProviderError::UnsupportedProvider),
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            Self::RocksDB(batch) => batch.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash, &tx_num),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Deletes a transaction hash number mapping.
+    pub fn delete_transaction_hash_number(&mut self, hash: TxHash) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Database(cursor) => {
+                if cursor.seek_exact(hash)?.is_some() {
+                    cursor.delete_current()?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Self::StaticFile(_) => Err(ProviderError::UnsupportedProvider),
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            Self::RocksDB(batch) => batch.delete::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, CURSOR, N: NodePrimitives> EitherWriter<'a, CURSOR, N>
+where
+    CURSOR: DbCursorRW<tables::StoragesHistory> + DbCursorRO<tables::StoragesHistory>,
+{
+    /// Puts a storage history entry.
+    pub fn put_storage_history(
+        &mut self,
+        key: StorageShardedKey,
+        value: &BlockNumberList,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Database(cursor) => Ok(cursor.upsert(key, value)?),
+            Self::StaticFile(_) => Err(ProviderError::UnsupportedProvider),
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            Self::RocksDB(batch) => batch.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key, value),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Deletes a storage history entry.
+    pub fn delete_storage_history(&mut self, key: StorageShardedKey) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Database(cursor) => {
+                if cursor.seek_exact(key)?.is_some() {
+                    cursor.delete_current()?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Self::StaticFile(_) => Err(ProviderError::UnsupportedProvider),
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            Self::RocksDB(batch) => batch.delete::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, CURSOR, N: NodePrimitives> EitherWriter<'a, CURSOR, N>
+where
+    CURSOR: DbCursorRW<tables::AccountsHistory> + DbCursorRO<tables::AccountsHistory>,
+{
+    /// Puts an account history entry.
+    pub fn put_account_history(
+        &mut self,
+        key: ShardedKey<Address>,
+        value: &BlockNumberList,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Database(cursor) => Ok(cursor.upsert(key, value)?),
+            Self::StaticFile(_) => Err(ProviderError::UnsupportedProvider),
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            Self::RocksDB(batch) => batch.put::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key, value),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Deletes an account history entry.
+    pub fn delete_account_history(&mut self, key: ShardedKey<Address>) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Database(cursor) => {
+                if cursor.seek_exact(key)?.is_some() {
+                    cursor.delete_current()?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Self::StaticFile(_) => Err(ProviderError::UnsupportedProvider),
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            Self::RocksDB(batch) => batch.delete::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Represents a source for reading data, either from database, static files, or `RocksDB`.
 #[derive(Debug, Display)]
 pub enum EitherReader<'a, CURSOR, N> {
@@ -418,6 +551,60 @@ where
    }
 }

+impl<CURSOR, N: NodePrimitives> EitherReader<'_, CURSOR, N>
+where
+    CURSOR: DbCursorRO<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>,
+{
+    /// Gets a transaction number by its hash.
+    pub fn get_transaction_hash_number(
+        &mut self,
+        hash: TxHash,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<TxNumber>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Database(cursor, _) => Ok(cursor.seek_exact(hash)?.map(|(_, v)| v)),
+            Self::StaticFile(_, _) => Err(ProviderError::UnsupportedProvider),
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            Self::RocksDB(tx) => tx.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<CURSOR, N: NodePrimitives> EitherReader<'_, CURSOR, N>
+where
+    CURSOR: DbCursorRO<tables::StoragesHistory>,
+{
+    /// Gets a storage history entry.
+    pub fn get_storage_history(
+        &mut self,
+        key: StorageShardedKey,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<BlockNumberList>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Database(cursor, _) => Ok(cursor.seek_exact(key)?.map(|(_, v)| v)),
+            Self::StaticFile(_, _) => Err(ProviderError::UnsupportedProvider),
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            Self::RocksDB(tx) => tx.get::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<CURSOR, N: NodePrimitives> EitherReader<'_, CURSOR, N>
+where
+    CURSOR: DbCursorRO<tables::AccountsHistory>,
+{
+    /// Gets an account history entry.
+    pub fn get_account_history(
+        &mut self,
+        key: ShardedKey<Address>,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<BlockNumberList>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Database(cursor, _) => Ok(cursor.seek_exact(key)?.map(|(_, v)| v)),
+            Self::StaticFile(_, _) => Err(ProviderError::UnsupportedProvider),
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            Self::RocksDB(tx) => tx.get::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Destination for writing data.
 #[derive(Debug, EnumIs)]
 pub enum EitherWriterDestination {
@@ -499,3 +686,308 @@ mod tests {
        }
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(all(test, unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+mod rocksdb_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{
+        providers::rocksdb::{RocksDBBuilder, RocksDBProvider},
+        test_utils::create_test_provider_factory,
+        RocksDBProviderFactory,
+    };
+    use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256};
+    use reth_db_api::{
+        models::{storage_sharded_key::StorageShardedKey, IntegerList, ShardedKey},
+        tables,
+    };
+    use reth_storage_api::{DatabaseProviderFactory, StorageSettings};
+    use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+    fn create_rocksdb_provider() -> (TempDir, RocksDBProvider) {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let provider = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()
+            .with_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>()
+            .with_table::<tables::AccountsHistory>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+        (temp_dir, provider)
+    }
+
+    /// Test that `EitherWriter::new_transaction_hash_numbers` creates a `RocksDB` writer
+    /// when the storage setting is enabled, and that put operations followed by commit
+    /// persist the data to `RocksDB`.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_either_writer_transaction_hash_numbers_with_rocksdb() {
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+
+        // Enable RocksDB for transaction hash numbers
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        let hash1 = B256::from([1u8; 32]);
+        let hash2 = B256::from([2u8; 32]);
+        let tx_num1 = 100u64;
+        let tx_num2 = 200u64;
+
+        // Get the RocksDB batch from the provider
+        let rocksdb = factory.rocksdb_provider();
+        let batch = rocksdb.batch();
+
+        // Create EitherWriter with RocksDB
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+        let mut writer = EitherWriter::new_transaction_hash_numbers(&provider, batch).unwrap();
+
+        // Verify we got a RocksDB writer
+        assert!(matches!(writer, EitherWriter::RocksDB(_)));
+
+        // Write transaction hash numbers (append_only=false since we're using RocksDB)
+        writer.put_transaction_hash_number(hash1, tx_num1, false).unwrap();
+        writer.put_transaction_hash_number(hash2, tx_num2, false).unwrap();
+
+        // Extract the batch and register with provider for commit
+        if let Some(batch) = writer.into_raw_rocksdb_batch() {
+            provider.set_pending_rocksdb_batch(batch);
+        }
+
+        // Commit via provider - this commits RocksDB batch too
+        provider.commit().unwrap();
+
+        // Verify data was written to RocksDB
+        let rocksdb = factory.rocksdb_provider();
+        assert_eq!(rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash1).unwrap(), Some(tx_num1));
+        assert_eq!(rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash2).unwrap(), Some(tx_num2));
+    }
+
+    /// Test that `EitherWriter::delete_transaction_hash_number` works with `RocksDB`.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_either_writer_delete_transaction_hash_number_with_rocksdb() {
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+
+        // Enable RocksDB for transaction hash numbers
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        let hash = B256::from([1u8; 32]);
+        let tx_num = 100u64;
+
+        // First, write a value directly to RocksDB
+        let rocksdb = factory.rocksdb_provider();
+        rocksdb.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash, &tx_num).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash).unwrap(), Some(tx_num));
+
+        // Now delete using EitherWriter
+        let batch = rocksdb.batch();
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+        let mut writer = EitherWriter::new_transaction_hash_numbers(&provider, batch).unwrap();
+        writer.delete_transaction_hash_number(hash).unwrap();
+
+        // Extract the batch and commit via provider
+        if let Some(batch) = writer.into_raw_rocksdb_batch() {
+            provider.set_pending_rocksdb_batch(batch);
+        }
+        provider.commit().unwrap();
+
+        // Verify deletion
+        let rocksdb = factory.rocksdb_provider();
+        assert_eq!(rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash).unwrap(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rocksdb_batch_transaction_hash_numbers() {
+        let (_temp_dir, provider) = create_rocksdb_provider();
+
+        let hash1 = B256::from([1u8; 32]);
+        let hash2 = B256::from([2u8; 32]);
+        let tx_num1 = 100u64;
+        let tx_num2 = 200u64;
+
+        // Write via RocksDBBatch (same as EitherWriter::RocksDB would use internally)
+        let mut batch = provider.batch();
+        batch.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash1, &tx_num1).unwrap();
+        batch.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash2, &tx_num2).unwrap();
+        batch.commit().unwrap();
+
+        // Read via RocksTx (same as EitherReader::RocksDB would use internally)
+        let tx = provider.tx();
+        assert_eq!(tx.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash1).unwrap(), Some(tx_num1));
+        assert_eq!(tx.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash2).unwrap(), Some(tx_num2));
+
+        // Test missing key
+        let missing_hash = B256::from([99u8; 32]);
+        assert_eq!(tx.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(missing_hash).unwrap(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rocksdb_batch_storage_history() {
+        let (_temp_dir, provider) = create_rocksdb_provider();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+        let storage_key = B256::from([1u8; 32]);
+        let key = StorageShardedKey::new(address, storage_key, 1000);
+        let value = IntegerList::new([1, 5, 10, 50]).unwrap();
+
+        // Write via RocksDBBatch
+        let mut batch = provider.batch();
+        batch.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key.clone(), &value).unwrap();
+        batch.commit().unwrap();
+
+        // Read via RocksTx
+        let tx = provider.tx();
+        let result = tx.get::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(value));
+
+        // Test missing key
+        let missing_key = StorageShardedKey::new(Address::random(), B256::ZERO, 0);
+        assert_eq!(tx.get::<tables::StoragesHistory>(missing_key).unwrap(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rocksdb_batch_account_history() {
+        let (_temp_dir, provider) = create_rocksdb_provider();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+        let key = ShardedKey::new(address, 1000);
+        let value = IntegerList::new([1, 10, 100, 500]).unwrap();
+
+        // Write via RocksDBBatch
+        let mut batch = provider.batch();
+        batch.put::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key.clone(), &value).unwrap();
+        batch.commit().unwrap();
+
+        // Read via RocksTx
+        let tx = provider.tx();
+        let result = tx.get::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(value));
+
+        // Test missing key
+        let missing_key = ShardedKey::new(Address::random(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(tx.get::<tables::AccountsHistory>(missing_key).unwrap(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rocksdb_batch_delete_transaction_hash_number() {
+        let (_temp_dir, provider) = create_rocksdb_provider();
+
+        let hash = B256::from([1u8; 32]);
+        let tx_num = 100u64;
+
+        // First write
+        provider.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash, &tx_num).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(provider.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash).unwrap(), Some(tx_num));
+
+        // Delete via RocksDBBatch
+        let mut batch = provider.batch();
+        batch.delete::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash).unwrap();
+        batch.commit().unwrap();
+
+        // Verify deletion
+        assert_eq!(provider.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash).unwrap(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rocksdb_batch_delete_storage_history() {
+        let (_temp_dir, provider) = create_rocksdb_provider();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+        let storage_key = B256::from([1u8; 32]);
+        let key = StorageShardedKey::new(address, storage_key, 1000);
+        let value = IntegerList::new([1, 5, 10]).unwrap();
+
+        // First write
+        provider.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key.clone(), &value).unwrap();
+        assert!(provider.get::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key.clone()).unwrap().is_some());
+
+        // Delete via RocksDBBatch
+        let mut batch = provider.batch();
+        batch.delete::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key.clone()).unwrap();
+        batch.commit().unwrap();
+
+        // Verify deletion
+        assert_eq!(provider.get::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key).unwrap(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rocksdb_batch_delete_account_history() {
+        let (_temp_dir, provider) = create_rocksdb_provider();
+
+        let address = Address::random();
+        let key = ShardedKey::new(address, 1000);
+        let value = IntegerList::new([1, 10, 100]).unwrap();
+
+        // First write
+        provider.put::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key.clone(), &value).unwrap();
+        assert!(provider.get::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key.clone()).unwrap().is_some());
+
+        // Delete via RocksDBBatch
+        let mut batch = provider.batch();
+        batch.delete::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key.clone()).unwrap();
+        batch.commit().unwrap();
+
+        // Verify deletion
+        assert_eq!(provider.get::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key).unwrap(), None);
+    }
+
+    /// Test that `RocksDB` commits happen at `provider.commit()` level, not at writer level.
+    ///
+    /// This ensures all storage commits (MDBX, static files, `RocksDB`) happen atomically
+    /// in a single place, making it easier to reason about commit ordering and consistency.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rocksdb_commits_at_provider_level() {
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+
+        // Enable RocksDB for transaction hash numbers
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        let hash1 = B256::from([1u8; 32]);
+        let hash2 = B256::from([2u8; 32]);
+        let tx_num1 = 100u64;
+        let tx_num2 = 200u64;
+
+        // Get the RocksDB batch from the provider
+        let rocksdb = factory.rocksdb_provider();
+        let batch = rocksdb.batch();
+
+        // Create provider and EitherWriter
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+        let mut writer = EitherWriter::new_transaction_hash_numbers(&provider, batch).unwrap();
+
+        // Write transaction hash numbers (append_only=false since we're using RocksDB)
+        writer.put_transaction_hash_number(hash1, tx_num1, false).unwrap();
+        writer.put_transaction_hash_number(hash2, tx_num2, false).unwrap();
+
+        // Extract the raw batch from the writer and register it with the provider
+        let raw_batch = writer.into_raw_rocksdb_batch();
+        if let Some(batch) = raw_batch {
+            provider.set_pending_rocksdb_batch(batch);
+        }
+
+        // Data should NOT be visible yet (batch not committed)
+        let rocksdb = factory.rocksdb_provider();
+        assert_eq!(
+            rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash1).unwrap(),
+            None,
+            "Data should not be visible before provider.commit()"
+        );
+
+        // Commit the provider - this should commit both MDBX and RocksDB
+        provider.commit().unwrap();
+
+        // Now data should be visible in RocksDB
+        let rocksdb = factory.rocksdb_provider();
+        assert_eq!(
+            rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash1).unwrap(),
+            Some(tx_num1),
+            "Data should be visible after provider.commit()"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash2).unwrap(),
+            Some(tx_num2),
+            "Data should be visible after provider.commit()"
+        );
+    }
+}
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/blockchain_provider.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/blockchain_provider.rs
@@ -181,6 +181,11 @@ impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> RocksDBProviderFactory for BlockchainProvider<N> {
    fn rocksdb_provider(&self) -> RocksDBProvider {
        self.database.rocksdb_provider()
    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+    fn set_pending_rocksdb_batch(&self, _batch: rocksdb::WriteBatchWithTransaction<true>) {
+        unimplemented!("BlockchainProvider wraps ProviderFactory - use DatabaseProvider::set_pending_rocksdb_batch instead")
+    }
 }

 impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> HeaderProvider for BlockchainProvider<N> {
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/database/builder.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/database/builder.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl<N> ProviderFactoryBuilder<N> {
        self.db(Arc::new(open_db_read_only(db_dir, db_args)?))
            .chainspec(chainspec)
            .static_file(StaticFileProvider::read_only(static_files_dir, watch_static_files)?)
-            .rocksdb_provider(RocksDBProvider::builder(&rocksdb_dir).build()?)
+            .rocksdb_provider(RocksDBProvider::builder(&rocksdb_dir).with_default_tables().build()?)
            .build_provider_factory()
            .map_err(Into::into)
    }
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/database/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/database/mod.rs
@@ -153,6 +153,11 @@ impl<N: NodeTypesWithDB> RocksDBProviderFactory for ProviderFactory<N> {
    fn rocksdb_provider(&self) -> RocksDBProvider {
        self.rocksdb_provider.clone()
    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+    fn set_pending_rocksdb_batch(&self, _batch: rocksdb::WriteBatchWithTransaction<true>) {
+        unimplemented!("ProviderFactory is a factory, not a provider - use DatabaseProvider::set_pending_rocksdb_batch instead")
+    }
 }

 impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes<DB = Arc<DatabaseEnv>>> ProviderFactory<N> {
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/database/provider.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/database/provider.rs
@@ -151,7 +151,6 @@ impl<DB: Database, N: NodeTypes> From<DatabaseProviderRW<DB, N>>

 /// A provider struct that fetches data from the database.
 /// Wrapper around [`DbTx`] and [`DbTxMut`]. Example: [`HeaderProvider`] [`BlockHashReader`]
-#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct DatabaseProvider<TX, N: NodeTypes> {
    /// Database transaction.
    tx: TX,
@@ -167,10 +166,29 @@ pub struct DatabaseProvider<TX, N: NodeTypes> {
    storage_settings: Arc<RwLock<StorageSettings>>,
    /// `RocksDB` provider
    rocksdb_provider: RocksDBProvider,
+    /// Pending `RocksDB` batches to be committed at provider commit time.
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+    pending_rocksdb_batches: parking_lot::Mutex<Vec<rocksdb::WriteBatchWithTransaction<true>>>,
    /// Minimum distance from tip required for pruning
    minimum_pruning_distance: u64,
 }

