fix: revert slow path optimization that caused regression

The slow path optimization attempted to reuse ancestor cached overlays,
but those overlays were built with a DIFFERENT anchor_hash. Since the
slow path is triggered precisely because the anchor changed (after
persist/reorg), reusing overlays from the old anchor produces incorrect
results.

Reverted to the original slow path that rebuilds from each ancestor's
per-block state changes. The Arc::make_mut tracking metrics are kept.

.github/workflows/hive.yml

@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ jobs:
   prepare-hive:
     if: github.repository == 'paradigmxyz/reth'
     timeout-minutes: 45
-    runs-on: depot-ubuntu-latest-16
+    runs-on:
+      group: Reth
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Checkout hive tests
@@ -178,7 +179,8 @@ jobs:
       - prepare-reth
       - prepare-hive
     name: run ${{ matrix.scenario.sim }}${{ matrix.scenario.limit && format(' - {0}', matrix.scenario.limit) }}
-    runs-on: depot-ubuntu-latest-16
+    runs-on:
+      group: Reth
     permissions:
       issues: write
     steps:

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       - uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.9
       - uses: rui314/setup-mold@v1
-      - uses: taiki-e/cache-cargo-install-action@v2
+      - uses: taiki-e/cache-cargo-install-action@v3
         with:
           tool: zepter
       - name: Eagerly pull dependencies

.gitignore

@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ target/
 # Generated by Intellij-based IDEs.
 .idea
 
+# ck-search metadata
+.ck
+
 # Generated by MacOS
 .DS_Store
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -497,33 +497,33 @@ alloy-trie = { version = "0.9.1", default-features = false }
 
 alloy-hardforks = "0.4.5"
 
-alloy-consensus = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-contract = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-eips = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-genesis = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-json-rpc = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-network = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-network-primitives = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-provider = { version = "1.1.3", features = ["reqwest", "debug-api"], default-features = false }
-alloy-pubsub = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-client = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types = { version = "1.1.3", features = ["eth"], default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-admin = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-debug = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-eth = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-mev = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-trace = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-serde = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-signer = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-signer-local = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-transport = { version = "1.1.3" }
-alloy-transport-http = { version = "1.1.3", features = ["reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
-alloy-transport-ipc = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-transport-ws = { version = "1.1.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-consensus = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-contract = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-eips = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-genesis = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-json-rpc = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-network = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-network-primitives = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-provider = { version = "1.2.1", features = ["reqwest", "debug-api"], default-features = false }
+alloy-pubsub = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-client = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types = { version = "1.2.1", features = ["eth"], default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-admin = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-debug = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-eth = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-mev = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-trace = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-serde = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-signer = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-signer-local = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-transport = { version = "1.2.1" }
+alloy-transport-http = { version = "1.2.1", features = ["reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
+alloy-transport-ipc = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-transport-ws = { version = "1.2.1", default-features = false }
 
 # op
 alloy-op-evm = { version = "0.25.0", default-features = false }
@@ -548,6 +548,7 @@ bytes = { version = "1.5", default-features = false }
 brotli = "8"
 cfg-if = "1.0"
 clap = "4"
+color-eyre = "0.6"
 dashmap = "6.0"
 derive_more = { version = "2", default-features = false, features = ["full"] }
 dirs-next = "2.0.0"
@@ -587,6 +588,7 @@ url = { version = "2.3", default-features = false }
 zstd = "0.13"
 byteorder = "1"
 mini-moka = "0.10"
+moka = "0.12"
 tar-no-std = { version = "0.3.2", default-features = false }
 miniz_oxide = { version = "0.8.4", default-features = false }
 chrono = "0.4.41"
@@ -692,7 +694,7 @@ ahash = "0.8"
 anyhow = "1.0"
 bindgen = { version = "0.71", default-features = false }
 block-padding = "0.3.2"
-cc = "=1.2.15"
+cc = "1.2.15"
 cipher = "0.4.3"
 comfy-table = "7.0"
 concat-kdf = "0.1.0"
@@ -729,6 +731,7 @@ socket2 = { version = "0.5", default-features = false }
 sysinfo = { version = "0.33", default-features = false }
 tracing-journald = "0.3"
 tracing-logfmt = "0.3.3"
+tracing-samply = "0.1"
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", default-features = false }
 triehash = "0.8"
 typenum = "1.15.0"

Dockerfile

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ FROM chef AS builder
 COPY --from=planner /app/recipe.json recipe.json
 
 # Build profile, release by default
-ARG BUILD_PROFILE=release
+ARG BUILD_PROFILE=maxperf
 ENV BUILD_PROFILE=$BUILD_PROFILE
 
 # Extra Cargo flags

DockerfileOp

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ RUN cargo chef prepare --recipe-path recipe.json
 FROM chef AS builder
 COPY --from=planner /app/recipe.json recipe.json
 
-ARG BUILD_PROFILE=release
+ARG BUILD_PROFILE=maxperf
 ENV BUILD_PROFILE=$BUILD_PROFILE
 
 ARG RUSTFLAGS=""

LICENSE-APACHE

@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
    same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
    identification within third-party archives.
 
-Copyright 2022-2025 Reth Contributors
+Copyright 2022-2026 Reth Contributors
 
 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.

LICENSE-MIT

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2022-2025 Reth Contributors
+Copyright (c) 2022-2026 Reth Contributors
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

bin/reth-bench-compare/src/cli.rs

@@ -164,12 +164,42 @@ pub(crate) struct Args {
     #[arg(trailing_var_arg = true, allow_hyphen_values = true)]
     pub reth_args: Vec<String>,
 
-    /// Comma-separated list of features to enable during reth compilation
+    /// Comma-separated list of features to enable during reth compilation (applied to both builds)
     ///
     /// Example: `jemalloc,asm-keccak`
     #[arg(long, value_name = "FEATURES", default_value = "jemalloc,asm-keccak")]
     pub features: String,
 
+    /// Comma-separated list of features to enable only for baseline build (overrides --features)
+    ///
+    /// Example: `--baseline-features jemalloc`
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FEATURES")]
+    pub baseline_features: Option<String>,
+
+    /// Comma-separated list of features to enable only for feature build (overrides --features)
+    ///
+    /// Example: `--feature-features jemalloc,asm-keccak`
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FEATURES")]
+    pub feature_features: Option<String>,
+
+    /// RUSTFLAGS to use for both baseline and feature builds
+    ///
+    /// Example: `--rustflags "-C target-cpu=native"`
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FLAGS", default_value = "-C target-cpu=native")]
+    pub rustflags: String,
+
+    /// RUSTFLAGS to use only for baseline build (overrides --rustflags)
+    ///
+    /// Example: `--baseline-rustflags "-C target-cpu=native -C lto"`
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FLAGS")]
+    pub baseline_rustflags: Option<String>,
+
+    /// RUSTFLAGS to use only for feature build (overrides --rustflags)
+    ///
+    /// Example: `--feature-rustflags "-C target-cpu=native -C lto"`
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FLAGS")]
+    pub feature_rustflags: Option<String>,
+
     /// Disable automatic --debug.startup-sync-state-idle flag for specific runs.
     /// Can be "baseline", "feature", or "all".
     /// By default, the flag is passed to warmup, baseline, and feature runs.
@@ -328,7 +358,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn run_comparison(args: Args, _ctx: CliContext) -> Result<()> {
         git_manager.repo_root().to_string(),
         output_dir.clone(),
         git_manager.clone(),
-        args.features.clone(),
     )?;
     // Initialize node manager
     let mut node_manager = NodeManager::new(&args);
@@ -448,6 +477,18 @@ async fn run_compilation_phase(
         let ref_type = ref_types[i];
         let commit = &ref_commits[git_ref];
 
+        // Get per-build features and rustflags
+        let features = match ref_type {
+            "baseline" => args.baseline_features.as_ref().unwrap_or(&args.features),
+            "feature" => args.feature_features.as_ref().unwrap_or(&args.features),
+            _ => &args.features,
+        };
+        let rustflags = match ref_type {
+            "baseline" => args.baseline_rustflags.as_ref().unwrap_or(&args.rustflags),
+            "feature" => args.feature_rustflags.as_ref().unwrap_or(&args.rustflags),
+            _ => &args.rustflags,
+        };
+
         info!(
             "Compiling {} binary for reference: {} (commit: {})",
             ref_type,
@@ -459,7 +500,7 @@ async fn run_compilation_phase(
         git_manager.switch_ref(git_ref)?;
 
         // Compile reth (with caching)
-        compilation_manager.compile_reth(commit, is_optimism)?;
+        compilation_manager.compile_reth(commit, is_optimism, features, rustflags)?;
 
         info!("Completed compilation for {} reference", ref_type);
     }

bin/reth-bench-compare/src/comparison.rs

@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ pub(crate) struct BenchmarkResults {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
 pub(crate) struct CombinedLatencyRow {
     pub block_number: u64,
-    pub transaction_count: u64,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub transaction_count: Option<u64>,
     pub gas_used: u64,
     pub new_payload_latency: u128,
 }
@@ -48,7 +49,8 @@ pub(crate) struct CombinedLatencyRow {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize)]
 pub(crate) struct TotalGasRow {
     pub block_number: u64,
-    pub transaction_count: u64,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub transaction_count: Option<u64>,
     pub gas_used: u64,
     pub time: u128,
 }
@@ -125,7 +127,8 @@ pub(crate) struct ComparisonSummary {
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
 pub(crate) struct BlockComparison {
     pub block_number: u64,
-    pub transaction_count: u64,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub transaction_count: Option<u64>,
     pub gas_used: u64,
     pub baseline_new_payload_latency: u128,
     pub feature_new_payload_latency: u128,

bin/reth-bench-compare/src/compilation.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ pub(crate) struct CompilationManager {
     repo_root: String,
     output_dir: PathBuf,
     git_manager: GitManager,
-    features: String,
 }
 
 impl CompilationManager {
@@ -22,9 +21,8 @@ impl CompilationManager {
         repo_root: String,
         output_dir: PathBuf,
         git_manager: GitManager,
-        features: String,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
-        Ok(Self { repo_root, output_dir, git_manager, features })
+        Ok(Self { repo_root, output_dir, git_manager })
     }
 
     /// Detect if the RPC endpoint is an Optimism chain
@@ -68,7 +66,13 @@ impl CompilationManager {
     }
 
     /// Compile reth using cargo build and cache the binary
-    pub(crate) fn compile_reth(&self, commit: &str, is_optimism: bool) -> Result<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn compile_reth(
+        &self,
+        commit: &str,
+        is_optimism: bool,
+        features: &str,
+        rustflags: &str,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
         // Validate that current git commit matches the expected commit
         let current_commit = self.git_manager.get_current_commit()?;
         if current_commit != commit {
@@ -100,9 +104,8 @@ impl CompilationManager {
         let mut cmd = Command::new("cargo");
         cmd.arg("build").arg("--profile").arg("profiling");
 
-        // Add features
-        cmd.arg("--features").arg(&self.features);
-        info!("Using features: {}", self.features);
+        cmd.arg("--features").arg(features);
+        info!("Using features: {features}");
 
         // Add bin-specific arguments for optimism
         if is_optimism {
@@ -114,8 +117,9 @@ impl CompilationManager {
 
         cmd.current_dir(&self.repo_root);
 
-        // Set RUSTFLAGS for native CPU optimization
-        cmd.env("RUSTFLAGS", "-C target-cpu=native");
+        // Set RUSTFLAGS
+        cmd.env("RUSTFLAGS", rustflags);
+        info!("Using RUSTFLAGS: {rustflags}");
 
         // Debug log the command
         debug!("Executing cargo command: {:?}", cmd);

bin/reth-bench-compare/src/node.rs

@@ -211,6 +211,11 @@ impl NodeManager {
         cmd.arg("--");
         cmd.args(reth_args);
 
+        // Enable tracing-samply
+        if supports_samply_flags(&reth_args[0]) {
+            cmd.arg("--log.samply");
+        }
+
         // Set environment variable to disable log styling
         cmd.env("RUST_LOG_STYLE", "never");
 
@@ -403,7 +408,7 @@ impl NodeManager {
 
     /// Stop the reth node gracefully
     pub(crate) async fn stop_node(&self, child: &mut tokio::process::Child) -> Result<()> {
-        let pid = child.id().expect("Child process ID should be available");
+        let pid = child.id().ok_or_eyre("Child process ID should be available")?;
 
         // Check if the process has already exited
         match child.try_wait() {
@@ -552,3 +557,16 @@ impl NodeManager {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+fn supports_samply_flags(bin: &str) -> bool {
+    let mut cmd = std::process::Command::new(bin);
+    // NOTE: The flag to check must come before --help.
+    // We pass --help as a shortcut to not execute any command.
+    cmd.args(["--log.samply", "--help"]);
+    debug!(?cmd, "Checking samply flags support");
+    let Ok(output) = cmd.output() else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    debug!(?output, "Samply flags support check");
+    output.status.success()
+}

bin/reth-bench/Cargo.toml

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync", "macros", "time", "rt-multi-thre
 # misc
 clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "env"] }
 eyre.workspace = true
+color-eyre.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 humantime.workspace = true
 

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/context.rs

@@ -103,14 +103,20 @@ impl BenchContext {
             (bench_args.from, bench_args.to)
         };
 
-        // If neither `--from` nor `--to` are provided, we will run the benchmark continuously,
+        // If `--to` are not provided, we will run the benchmark continuously,
         // starting at the latest block.
-        let mut benchmark_mode = BenchMode::new(from, to)?;
+        let latest_block = block_provider
+            .get_block_by_number(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)
+            .full()
+            .await?
+            .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Failed to fetch latest block from RPC"))?;
+        let mut benchmark_mode = BenchMode::new(from, to, latest_block.into_inner().number())?;
 
         let first_block = match benchmark_mode {
-            BenchMode::Continuous => {
-                // fetch Latest block
-                block_provider.get_block_by_number(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest).full().await?.unwrap()
+            BenchMode::Continuous(start) => {
+                block_provider.get_block_by_number(start.into()).full().await?.ok_or_else(|| {
+                    eyre::eyre!("Failed to fetch block {} from RPC for continuous mode", start)
+                })?
             }
             BenchMode::Range(ref mut range) => {
                 match range.next() {
@@ -120,7 +126,9 @@ impl BenchContext {
                             .get_block_by_number(block_number.into())
                             .full()
                             .await?
-                            .unwrap()
+                            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                                eyre::eyre!("Failed to fetch block {} from RPC", block_number)
+                            })?
                     }
                     None => {
                         return Err(eyre::eyre!(

bin/reth-bench/src/bench_mode.rs

@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@ use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
 /// Whether or not the benchmark should run as a continuous stream of payloads.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum BenchMode {
-    // TODO: just include the start block in `Continuous`
     /// Run the benchmark as a continuous stream of payloads, until the benchmark is interrupted.
-    Continuous,
+    Continuous(u64),
     /// Run the benchmark for a specific range of blocks.
     Range(RangeInclusive<u64>),
 }
@@ -16,18 +15,19 @@ impl BenchMode {
     /// Check if the block number is in the range
     pub fn contains(&self, block_number: u64) -> bool {
         match self {
-            Self::Continuous => true,
+            Self::Continuous(start) => block_number >= *start,
             Self::Range(range) => range.contains(&block_number),
         }
     }
 
     /// Create a [`BenchMode`] from optional `from` and `to` fields.
-    pub fn new(from: Option<u64>, to: Option<u64>) -> Result<Self, eyre::Error> {
+    pub fn new(from: Option<u64>, to: Option<u64>, latest_block: u64) -> Result<Self, eyre::Error> {
         // If neither `--from` nor `--to` are provided, we will run the benchmark continuously,
         // starting at the latest block.
         match (from, to) {
             (Some(from), Some(to)) => Ok(Self::Range(from..=to)),
-            (None, None) => Ok(Self::Continuous),
+            (None, None) => Ok(Self::Continuous(latest_block)),
+            (Some(start), None) => Ok(Self::Continuous(start)),
             _ => {
                 // both or neither are allowed, everything else is ambiguous
                 Err(eyre::eyre!("`from` and `to` must be provided together, or not at all."))

bin/reth-bench/src/main.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use bench::BenchmarkCommand;
 use clap::Parser;
 use reth_cli_runner::CliRunner;
 
-fn main() {
+fn main() -> eyre::Result<()> {
     // Enable backtraces unless a RUST_BACKTRACE value has already been explicitly provided.
     if std::env::var_os("RUST_BACKTRACE").is_none() {
         unsafe {
@@ -31,12 +31,11 @@ fn main() {
         }
     }
 
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+
     // Run until either exit or sigint or sigterm
-    let runner = CliRunner::try_default_runtime().unwrap();
-    runner
-        .run_command_until_exit(|ctx| {
-            let command = BenchmarkCommand::parse();
-            command.execute(ctx)
-        })
-        .unwrap();
+    let runner = CliRunner::try_default_runtime()?;
+    runner.run_command_until_exit(|ctx| BenchmarkCommand::parse().execute(ctx))?;
+
+    Ok(())
 }

bin/reth/Cargo.toml

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ backon.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true
 
 [features]
-default = ["jemalloc", "otlp", "reth-revm/portable", "js-tracer", "keccak-cache-global"]
+default = ["jemalloc", "otlp", "reth-revm/portable", "js-tracer", "keccak-cache-global", "asm-keccak"]
 
 otlp = [
     "reth-ethereum-cli/otlp",
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ asm-keccak = [
     "reth-node-ethereum/asm-keccak",
 ]
 keccak-cache-global = [
+    "reth-node-core/keccak-cache-global",
     "reth-node-ethereum/keccak-cache-global",
 ]
 jemalloc = [

crates/chain-state/src/deferred_trie.rs

@@ -38,11 +38,26 @@ pub struct ComputedTrieData {
 /// Trie input bundled with its anchor hash.
 ///
 /// This is used to store the trie input and anchor hash for a block together.
+/// The `trie_input` contains the **cumulative** overlay of all in-memory ancestor blocks
+/// since the anchor, not just this block's changes. This enables O(1) overlay reuse
+/// when building child blocks with the same anchor.
+///
+/// # Invariants
+///
+/// For correctness of overlay reuse optimizations:
+/// - The `ancestors` passed to [`DeferredTrieData::pending`] must form a true ancestor chain (each
+///   entry's parent is the previous entry, oldest to newest order)
+/// - When `anchor_hash` matches the parent's `anchor_hash`, the parent's `trie_input` already
+///   contains all ancestors in that chain, enabling O(1) reuse
+/// - A given `anchor_hash` uniquely identifies a persisted base state
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct AnchoredTrieInput {
     /// The persisted ancestor hash this trie input is anchored to.
     pub anchor_hash: B256,
-    /// Trie input constructed from in-memory overlays.
+    /// Cumulative trie input overlay from all in-memory ancestors since the anchor.
+    /// Note: This is the merged overlay, not just this block's changes.
+    /// The per-block changes are in [`ComputedTrieData::hashed_state`] and
+    /// [`ComputedTrieData::trie_updates`].
     pub trie_input: Arc<TrieInputSorted>,
 }
 
@@ -54,6 +69,12 @@ struct DeferredTrieMetrics {
     deferred_trie_async_ready: Counter,
     /// Number of times deferred trie data required synchronous computation (fallback path).
     deferred_trie_sync_fallback: Counter,
+    /// Number of times the parent's trie overlay was reused (O(1) fast path).
+    deferred_trie_overlay_reused: Counter,
+    /// Number of times the trie overlay was rebuilt from all ancestors (O(N) slow path).
+    deferred_trie_overlay_rebuilt: Counter,
+    /// Number of times `Arc::make_mut` triggered a clone (`strong_count` > 1).
+    deferred_trie_arc_clone_triggered: Counter,
 }
 
 static DEFERRED_TRIE_METRICS: LazyLock<DeferredTrieMetrics> =
@@ -138,8 +159,15 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
     ///
     /// # Process
     /// 1. Sort the current block's hashed state and trie updates
-    /// 2. Merge ancestor overlays (oldest -> newest, so later state takes precedence)
-    /// 3. Extend the merged overlay with this block's sorted data
+    /// 2. Try to reuse parent's overlay if anchor matches (O(1) fast path)
+    /// 3. Otherwise, merge all ancestor overlays (O(N) slow path, rare after persist/reorg)
+    /// 4. Extend the overlay with this block's sorted data
+    ///
+    /// # Complexity
+    /// - Normal case (same anchor as parent): O(1) - just clone parent's overlay
+    /// - After persist/reorg (anchor mismatch): O(N) - merge all ancestors once
+    ///
+    /// This eliminates the previous O(N²) complexity where each block re-merged all ancestors.
     ///
     /// Used by both the async background task and the synchronous fallback path.
     ///
@@ -147,7 +175,7 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
     /// * `hashed_state` - Unsorted hashed post-state (account/storage changes) from execution
     /// * `trie_updates` - Unsorted trie node updates from state root computation
     /// * `anchor_hash` - The persisted ancestor hash this trie input is anchored to
-    /// * `ancestors` - Deferred trie data from ancestor blocks for merging
+    /// * `ancestors` - Deferred trie data from ancestor blocks for merging (oldest -> newest)
     pub fn sort_and_build_trie_input(
         hashed_state: &HashedPostState,
         trie_updates: &TrieUpdates,
@@ -156,28 +184,63 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
     ) -> ComputedTrieData {
         // Sort the current block's hashed state and trie updates
         let sorted_hashed_state = Arc::new(hashed_state.clone_into_sorted());
-        let sorted_trie_updates = Arc::new(trie_updates.clone().into_sorted());
+        let sorted_trie_updates = Arc::new(trie_updates.clone_into_sorted());
 
-        // Merge trie data from ancestors (oldest -> newest so later state takes precedence)
-        let mut overlay = TrieInputSorted::default();
-        for ancestor in ancestors {
-            let ancestor_data = ancestor.wait_cloned();
-            {
-                let state_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state);
-                state_mut.extend_ref(ancestor_data.hashed_state.as_ref());
-            }
-            {
-                let nodes_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.nodes);
-                nodes_mut.extend_ref(ancestor_data.trie_updates.as_ref());
-            }
-        }
+        // Determine base overlay by checking if we can reuse parent's overlay
+        let mut overlay = if let Some(parent) = ancestors.last() {
+            let parent_data = parent.wait_cloned();
 
-        // Extend overlay with current block's sorted data
+            match &parent_data.anchored_trie_input {
+                // Fast path: reuse parent's already-merged overlay if anchors match.
+                // Parent's overlay already contains all ancestors merged, so we just clone
+                // the Arc-wrapped nodes and state (O(1)).
+                //
+                // IMPORTANT: We do NOT clone prefix_sets from the parent overlay.
+                // Prefix sets only need to represent the current block's changes, not
+                // cumulative ancestor changes. The incremental state root algorithms
+                // use prefix_sets to identify which trie branches changed since the
+                // last root computation - ancestors' changes are already embodied in
+                // the trie nodes. This matches the pattern in merkle_changesets.rs
+                // which explicitly uses per-block prefix sets.
+                Some(AnchoredTrieInput { anchor_hash: parent_anchor, trie_input })
+                    if *parent_anchor == anchor_hash =>
+                {
+                    DEFERRED_TRIE_METRICS.deferred_trie_overlay_reused.increment(1);
+                    TrieInputSorted::new(
+                        Arc::clone(&trie_input.nodes),
+                        Arc::clone(&trie_input.state),
+                        Default::default(), // Fresh prefix_sets - will be set by caller
+                    )
+                }
+
+                // Slow path: no matching parent overlay -> rebuild from all ancestors.
+                // This happens after persist (anchor changes) or if parent lacks anchored input.
+                // O(N) but only at persist/reorg boundaries, not per block.
+                _ => {
+                    DEFERRED_TRIE_METRICS.deferred_trie_overlay_rebuilt.increment(1);
+                    Self::merge_ancestors_into_overlay(ancestors)
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // No ancestors: start from empty overlay (first block after anchor)
+            TrieInputSorted::default()
+        };
+
+        // Extend overlay with current block's sorted data.
+        // Track if Arc::make_mut triggers a clone (strong_count > 1 means parent still holds ref).
         {
+            let will_clone = Arc::strong_count(&overlay.state) > 1;
+            if will_clone {
+                DEFERRED_TRIE_METRICS.deferred_trie_arc_clone_triggered.increment(1);
+            }
             let state_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state);
             state_mut.extend_ref(sorted_hashed_state.as_ref());
         }
         {
+            let will_clone = Arc::strong_count(&overlay.nodes) > 1;
+            if will_clone {
+                DEFERRED_TRIE_METRICS.deferred_trie_arc_clone_triggered.increment(1);
+            }
             let nodes_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.nodes);
             nodes_mut.extend_ref(sorted_trie_updates.as_ref());
         }
@@ -190,6 +253,40 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
         )
     }
 