+impl<TX: Debug, N: NodeTypes> Debug for DatabaseProvider<TX, N> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let mut s = f.debug_struct("DatabaseProvider");
+        s.field("tx", &self.tx)
+            .field("chain_spec", &self.chain_spec)
+            .field("static_file_provider", &self.static_file_provider)
+            .field("prune_modes", &self.prune_modes)
+            .field("storage", &self.storage)
+            .field("storage_settings", &self.storage_settings)
+            .field("rocksdb_provider", &self.rocksdb_provider);
+        #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+        s.field("pending_rocksdb_batches", &"<pending batches>");
+        s.field("minimum_pruning_distance", &self.minimum_pruning_distance).finish()
+    }
+}
+
 impl<TX, N: NodeTypes> DatabaseProvider<TX, N> {
    /// Returns reference to prune modes.
    pub const fn prune_modes_ref(&self) -> &PruneModes {
@@ -259,6 +277,11 @@ impl<TX, N: NodeTypes> RocksDBProviderFactory for DatabaseProvider<TX, N> {
    fn rocksdb_provider(&self) -> RocksDBProvider {
        self.rocksdb_provider.clone()
    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+    fn set_pending_rocksdb_batch(&self, batch: rocksdb::WriteBatchWithTransaction<true>) {
+        self.pending_rocksdb_batches.lock().push(batch);
+    }
 }

 impl<TX: Debug + Send + Sync, N: NodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + 'static>> ChainSpecProvider
@@ -290,6 +313,8 @@ impl<TX: DbTxMut, N: NodeTypes> DatabaseProvider<TX, N> {
            storage,
            storage_settings,
            rocksdb_provider,
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            pending_rocksdb_batches: parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
            minimum_pruning_distance: MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE,
        }
    }
@@ -545,6 +570,8 @@ impl<TX: DbTx + 'static, N: NodeTypesForProvider> DatabaseProvider<TX, N> {
            storage,
            storage_settings,
            rocksdb_provider,
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            pending_rocksdb_batches: parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
            minimum_pruning_distance: MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE,
        }
    }
@@ -3178,7 +3205,7 @@ impl<TX: DbTx + 'static, N: NodeTypes + 'static> DBProvider for DatabaseProvider
        self.prune_modes_ref()
    }

-    /// Commit database transaction and static files.
+    /// Commit database transaction, static files, and pending `RocksDB` batches.
    fn commit(self) -> ProviderResult<bool> {
        // For unwinding it makes more sense to commit the database first, since if
        // it is interrupted before the static files commit, we can just
@@ -3186,9 +3213,27 @@ impl<TX: DbTx + 'static, N: NodeTypes + 'static> DBProvider for DatabaseProvider
        // checkpoints on the next start-up.
        if self.static_file_provider.has_unwind_queued() {
            self.tx.commit()?;
+
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            {
+                let batches = std::mem::take(&mut *self.pending_rocksdb_batches.lock());
+                for batch in batches {
+                    self.rocksdb_provider.commit_batch(batch)?;
+                }
+            }
+
            self.static_file_provider.commit()?;
        } else {
            self.static_file_provider.commit()?;
+
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+            {
+                let batches = std::mem::take(&mut *self.pending_rocksdb_batches.lock());
+                for batch in batches {
+                    self.rocksdb_provider.commit_batch(batch)?;
+                }
+            }
+
            self.tx.commit()?;
        }