+    /// Merge all ancestors into a single overlay.
+    ///
+    /// This is the slow path used when the parent's overlay cannot be reused
+    /// (e.g., after persist when anchor changes). Iterates ancestors oldest -> newest
+    /// so newer state takes precedence.
+    ///
+    /// Note: We intentionally do NOT reuse ancestor cached overlays here because
+    /// those overlays were built with a different anchor_hash. The slow path is
+    /// triggered precisely because the anchor changed, so we must rebuild from
+    /// each ancestor's per-block state changes.
+    fn merge_ancestors_into_overlay(ancestors: &[Self]) -> TrieInputSorted {
+        let mut overlay = TrieInputSorted::default();
+        for ancestor in ancestors {
+            let ancestor_data = ancestor.wait_cloned();
+            {
+                let will_clone = Arc::strong_count(&overlay.state) > 1;
+                if will_clone {
+                    DEFERRED_TRIE_METRICS.deferred_trie_arc_clone_triggered.increment(1);
+                }
+                let state_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state);
+                state_mut.extend_ref(ancestor_data.hashed_state.as_ref());
+            }
+            {
+                let will_clone = Arc::strong_count(&overlay.nodes) > 1;
+                if will_clone {
+                    DEFERRED_TRIE_METRICS.deferred_trie_arc_clone_triggered.increment(1);
+                }
+                let nodes_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.nodes);
+                nodes_mut.extend_ref(ancestor_data.trie_updates.as_ref());
+            }
+        }
+        overlay
+    }
+
     /// Returns trie data, computing synchronously if the async task hasn't completed.
     ///
     /// - If the async task has completed (`Ready`), returns the cached result.
@@ -441,4 +538,274 @@ mod tests {
         let (_, account) = &overlay_state[0];
         assert_eq!(account.unwrap().nonce, 2);
     }
+
+    /// Helper to create a ready block with anchored trie input containing specific state.
+    fn ready_block_with_state(
+        anchor_hash: B256,
+        accounts: Vec<(B256, Option<Account>)>,
+    ) -> DeferredTrieData {
+        let hashed_state = Arc::new(HashedPostStateSorted::new(accounts, B256Map::default()));
+        let trie_updates = Arc::default();
+        let mut overlay = TrieInputSorted::default();
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref(hashed_state.as_ref());
+
+        DeferredTrieData::ready(ComputedTrieData {
+            hashed_state,
+            trie_updates,
+            anchored_trie_input: Some(AnchoredTrieInput {
+                anchor_hash,
+                trie_input: Arc::new(overlay),
+            }),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies that first block after anchor (no ancestors) creates empty base overlay.
+    #[test]
+    fn first_block_after_anchor_creates_empty_base() {
+        let anchor = B256::with_last_byte(1);
+        let key = B256::with_last_byte(42);
+        let account = Account { nonce: 1, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };
+
+        // First block after anchor - no ancestors
+        let first_block = DeferredTrieData::pending(
+            Arc::new(HashedPostState::default().with_accounts([(key, Some(account))])),
+            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+            anchor,
+            vec![], // No ancestors
+        );
+
+        let result = first_block.wait_cloned();
+
+        // Should have overlay with just this block's data
+        let overlay = result.anchored_trie_input.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(overlay.anchor_hash, anchor);
+        assert_eq!(overlay.trie_input.state.accounts.len(), 1);
+        let (found_key, found_account) = &overlay.trie_input.state.accounts[0];
+        assert_eq!(*found_key, key);
+        assert_eq!(found_account.unwrap().nonce, 1);
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies that when parent has matching anchor, its overlay is reused (O(1) fast path).
+    #[test]
+    fn reuses_parent_overlay_when_anchor_matches() {
+        let anchor = B256::with_last_byte(1);
+        let key = B256::with_last_byte(42);
+        let account = Account { nonce: 100, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };
+
+        // Create parent with anchored trie input
+        let parent = ready_block_with_state(anchor, vec![(key, Some(account))]);
+
+        // Create child with same anchor - should reuse parent's overlay
+        let child = DeferredTrieData::pending(
+            Arc::new(HashedPostState::default()),
+            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+            anchor, // Same anchor as parent
+            vec![parent],
+        );
+
+        let result = child.wait_cloned();
+
+        // Verify parent's account is in the overlay
+        let overlay = result.anchored_trie_input.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(overlay.anchor_hash, anchor);
+        assert_eq!(overlay.trie_input.state.accounts.len(), 1);
+        let (found_key, found_account) = &overlay.trie_input.state.accounts[0];
+        assert_eq!(*found_key, key);
+        assert_eq!(found_account.unwrap().nonce, 100);
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies that when anchor changes (after persist), all ancestors are rebuilt.
+    #[test]
+    fn rebuilds_overlay_when_anchor_changes() {
+        let old_anchor = B256::with_last_byte(1);
+        let new_anchor = B256::with_last_byte(2);
+        let key = B256::with_last_byte(42);
+        let account = Account { nonce: 50, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };
+
+        // Create parent with OLD anchor
+        let parent = ready_block_with_state(old_anchor, vec![(key, Some(account))]);
+
+        // Create child with NEW anchor (simulates after persist)
+        let child = DeferredTrieData::pending(
+            Arc::new(HashedPostState::default()),
+            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+            new_anchor, // Different anchor - triggers rebuild
+            vec![parent],
+        );
+
+        let result = child.wait_cloned();
+
+        // Verify result uses new anchor and still has parent's data
+        let overlay = result.anchored_trie_input.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(overlay.anchor_hash, new_anchor);
+        // Parent's account should still be in the overlay (from rebuild)
+        assert_eq!(overlay.trie_input.state.accounts.len(), 1);
+        let (found_key, found_account) = &overlay.trie_input.state.accounts[0];
+        assert_eq!(*found_key, key);
+        assert_eq!(found_account.unwrap().nonce, 50);
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies that parent without `anchored_trie_input` triggers rebuild path.
+    #[test]
+    fn rebuilds_when_parent_has_no_anchored_input() {
+        let anchor = B256::with_last_byte(1);
+        let key = B256::with_last_byte(42);
+        let account = Account { nonce: 25, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };
+
+        // Create parent WITHOUT anchored trie input (e.g., from without_trie_input constructor)
+        let parent_state =
+            HashedPostStateSorted::new(vec![(key, Some(account))], B256Map::default());
+        let parent = DeferredTrieData::ready(ComputedTrieData {
+            hashed_state: Arc::new(parent_state),
+            trie_updates: Arc::default(),
+            anchored_trie_input: None, // No anchored input
+        });
+
+        // Create child - should rebuild from parent's hashed_state
+        let child = DeferredTrieData::pending(
+            Arc::new(HashedPostState::default()),
+            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+            anchor,
+            vec![parent],
+        );
+
+        let result = child.wait_cloned();
+
+        // Verify overlay is built and contains parent's data
+        let overlay = result.anchored_trie_input.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(overlay.anchor_hash, anchor);
+        assert_eq!(overlay.trie_input.state.accounts.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies that a chain of blocks with matching anchors builds correct cumulative overlay.
+    #[test]
+    fn chain_of_blocks_builds_cumulative_overlay() {
+        let anchor = B256::with_last_byte(1);
+        let key1 = B256::with_last_byte(1);
+        let key2 = B256::with_last_byte(2);
+        let key3 = B256::with_last_byte(3);
+
+        // Block 1: sets account at key1
+        let block1 = ready_block_with_state(
+            anchor,
+            vec![(key1, Some(Account { nonce: 1, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None }))],
+        );
+
+        // Block 2: adds account at key2, ancestor is block1
+        let block2_hashed = HashedPostState::default().with_accounts([(
+            key2,
+            Some(Account { nonce: 2, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None }),
+        )]);
+        let block2 = DeferredTrieData::pending(
+            Arc::new(block2_hashed),
+            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+            anchor,
+            vec![block1.clone()],
+        );
+        // Compute block2's trie data
+        let block2_computed = block2.wait_cloned();
+        let block2_ready = DeferredTrieData::ready(block2_computed);
+
+        // Block 3: adds account at key3, ancestor is block2 (which includes block1)
+        let block3_hashed = HashedPostState::default().with_accounts([(
+            key3,
+            Some(Account { nonce: 3, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None }),
+        )]);
+        let block3 = DeferredTrieData::pending(
+            Arc::new(block3_hashed),
+            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+            anchor,
+            vec![block1, block2_ready],
+        );
+
+        let result = block3.wait_cloned();
+
+        // Verify all three accounts are in the cumulative overlay
+        let overlay = result.anchored_trie_input.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(overlay.trie_input.state.accounts.len(), 3);
+
+        // Accounts should be sorted by key (B256 ordering)
+        let accounts = &overlay.trie_input.state.accounts;
+        assert!(accounts.iter().any(|(k, a)| *k == key1 && a.unwrap().nonce == 1));
+        assert!(accounts.iter().any(|(k, a)| *k == key2 && a.unwrap().nonce == 2));
+        assert!(accounts.iter().any(|(k, a)| *k == key3 && a.unwrap().nonce == 3));
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies that child block's state overwrites parent's state for the same key.
+    #[test]
+    fn child_state_overwrites_parent() {
+        let anchor = B256::with_last_byte(1);
+        let key = B256::with_last_byte(42);
+
+        // Parent sets nonce to 10
+        let parent = ready_block_with_state(
+            anchor,
+            vec![(key, Some(Account { nonce: 10, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None }))],
+        );
+
+        // Child overwrites nonce to 99
+        let child_hashed = HashedPostState::default().with_accounts([(
+            key,
+            Some(Account { nonce: 99, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None }),
+        )]);
+        let child = DeferredTrieData::pending(
+            Arc::new(child_hashed),
+            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+            anchor,
+            vec![parent],
+        );
+
+        let result = child.wait_cloned();
+
+        // Verify child's value wins (extend_ref uses later value)
+        let overlay = result.anchored_trie_input.as_ref().unwrap();
+        // Note: extend_ref may result in duplicate keys; check the last occurrence
+        let accounts = &overlay.trie_input.state.accounts;
+        let last_account = accounts.iter().rfind(|(k, _)| *k == key).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(last_account.1.unwrap().nonce, 99);
+    }
+
+    /// Stress test: verify O(N) behavior by building a chain of many blocks.
+    /// This test ensures the fix doesn't regress - previously this would be O(N²).
+    #[test]
+    fn long_chain_builds_in_linear_time() {
+        let anchor = B256::with_last_byte(1);
+        let num_blocks = 50; // Enough to notice O(N²) vs O(N) difference
+
+        let mut ancestors: Vec<DeferredTrieData> = Vec::new();
+
+        let start = Instant::now();
+
+        for i in 0..num_blocks {
+            let key = B256::with_last_byte(i as u8);
+            let account = Account { nonce: i as u64, balance: U256::ZERO, bytecode_hash: None };
+            let hashed = HashedPostState::default().with_accounts([(key, Some(account))]);
+
+            let block = DeferredTrieData::pending(
+                Arc::new(hashed),
+                Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+                anchor,
+                ancestors.clone(),
+            );
+
+            // Compute and add to ancestors for next iteration
+            let computed = block.wait_cloned();
+            ancestors.push(DeferredTrieData::ready(computed));
+        }
+
+        let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+
+        // With O(N) fix, 50 blocks should complete quickly (< 1 second)
+        // With O(N²), this would take significantly longer
+        assert!(
+            elapsed < Duration::from_secs(2),
+            "Chain of {num_blocks} blocks took {:?}, possible O(N²) regression",
+            elapsed
+        );
+
+        // Verify final overlay has all accounts
+        let final_result = ancestors.last().unwrap().wait_cloned();
+        let overlay = final_result.anchored_trie_input.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(overlay.trie_input.state.accounts.len(), num_blocks);
+    }
 }

crates/chain-state/src/in_memory.rs

@@ -86,14 +86,20 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> InMemoryState<N> {
     ///
     /// This tries to acquire a read lock. Drop any write locks before calling this.
     pub(crate) fn update_metrics(&self) {
-        let numbers = self.numbers.read();
-        if let Some((earliest_block_number, _)) = numbers.first_key_value() {
-            self.metrics.earliest_block.set(*earliest_block_number as f64);
+        let (count, earliest, latest) = {
+            let numbers = self.numbers.read();
+            let count = numbers.len();
+            let earliest = numbers.first_key_value().map(|(number, _)| *number);
+            let latest = numbers.last_key_value().map(|(number, _)| *number);
+            (count, earliest, latest)
+        };
+        if let Some(earliest_block_number) = earliest {
+            self.metrics.earliest_block.set(earliest_block_number as f64);
         }
-        if let Some((latest_block_number, _)) = numbers.last_key_value() {
-            self.metrics.latest_block.set(*latest_block_number as f64);
+        if let Some(latest_block_number) = latest {
+            self.metrics.latest_block.set(latest_block_number as f64);
         }
-        self.metrics.num_blocks.set(numbers.len() as f64);
+        self.metrics.num_blocks.set(count as f64);
     }
 
     /// Returns the state for a given block hash.
@@ -664,22 +670,14 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
         receipts.first().map(|receipts| receipts.deref()).unwrap_or_default()
     }
 
-    /// Returns a vector of __parent__ `BlockStates`.
+    /// Returns an iterator over __parent__ `BlockStates`.
     ///
-    /// The block state order in the output vector is newest to oldest (highest to lowest):
+    /// The block state order is newest to oldest (highest to lowest):
     /// `[5,4,3,2,1]`
     ///
     /// Note: This does not include self.
-    pub fn parent_state_chain(&self) -> Vec<&Self> {
-        let mut parents = Vec::new();
-        let mut current = self.parent.as_deref();
-
-        while let Some(parent) = current {
-            parents.push(parent);
-            current = parent.parent.as_deref();
-        }
-
-        parents
+    pub fn parent_state_chain(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Self> + '_ {
+        std::iter::successors(self.parent.as_deref(), |state| state.parent.as_deref())
     }
 
     /// Returns a vector of `BlockStates` representing the entire in memory chain.
@@ -690,6 +688,11 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
     }
 
     /// Appends the parent chain of this [`BlockState`] to the given vector.
+    ///
+    /// Parents are appended in order from newest to oldest (highest to lowest).
+    /// This does not include self, only the parent states.
+    ///
+    /// This is a convenience method equivalent to `chain.extend(self.parent_state_chain())`.
     pub fn append_parent_chain<'a>(&'a self, chain: &mut Vec<&'a Self>) {
         chain.extend(self.parent_state_chain());
     }
@@ -1453,19 +1456,18 @@ mod tests {
         let mut test_block_builder: TestBlockBuilder = TestBlockBuilder::default();
         let chain = create_mock_state_chain(&mut test_block_builder, 4);
 
-        let parents = chain[3].parent_state_chain();
+        let parents: Vec<_> = chain[3].parent_state_chain().collect();
         assert_eq!(parents.len(), 3);
         assert_eq!(parents[0].block().recovered_block().number, 3);
         assert_eq!(parents[1].block().recovered_block().number, 2);
         assert_eq!(parents[2].block().recovered_block().number, 1);
 
-        let parents = chain[2].parent_state_chain();
+        let parents: Vec<_> = chain[2].parent_state_chain().collect();
         assert_eq!(parents.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(parents[0].block().recovered_block().number, 2);
         assert_eq!(parents[1].block().recovered_block().number, 1);
 
-        let parents = chain[0].parent_state_chain();
-        assert_eq!(parents.len(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(chain[0].parent_state_chain().count(), 0);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1476,8 +1478,7 @@ mod tests {
             create_mock_state(&mut test_block_builder, single_block_number, B256::random());
         let single_block_hash = single_block.block().recovered_block().hash();
 
-        let parents = single_block.parent_state_chain();
-        assert_eq!(parents.len(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(single_block.parent_state_chain().count(), 0);
 
         let block_state_chain = single_block.chain().collect::<Vec<_>>();
         assert_eq!(block_state_chain.len(), 1);

crates/chain-state/src/memory_overlay.rs

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ use reth_errors::ProviderResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, Bytecode, NodePrimitives};
 use reth_storage_api::{
     AccountReader, BlockHashReader, BytecodeReader, HashedPostStateProvider, StateProofProvider,
-    StateProvider, StateRootProvider, StorageRootProvider,
+    StateProvider, StateProviderBox, StateRootProvider, StorageRootProvider,
 };
 use reth_trie::{
     updates::TrieUpdates, AccountProof, HashedPostState, HashedStorage, MultiProof,
     MultiProofTargets, StorageMultiProof, TrieInput,
 };
 use revm_database::BundleState;
-use std::sync::OnceLock;
+use std::{borrow::Cow, sync::OnceLock};
 
 /// A state provider that stores references to in-memory blocks along with their state as well as a
 /// reference of the historical state provider for fallback lookups.
@@ -24,15 +24,11 @@ pub struct MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<
     /// Historical state provider for state lookups that are not found in memory blocks.
     pub(crate) historical: Box<dyn StateProvider + 'a>,
     /// The collection of executed parent blocks. Expected order is newest to oldest.
-    pub(crate) in_memory: Vec<ExecutedBlock<N>>,
+    pub(crate) in_memory: Cow<'a, [ExecutedBlock<N>]>,
     /// Lazy-loaded in-memory trie data.
     pub(crate) trie_input: OnceLock<TrieInput>,
 }
 