--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/rocksdb/invariants.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/rocksdb/invariants.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,913 @@
+//! Invariant checking for `RocksDB` tables.
+//!
+//! This module provides consistency checks for tables stored in `RocksDB`, similar to the
+//! consistency checks for static files. The goal is to detect and potentially heal
+//! inconsistencies between `RocksDB` data and MDBX checkpoints.
+
+use super::RocksDBProvider;
+use crate::StaticFileProviderFactory;
+use alloy_eips::eip2718::Encodable2718;
+use alloy_primitives::BlockNumber;
+use rayon::prelude::*;
+use reth_db::cursor::DbCursorRO;
+use reth_db_api::{tables, transaction::DbTx};
+use reth_stages_types::StageId;
+use reth_static_file_types::StaticFileSegment;
+use reth_storage_api::{
+    DBProvider, StageCheckpointReader, StorageSettingsCache, TransactionsProvider,
+};
+use reth_storage_errors::provider::ProviderResult;
+
+impl RocksDBProvider {
+    /// Checks consistency of `RocksDB` tables against MDBX stage checkpoints.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an unwind target block number if the pipeline needs to unwind to rebuild
+    /// `RocksDB` data. Returns `None` if all invariants pass or if inconsistencies were healed.
+    ///
+    /// # Invariants checked
+    ///
+    /// For `TransactionHashNumbers`:
+    /// - The maximum `TxNumber` value should not exceed what the `TransactionLookup` stage
+    ///   checkpoint indicates has been processed.
+    /// - If `RocksDB` is ahead, excess entries are pruned (healed).
+    /// - If `RocksDB` is behind, an unwind is required.
+    ///
+    /// For `StoragesHistory`:
+    /// - The maximum block number in shards should not exceed the `IndexStorageHistory` stage
+    ///   checkpoint.
+    /// - Similar healing/unwind logic applies.
+    ///
+    /// # Requirements
+    ///
+    /// For pruning `TransactionHashNumbers`, the provider must be able to supply transaction
+    /// data (typically from static files) so that transaction hashes can be computed. This
+    /// implies that static files should be ahead of or in sync with `RocksDB`.
+    pub fn check_consistency<Provider>(
+        &self,
+        provider: &Provider,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<BlockNumber>>
+    where
+        Provider: DBProvider
+            + StageCheckpointReader
+            + StorageSettingsCache
+            + StaticFileProviderFactory
+            + TransactionsProvider<Transaction: Encodable2718>,
+    {
+        let mut unwind_target: Option<BlockNumber> = None;
+
+        // Check TransactionHashNumbers if stored in RocksDB
+        if provider.cached_storage_settings().transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb &&
+            let Some(target) = self.check_transaction_hash_numbers(provider)?
+        {
+            unwind_target = Some(unwind_target.map_or(target, |t| t.min(target)));
+        }
+
+        // Check StoragesHistory if stored in RocksDB
+        if provider.cached_storage_settings().storages_history_in_rocksdb &&
+            let Some(target) = self.check_storages_history(provider)?
+        {
+            unwind_target = Some(unwind_target.map_or(target, |t| t.min(target)));
+        }
+
+        Ok(unwind_target)
+    }
+
+    /// Checks invariants for the `TransactionHashNumbers` table.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a block number to unwind to if MDBX is behind the checkpoint.
+    /// If static files are ahead of MDBX, excess `RocksDB` entries are pruned (healed).
+    ///
+    /// # Approach
+    ///
+    /// Instead of iterating `RocksDB` entries (which is expensive and doesn't give us the
+    /// tx range we need), we use static files and MDBX to determine what needs pruning:
+    /// - Static files are committed before `RocksDB`, so they're at least at the same height
+    /// - MDBX `TransactionBlocks` tells us what's been fully committed
+    /// - If static files have more transactions than MDBX, prune the excess range
+    fn check_transaction_hash_numbers<Provider>(
+        &self,
+        provider: &Provider,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<BlockNumber>>
+    where
+        Provider: DBProvider
+            + StageCheckpointReader
+            + StaticFileProviderFactory
+            + TransactionsProvider<Transaction: Encodable2718>,
+    {
+        // Get the TransactionLookup stage checkpoint
+        let checkpoint = provider
+            .get_stage_checkpoint(StageId::TransactionLookup)?
+            .map(|cp| cp.block_number)
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+
+        // Get last tx_num from MDBX - this tells us what MDBX has fully committed
+        let mut cursor = provider.tx_ref().cursor_read::<tables::TransactionBlocks>()?;
+        let mdbx_last = cursor.last()?;
+
+        // Get highest tx_num from static files - this tells us what tx data is available
+        let highest_static_tx = provider
+            .static_file_provider()
+            .get_highest_static_file_tx(StaticFileSegment::Transactions);
+
+        match (mdbx_last, highest_static_tx) {
+            (Some((mdbx_tx, mdbx_block)), Some(highest_tx)) if highest_tx > mdbx_tx => {
+                // Static files are ahead of MDBX - prune RocksDB entries for the excess range.
+                // This is the common case during recovery from a crash during unwinding.
+                tracing::info!(
+                    target: "reth::providers::rocksdb",
+                    mdbx_last_tx = mdbx_tx,
+                    mdbx_block,
+                    highest_static_tx = highest_tx,
+                    "Static files ahead of MDBX, pruning TransactionHashNumbers excess data"
+                );
+                self.prune_transaction_hash_numbers_in_range(provider, (mdbx_tx + 1)..=highest_tx)?;
+
+                // After pruning, check if MDBX is behind checkpoint
+                if checkpoint > mdbx_block {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        target: "reth::providers::rocksdb",
+                        mdbx_block,
+                        checkpoint,
+                        "MDBX behind checkpoint after pruning, unwind needed"
+                    );
+                    return Ok(Some(mdbx_block));
+                }
+            }
+            (Some((_mdbx_tx, mdbx_block)), _) => {
+                // MDBX and static files are in sync (or static files don't have more data).
+                // Check if MDBX is behind checkpoint.
+                if checkpoint > mdbx_block {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        target: "reth::providers::rocksdb",
+                        mdbx_block,
+                        checkpoint,
+                        "MDBX behind checkpoint, unwind needed"
+                    );
+                    return Ok(Some(mdbx_block));
+                }
+            }
+            (None, Some(highest_tx)) => {
+                // MDBX has no transactions but static files have data.
+                // This means RocksDB might have stale entries - prune them all.
+                tracing::info!(
+                    target: "reth::providers::rocksdb",
+                    highest_static_tx = highest_tx,
+                    "MDBX empty but static files have data, pruning all TransactionHashNumbers"
+                );
+                self.prune_transaction_hash_numbers_in_range(provider, 0..=highest_tx)?;
+            }
+            (None, None) => {
+                // Both MDBX and static files are empty.
+                // If checkpoint says we should have data, that's an inconsistency.
+                if checkpoint > 0 {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        target: "reth::providers::rocksdb",
+                        checkpoint,
+                        "Checkpoint set but no transaction data exists, unwind needed"
+                    );
+                    return Ok(Some(0));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(None)
+    }
+
+    /// Prunes `TransactionHashNumbers` entries for transactions in the given range.
+    ///
+    /// This fetches transactions from the provider, computes their hashes in parallel,
+    /// and deletes the corresponding entries from `RocksDB` by key. This approach is more
+    /// scalable than iterating all rows because it only processes the transactions that
+    /// need to be pruned.
+    ///
+    /// # Requirements
+    ///
+    /// The provider must be able to supply transaction data (typically from static files)
+    /// so that transaction hashes can be computed. This implies that static files should
+    /// be ahead of or in sync with `RocksDB`.
+    fn prune_transaction_hash_numbers_in_range<Provider>(
+        &self,
+        provider: &Provider,
+        tx_range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<u64>,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<()>
+    where
+        Provider: TransactionsProvider<Transaction: Encodable2718>,
+    {
+        if tx_range.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        // Fetch transactions in the range and compute their hashes in parallel
+        let hashes: Vec<_> = provider
+            .transactions_by_tx_range(tx_range.clone())?
+            .into_par_iter()
+            .map(|tx| tx.trie_hash())
+            .collect();
+
+        if !hashes.is_empty() {
+            tracing::info!(
+                target: "reth::providers::rocksdb",
+                deleted_count = hashes.len(),
+                tx_range_start = *tx_range.start(),
+                tx_range_end = *tx_range.end(),
+                "Pruning TransactionHashNumbers entries by tx range"
+            );
+
+            let mut batch = self.batch();
+            for hash in hashes {
+                batch.delete::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash)?;
+            }
+            batch.commit()?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Checks invariants for the `StoragesHistory` table.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a block number to unwind to if `RocksDB` is behind the checkpoint.
+    /// If `RocksDB` is ahead of the checkpoint, excess entries are pruned (healed).
+    fn check_storages_history<Provider>(
+        &self,
+        provider: &Provider,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<Option<BlockNumber>>
+    where
+        Provider: DBProvider + StageCheckpointReader,
+    {
+        // Get the IndexStorageHistory stage checkpoint
+        let checkpoint = provider
+            .get_stage_checkpoint(StageId::IndexStorageHistory)?
+            .map(|cp| cp.block_number)
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+
+        // Check if RocksDB has any data
+        let rocks_first = self.first::<tables::StoragesHistory>()?;
+
+        match rocks_first {
+            Some(_) => {
+                // If checkpoint is 0 but we have data, clear everything
+                if checkpoint == 0 {
+                    tracing::info!(
+                        target: "reth::providers::rocksdb",
+                        "StoragesHistory has data but checkpoint is 0, clearing all"
+                    );
+                    self.prune_storages_history_above(0)?;
+                    return Ok(None);
+                }
+
+                // Find the max highest_block_number (excluding u64::MAX sentinel) across all
+                // entries
+                let mut max_highest_block = 0u64;
+                for result in self.iter::<tables::StoragesHistory>()? {
+                    let (key, _) = result?;
+                    let highest = key.sharded_key.highest_block_number;
+                    if highest != u64::MAX && highest > max_highest_block {
+                        max_highest_block = highest;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // If any entry has highest_block > checkpoint, prune excess
+                if max_highest_block > checkpoint {
+                    tracing::info!(
+                        target: "reth::providers::rocksdb",
+                        rocks_highest = max_highest_block,
+                        checkpoint,
+                        "StoragesHistory ahead of checkpoint, pruning excess data"
+                    );
+                    self.prune_storages_history_above(checkpoint)?;
+                }
+
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+            None => {
+                // Empty RocksDB table
+                if checkpoint > 0 {
+                    // Stage says we should have data but we don't
+                    return Ok(Some(0));
+                }
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Prunes `StoragesHistory` entries where `highest_block_number` > `max_block`.
+    ///
+    /// For `StoragesHistory`, the key contains `highest_block_number`, so we can iterate
+    /// and delete entries where `key.sharded_key.highest_block_number > max_block`.
+    ///
+    /// TODO(<https://github.com/paradigmxyz/reth/issues/20417>): this iterates the whole table,
+    /// which is inefficient. Use changeset-based pruning instead.
+    fn prune_storages_history_above(&self, max_block: BlockNumber) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        use reth_db_api::models::storage_sharded_key::StorageShardedKey;
+
+        let mut to_delete: Vec<StorageShardedKey> = Vec::new();
+        for result in self.iter::<tables::StoragesHistory>()? {
+            let (key, _) = result?;
+            let highest_block = key.sharded_key.highest_block_number;
+            if max_block == 0 || (highest_block != u64::MAX && highest_block > max_block) {
+                to_delete.push(key);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let deleted = to_delete.len();
+        if deleted > 0 {
+            tracing::info!(
+                target: "reth::providers::rocksdb",
+                deleted_count = deleted,
+                max_block,
+                "Pruning StoragesHistory entries"
+            );
+
+            let mut batch = self.batch();
+            for key in to_delete {
+                batch.delete::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key)?;
+            }
+            batch.commit()?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{
+        providers::rocksdb::RocksDBBuilder, test_utils::create_test_provider_factory, BlockWriter,
+        DatabaseProviderFactory, StageCheckpointWriter, TransactionsProvider,
+    };
+    use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256};
+    use reth_db::cursor::DbCursorRW;
+    use reth_db_api::{
+        models::{storage_sharded_key::StorageShardedKey, StorageSettings},
+        tables::{self, BlockNumberList},
+        transaction::DbTxMut,
+    };
+    use reth_stages_types::StageCheckpoint;
+    use reth_testing_utils::generators::{self, BlockRangeParams};
+    use tempfile::TempDir;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_first_last_empty_rocksdb() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let provider = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()
+            .with_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Empty RocksDB, no checkpoints - should be consistent
+        let first = provider.first::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>().unwrap();
+        let last = provider.last::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>().unwrap();
+
+        assert!(first.is_none());
+        assert!(last.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_first_last_with_data() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let provider = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Insert some data
+        let tx_hash = B256::from([1u8; 32]);
+        provider.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(tx_hash, &100).unwrap();
+
+        // RocksDB has data
+        let last = provider.last::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>().unwrap();
+        assert!(last.is_some());
+        assert_eq!(last.unwrap().1, 100);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_consistency_empty_rocksdb_no_checkpoint_is_ok() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let rocksdb = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()
+            .with_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Create a test provider factory for MDBX
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy()
+                .with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true)
+                .with_storages_history_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro().unwrap();
+
+        // Empty RocksDB and no checkpoints - should be consistent (None = no unwind needed)
+        let result = rocksdb.check_consistency(&provider).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_consistency_empty_rocksdb_with_checkpoint_needs_unwind() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let rocksdb = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Create a test provider factory for MDBX
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        // Set a checkpoint indicating we should have processed up to block 100
+        {
+            let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+            provider
+                .save_stage_checkpoint(StageId::TransactionLookup, StageCheckpoint::new(100))
+                .unwrap();
+            provider.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro().unwrap();
+
+        // RocksDB is empty but checkpoint says block 100 was processed
+        // This means RocksDB is missing data and we need to unwind to rebuild
+        let result = rocksdb.check_consistency(&provider).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(0), "Should require unwind to block 0 to rebuild RocksDB");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_consistency_mdbx_empty_static_files_have_data_prunes_rocksdb() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let rocksdb = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        // Generate blocks with real transactions and insert them
+        let mut rng = generators::rng();
+        let blocks = generators::random_block_range(
+            &mut rng,
+            0..=2,
+            BlockRangeParams { parent: Some(B256::ZERO), tx_count: 2..3, ..Default::default() },
+        );
+
+        let mut tx_hashes = Vec::new();
+        {
+            let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+            let mut tx_count = 0u64;
+            for block in &blocks {
+                provider.insert_block(block.clone().try_recover().expect("recover block")).unwrap();
+                for tx in &block.body().transactions {
+                    let hash = tx.trie_hash();
+                    tx_hashes.push(hash);