-/// A state provider that stores references to in-memory blocks along with their state as well as
-/// the historical state provider for fallback lookups.
-pub type MemoryOverlayStateProvider<N> = MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'static, N>;
-
 impl<'a, N: NodePrimitives> MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'a, N> {
     /// Create new memory overlay state provider.
     ///
@@ -42,7 +38,7 @@ impl<'a, N: NodePrimitives> MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'a, N> {
     /// - `historical` - a historical state provider for the latest ancestor block stored in the
     ///   database.
     pub fn new(historical: Box<dyn StateProvider + 'a>, in_memory: Vec<ExecutedBlock<N>>) -> Self {
-        Self { historical, in_memory, trie_input: OnceLock::new() }
+        Self { historical, in_memory: Cow::Owned(in_memory), trie_input: OnceLock::new() }
     }
 
     /// Turn this state provider into a state provider
@@ -53,11 +49,14 @@ impl<'a, N: NodePrimitives> MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'a, N> {
     /// Return lazy-loaded trie state aggregated from in-memory blocks.
     fn trie_input(&self) -> &TrieInput {
         self.trie_input.get_or_init(|| {
-            let bundles: Vec<_> =
-                self.in_memory.iter().rev().map(|block| block.trie_data()).collect();
-            TrieInput::from_blocks_sorted(
-                bundles.iter().map(|data| (data.hashed_state.as_ref(), data.trie_updates.as_ref())),
-            )
+            let mut input = TrieInput::default();
+            // Iterate from oldest to newest
+            for block in self.in_memory.iter().rev() {
+                let data = block.trie_data();
+                input.nodes.extend_from_sorted(&data.trie_updates);
+                input.state.extend_from_sorted(&data.hashed_state);
+            }
+            input
         })
     }
 
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ impl<'a, N: NodePrimitives> MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'a, N> {
 
 impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockHashReader for MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'_, N> {
     fn block_hash(&self, number: BlockNumber) -> ProviderResult<Option<B256>> {
-        for block in &self.in_memory {
+        for block in self.in_memory.iter() {
             if block.recovered_block().number() == number {
                 return Ok(Some(block.recovered_block().hash()));
             }
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockHashReader for MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'_, N>
         let mut in_memory_hashes = Vec::with_capacity(range.size_hint().0);
 
         // iterate in ascending order (oldest to newest = low to high)
-        for block in &self.in_memory {
+        for block in self.in_memory.iter() {
             let block_num = block.recovered_block().number();
             if range.contains(&block_num) {
                 in_memory_hashes.push(block.recovered_block().hash());
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockHashReader for MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'_, N>
 
 impl<N: NodePrimitives> AccountReader for MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'_, N> {
     fn basic_account(&self, address: &Address) -> ProviderResult<Option<Account>> {
-        for block in &self.in_memory {
+        for block in self.in_memory.iter() {
             if let Some(account) = block.execution_output.account(address) {
                 return Ok(account);
             }
@@ -216,7 +215,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StateProvider for MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'_, N> {
         address: Address,
         storage_key: StorageKey,
     ) -> ProviderResult<Option<StorageValue>> {
-        for block in &self.in_memory {
+        for block in self.in_memory.iter() {
             if let Some(value) = block.execution_output.storage(&address, storage_key.into()) {
                 return Ok(Some(value));
             }
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> StateProvider for MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'_, N> {
 
 impl<N: NodePrimitives> BytecodeReader for MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'_, N> {
     fn bytecode_by_hash(&self, code_hash: &B256) -> ProviderResult<Option<Bytecode>> {
-        for block in &self.in_memory {
+        for block in self.in_memory.iter() {
             if let Some(contract) = block.execution_output.bytecode(code_hash) {
                 return Ok(Some(contract));
             }
@@ -237,3 +236,46 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BytecodeReader for MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'_, N>
         self.historical.bytecode_by_hash(code_hash)
     }
 }
+
+/// An owned state provider that stores references to in-memory blocks along with their state as
+/// well as a reference of the historical state provider for fallback lookups.
+#[expect(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct MemoryOverlayStateProvider<N: NodePrimitives = reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives> {
+    /// Historical state provider for state lookups that are not found in memory blocks.
+    pub(crate) historical: StateProviderBox,
+    /// The collection of executed parent blocks. Expected order is newest to oldest.
+    pub(crate) in_memory: Vec<ExecutedBlock<N>>,
+    /// Lazy-loaded in-memory trie data.
+    pub(crate) trie_input: OnceLock<TrieInput>,
+}
+
+impl<N: NodePrimitives> MemoryOverlayStateProvider<N> {
+    /// Create new memory overlay state provider.
+    ///
+    /// ## Arguments
+    ///
+    /// - `in_memory` - the collection of executed ancestor blocks in reverse.
+    /// - `historical` - a historical state provider for the latest ancestor block stored in the
+    ///   database.
+    pub fn new(historical: StateProviderBox, in_memory: Vec<ExecutedBlock<N>>) -> Self {
+        Self { historical, in_memory, trie_input: OnceLock::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a new provider that takes the `TX` as reference
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef<'_, N> {
+        MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef {
+            historical: Box::new(self.historical.as_ref()),
+            in_memory: Cow::Borrowed(&self.in_memory),
+            trie_input: self.trie_input.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Wraps the [`Self`] in a `Box`.
+    pub fn boxed(self) -> StateProviderBox {
+        Box::new(self)
+    }
+}
+
+// Delegates all provider impls to [`MemoryOverlayStateProviderRef`]
+reth_storage_api::macros::delegate_provider_impls!(MemoryOverlayStateProvider<N> where [N: NodePrimitives]);

crates/chain-state/src/test_utils.rs

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TestBlockBuilder<N> {
             .map(|_| {
                 let tx = mock_tx(self.signer_build_account_info.nonce);
                 self.signer_build_account_info.nonce += 1;
-                self.signer_build_account_info.balance -= signer_balance_decrease;
+                self.signer_build_account_info.balance -= Self::single_tx_cost();
                 tx
             })
             .collect();

crates/chainspec/src/spec.rs

@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ pub fn make_genesis_header(genesis: &Genesis, hardforks: &ChainHardforks) -> Hea
         .then_some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH);
 
     Header {
+        number: genesis.number.unwrap_or_default(),
+        parent_hash: genesis.parent_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
         gas_limit: genesis.gas_limit,
         difficulty: genesis.difficulty,
         nonce: genesis.nonce.into(),
@@ -968,7 +970,7 @@ impl<H: BlockHeader> EthereumHardforks for ChainSpec<H> {
 
 /// A trait for reading the current chainspec.
 #[auto_impl::auto_impl(&, Arc)]
-pub trait ChainSpecProvider: Debug + Send + Sync {
+pub trait ChainSpecProvider: Debug + Send {
     /// The chain spec type.
     type ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + 'static;
 

crates/cli/commands/src/common.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,10 @@ use reth_node_core::{
     dirs::{ChainPath, DataDirPath},
 };
 use reth_provider::{
-    providers::{BlockchainProvider, NodeTypesForProvider, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider},
+    providers::{
+        BlockchainProvider, NodeTypesForProvider, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider,
+        StaticFileProviderBuilder,
+    },
     ProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory,
 };
 use reth_stages::{sets::DefaultStages, Pipeline, PipelineTarget};
@@ -100,15 +103,23 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> EnvironmentArgs<C> {
         }
 
         info!(target: "reth::cli", ?db_path, ?sf_path, "Opening storage");
+        let genesis_block_number = self.chain.genesis().number.unwrap_or_default();
         let (db, sfp) = match access {
             AccessRights::RW => (
                 Arc::new(init_db(db_path, self.db.database_args())?),
-                StaticFileProvider::read_write(sf_path)?,
-            ),
-            AccessRights::RO | AccessRights::RoInconsistent => (
-                Arc::new(open_db_read_only(&db_path, self.db.database_args())?),
-                StaticFileProvider::read_only(sf_path, false)?,
+                StaticFileProviderBuilder::read_write(sf_path)?
+                    .with_genesis_block_number(genesis_block_number)
+                    .build()?,
             ),
+            AccessRights::RO | AccessRights::RoInconsistent => {
+                (Arc::new(open_db_read_only(&db_path, self.db.database_args())?), {
+                    let provider = StaticFileProviderBuilder::read_only(sf_path)?
+                        .with_genesis_block_number(genesis_block_number)
+                        .build()?;
+                    provider.watch_directory();
+                    provider
+                })
+            }
         };
         // TransactionDB only support read-write mode
         let rocksdb_provider = RocksDBProvider::builder(data_dir.rocksdb())

crates/cli/commands/src/db/repair_trie.rs

@@ -301,8 +301,8 @@ fn verify_and_repair<N: ProviderNodeTypes>(tool: &DbTool<N>) -> eyre::Result<()>
     if inconsistent_nodes == 0 {
         info!("No inconsistencies found");
     } else {
-        info!("Repaired {} inconsistencies, committing changes", inconsistent_nodes);
         provider_rw.commit()?;
+        info!("Repaired {} inconsistencies and committed changes", inconsistent_nodes);
     }
 
     Ok(())

crates/cli/commands/src/init_cmd.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 //! Command that initializes the node from a genesis file.
 
 use crate::common::{AccessRights, CliNodeTypes, Environment, EnvironmentArgs};
+use alloy_consensus::BlockHeader;
 use clap::Parser;
-use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
+use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecProvider, EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
 use reth_cli::chainspec::ChainSpecParser;
 use reth_provider::BlockHashReader;
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -22,8 +23,9 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + EthereumHardforks>> InitComman
 
         let Environment { provider_factory, .. } = self.env.init::<N>(AccessRights::RW)?;
 
+        let genesis_block_number = provider_factory.chain_spec().genesis_header().number();
         let hash = provider_factory
-            .block_hash(0)?
+            .block_hash(genesis_block_number)?
             .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Genesis hash not found."))?;
 
         info!(target: "reth::cli", hash = ?hash, "Genesis block written");

crates/cli/commands/src/init_state/without_evm.rs

@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ where
         + StaticFileProviderFactory<Primitives: NodePrimitives<BlockHeader: Compact>>,
 {
     provider_rw.insert_block(
-        SealedBlock::<<Provider::Primitives as NodePrimitives>::Block>::from_sealed_parts(
+        &SealedBlock::<<Provider::Primitives as NodePrimitives>::Block>::from_sealed_parts(
             header.clone(),
             Default::default(),
         )

crates/cli/commands/src/p2p/mod.rs

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
                 .split();
                 if result.len() != 1 {
                     eyre::bail!(
-                        "Invalid number of headers received. Expected: 1. Received: {}",
+                        "Invalid number of bodies received. Expected: 1. Received: {}",
                         result.len()
                     )
                 }

crates/config/src/config.rs

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ pub const DEFAULT_BLOCK_INTERVAL: usize = 5;
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(default))]
 pub struct Config {
     /// Configuration for each stage in the pipeline.
-    // TODO(onbjerg): Can we make this easier to maintain when we add/remove stages?
     pub stages: StageConfig,
     /// Configuration for pruning.
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(default))]

crates/consensus/consensus/src/lib.rs

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ pub enum ConsensusError {
         /// The gas limit in the block header.
         gas_limit: u64,
     },
-    /// Error when the gas the gas limit is more than the maximum allowed.
+    /// Error when the gas limit is more than the maximum allowed.
     #[error(
         "header gas limit ({gas_limit}) exceed the maximum allowed gas limit ({MAXIMUM_GAS_LIMIT_BLOCK})"
     )]

crates/consensus/debug-client/src/providers/rpc.rs

@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ where
                 match res {
                     Ok(block) => {
                         if tx.send((self.convert)(block)).await.is_err() {
-                            // Channel closed.
-                            break;
+                            // Channel closed - receiver dropped, exit completely.
+                            return;
                         }
                     }
                     Err(err) => {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ where
             debug!(
                 target: "consensus::debug-client",
                 url=%self.url,
-                "Re-estbalishing block subscription",
+                "Re-establishing block subscription",
             );
         }
     }

crates/e2e-test-utils/src/setup_builder.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use reth_node_builder::{
     PayloadTypes,
 };
 use reth_node_core::args::{DiscoveryArgs, NetworkArgs, RpcServerArgs};
+use reth_primitives_traits::AlloyBlockHeader;
 use reth_provider::providers::BlockchainProvider;
 use reth_rpc_server_types::RpcModuleSelection;
 use reth_tasks::TaskManager;
@@ -157,8 +158,8 @@ where
                     .await?;
 
                 let node = NodeTestContext::new(node, self.attributes_generator).await?;
-
-                let genesis = node.block_hash(0);
+                let genesis_number = self.chain_spec.genesis_header().number();
+                let genesis = node.block_hash(genesis_number);
                 node.update_forkchoice(genesis, genesis).await?;
 
                 eyre::Ok(node)

crates/e2e-test-utils/src/testsuite/actions/engine_api.rs

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@
 
 use crate::testsuite::{Action, Environment};
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
-use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
-    ExecutionPayloadV1, ExecutionPayloadV2, ExecutionPayloadV3, PayloadStatusEnum,
-};
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{ExecutionPayloadV3, PayloadStatusEnum};
 use alloy_rpc_types_eth::{Block, Header, Receipt, Transaction, TransactionRequest};
 use eyre::Result;
 use futures_util::future::BoxFuture;
@@ -131,7 +129,10 @@ where
             })?;
 
             // Convert block to ExecutionPayloadV3
-            let payload = block_to_payload_v3(block.clone());
+            let payload = ExecutionPayloadV3::from_block_unchecked(
+                block.hash(),
+                &block.map_transactions(|tx| tx.inner).into_consensus(),
+            );
 