+                    rocksdb.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash, &tx_count).unwrap();
+                    tx_count += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            provider.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        // Simulate crash recovery: MDBX was reset but static files and RocksDB still have data.
+        // Clear TransactionBlocks to simulate empty MDBX state.
+        {
+            let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+            let mut cursor = provider.tx_ref().cursor_write::<tables::TransactionBlocks>().unwrap();
+            let mut to_delete = Vec::new();
+            let mut walker = cursor.walk(Some(0)).unwrap();
+            while let Some((tx_num, _)) = walker.next().transpose().unwrap() {
+                to_delete.push(tx_num);
+            }
+            drop(walker);
+            for tx_num in to_delete {
+                cursor.seek_exact(tx_num).unwrap();
+                cursor.delete_current().unwrap();
+            }
+            // No checkpoint set (checkpoint = 0)
+            provider.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        // Verify RocksDB data exists
+        assert!(rocksdb.last::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>().unwrap().is_some());
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro().unwrap();
+
+        // MDBX TransactionBlocks is empty, but static files have transaction data.
+        // This means RocksDB has stale data that should be pruned (healed).
+        let result = rocksdb.check_consistency(&provider).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None, "Should heal by pruning, no unwind needed");
+
+        // Verify data was pruned
+        for hash in &tx_hashes {
+            assert!(
+                rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(*hash).unwrap().is_none(),
+                "RocksDB should be empty after pruning"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_consistency_storages_history_empty_with_checkpoint_needs_unwind() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let rocksdb = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Create a test provider factory for MDBX
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_storages_history_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        // Set a checkpoint indicating we should have processed up to block 100
+        {
+            let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+            provider
+                .save_stage_checkpoint(StageId::IndexStorageHistory, StageCheckpoint::new(100))
+                .unwrap();
+            provider.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro().unwrap();
+
+        // RocksDB is empty but checkpoint says block 100 was processed
+        let result = rocksdb.check_consistency(&provider).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, Some(0), "Should require unwind to block 0 to rebuild StoragesHistory");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_consistency_storages_history_has_data_no_checkpoint_prunes_data() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let rocksdb = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Insert data into RocksDB
+        let key = StorageShardedKey::new(Address::ZERO, B256::ZERO, 50);
+        let block_list = BlockNumberList::new_pre_sorted([10, 20, 30, 50]);
+        rocksdb.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key, &block_list).unwrap();
+
+        // Verify data exists
+        assert!(rocksdb.last::<tables::StoragesHistory>().unwrap().is_some());
+
+        // Create a test provider factory for MDBX with NO checkpoint
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_storages_history_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro().unwrap();
+
+        // RocksDB has data but checkpoint is 0
+        // This means RocksDB has stale data that should be pruned (healed)
+        let result = rocksdb.check_consistency(&provider).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None, "Should heal by pruning, no unwind needed");
+
+        // Verify data was pruned
+        assert!(
+            rocksdb.last::<tables::StoragesHistory>().unwrap().is_none(),
+            "RocksDB should be empty after pruning"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_consistency_mdbx_behind_checkpoint_needs_unwind() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let rocksdb = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        // Generate blocks with real transactions (blocks 0-2, 6 transactions total)
+        let mut rng = generators::rng();
+        let blocks = generators::random_block_range(
+            &mut rng,
+            0..=2,
+            BlockRangeParams { parent: Some(B256::ZERO), tx_count: 2..3, ..Default::default() },
+        );
+
+        {
+            let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+            let mut tx_count = 0u64;
+            for block in &blocks {
+                provider.insert_block(block.clone().try_recover().expect("recover block")).unwrap();
+                for tx in &block.body().transactions {
+                    let hash = tx.trie_hash();
+                    rocksdb.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash, &tx_count).unwrap();
+                    tx_count += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            provider.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        // Now simulate a scenario where checkpoint is ahead of MDBX.
+        // This happens when the checkpoint was saved but MDBX data was lost/corrupted.
+        // Set checkpoint to block 10 (beyond our actual data at block 2)
+        {
+            let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+            provider
+                .save_stage_checkpoint(StageId::TransactionLookup, StageCheckpoint::new(10))
+                .unwrap();
+            provider.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro().unwrap();
+
+        // MDBX has data up to block 2, but checkpoint says block 10 was processed.
+        // The static files highest tx matches MDBX last tx (both at block 2).
+        // Checkpoint > mdbx_block means we need to unwind to rebuild.
+        let result = rocksdb.check_consistency(&provider).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Some(2),
+            "Should require unwind to block 2 (MDBX's last block) to rebuild from checkpoint"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_consistency_rocksdb_ahead_of_checkpoint_prunes_excess() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let rocksdb = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Create a test provider factory for MDBX
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        // Generate blocks with real transactions:
+        // Blocks 0-5, each with 2 transactions = 12 total transactions (0-11)
+        let mut rng = generators::rng();
+        let blocks = generators::random_block_range(
+            &mut rng,
+            0..=5,
+            BlockRangeParams { parent: Some(B256::ZERO), tx_count: 2..3, ..Default::default() },
+        );
+
+        // Track which hashes belong to which blocks
+        let mut tx_hashes = Vec::new();
+        let mut tx_count = 0u64;
+        {
+            let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+            // Insert ALL blocks (0-5) to write transactions to static files
+            for block in &blocks {
+                provider.insert_block(block.clone().try_recover().expect("recover block")).unwrap();
+                for tx in &block.body().transactions {
+                    let hash = tx.trie_hash();
+                    tx_hashes.push(hash);
+                    rocksdb.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash, &tx_count).unwrap();
+                    tx_count += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            provider.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        // Simulate crash recovery scenario:
+        // MDBX was unwound to block 2, but RocksDB and static files still have more data.
+        // Remove TransactionBlocks entries for blocks 3-5 to simulate MDBX unwind.
+        {
+            let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+            // Delete TransactionBlocks entries for tx > 5 (i.e., for blocks 3-5)
+            // TransactionBlocks maps last_tx_in_block -> block_number
+            // After unwind, only entries for blocks 0-2 should remain (tx 5 -> block 2)
+            let mut cursor = provider.tx_ref().cursor_write::<tables::TransactionBlocks>().unwrap();
+            // Walk and delete entries where block > 2
+            let mut to_delete = Vec::new();
+            let mut walker = cursor.walk(Some(0)).unwrap();
+            while let Some((tx_num, block_num)) = walker.next().transpose().unwrap() {
+                if block_num > 2 {
+                    to_delete.push(tx_num);
+                }
+            }
+            drop(walker);
+            for tx_num in to_delete {
+                cursor.seek_exact(tx_num).unwrap();
+                cursor.delete_current().unwrap();
+            }
+
+            // Set checkpoint to block 2
+            provider
+                .save_stage_checkpoint(StageId::TransactionLookup, StageCheckpoint::new(2))
+                .unwrap();
+            provider.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro().unwrap();
+
+        // RocksDB has tx hashes for all blocks (0-5)
+        // MDBX TransactionBlocks only goes up to tx 5 (block 2)
+        // Static files have data for all txs (0-11)
+        // This means RocksDB is ahead and should prune entries for tx 6-11
+        let result = rocksdb.check_consistency(&provider).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None, "Should heal by pruning, no unwind needed");
+
+        // Verify: hashes for blocks 0-2 (tx 0-5) should remain, blocks 3-5 (tx 6-11) should be
+        // pruned First 6 hashes should remain
+        for (i, hash) in tx_hashes.iter().take(6).enumerate() {
+            assert!(
+                rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(*hash).unwrap().is_some(),
+                "tx {} should remain",
+                i
+            );
+        }
+        // Last 6 hashes should be pruned
+        for (i, hash) in tx_hashes.iter().skip(6).enumerate() {
+            assert!(
+                rocksdb.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(*hash).unwrap().is_none(),
+                "tx {} should be pruned",
+                i + 6
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_consistency_storages_history_ahead_of_checkpoint_prunes_excess() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let rocksdb = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Insert data into RocksDB with different highest_block_numbers
+        let key_block_50 = StorageShardedKey::new(Address::ZERO, B256::ZERO, 50);
+        let key_block_100 = StorageShardedKey::new(Address::ZERO, B256::from([1u8; 32]), 100);
+        let key_block_150 = StorageShardedKey::new(Address::ZERO, B256::from([2u8; 32]), 150);
+        let key_block_max = StorageShardedKey::new(Address::ZERO, B256::from([3u8; 32]), u64::MAX);
+
+        let block_list = BlockNumberList::new_pre_sorted([10, 20, 30]);
+        rocksdb.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key_block_50.clone(), &block_list).unwrap();
+        rocksdb.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key_block_100.clone(), &block_list).unwrap();
+        rocksdb.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key_block_150.clone(), &block_list).unwrap();
+        rocksdb.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key_block_max.clone(), &block_list).unwrap();
+
+        // Create a test provider factory for MDBX
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_storages_history_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        // Set checkpoint to block 100
+        {
+            let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+            provider
+                .save_stage_checkpoint(StageId::IndexStorageHistory, StageCheckpoint::new(100))
+                .unwrap();
+            provider.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro().unwrap();
+
+        // RocksDB has entries with highest_block = 150 which exceeds checkpoint (100)
+        // Should prune entries where highest_block > 100 (but not u64::MAX sentinel)
+        let result = rocksdb.check_consistency(&provider).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result, None, "Should heal by pruning, no unwind needed");
+
+        // Verify key_block_150 was pruned, but others remain
+        assert!(
+            rocksdb.get::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key_block_50).unwrap().is_some(),
+            "Entry with highest_block=50 should remain"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            rocksdb.get::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key_block_100).unwrap().is_some(),
+            "Entry with highest_block=100 should remain"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            rocksdb.get::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key_block_150).unwrap().is_none(),
+            "Entry with highest_block=150 should be pruned"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            rocksdb.get::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key_block_max).unwrap().is_some(),
+            "Entry with highest_block=u64::MAX (sentinel) should remain"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Test that pruning works by fetching transactions and computing their hashes,
+    /// rather than iterating all rows. This test uses random blocks with unique
+    /// transactions so we can verify the correct entries are pruned.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_prune_transaction_hash_numbers_by_range() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let rocksdb = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path())
+            .with_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Create a test provider factory for MDBX
+        let factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        factory.set_storage_settings_cache(
+            StorageSettings::legacy().with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(true),
+        );
+
+        // Generate random blocks with unique transactions
+        // Block 0 (genesis) has no transactions
+        // Blocks 1-5 each have 2 transactions = 10 transactions total
+        let mut rng = generators::rng();
+        let blocks = generators::random_block_range(
+            &mut rng,
+            0..=5,
+            BlockRangeParams { parent: Some(B256::ZERO), tx_count: 2..3, ..Default::default() },
+        );
+
+        // Insert blocks into the database
+        let mut tx_count = 0u64;
+        let mut tx_hashes = Vec::new();
+        {
+            let provider = factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
+
+            for block in &blocks {
+                provider.insert_block(block.clone().try_recover().expect("recover block")).unwrap();
+
+                // Store transaction hash -> tx_number mappings in RocksDB
+                for tx in &block.body().transactions {
+                    let hash = tx.trie_hash();
+                    tx_hashes.push(hash);
+                    rocksdb.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(hash, &tx_count).unwrap();
+                    tx_count += 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Set checkpoint to block 2 (meaning we should only have tx hashes for blocks 0-2)
+            // Blocks 0, 1, 2 have 6 transactions (2 each), so tx 0-5 should remain
+            provider
+                .save_stage_checkpoint(StageId::TransactionLookup, StageCheckpoint::new(2))
+                .unwrap();
+            provider.commit().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        // At this point:
+        // - RocksDB has tx hashes for blocks 0-5 (10 total: 2 per block)
+        // - Checkpoint says we only processed up to block 2
+        // - We need to prune tx hashes for blocks 3, 4, 5 (tx 6-9)
+
+        // Verify RocksDB has the expected number of entries before pruning
+        let rocksdb_count_before: usize =
+            rocksdb.iter::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>().unwrap().count();
+        assert_eq!(
+            rocksdb_count_before, tx_count as usize,
+            "RocksDB should have all {} transaction hashes before pruning",
+            tx_count
+        );
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro().unwrap();
+
+        // Verify we can fetch transactions by tx range
+        let all_txs = provider.transactions_by_tx_range(0..tx_count).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(all_txs.len(), tx_count as usize, "Should be able to fetch all transactions");
+
+        // Verify the hashes match between what we stored and what we compute from fetched txs
+        for (i, tx) in all_txs.iter().enumerate() {
+            let computed_hash = tx.trie_hash();
+            assert_eq!(
+                computed_hash, tx_hashes[i],
+                "Hash mismatch for tx {}: stored {:?} vs computed {:?}",
+                i, tx_hashes[i], computed_hash
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Blocks 0, 1, 2 have 2 tx each = 6 tx total (indices 0-5)
+        // We want to keep tx 0-5, prune tx 6-9
+        let max_tx_to_keep = 5u64;
+        let tx_to_prune_start = max_tx_to_keep + 1;
+
+        // Prune transactions 6-9 (blocks 3-5)
+        rocksdb
+            .prune_transaction_hash_numbers_in_range(&provider, tx_to_prune_start..=(tx_count - 1))
+            .expect("prune should succeed");
+
+        // Verify: transactions 0-5 should remain, 6-9 should be pruned
+        let mut remaining_count = 0;
+        for result in rocksdb.iter::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>().unwrap() {
+            let (_hash, tx_num) = result.unwrap();
+            assert!(
+                tx_num <= max_tx_to_keep,
+                "Transaction {} should have been pruned (> {})",
+                tx_num,
+                max_tx_to_keep
+            );
+            remaining_count += 1;
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            remaining_count,
+            (max_tx_to_keep + 1) as usize,
+            "Should have {} transactions (0-{})",
+            max_tx_to_keep + 1,
+            max_tx_to_keep
+        );
+    }
+}
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/rocksdb/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/rocksdb/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 //! [`RocksDBProvider`] implementation