             // Send the payload to the target node
             let target_engine = env.node_clients[self.node_idx].engine.http_client();
@@ -327,32 +328,3 @@ where
         })
     }
 }
-
-/// Helper function to convert a block to `ExecutionPayloadV3`
-fn block_to_payload_v3(block: Block) -> ExecutionPayloadV3 {
-    use alloy_primitives::U256;
-
-    ExecutionPayloadV3 {
-        payload_inner: ExecutionPayloadV2 {
-            payload_inner: ExecutionPayloadV1 {
-                parent_hash: block.header.inner.parent_hash,
-                fee_recipient: block.header.inner.beneficiary,
-                state_root: block.header.inner.state_root,
-                receipts_root: block.header.inner.receipts_root,
-                logs_bloom: block.header.inner.logs_bloom,
-                prev_randao: block.header.inner.mix_hash,
-                block_number: block.header.inner.number,
-                gas_limit: block.header.inner.gas_limit,
-                gas_used: block.header.inner.gas_used,
-                timestamp: block.header.inner.timestamp,
-                extra_data: block.header.inner.extra_data.clone(),
-                base_fee_per_gas: U256::from(block.header.inner.base_fee_per_gas.unwrap_or(0)),
-                block_hash: block.header.hash,
-                transactions: vec![], // No transactions needed for buffering tests
-            },
-            withdrawals: block.withdrawals.unwrap_or_default().to_vec(),
-        },
-        blob_gas_used: block.header.inner.blob_gas_used.unwrap_or(0),
-        excess_blob_gas: block.header.inner.excess_blob_gas.unwrap_or(0),
-    }
-}

crates/engine/invalid-block-hooks/src/witness.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use pretty_assertions::Comparison;
 use reth_engine_primitives::InvalidBlockHook;
 use reth_evm::{execute::Executor, ConfigureEvm};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedHeader};
-use reth_provider::{BlockExecutionOutput, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory};
+use reth_provider::{BlockExecutionOutput, StateProvider, StateProviderBox, StateProviderFactory};
 use reth_revm::{
     database::StateProviderDatabase,
     db::{BundleState, State},
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ fn sort_bundle_state_for_comparison(bundle_state: &BundleState) -> BundleStateSo
                     BundleAccountSorted {
                         info: acc.info.clone(),
                         original_info: acc.original_info.clone(),
-                        storage: BTreeMap::from_iter(acc.storage.clone()),
+                        storage: acc.storage.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v)).collect(),
                         status: acc.status,
                     },
                 )
             })
             .collect(),
-        contracts: BTreeMap::from_iter(bundle_state.contracts.clone()),
+        contracts: bundle_state.contracts.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.clone())).collect(),
         reverts: bundle_state
             .reverts
             .iter()
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn sort_bundle_state_for_comparison(bundle_state: &BundleState) -> BundleStateSo
                             *addr,
                             AccountRevertSorted {
                                 account: rev.account.clone(),
-                                storage: BTreeMap::from_iter(rev.storage.clone()),
+                                storage: rev.storage.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v)).collect(),
                                 previous_status: rev.previous_status,
                                 wipe_storage: rev.wipe_storage,
                             },
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ fn sort_bundle_state_for_comparison(bundle_state: &BundleState) -> BundleStateSo
 
 /// Extracts execution data including codes, preimages, and hashed state from database
 fn collect_execution_data(
-    mut db: State<StateProviderDatabase<Box<dyn StateProvider>>>,
+    mut db: State<StateProviderDatabase<StateProviderBox>>,
 ) -> eyre::Result<CollectionResult> {
     let bundle_state = db.take_bundle();
     let mut codes = BTreeMap::new();
@@ -530,9 +530,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Create a State with StateProviderTest
         let state_provider = StateProviderTest::default();
         let mut state = State::builder()
-            .with_database(StateProviderDatabase::new(
-                Box::new(state_provider) as Box<dyn StateProvider>
-            ))
+            .with_database(StateProviderDatabase::new(Box::new(state_provider) as StateProviderBox))
             .with_bundle_update()
             .build();
 

crates/engine/tree/Cargo.toml

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ reth-provider.workspace = true
 reth-prune.workspace = true
 reth-revm.workspace = true
 reth-stages-api.workspace = true
+reth-storage-errors.workspace = true
 reth-tasks.workspace = true
 reth-trie-parallel.workspace = true
 reth-trie-sparse = { workspace = true, features = ["std", "metrics"] }
@@ -52,6 +53,7 @@ futures.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["rt", "rt-multi-thread", "sync", "macros"] }
 mini-moka = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
+moka = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
 smallvec.workspace = true
 
 # metrics

crates/engine/tree/docs/root.md

@@ -128,12 +128,12 @@ we send them along with the state updates to the [Sparse Trie Task](#sparse-trie
 
 ### Finishing the calculation
 
-Once all transactions are executed, the [Engine](#engine) sends a `StateRootMessage::FinishStateUpdates` message
+Once all transactions are executed, the [Engine](#engine) sends a `StateRootMessage::FinishedStateUpdates` message
 to the State Root Task, marking the end of receiving state updates.
 
 Every time we receive a new proof from the [MultiProof Manager](#multiproof-manager), we also check
 the following conditions:
-1. Are all updates received? (`StateRootMessage::FinishStateUpdates` was sent)
+1. Are all updates received? (`StateRootMessage::FinishedStateUpdates` was sent)
 2. Is `ProofSequencer` empty? (no proofs are pending for sequencing)
 3. Are all proofs that were sent to the [`MultiProofManager::spawn_or_queue`](#multiproof-manager) finished
 calculating and were sent to the [Sparse Trie Task](#sparse-trie-task)?

crates/engine/tree/src/backfill.rs

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl BackfillSyncState {
 }
 
 /// Backfill sync mode functionality.
-pub trait BackfillSync: Send + Sync {
+pub trait BackfillSync: Send {
     /// Performs a backfill action.
     fn on_action(&mut self, action: BackfillAction);
 

crates/engine/tree/src/chain.rs

@@ -219,10 +219,19 @@ pub enum HandlerEvent<T> {
 }
 
 /// Internal events issued by the [`ChainOrchestrator`].
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum FromOrchestrator {
     /// Invoked when backfill sync finished
     BackfillSyncFinished(ControlFlow),
     /// Invoked when backfill sync started
     BackfillSyncStarted,
+    /// Gracefully terminate the engine service.
+    ///
+    /// When this variant is received, the engine will persist all remaining in-memory blocks
+    /// to disk before shutting down. Once persistence is complete, a signal is sent through
+    /// the oneshot channel to notify the caller.
+    Terminate {
+        /// Channel to signal termination completion.
+        tx: tokio::sync::oneshot::Sender<()>,
+    },
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/metrics.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ pub(crate) struct PersistenceMetrics {
     pub(crate) remove_blocks_above_duration_seconds: Histogram,
     /// How long it took for blocks to be saved
     pub(crate) save_blocks_duration_seconds: Histogram,
+    /// How many blocks we persist at once.
+    pub(crate) save_blocks_block_count: Histogram,
     /// How long it took for blocks to be pruned
     pub(crate) prune_before_duration_seconds: Histogram,
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/persistence.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use crate::metrics::PersistenceMetrics;
-use alloy_consensus::BlockHeader;
 use alloy_eips::BlockNumHash;
 use reth_chain_state::ExecutedBlock;
 use reth_errors::ProviderError;
@@ -142,27 +141,25 @@ where
         &self,
         blocks: Vec<ExecutedBlock<N::Primitives>>,
     ) -> Result<Option<BlockNumHash>, PersistenceError> {
-        let first_block_hash = blocks.first().map(|b| b.recovered_block.num_hash());
-        let last_block_hash = blocks.last().map(|b| b.recovered_block.num_hash());
-        debug!(target: "engine::persistence", first=?first_block_hash, last=?last_block_hash, "Saving range of blocks");
+        let first_block = blocks.first().map(|b| b.recovered_block.num_hash());
+        let last_block = blocks.last().map(|b| b.recovered_block.num_hash());
+        let block_count = blocks.len();
+        debug!(target: "engine::persistence", ?block_count, first=?first_block, last=?last_block, "Saving range of blocks");
 
         let start_time = Instant::now();
-        let last_block_hash_num = blocks.last().map(|block| BlockNumHash {
-            hash: block.recovered_block().hash(),
-            number: block.recovered_block().header().number(),
-        });
 
-        if last_block_hash_num.is_some() {
+        if last_block.is_some() {
             let provider_rw = self.provider.database_provider_rw()?;
 
             provider_rw.save_blocks(blocks)?;
             provider_rw.commit()?;
         }
 
-        debug!(target: "engine::persistence", first=?first_block_hash, last=?last_block_hash, "Saved range of blocks");
+        debug!(target: "engine::persistence", first=?first_block, last=?last_block, "Saved range of blocks");
 
+        self.metrics.save_blocks_block_count.record(block_count as f64);
         self.metrics.save_blocks_duration_seconds.record(start_time.elapsed());
-        Ok(last_block_hash_num)
+        Ok(last_block)
     }
 }
 

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/block_buffer.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
 /// * [`BlockBuffer::remove_old_blocks`] to remove old blocks that precede the finalized number.
 ///
 /// Note: Buffer is limited by number of blocks that it can contain and eviction of the block
-/// is done by last recently used block.
+/// is done in FIFO order (oldest inserted block is evicted first).
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BlockBuffer<B: Block> {
     /// All blocks in the buffer stored by their block hash.
@@ -66,9 +66,14 @@ impl<B: Block> BlockBuffer<B> {
     pub fn insert_block(&mut self, block: SealedBlock<B>) {
         let hash = block.hash();
 
-        self.parent_to_child.entry(block.parent_hash()).or_default().insert(hash);
-        self.earliest_blocks.entry(block.number()).or_default().insert(hash);
-        self.blocks.insert(hash, block);
+        match self.blocks.entry(hash) {
+            std::collections::hash_map::Entry::Occupied(_) => return,
+            std::collections::hash_map::Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
+                self.parent_to_child.entry(block.parent_hash()).or_default().insert(hash);
+                self.earliest_blocks.entry(block.number()).or_default().insert(hash);
+                entry.insert(block);
+            }
+        };
 
         // Add block to FIFO queue and handle eviction if needed
         if self.block_queue.len() >= self.max_blocks {

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/cached_state.rs

@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ pub(crate) struct CachedStateProvider<S> {
 
     /// Metrics for the cached state provider
     metrics: CachedStateMetrics,
+
+    /// If prewarm enabled we populate every cache miss
+    prewarm: bool,
 }
 
 impl<S> CachedStateProvider<S>
@@ -39,12 +42,32 @@ where
 {
     /// Creates a new [`CachedStateProvider`] from an [`ExecutionCache`], state provider, and
     /// [`CachedStateMetrics`].
-    pub(crate) const fn new_with_caches(
+    pub(crate) const fn new(
         state_provider: S,
         caches: ExecutionCache,
         metrics: CachedStateMetrics,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self { state_provider, caches, metrics }
+        Self { state_provider, caches, metrics, prewarm: false }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S> CachedStateProvider<S> {
+    /// Enables pre-warm mode so that every cache miss is populated.
+    ///
+    /// This is only relevant for pre-warm transaction execution with the intention to pre-populate
+    /// the cache with data for regular block execution. During regular block execution the
+    /// cache doesn't need to be populated because the actual EVM database
+    /// [`State`](revm::database::State) also caches internally during block execution and the cache
+    /// is then updated after the block with the entire [`BundleState`] output of that block which
+    /// contains all accessed accounts,code,storage. See also [`ExecutionCache::insert_state`].
+    pub(crate) const fn prewarm(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.prewarm = true;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether this provider should pre-warm cache misses.
+    const fn is_prewarm(&self) -> bool {
+        self.prewarm
     }
 }
 
@@ -123,7 +146,10 @@ impl<S: AccountReader> AccountReader for CachedStateProvider<S> {
         self.metrics.account_cache_misses.increment(1);
 
         let res = self.state_provider.basic_account(address)?;
-        self.caches.account_cache.insert(*address, res);
+
+        if self.is_prewarm() {
+            self.caches.account_cache.insert(*address, res);
+        }
         Ok(res)
     }
 }
@@ -148,15 +174,19 @@ impl<S: StateProvider> StateProvider for CachedStateProvider<S> {
         match self.caches.get_storage(&account, &storage_key) {
             (SlotStatus::NotCached, maybe_cache) => {
                 let final_res = self.state_provider.storage(account, storage_key)?;
-                let account_cache = maybe_cache.unwrap_or_default();
-                account_cache.insert_storage(storage_key, final_res);
-                // we always need to insert the value to update the weights.
-                // Note: there exists a race when the storage cache did not exist yet and two
-                // consumers looking up the a storage value for this account for the first time,
-                // however we can assume that this will only happen for the very first (mostlikely
-                // the same) value, and don't expect that this will accidentally
-                // replace an account storage cache with additional values.
-                self.caches.insert_storage_cache(account, account_cache);
+
+                if self.is_prewarm() {
+                    let account_cache = maybe_cache.unwrap_or_default();
+                    account_cache.insert_storage(storage_key, final_res);
+                    // we always need to insert the value to update the weights.
+                    // Note: there exists a race when the storage cache did not exist yet and two
+                    // consumers looking up the a storage value for this account for the first time,
+                    // however we can assume that this will only happen for the very first
+                    // (mostlikely the same) value, and don't expect that this
+                    // will accidentally replace an account storage cache with
+                    // additional values.
+                    self.caches.insert_storage_cache(account, account_cache);
+                }
 
                 self.metrics.storage_cache_misses.increment(1);
                 Ok(final_res)
@@ -183,7 +213,11 @@ impl<S: BytecodeReader> BytecodeReader for CachedStateProvider<S> {
         self.metrics.code_cache_misses.increment(1);
 
         let final_res = self.state_provider.bytecode_by_hash(code_hash)?;
-        self.caches.code_cache.insert(*code_hash, final_res.clone());
+
+        if self.is_prewarm() {
+            self.caches.code_cache.insert(*code_hash, final_res.clone());
+        }
+
         Ok(final_res)
     }
 }
@@ -785,7 +819,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let caches = ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(1000);
         let state_provider =
-            CachedStateProvider::new_with_caches(provider, caches, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());
+            CachedStateProvider::new(provider, caches, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());
 