+mod invariants;
 mod metrics;
 mod provider;
+
 pub use provider::{RocksDBBatch, RocksDBBuilder, RocksDBProvider, RocksTx};
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/rocksdb/provider.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/rocksdb/provider.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::metrics::{RocksDBMetrics, RocksDBOperation};
 use reth_db_api::{
    table::{Compress, Decompress, Encode, Table},
-    DatabaseError,
+    tables, DatabaseError,
 };
 use reth_storage_errors::{
    db::{DatabaseErrorInfo, DatabaseWriteError, DatabaseWriteOperation, LogLevel},
@@ -143,6 +143,18 @@ impl RocksDBBuilder {
        self
    }

+    /// Registers the default tables used by reth for `RocksDB` storage.
+    ///
+    /// This registers:
+    /// - [`tables::TransactionHashNumbers`] - Transaction hash to number mapping
+    /// - [`tables::AccountsHistory`] - Account history index
+    /// - [`tables::StoragesHistory`] - Storage history index
+    pub fn with_default_tables(self) -> Self {
+        self.with_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()
+            .with_table::<tables::AccountsHistory>()
+            .with_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>()
+    }
+
    /// Enables metrics.
    pub const fn with_metrics(mut self) -> Self {
        self.enable_metrics = true;
@@ -368,6 +380,65 @@ impl RocksDBProvider {
        })
    }

+    /// Gets the first (smallest key) entry from the specified table.
+    pub fn first<T: Table>(&self) -> ProviderResult<Option<(T::Key, T::Value)>> {
+        self.execute_with_operation_metric(RocksDBOperation::Get, T::NAME, |this| {
+            let cf = this.get_cf_handle::<T>()?;
+            let mut iter = this.0.db.iterator_cf(cf, IteratorMode::Start);
+
+            match iter.next() {
+                Some(Ok((key_bytes, value_bytes))) => {
+                    let key = <T::Key as reth_db_api::table::Decode>::decode(&key_bytes)
+                        .map_err(|_| ProviderError::Database(DatabaseError::Decode))?;
+                    let value = T::Value::decompress(&value_bytes)
+                        .map_err(|_| ProviderError::Database(DatabaseError::Decode))?;
+                    Ok(Some((key, value)))
+                }
+                Some(Err(e)) => {
+                    Err(ProviderError::Database(DatabaseError::Read(DatabaseErrorInfo {
+                        message: e.to_string().into(),
+                        code: -1,
+                    })))
+                }
+                None => Ok(None),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the last (largest key) entry from the specified table.
+    pub fn last<T: Table>(&self) -> ProviderResult<Option<(T::Key, T::Value)>> {
+        self.execute_with_operation_metric(RocksDBOperation::Get, T::NAME, |this| {
+            let cf = this.get_cf_handle::<T>()?;
+            let mut iter = this.0.db.iterator_cf(cf, IteratorMode::End);
+
+            match iter.next() {
+                Some(Ok((key_bytes, value_bytes))) => {
+                    let key = <T::Key as reth_db_api::table::Decode>::decode(&key_bytes)
+                        .map_err(|_| ProviderError::Database(DatabaseError::Decode))?;
+                    let value = T::Value::decompress(&value_bytes)
+                        .map_err(|_| ProviderError::Database(DatabaseError::Decode))?;
+                    Ok(Some((key, value)))
+                }
+                Some(Err(e)) => {
+                    Err(ProviderError::Database(DatabaseError::Read(DatabaseErrorInfo {
+                        message: e.to_string().into(),
+                        code: -1,
+                    })))
+                }
+                None => Ok(None),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an iterator over all entries in the specified table.
+    ///
+    /// Returns decoded `(Key, Value)` pairs in key order.
+    pub fn iter<T: Table>(&self) -> ProviderResult<RocksDBIter<'_, T>> {
+        let cf = self.get_cf_handle::<T>()?;
+        let iter = self.0.db.iterator_cf(cf, IteratorMode::Start);
+        Ok(RocksDBIter { inner: iter, _marker: std::marker::PhantomData })
+    }
+
    /// Writes a batch of operations atomically.
    pub fn write_batch<F>(&self, f: F) -> ProviderResult<()>
    where
@@ -379,6 +450,19 @@ impl RocksDBProvider {
            batch_handle.commit()
        })
    }
+
+    /// Commits a raw `WriteBatchWithTransaction` to `RocksDB`.
+    ///
+    /// This is used when the batch was extracted via [`RocksDBBatch::into_inner`]
+    /// and needs to be committed at a later point (e.g., at provider commit time).
+    pub fn commit_batch(&self, batch: WriteBatchWithTransaction<true>) -> ProviderResult<()> {
+        self.0.db.write_opt(batch, &WriteOptions::default()).map_err(|e| {
+            ProviderError::Database(DatabaseError::Commit(DatabaseErrorInfo {
+                message: e.to_string().into(),
+                code: -1,
+            }))
+        })
+    }
 }

 /// Handle for building a batch of operations atomically.
@@ -453,6 +537,18 @@ impl<'a> RocksDBBatch<'a> {
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.is_empty()
    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the underlying `RocksDB` provider.
+    pub const fn provider(&self) -> &RocksDBProvider {
+        self.provider
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the batch and returns the underlying `WriteBatchWithTransaction`.
+    ///
+    /// This is used to defer commits to the provider level.
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> WriteBatchWithTransaction<true> {
+        self.inner
+    }
 }

 /// `RocksDB` transaction wrapper providing MDBX-like semantics.
@@ -572,6 +668,50 @@ impl<'db> RocksTx<'db> {
    }
 }

+/// Iterator over a `RocksDB` table (non-transactional).
+///
+/// Yields decoded `(Key, Value)` pairs in key order.
+pub struct RocksDBIter<'db, T: Table> {
+    inner: rocksdb::DBIteratorWithThreadMode<'db, TransactionDB>,
+    _marker: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Table> fmt::Debug for RocksDBIter<'_, T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("RocksDBIter").field("table", &T::NAME).finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Table> Iterator for RocksDBIter<'_, T> {
+    type Item = ProviderResult<(T::Key, T::Value)>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let (key_bytes, value_bytes) = match self.inner.next()? {
+            Ok(kv) => kv,
+            Err(e) => {
+                return Some(Err(ProviderError::Database(DatabaseError::Read(DatabaseErrorInfo {
+                    message: e.to_string().into(),
+                    code: -1,
+                }))))
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Decode key
+        let key = match <T::Key as reth_db_api::table::Decode>::decode(&key_bytes) {
+            Ok(k) => k,
+            Err(_) => return Some(Err(ProviderError::Database(DatabaseError::Decode))),
+        };
+
+        // Decompress value
+        let value = match T::Value::decompress(&value_bytes) {
+            Ok(v) => v,
+            Err(_) => return Some(Err(ProviderError::Database(DatabaseError::Decode))),
+        };
+
+        Some(Ok((key, value)))
+    }
+}
+
 /// Iterator over a `RocksDB` table within a transaction.
 ///
 /// Yields decoded `(Key, Value)` pairs. Sees uncommitted writes.
@@ -630,10 +770,38 @@ const fn convert_log_level(level: LogLevel) -> rocksdb::LogLevel {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
-    use alloy_primitives::{TxHash, B256};
-    use reth_db_api::{table::Table, tables};
+    use alloy_primitives::{Address, TxHash, B256};
+    use reth_db_api::{
+        models::{sharded_key::ShardedKey, storage_sharded_key::StorageShardedKey, IntegerList},
+        table::Table,
+        tables,
+    };
    use tempfile::TempDir;

+    #[test]
+    fn test_with_default_tables_registers_required_column_families() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+
+        // Build with default tables
+        let provider = RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path()).with_default_tables().build().unwrap();
+
+        // Should be able to write/read TransactionHashNumbers
+        let tx_hash = TxHash::from(B256::from([1u8; 32]));
+        provider.put::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(tx_hash, &100).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(provider.get::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(tx_hash).unwrap(), Some(100));
+
+        // Should be able to write/read AccountsHistory
+        let key = ShardedKey::new(Address::ZERO, 100);
+        let value = IntegerList::default();
+        provider.put::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key.clone(), &value).unwrap();
+        assert!(provider.get::<tables::AccountsHistory>(key).unwrap().is_some());
+
+        // Should be able to write/read StoragesHistory
+        let key = StorageShardedKey::new(Address::ZERO, B256::ZERO, 100);
+        provider.put::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key.clone(), &value).unwrap();
+        assert!(provider.get::<tables::StoragesHistory>(key).unwrap().is_some());
+    }
+
    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct TestTable;

@@ -902,4 +1070,28 @@ mod tests {
            assert_eq!(provider.get::<TestTable>(i).unwrap(), Some(value));
        }
    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_first_and_last_entry() {
+        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let provider =
+            RocksDBBuilder::new(temp_dir.path()).with_table::<TestTable>().build().unwrap();
+
+        // Empty table should return None for both
+        assert_eq!(provider.first::<TestTable>().unwrap(), None);
+        assert_eq!(provider.last::<TestTable>().unwrap(), None);
+
+        // Insert some entries
+        provider.put::<TestTable>(10, &b"value_10".to_vec()).unwrap();
+        provider.put::<TestTable>(20, &b"value_20".to_vec()).unwrap();
+        provider.put::<TestTable>(5, &b"value_5".to_vec()).unwrap();
+
+        // First should return the smallest key
+        let first = provider.first::<TestTable>().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(first, Some((5, b"value_5".to_vec())));
+
+        // Last should return the largest key
+        let last = provider.last::<TestTable>().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(last, Some((20, b"value_20".to_vec())));
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/rocksdb_stub.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/rocksdb_stub.rs
@@ -119,6 +119,11 @@ impl RocksDBBuilder {
        self
    }

+    /// Registers the default tables used by reth for `RocksDB` storage (stub implementation).
+    pub const fn with_default_tables(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
    /// Enables metrics (stub implementation).
    pub const fn with_metrics(self) -> Self {
        self
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/manager.rs
@@ -151,6 +151,23 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProviderBuilder<N> {
        self
    }

+    /// Sets the genesis block number for the [`StaticFileProvider`].
+    ///
+    /// This configures the genesis block number, which is used to determine the starting point
+    /// for block indexing and querying operations.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `genesis_block_number` - The block number of the genesis block.
+    ///
+    /// # Returns
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Self` to allow method chaining.
+    pub const fn with_genesis_block_number(mut self, genesis_block_number: u64) -> Self {
+        self.inner.genesis_block_number = genesis_block_number;
+        self
+    }
+
    /// Builds the final [`StaticFileProvider`] and initializes the index.
    pub fn build(self) -> ProviderResult<StaticFileProvider<N>> {
        let provider = StaticFileProvider(Arc::new(self.inner));
@@ -308,6 +325,8 @@ pub struct StaticFileProviderInner<N> {
    blocks_per_file: HashMap<StaticFileSegment, u64>,
    /// Write lock for when access is [`StaticFileAccess::RW`].
    _lock_file: Option<StorageLock>,
+    /// Genesis block number, default is 0;
+    genesis_block_number: u64,
 }

 impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProviderInner<N> {
@@ -334,6 +353,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProviderInner<N> {
            access,
            blocks_per_file,
            _lock_file,
+            genesis_block_number: 0,
        };

        Ok(provider)
@@ -409,6 +429,11 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProviderInner<N> {
            block,
        )
    }
+
+    /// Get genesis block number
+    pub const fn genesis_block_number(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.genesis_block_number
+    }
 }

 impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProvider<N> {
@@ -1726,7 +1751,11 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileWriter for StaticFileProvider<N> {
        &self,
        segment: StaticFileSegment,
    ) -> ProviderResult<StaticFileProviderRWRefMut<'_, Self::Primitives>> {
-        self.get_writer(self.get_highest_static_file_block(segment).unwrap_or_default(), segment)
+        let genesis_number = self.0.as_ref().genesis_block_number();
+        self.get_writer(
+            self.get_highest_static_file_block(segment).unwrap_or(genesis_number),
+            segment,
+        )
    }

    fn commit(&self) -> ProviderResult<()> {
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/writer.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/providers/static_file/writer.rs
@@ -363,8 +363,9 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProviderRW<N> {
            .as_ref()
            .map(|block_range| block_range.end())
            .or_else(|| {
-                (self.writer.user_header().expected_block_start() > 0)
-                    .then(|| self.writer.user_header().expected_block_start() - 1)
+                (self.writer.user_header().expected_block_start() >
+                    self.reader().genesis_block_number())
+                .then(|| self.writer.user_header().expected_block_start() - 1)
            });

        self.reader().update_index(self.writer.user_header().segment(), segment_max_block)
@@ -645,6 +646,37 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StaticFileProviderRW<N> {
        Ok(())
    }