         // check that the storage is empty
         let res = state_provider.storage(address, storage_key);
@@ -808,7 +842,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let caches = ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(1000);
         let state_provider =
-            CachedStateProvider::new_with_caches(provider, caches, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());
+            CachedStateProvider::new(provider, caches, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed());
 
         // check that the storage returns the expected value
         let res = state_provider.storage(address, storage_key);

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/instrumented_state.rs

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ where
 {
     /// Creates a new [`InstrumentedStateProvider`] from a state provider with the provided label
     /// for metrics.
-    pub fn from_state_provider(state_provider: S, source: &'static str) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(state_provider: S, source: &'static str) -> Self {
         Self {
             state_provider,
             metrics: StateProviderMetrics::new_with_labels(&[("source", source)]),

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/invalid_headers.rs

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ impl InvalidHeaderCache {
         // if we get here, the entry has been hit too many times, so we evict it
         self.headers.remove(hash);
         self.metrics.hit_evictions.increment(1);
+        self.metrics.count.set(self.headers.len() as f64);
         None
     }
 

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/metrics.rs

@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ impl EngineApiMetrics {
         &self,
         executor: E,
         mut transactions: impl Iterator<Item = Result<impl ExecutableTx<E>, BlockExecutionError>>,
+        transaction_count: usize,
         state_hook: Box<dyn OnStateHook>,
     ) -> Result<(BlockExecutionOutput<E::Receipt>, Vec<Address>), BlockExecutionError>
     where
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ impl EngineApiMetrics {
         // be accessible.
         let wrapper = MeteredStateHook { metrics: self.executor.clone(), inner_hook: state_hook };
 
-        let mut senders = Vec::new();
+        let mut senders = Vec::with_capacity(transaction_count);
         let mut executor = executor.with_state_hook(Some(Box::new(wrapper)));
 
         let f = || {
@@ -529,6 +530,7 @@ mod tests {
         let _result = metrics.execute_metered::<_, EmptyDB>(
             executor,
             input.clone_transactions_recovered().map(Ok::<_, BlockExecutionError>),
+            input.transaction_count(),
             state_hook,
         );
 
@@ -585,6 +587,7 @@ mod tests {
         let _result = metrics.execute_metered::<_, EmptyDB>(
             executor,
             input.clone_transactions_recovered().map(Ok::<_, BlockExecutionError>),
+            input.transaction_count(),
             state_hook,
         );
 

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ use revm::state::EvmState;
 use state::TreeState;
 use std::{
     fmt::Debug,
+    ops,
     sync::{
         mpsc::{Receiver, RecvError, RecvTimeoutError, Sender},
         Arc,
@@ -63,7 +64,6 @@ mod persistence_state;
 pub mod precompile_cache;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
-// TODO(alexey): compare trie updates in `insert_block_inner`
 #[expect(unused)]
 mod trie_updates;
 
@@ -426,9 +426,13 @@ where
             match self.try_recv_engine_message() {
                 Ok(Some(msg)) => {
                     debug!(target: "engine::tree", %msg, "received new engine message");
-                    if let Err(fatal) = self.on_engine_message(msg) {
-                        error!(target: "engine::tree", %fatal, "insert block fatal error");
-                        return
+                    match self.on_engine_message(msg) {
+                        Ok(ops::ControlFlow::Break(())) => return,
+                        Ok(ops::ControlFlow::Continue(())) => {}
+                        Err(fatal) => {
+                            error!(target: "engine::tree", %fatal, "insert block fatal error");
+                            return
+                        }
                     }
                 }
                 Ok(None) => {
@@ -821,7 +825,8 @@ where
         new_head_number: u64,
         current_head_number: u64,
     ) -> Vec<ExecutedBlock<N>> {
-        let mut old_blocks = Vec::new();
+        let mut old_blocks =
+            Vec::with_capacity((current_head_number.saturating_sub(new_head_number)) as usize);
 
         for block_num in (new_head_number + 1)..=current_head_number {
             if let Some(block_state) = self.canonical_in_memory_state.state_by_number(block_num) {
@@ -926,48 +931,6 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Determines if the given block is part of a fork by checking that these
-    /// conditions are true:
-    /// * walking back from the target hash to verify that the target hash is not part of an
-    ///   extension of the canonical chain.
-    /// * walking back from the current head to verify that the target hash is not already part of
-    ///   the canonical chain.
-    ///
-    /// The header is required as an arg, because we might be checking that the header is a fork
-    /// block before it's in the tree state and before it's in the database.
-    fn is_fork(&self, target: BlockWithParent) -> ProviderResult<bool> {
-        let target_hash = target.block.hash;
-        // verify that the given hash is not part of an extension of the canon chain.
-        let canonical_head = self.state.tree_state.canonical_head();
-        let mut current_hash;
-        let mut current_block = target;
-        loop {
-            if current_block.block.hash == canonical_head.hash {
-                return Ok(false)
-            }
-            // We already passed the canonical head
-            if current_block.block.number <= canonical_head.number {
-                break
-            }
-            current_hash = current_block.parent;
-
-            let Some(next_block) = self.sealed_header_by_hash(current_hash)? else { break };
-            current_block = next_block.block_with_parent();
-        }
-
-        // verify that the given hash is not already part of canonical chain stored in memory
-        if self.canonical_in_memory_state.header_by_hash(target_hash).is_some() {
-            return Ok(false)
-        }
-
-        // verify that the given hash is not already part of persisted canonical chain
-        if self.provider.block_number(target_hash)?.is_some() {
-            return Ok(false)
-        }
-
-        Ok(true)
-    }
-
     /// Invoked when we receive a new forkchoice update message. Calls into the blockchain tree
     /// to resolve chain forks and ensure that the Execution Layer is working with the latest valid
     /// chain.
@@ -1302,22 +1265,7 @@ where
             // Check if persistence has complete
             match rx.try_recv() {
                 Ok(last_persisted_hash_num) => {
-                    self.metrics.engine.persistence_duration.record(start_time.elapsed());
-                    let Some(BlockNumHash {
-                        hash: last_persisted_block_hash,
-                        number: last_persisted_block_number,
-                    }) = last_persisted_hash_num
-                    else {
-                        // if this happened, then we persisted no blocks because we sent an
-                        // empty vec of blocks
-                        warn!(target: "engine::tree", "Persistence task completed but did not persist any blocks");
-                        return Ok(())
-                    };
-
-                    debug!(target: "engine::tree", ?last_persisted_block_hash, ?last_persisted_block_number, elapsed=?start_time.elapsed(), "Finished persisting, calling finish");
-                    self.persistence_state
-                        .finish(last_persisted_block_hash, last_persisted_block_number);
-                    self.on_new_persisted_block()?;
+                    self.on_persistence_complete(last_persisted_hash_num, start_time)?;
                 }
                 Err(TryRecvError::Closed) => return Err(TryRecvError::Closed.into()),
                 Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => {
@@ -1330,7 +1278,8 @@ where
             if let Some(new_tip_num) = self.find_disk_reorg()? {
                 self.remove_blocks(new_tip_num)
             } else if self.should_persist() {
-                let blocks_to_persist = self.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist()?;
+                let blocks_to_persist =
+                    self.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist(PersistTarget::Threshold)?;
                 self.persist_blocks(blocks_to_persist);
             }
         }
@@ -1338,11 +1287,72 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Finishes termination by persisting all remaining blocks and signaling completion.
+    ///
+    /// This blocks until all persistence is complete. Always signals completion,
+    /// even if an error occurs.
+    fn finish_termination(
+        &mut self,
+        pending_termination: oneshot::Sender<()>,
+    ) -> Result<(), AdvancePersistenceError> {
+        trace!(target: "engine::tree", "finishing termination, persisting remaining blocks");
+        let result = self.persist_until_complete();
+        let _ = pending_termination.send(());
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Persists all remaining blocks until none are left.
+    fn persist_until_complete(&mut self) -> Result<(), AdvancePersistenceError> {
+        loop {
+            // Wait for any in-progress persistence to complete (blocking)
+            if let Some((rx, start_time, _action)) = self.persistence_state.rx.take() {
+                let result = rx.blocking_recv().map_err(|_| TryRecvError::Closed)?;
+                self.on_persistence_complete(result, start_time)?;
+            }
+
+            let blocks_to_persist = self.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist(PersistTarget::Head)?;
+
+            if blocks_to_persist.is_empty() {
+                debug!(target: "engine::tree", "persistence complete, signaling termination");
+                return Ok(())
+            }
+
+            debug!(target: "engine::tree", count = blocks_to_persist.len(), "persisting remaining blocks before shutdown");
+            self.persist_blocks(blocks_to_persist);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Handles a completed persistence task.
+    fn on_persistence_complete(
+        &mut self,
+        last_persisted_hash_num: Option<BlockNumHash>,
+        start_time: Instant,
+    ) -> Result<(), AdvancePersistenceError> {
+        self.metrics.engine.persistence_duration.record(start_time.elapsed());
+
+        let Some(BlockNumHash {
+            hash: last_persisted_block_hash,
+            number: last_persisted_block_number,
+        }) = last_persisted_hash_num
+        else {
+            // if this happened, then we persisted no blocks because we sent an empty vec of blocks
+            warn!(target: "engine::tree", "Persistence task completed but did not persist any blocks");
+            return Ok(())
+        };
+
+        debug!(target: "engine::tree", ?last_persisted_block_hash, ?last_persisted_block_number, elapsed=?start_time.elapsed(), "Finished persisting, calling finish");
+        self.persistence_state.finish(last_persisted_block_hash, last_persisted_block_number);
+        self.on_new_persisted_block()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Handles a message from the engine.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `ControlFlow::Break(())` if the engine should terminate.
     fn on_engine_message(
         &mut self,
         msg: FromEngine<EngineApiRequest<T, N>, N::Block>,
-    ) -> Result<(), InsertBlockFatalError> {
+    ) -> Result<ops::ControlFlow<()>, InsertBlockFatalError> {
         match msg {
             FromEngine::Event(event) => match event {
                 FromOrchestrator::BackfillSyncStarted => {
@@ -1352,6 +1362,13 @@ where
                 FromOrchestrator::BackfillSyncFinished(ctrl) => {
                     self.on_backfill_sync_finished(ctrl)?;
                 }
+                FromOrchestrator::Terminate { tx } => {
+                    debug!(target: "engine::tree", "received terminate request");
+                    if let Err(err) = self.finish_termination(tx) {
+                        error!(target: "engine::tree", %err, "Termination failed");
+                    }
+                    return Ok(ops::ControlFlow::Break(()))
+                }
             },
             FromEngine::Request(request) => {
                 match request {
@@ -1359,7 +1376,7 @@ where
                         let block_num_hash = block.recovered_block().num_hash();
                         if block_num_hash.number <= self.state.tree_state.canonical_block_number() {
                             // outdated block that can be skipped
-                            return Ok(())
+                            return Ok(ops::ControlFlow::Continue(()))
                         }
 
                         debug!(target: "engine::tree", block=?block_num_hash, "inserting already executed block");
@@ -1467,7 +1484,7 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(ops::ControlFlow::Continue(()))
     }
 
     /// Invoked if the backfill sync has finished to target.
@@ -1701,10 +1718,10 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Returns a batch of consecutive canonical blocks to persist in the range
-    /// `(last_persisted_number .. canonical_head - threshold]`. The expected
-    /// order is oldest -> newest.
+    /// `(last_persisted_number .. target]`. The expected order is oldest -> newest.
     fn get_canonical_blocks_to_persist(
         &self,
+        target: PersistTarget,
     ) -> Result<Vec<ExecutedBlock<N>>, AdvancePersistenceError> {
         // We will calculate the state root using the database, so we need to be sure there are no
         // changes
@@ -1715,9 +1732,12 @@ where
         let last_persisted_number = self.persistence_state.last_persisted_block.number;
         let canonical_head_number = self.state.tree_state.canonical_block_number();
 
-        // Persist only up to block buffer target
-        let target_number =
-            canonical_head_number.saturating_sub(self.config.memory_block_buffer_target());
+        let target_number = match target {
+            PersistTarget::Head => canonical_head_number,
+            PersistTarget::Threshold => {
+                canonical_head_number.saturating_sub(self.config.memory_block_buffer_target())
+            }
+        };
 
         debug!(
             target: "engine::tree",
@@ -2507,14 +2527,11 @@ where
             Ok(Some(_)) => {}
         }
 
-        // determine whether we are on a fork chain
-        let is_fork = match self.is_fork(block_id) {
-            Err(err) => {
-                let block = convert_to_block(self, input)?;
-                return Err(InsertBlockError::new(block, err.into()).into());
-            }
-            Ok(is_fork) => is_fork,
-        };
+        // determine whether we are on a fork chain by comparing the block number with the
+        // canonical head. This is a simple check that is sufficient for the event emission below.
+        // A block is considered a fork if its number is less than or equal to the canonical head,
+        // as this indicates there's already a canonical block at that height.
+        let is_fork = block_id.block.number <= self.state.tree_state.current_canonical_head.number;
 
         let ctx = TreeCtx::new(&mut self.state, &self.canonical_in_memory_state);
 
@@ -2860,3 +2877,12 @@ pub enum InsertPayloadOk {
     /// The payload was valid and inserted into the tree.
     Inserted(BlockStatus),
 }
+
+/// Target for block persistence.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum PersistTarget {
+    /// Persist up to `canonical_head - memory_block_buffer_target`.
+    Threshold,
+    /// Persist all blocks up to and including the canonical head.
+    Head,
+}

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/bal.rs

@@ -2,16 +2,122 @@
 
 use alloy_consensus::constants::KECCAK_EMPTY;
 use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
-use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, U256};
+use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, Address, StorageKey, U256};
 use reth_primitives_traits::Account;
 use reth_provider::{AccountReader, ProviderError};
 use reth_trie::{HashedPostState, HashedStorage};
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+/// Returns the total number of storage slots (both changed and read-only) across all accounts in
+/// the BAL.
+pub fn total_slots(bal: &BlockAccessList) -> usize {
+    bal.iter().map(|account| account.storage_changes.len() + account.storage_reads.len()).sum()
+}
+
+/// Iterator over storage slots in a [`BlockAccessList`], with range-based filtering.
+///
+/// Iterates over all `(Address, StorageKey)` pairs representing both changed and read-only
+/// storage slots across all accounts in the BAL. For each account, changed slots are iterated
+/// first, followed by read-only slots. The iterator intelligently skips accounts and slots
+/// outside the specified range for efficient traversal.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct BALSlotIter<'a> {
+    bal: &'a BlockAccessList,
+    range: Range<usize>,
+    current_index: usize,
+    account_idx: usize,
+    /// Index within the current account's combined slots (changed + read-only).
+    /// If `slot_idx < storage_changes.len()`, we're in changed slots.
+    /// Otherwise, we're in read-only slots at index `slot_idx - storage_changes.len()`.
+    slot_idx: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> BALSlotIter<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new iterator over storage slots within the specified range.
+    pub(crate) fn new(bal: &'a BlockAccessList, range: Range<usize>) -> Self {
+        let mut iter = Self { bal, range, current_index: 0, account_idx: 0, slot_idx: 0 };
+        iter.skip_to_range_start();
+        iter
+    }
+
+    /// Skips to the first item within the range.
+    fn skip_to_range_start(&mut self) {
+        while self.account_idx < self.bal.len() {
+            let account = &self.bal[self.account_idx];
+            let slots_in_account = account.storage_changes.len() + account.storage_reads.len();
+
+            // Check if this account contains items in our range
+            let account_end = self.current_index + slots_in_account;
+
+            if account_end <= self.range.start {
+                // Entire account is before range, skip it
+                self.current_index = account_end;
+                self.account_idx += 1;
+                self.slot_idx = 0;
+            } else if self.current_index < self.range.start {
+                // Range starts somewhere in this account
+                let skip_slots = self.range.start - self.current_index;
+                self.slot_idx = skip_slots;
+                self.current_index = self.range.start;
+                break;
+            } else {
+                // We're at or past range start
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for BALSlotIter<'a> {
+    type Item = (Address, StorageKey);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        // Check if we've exceeded the range
+        if self.current_index >= self.range.end {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // Find the next valid slot
+        while self.account_idx < self.bal.len() {
+            let account = &self.bal[self.account_idx];
+            let changed_len = account.storage_changes.len();
+            let total_len = changed_len + account.storage_reads.len();
+
+            if self.slot_idx < total_len {
+                let address = account.address;
+                let slot = if self.slot_idx < changed_len {
+                    // We're in changed slots
+                    account.storage_changes[self.slot_idx].slot
+                } else {
+                    // We're in read-only slots
+                    account.storage_reads[self.slot_idx - changed_len]
+                };
+
+                self.slot_idx += 1;
+                self.current_index += 1;
+
+                // Check if we've reached the end of range
+                if self.current_index > self.range.end {
+                    return None;
+                }
+
+                return Some((address, slot));
+            }
+
+            // Move to next account
+            self.account_idx += 1;
+            self.slot_idx = 0;
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+}
 
 /// Converts a Block Access List into a [`HashedPostState`] by extracting the final state
 /// of modified accounts and storage slots.
-pub fn bal_to_hashed_post_state<P>(
+pub(crate) fn bal_to_hashed_post_state<P>(
     bal: &BlockAccessList,
-    provider: &P,
+    provider: P,
 ) -> Result<HashedPostState, ProviderError>
 where
     P: AccountReader,
@@ -20,7 +126,10 @@ where
 
     for account_changes in bal {
         let address = account_changes.address;
-        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
+
+        // Always fetch the account; even if we don't need the db account to construct the final
+        // `Account`, doing this fills the cache.
+        let existing_account = provider.basic_account(&address)?;
 
         // Get the latest balance (last balance change if any)
         let balance = account_changes.balance_changes.last().map(|change| change.post_balance);
@@ -39,12 +148,14 @@ where
             None
         };
 
-        // Only fetch account from provider if we're missing any field
-        let existing_account = if balance.is_none() || nonce.is_none() || code_hash.is_none() {
-            provider.basic_account(&address)?
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
+        // If the account was only read then don't add it to the HashedPostState
+        if balance.is_none() &&
+            nonce.is_none() &&
+            code_hash.is_none() &&
+            account_changes.storage_changes.is_empty()
+        {
+            continue
+        }
 
         // Build the final account state
         let account = Account {
@@ -58,6 +169,7 @@ where
             }),
         };
 
+        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
         hashed_state.accounts.insert(hashed_address, Some(account));
 
         // Process storage changes
@@ -75,9 +187,7 @@ where
                 }
             }
 
-            if !storage_map.storage.is_empty() {
-                hashed_state.storages.insert(hashed_address, storage_map);
-            }
+            hashed_state.storages.insert(hashed_address, storage_map);
         }
     }
 
@@ -315,4 +425,117 @@ mod tests {
         // Should have the last value
         assert_eq!(*stored_value, U256::from(300));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bal_slot_iter() {
+        // Create test data with multiple accounts and slots (both changed and read-only)
+        let addr1 = Address::repeat_byte(0x01);
+        let addr2 = Address::repeat_byte(0x02);
+        let addr3 = Address::repeat_byte(0x03);
+
+        // Account 1: 2 changed slots + 1 read-only = 3 total slots (indices 0, 1, 2)
+        let account1 = AccountChanges {
+            address: addr1,
+            storage_changes: vec![
+                SlotChanges {
+                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(100)),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                },
+                SlotChanges {
+                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(101)),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                },
+            ],
+            storage_reads: vec![StorageKey::from(U256::from(102))],
+            balance_changes: vec![],
+            nonce_changes: vec![],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        // Account 2: 1 changed slot + 1 read-only = 2 total slots (indices 3, 4)
+        let account2 = AccountChanges {
+            address: addr2,
+            storage_changes: vec![SlotChanges {
+                slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(200)),
+                changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+            }],
+            storage_reads: vec![StorageKey::from(U256::from(201))],
+            balance_changes: vec![],
+            nonce_changes: vec![],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        // Account 3: 2 changed slots + 1 read-only = 3 total slots (indices 5, 6, 7)
+        let account3 = AccountChanges {
+            address: addr3,
+            storage_changes: vec![
+                SlotChanges {
+                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(300)),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                },
+                SlotChanges {
+                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(301)),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                },
+            ],
+            storage_reads: vec![StorageKey::from(U256::from(302))],
+            balance_changes: vec![],
+            nonce_changes: vec![],
+            code_changes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        let bal = vec![account1, account2, account3];
+
+        // Test 1: Iterate over all slots (range 0..8)
+        let items: Vec<_> = BALSlotIter::new(&bal, 0..8).collect();
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 8);
+        // Account 1: changed slots first (100, 101), then read-only (102)
+        assert_eq!(items[0], (addr1, StorageKey::from(U256::from(100))));
+        assert_eq!(items[1], (addr1, StorageKey::from(U256::from(101))));
+        assert_eq!(items[2], (addr1, StorageKey::from(U256::from(102))));
+        // Account 2: changed slot (200), then read-only (201)
+        assert_eq!(items[3], (addr2, StorageKey::from(U256::from(200))));
+        assert_eq!(items[4], (addr2, StorageKey::from(U256::from(201))));
+        // Account 3: changed slots (300, 301), then read-only (302)
+        assert_eq!(items[5], (addr3, StorageKey::from(U256::from(300))));
+        assert_eq!(items[6], (addr3, StorageKey::from(U256::from(301))));
+        assert_eq!(items[7], (addr3, StorageKey::from(U256::from(302))));
+
+        // Test 2: Range that skips first account (range 3..6)
+        let items: Vec<_> = BALSlotIter::new(&bal, 3..6).collect();
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(items[0], (addr2, StorageKey::from(U256::from(200))));
+        assert_eq!(items[1], (addr2, StorageKey::from(U256::from(201))));
+        assert_eq!(items[2], (addr3, StorageKey::from(U256::from(300))));
+
+        // Test 3: Range within first account (range 1..2)
+        let items: Vec<_> = BALSlotIter::new(&bal, 1..2).collect();
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(items[0], (addr1, StorageKey::from(U256::from(101))));
+
+        // Test 4: Range spanning multiple accounts (range 2..5)
+        let items: Vec<_> = BALSlotIter::new(&bal, 2..5).collect();
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 3);
+        // Last slot from account 1 (read-only)
+        assert_eq!(items[0], (addr1, StorageKey::from(U256::from(102))));
+        // Account 2 (changed + read-only)
+        assert_eq!(items[1], (addr2, StorageKey::from(U256::from(200))));
+        assert_eq!(items[2], (addr2, StorageKey::from(U256::from(201))));
+
+        // Test 5: Empty range
+        let items: Vec<_> = BALSlotIter::new(&bal, 5..5).collect();
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 0);
+
+        // Test 6: Range beyond end (starts at index 6)
+        let items: Vec<_> = BALSlotIter::new(&bal, 6..100).collect();
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(items[0], (addr3, StorageKey::from(U256::from(301))));
+        assert_eq!(items[1], (addr3, StorageKey::from(U256::from(302))));
+
+        // Test 7: Range that starts in read-only slots (index 2 is the read-only slot of account 1)
+        let items: Vec<_> = BALSlotIter::new(&bal, 2..4).collect();
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(items[0], (addr1, StorageKey::from(U256::from(102))));
+        assert_eq!(items[1], (addr2, StorageKey::from(U256::from(200))));
+    }
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 use super::precompile_cache::PrecompileCacheMap;
 use crate::tree::{
     cached_state::{
-        CachedStateMetrics, ExecutionCache as StateExecutionCache, ExecutionCacheBuilder,
-        SavedCache,
+        CachedStateMetrics, CachedStateProvider, ExecutionCache as StateExecutionCache,
+        ExecutionCacheBuilder, SavedCache,
     },
     payload_processor::{
-        prewarm::{PrewarmCacheTask, PrewarmContext, PrewarmTaskEvent},
+        prewarm::{PrewarmCacheTask, PrewarmContext, PrewarmMode, PrewarmTaskEvent},
         sparse_trie::StateRootComputeOutcome,
     },
     sparse_trie::SparseTrieTask,
@@ -23,13 +23,16 @@ use multiproof::{SparseTrieUpdate, *};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use prewarm::PrewarmMetrics;
 use rayon::prelude::*;
-use reth_engine_primitives::ExecutableTxIterator;
 use reth_evm::{
     execute::{ExecutableTxFor, WithTxEnv},
-    ConfigureEvm, EvmEnvFor, OnStateHook, SpecFor, TxEnvFor,
+    ConfigureEvm, EvmEnvFor, ExecutableTxIterator, ExecutableTxTuple, OnStateHook, SpecFor,
+    TxEnvFor,
 };
+use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
-use reth_provider::{BlockReader, DatabaseProviderROFactory, StateProviderFactory, StateReader};
+use reth_provider::{
+    BlockReader, DatabaseProviderROFactory, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
+};
 use reth_revm::{db::BundleState, state::EvmState};
 use reth_trie::{hashed_cursor::HashedCursorFactory, trie_cursor::TrieCursorFactory};
 use reth_trie_parallel::{
@@ -43,6 +46,7 @@ use reth_trie_sparse::{
 use reth_trie_sparse_parallel::{ParallelSparseTrie, ParallelismThresholds};
 use std::{
     collections::BTreeMap,
+    ops::Not,
     sync::{
         atomic::AtomicBool,
         mpsc::{self, channel},
@@ -50,7 +54,7 @@ use std::{
     },
     time::Instant,
 };
-use tracing::{debug, debug_span, error, instrument, warn, Span};
+use tracing::{debug, debug_span, instrument, warn, Span};
 
 pub mod bal;
 mod configured_sparse_trie;
@@ -92,6 +96,13 @@ pub const SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_NODES_SHRINK_CAPACITY: usize = 1_000_000;
 /// 144MB.
 pub const SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_VALUES_SHRINK_CAPACITY: usize = 1_000_000;
 
+/// Type alias for [`PayloadHandle`] returned by payload processor spawn methods.
+type IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N> = PayloadHandle<
+    WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, <I as ExecutableTxTuple>::Tx>,
+    <I as ExecutableTxTuple>::Error,
+    <N as NodePrimitives>::Receipt,
+>;
+
 /// Entrypoint for executing the payload.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct PayloadProcessor<Evm>
@@ -200,7 +211,6 @@ where
     ///
     /// This returns a handle to await the final state root and to interact with the tasks (e.g.
     /// canceling)
-    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     #[instrument(
         level = "debug",
         target = "engine::tree::payload_processor",
@@ -215,7 +225,7 @@ where
         multiproof_provider_factory: F,
         config: &TreeConfig,
         bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
-    ) -> PayloadHandle<WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, I::Tx>, I::Error>
+    ) -> IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N>
     where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
         F: DatabaseProviderROFactory<Provider: TrieCursorFactory + HashedCursorFactory>
@@ -229,11 +239,36 @@ where
 
         let span = Span::current();
         let (to_sparse_trie, sparse_trie_rx) = channel();
+        let (to_multi_proof, from_multi_proof) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
 
-        // We rely on the cursor factory to provide whatever DB overlay is necessary to see a
-        // consistent view of the database, including the trie tables. Because of this there is no
-        // need for an overarching prefix set to invalidate any section of the trie tables, and so
-        // we use an empty prefix set.
+        // Handle BAL-based optimization if available
+        let prewarm_handle = if let Some(bal) = bal {
+            // When BAL is present, use BAL prewarming and send BAL to multiproof
+            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor", "BAL present, using BAL prewarming");
+
+            // Send BAL message immediately to MultiProofTask
+            let _ = to_multi_proof.send(MultiProofMessage::BlockAccessList(Arc::clone(&bal)));
+
+            // Spawn with BAL prewarming
+            self.spawn_caching_with(
+                env,
+                prewarm_rx,
+                transaction_count_hint,
+                provider_builder.clone(),
+                None, // Don't send proof targets when BAL is present
+                Some(bal),
+            )
+        } else {
+            // Normal path: spawn with transaction prewarming
+            self.spawn_caching_with(
+                env,
+                prewarm_rx,
+                transaction_count_hint,
+                provider_builder.clone(),
+                Some(to_multi_proof.clone()),
+                None,
+            )
+        };
 