+    /// Appends header to static file without calling `increment_block`.
+    /// This is useful for genesis blocks with non-zero block numbers.
+    pub fn append_header_direct(
+        &mut self,
+        header: &N::BlockHeader,
+        total_difficulty: U256,
+        hash: &BlockHash,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<()>
+    where
+        N::BlockHeader: Compact,
+    {
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        self.ensure_no_queued_prune()?;
+
+        debug_assert!(self.writer.user_header().segment() == StaticFileSegment::Headers);
+
+        self.append_column(header)?;
+        self.append_column(CompactU256::from(total_difficulty))?;
+        self.append_column(hash)?;
+
+        if let Some(metrics) = &self.metrics {
+            metrics.record_segment_operation(
+                StaticFileSegment::Headers,
+                StaticFileProviderOperation::Append,
+                Some(start.elapsed()),
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
    /// Appends transaction to static file.
    ///
    /// It **DOES NOT CALL** `increment_block()`, it should be handled elsewhere. There might be
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/test_utils/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/test_utils/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::{
-    providers::{NodeTypesForProvider, ProviderNodeTypes, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider},
+    providers::{NodeTypesForProvider, ProviderNodeTypes, RocksDBBuilder, StaticFileProvider},
    HashingWriter, ProviderFactory, TrieWriter,
 };
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
@@ -62,7 +62,10 @@ pub fn create_test_provider_factory_with_node_types<N: NodeTypesForProvider>(
        db,
        chain_spec,
        StaticFileProvider::read_write(static_dir.keep()).expect("static file provider"),
-        RocksDBProvider::new(&rocksdb_dir).expect("failed to create test RocksDB provider"),
+        RocksDBBuilder::new(&rocksdb_dir)
+            .with_default_tables()
+            .build()
+            .expect("failed to create test RocksDB provider"),
    )
    .expect("failed to create test provider factory")
 }
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/test_utils/noop.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/test_utils/noop.rs
@@ -29,4 +29,9 @@ impl<C: Send + Sync, N: NodePrimitives> RocksDBProviderFactory for NoopProvider<
    fn rocksdb_provider(&self) -> RocksDBProvider {
        RocksDBProvider::builder(PathBuf::default()).build().unwrap()
    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+    fn set_pending_rocksdb_batch(&self, _batch: rocksdb::WriteBatchWithTransaction<true>) {
+        // No-op for NoopProvider
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/storage/provider/src/traits/rocksdb_provider.rs
+++ b/crates/storage/provider/src/traits/rocksdb_provider.rs
@@ -6,4 +6,11 @@ use crate::providers::RocksDBProvider;
 pub trait RocksDBProviderFactory {
    /// Returns the `RocksDB` provider.
    fn rocksdb_provider(&self) -> RocksDBProvider;
+
+    /// Adds a pending `RocksDB` batch to be committed when this provider is committed.
+    ///
+    /// This allows deferring `RocksDB` commits to happen at the same time as MDBX and static file
+    /// commits, ensuring atomicity across all storage backends.
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "rocksdb"))]
+    fn set_pending_rocksdb_batch(&self, batch: rocksdb::WriteBatchWithTransaction<true>);
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Georgios Konstantopoulos	378c5851d5	wip	2025-12-18 19:22:54 -05:00
Arsenii Kulikov	30162c535e	perf: properly share precompile cache + use `moka` (#20502 )	2025-12-18 22:42:44 +00:00
Federico Gimenez	cd8fec3273	feat(stages): use EitherWriter for TransactionLookupStage RocksDB writes (#20428 )	2025-12-18 21:34:17 +00:00
Tomass	1e38c7fea8	chore(hardforks): drop unnecessary field reassignment in TTD branch (#20457 ) Co-authored-by: Matthias Seitz <matthias.seitz@outlook.de>	2025-12-18 21:02:56 +00:00
Block Wizard	4dfaf238c9	chore(net): fix misleading comment about uncompressed message size check (#19510 )	2025-12-18 20:34:50 +00:00
forkfury	4cf36dda54	docs: correct FinishedStateUpdates message name (#20471 )	2025-12-18 20:16:15 +00:00
phrwlk	41ce3d3bbf	docs: fix Docker db-access troubleshooting example (#20483 )	2025-12-18 20:13:01 +00:00
sashass1315	429d13772e	chore(cli): correct p2p body error message (#20498 )	2025-12-18 20:01:59 +00:00
Gigi	0cbf89193d	docs: correct intra-doc link references (#20467 )	2025-12-18 19:56:57 +00:00
radik878	0c3c42bffe	chore(primitives-traits): correct SealedBlock::senders return description (#20465 )	2025-12-18 19:56:22 +00:00
cui	cdbbd08677	fix: session config should be read from config file (#20484 ) Co-authored-by: weixie.cui <weixie.cui@okg.com>	2025-12-18 19:53:18 +00:00
Alexey Shekhirin	4adb1fa5ac	fix(cli): default to 0 genesis block number (#20494 )	2025-12-18 15:07:59 +00:00
Brian Picciano	b3a792ad1e	fix(engine): Use OverlayStateProviderFactory for state root fallback (#20462 )	2025-12-18 14:30:11 +00:00
Arsenii Kulikov	98a7095c7a	fix: properly determine first stage during pipeline consistency check (#20460 )	2025-12-18 10:43:08 +00:00
Matthias Seitz	701e5ec455	chore: add engine terminate (#20420 ) Co-authored-by: joshieDo <93316087+joshieDo@users.noreply.github.com>	2025-12-18 09:01:36 +00:00
Lorsmirq Benton	8e00e81af4	docs: remove orphaned debug.mdx (#20474 )	2025-12-18 04:14:23 +00:00
YK	453514c48f	perf(engine): share Arc<ExecutionOutcome> to avoid cloning BundleState (#20448 )	2025-12-18 01:07:18 +00:00
James Niken	432ac7afa1	chore: fix blob count in validation benchmark (#20456 )	2025-12-18 00:51:45 +00:00
Emilia Hane	c7fca9f2b4	chore(node): Report actual gas price to ethstats (#20461 ) Co-authored-by: Rifvck Zieger <rifvckzieger@gmail.com>	2025-12-18 00:50:16 +00:00
DaniPopes	715ca5b980	chore: simplify prewarm state providers (#20469 )	2025-12-17 22:11:11 +00:00
Federico Gimenez	9ae62aad26	feat(storage): add method to check invariants on RocksDB tables (#20340 )	2025-12-17 20:26:51 +00:00
YK	c65df40526	perf: remove redundant contains_key check in ProofSequencer::add_proof (#20459 )	2025-12-17 13:58:59 +00:00
Vui-Chee	d8acc1e4cf	feat: support non-zero genesis block numbers (#19877 ) Co-authored-by: JimmyShi22 <417711026@qq.com>	2025-12-17 11:03:12 +00:00
sashass1315	852aad8126	docs(exex): document ChainRevert flow in how-it-works (#20455 )	2025-12-17 10:28:49 +00:00
Karl Yu	61c072ad20	feat: add engine_getBlobsV3 method (#20451 )	2025-12-17 10:15:49 +00:00
Lorsmirq Benton	6a5b985113	docs: remove orphaned recover CLI documentation (#20447 )	2025-12-17 10:13:55 +00:00
joshieDo	1adc6aec00	chore(engine): extract `on_persistence_complete` (#20443 )	2025-12-17 09:07:54 +00:00
Matthias Seitz	5edc16ad85	perf: only populate cache during prewarm (#20445 )	2025-12-17 08:46:16 +00:00
phrwlk	f54a8a1ef5	fix(payload): clarify PayloadTransactions mark_invalid semantics (#20452 )	2025-12-17 08:44:17 +00:00
leniram159	c681851ec8	chore: make docs correct (#20440 ) Co-authored-by: YK <chiayongkang@hotmail.com>	2025-12-17 04:32:18 +00:00
DaniPopes	d964fcbcde	chore: simplify execution state providers (#20444 )	2025-12-16 22:52:57 +00:00
Alexey Shekhirin	e79691aae7	feat: turn on asm-keccak by default, use maxperf profile in Dockerfiles (#20422 )	2025-12-16 22:43:20 +00:00
bigbear	4231f4b688	docs: fix incorrect API example in node-components.mdx (#20297 )	2025-12-16 15:09:29 +00:00
Léa Narzis	0b607113dc	refactor(era): make era count in era file name optional (#20292 )	2025-12-16 15:08:43 +00:00
emmmm	be4dc53b92	docs: fix --color auto option description (#20352 )	2025-12-16 15:06:04 +00:00
emmmm	4afb555d06	docs(opstack): document all rollup CLI arguments (#20374 )	2025-12-16 15:04:34 +00:00
Matthias Seitz	ab2ef99458	chore: add keccak-global (#20418 )	2025-12-16 14:59:09 +00:00
Sophia Raye	bfd4b79245	docs(trace): remove duplicate comment (#20360 )	2025-12-16 14:56:01 +00:00
Federico Gimenez	49057b1c0c	feat(storage): add with_default_tables() to register RocksDB column families at initialization (#20416 )	2025-12-16 12:59:58 +00:00
Gigi	b6772370d7	docs: fix incorrect method reference in try_recover_sealed_with_senders (#20410 )	2025-12-16 12:27:53 +00:00
Karl Yu	d72935628a	feat: add support for eth/70 eip-7975 (#20255 ) Co-authored-by: Matthias Seitz <matthias.seitz@outlook.de>	2025-12-16 12:05:11 +00:00
YK	ad63b135d6	feat(storage): implement EitherWriter/EitherReader methods for RocksDB (#20408 )	2025-12-16 11:26:31 +00:00
Brian Picciano	90651ae8e8	feat(engine): Use BAL in state root validation (#20383 )	2025-12-16 11:05:51 +00:00