         // Create and spawn the storage proof task
         let task_ctx = ProofTaskCtx::new(multiproof_provider_factory);
@@ -250,49 +285,27 @@ where
             proof_handle.clone(),
             to_sparse_trie,
             config.multiproof_chunking_enabled().then_some(config.multiproof_chunk_size()),
+            to_multi_proof,
+            from_multi_proof,
         );
 
         // wire the multiproof task to the prewarm task
         let to_multi_proof = Some(multi_proof_task.state_root_message_sender());
 
-        // Handle BAL-based optimization if available
-        let prewarm_handle = if let Some(bal) = bal {
-            // When BAL is present, skip spawning prewarm tasks entirely and send BAL to multiproof
-            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor", "BAL present, skipping prewarm tasks");
-
-            // Send BAL message immediately to MultiProofTask
-            if let Some(ref sender) = to_multi_proof &&
-                let Err(err) = sender.send(MultiProofMessage::BlockAccessList(bal))
-            {
-                // In this case state root validation will simply fail
-                error!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor", ?err, "Failed to send BAL to MultiProofTask");
-            }
-
-            // Spawn minimal cache-only task without prewarming
-            self.spawn_caching_with(
-                env,
-                prewarm_rx,
-                transaction_count_hint,
-                provider_builder.clone(),
-                None, // Don't send proof targets when BAL is present
-            )
-        } else {
-            // Normal path: spawn with full prewarming
-            self.spawn_caching_with(
-                env,
-                prewarm_rx,
-                transaction_count_hint,
-                provider_builder.clone(),
-                to_multi_proof.clone(),
-            )
-        };
-
         // spawn multi-proof task
         let parent_span = span.clone();
+        let saved_cache = prewarm_handle.saved_cache.clone();
         self.executor.spawn_blocking(move || {
             let _enter = parent_span.entered();
             // Build a state provider for the multiproof task
             let provider = provider_builder.build().expect("failed to build provider");
+            let provider = if let Some(saved_cache) = saved_cache {
+                let (cache, metrics) = saved_cache.split();
+                Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new(provider, cache, metrics))
+                    as Box<dyn StateProvider>
+            } else {
+                Box::new(provider)
+            };
             multi_proof_task.run(provider);
         });
 
@@ -320,13 +333,14 @@ where
         env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
         transactions: I,
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
-    ) -> PayloadHandle<WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, I::Tx>, I::Error>
+        bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
+    ) -> IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N>
     where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
     {
         let (prewarm_rx, execution_rx, size_hint) = self.spawn_tx_iterator(transactions);
         let prewarm_handle =
-            self.spawn_caching_with(env, prewarm_rx, size_hint, provider_builder, None);
+            self.spawn_caching_with(env, prewarm_rx, size_hint, provider_builder, None, bal);
         PayloadHandle {
             to_multi_proof: None,
             prewarm_handle,
@@ -400,7 +414,8 @@ where
         transaction_count_hint: usize,
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
         to_multi_proof: Option<CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>>,
-    ) -> CacheTaskHandle
+        bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
+    ) -> CacheTaskHandle<N::Receipt>
     where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
     {
@@ -410,20 +425,13 @@ where
             transactions = mpsc::channel().1;
         }
 
-        let (saved_cache, cache, cache_metrics) = if self.disable_state_cache {
-            (None, None, None)
-        } else {
-            let saved_cache = self.cache_for(env.parent_hash);
-            let cache = saved_cache.cache().clone();
-            let cache_metrics = saved_cache.metrics().clone();
-            (Some(saved_cache), Some(cache), Some(cache_metrics))
-        };
+        let saved_cache = self.disable_state_cache.not().then(|| self.cache_for(env.parent_hash));
 
         // configure prewarming
         let prewarm_ctx = PrewarmContext {
             env,
             evm_config: self.evm_config.clone(),
-            saved_cache,
+            saved_cache: saved_cache.clone(),
             provider: provider_builder,
             metrics: PrewarmMetrics::default(),
             terminate_execution: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
@@ -444,11 +452,16 @@ where
         {
             let to_prewarm_task = to_prewarm_task.clone();
             self.executor.spawn_blocking(move || {
-                prewarm_task.run(transactions, to_prewarm_task);
+                let mode = if let Some(bal) = bal {
+                    PrewarmMode::BlockAccessList(bal)
+                } else {
+                    PrewarmMode::Transactions(transactions)
+                };
+                prewarm_task.run(mode, to_prewarm_task);
             });
         }
 
-        CacheTaskHandle { cache, to_prewarm_task: Some(to_prewarm_task), cache_metrics }
+        CacheTaskHandle { saved_cache, to_prewarm_task: Some(to_prewarm_task) }
     }
 
     /// Returns the cache for the given parent hash.
@@ -581,12 +594,15 @@ where
 }
 
 /// Handle to all the spawned tasks.
+///
+/// Generic over `R` (receipt type) to allow sharing `Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>` with the
+/// caching task without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {
+pub struct PayloadHandle<Tx, Err, R> {
     /// Channel for evm state updates
     to_multi_proof: Option<CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>>,
     // must include the receiver of the state root wired to the sparse trie
-    prewarm_handle: CacheTaskHandle,
+    prewarm_handle: CacheTaskHandle<R>,
     /// Stream of block transactions
     transactions: mpsc::Receiver<Result<Tx, Err>>,
     /// Receiver for the state root
@@ -595,7 +611,7 @@ pub struct PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {
     _span: Span,
 }
 
-impl<Tx, Err> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {
+impl<Tx, Err, R: Send + Sync + 'static> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err, R> {
     /// Awaits the state root
     ///
     /// # Panics
@@ -631,12 +647,12 @@ impl<Tx, Err> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {
 
     /// Returns a clone of the caches used by prewarming
     pub(super) fn caches(&self) -> Option<StateExecutionCache> {
-        self.prewarm_handle.cache.clone()
+        self.prewarm_handle.saved_cache.as_ref().map(|cache| cache.cache().clone())
     }
 
     /// Returns a clone of the cache metrics used by prewarming
     pub(super) fn cache_metrics(&self) -> Option<CachedStateMetrics> {
-        self.prewarm_handle.cache_metrics.clone()
+        self.prewarm_handle.saved_cache.as_ref().map(|cache| cache.metrics().clone())
     }
 
     /// Terminates the pre-warming transaction processing.
@@ -648,9 +664,14 @@ impl<Tx, Err> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {
 
     /// Terminates the entire caching task.
     ///
-    /// If the [`BundleState`] is provided it will update the shared cache.
-    pub(super) fn terminate_caching(&mut self, block_output: Option<&BundleState>) {
-        self.prewarm_handle.terminate_caching(block_output)
+    /// If the [`ExecutionOutcome`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
+    /// bundle state. Using `Arc<ExecutionOutcome>` allows sharing with the main execution
+    /// path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+    pub(super) fn terminate_caching(
+        &mut self,
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
+    ) {
+        self.prewarm_handle.terminate_caching(execution_outcome)
     }
 
     /// Returns iterator yielding transactions from the stream.
@@ -662,17 +683,18 @@ impl<Tx, Err> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err> {
 }
 
 /// Access to the spawned [`PrewarmCacheTask`].
+///
+/// Generic over `R` (receipt type) to allow sharing `Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>` with the
+/// prewarm task without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct CacheTaskHandle {
+pub(crate) struct CacheTaskHandle<R> {
     /// The shared cache the task operates with.
-    cache: Option<StateExecutionCache>,
-    /// Metrics for the caches
-    cache_metrics: Option<CachedStateMetrics>,
+    saved_cache: Option<SavedCache>,
     /// Channel to the spawned prewarm task if any
-    to_prewarm_task: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>>,
+    to_prewarm_task: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<R>>>,
 }
 
-impl CacheTaskHandle {
+impl<R: Send + Sync + 'static> CacheTaskHandle<R> {
     /// Terminates the pre-warming transaction processing.
     ///
     /// Note: This does not terminate the task yet.
@@ -684,20 +706,25 @@ impl CacheTaskHandle {
 
     /// Terminates the entire pre-warming task.
     ///
-    /// If the [`BundleState`] is provided it will update the shared cache.
-    pub(super) fn terminate_caching(&mut self, block_output: Option<&BundleState>) {
+    /// If the [`ExecutionOutcome`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
+    /// bundle state. Using `Arc<ExecutionOutcome>` avoids cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+    pub(super) fn terminate_caching(
+        &mut self,
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
+    ) {
         if let Some(tx) = self.to_prewarm_task.take() {
-            // Only clone when we have an active task and a state to send
-            let event = PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { block_output: block_output.cloned() };
+            let event = PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome };
             let _ = tx.send(event);
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl Drop for CacheTaskHandle {
+impl<R> Drop for CacheTaskHandle<R> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
-        // Ensure we always terminate on drop
-        self.terminate_caching(None);
+        // Ensure we always terminate on drop - send None without needing Send + Sync bounds
+        if let Some(tx) = self.to_prewarm_task.take() {
+            let _ = tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome: None });
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -750,6 +777,8 @@ impl ExecutionCache {
 
         cache
             .as_ref()
+            // Check `is_available()` to ensure no other tasks (e.g., prewarming) currently hold
+            // a reference to this cache. We can only reuse it when we have exclusive access.
             .filter(|c| c.executed_block_hash() == parent_hash && c.is_available())
             .cloned()
     }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/multiproof.rs

@@ -3,15 +3,12 @@
 use crate::tree::payload_processor::bal::bal_to_hashed_post_state;
 use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use alloy_evm::block::StateChangeSource;
-use alloy_primitives::{
-    keccak256,
-    map::{B256Set, HashSet},
-    B256,
-};
+use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, map::HashSet, B256};
 use crossbeam_channel::{unbounded, Receiver as CrossbeamReceiver, Sender as CrossbeamSender};
 use dashmap::DashMap;
 use derive_more::derive::Deref;
 use metrics::{Gauge, Histogram};
+use rayon::prelude::*;
 use reth_metrics::Metrics;
 use reth_provider::AccountReader;
 use reth_revm::state::EvmState;
@@ -23,7 +20,6 @@ use reth_trie_parallel::{
     proof::ParallelProof,
     proof_task::{
         AccountMultiproofInput, ProofResultContext, ProofResultMessage, ProofWorkerHandle,
-        StorageProofInput,
     },
 };
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, mem, ops::DerefMut, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
@@ -170,11 +166,6 @@ impl ProofSequencer {
         while let Some(pending) = self.pending_proofs.remove(&current_sequence) {
             consecutive_proofs.push(pending);
             current_sequence += 1;
-
-            // if we don't have the next number, stop collecting
-            if !self.pending_proofs.contains_key(&current_sequence) {
-                break;
-            }
         }
 
         self.next_to_deliver += consecutive_proofs.len() as u64;
@@ -210,103 +201,38 @@ impl Drop for StateHookSender {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn evm_state_to_hashed_post_state(update: EvmState) -> HashedPostState {
-    let mut hashed_state = HashedPostState::with_capacity(update.len());
+    update.into_par_iter()
+        .filter_map(|(address, account)| {
+            if !account.is_touched() {
+                return None;
+            }
 
-    for (address, account) in update {
-        if account.is_touched() {
             let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
             trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof", ?address, ?hashed_address, "Adding account to state update");
 
             let destroyed = account.is_selfdestructed();
             let info = if destroyed { None } else { Some(account.info.into()) };
-            hashed_state.accounts.insert(hashed_address, info);
 
-            let mut changed_storage_iter = account
-                .storage
-                .into_iter()
-                .filter(|(_slot, value)| value.is_changed())
-                .map(|(slot, value)| (keccak256(B256::from(slot)), value.present_value))
-                .peekable();
+            let hashed_storage = if destroyed {
+                Some(HashedStorage::new(true))
+            } else {
+                let storage: Vec<_> = account
+                    .storage
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter(|(_slot, value)| value.is_changed())
+                    .map(|(slot, value)| (keccak256(B256::from(slot)), value.present_value))
+                    .collect();
 
-            if destroyed {
-                hashed_state.storages.insert(hashed_address, HashedStorage::new(true));
-            } else if changed_storage_iter.peek().is_some() {
-                hashed_state
-                    .storages
-                    .insert(hashed_address, HashedStorage::from_iter(false, changed_storage_iter));
-            }
-        }
-    }
+                if storage.is_empty() {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Some(HashedStorage::from_iter(false, storage))
+                }
+            };
 
-    hashed_state
-}
-
-/// A pending multiproof task, either [`StorageMultiproofInput`] or [`MultiproofInput`].
-#[derive(Debug)]
-enum PendingMultiproofTask {
-    /// A storage multiproof task input.
-    Storage(StorageMultiproofInput),
-    /// A regular multiproof task input.
-    Regular(MultiproofInput),
-}
-
-impl PendingMultiproofTask {
-    /// Returns the proof sequence number of the task.
-    const fn proof_sequence_number(&self) -> u64 {
-        match self {
-            Self::Storage(input) => input.proof_sequence_number,
-            Self::Regular(input) => input.proof_sequence_number,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns whether or not the proof targets are empty.
-    fn proof_targets_is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Self::Storage(input) => input.proof_targets.is_empty(),
-            Self::Regular(input) => input.proof_targets.is_empty(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Destroys the input and sends a [`MultiProofMessage::EmptyProof`] message to the sender.
-    fn send_empty_proof(self) {
-        match self {
-            Self::Storage(input) => input.send_empty_proof(),
-            Self::Regular(input) => input.send_empty_proof(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<StorageMultiproofInput> for PendingMultiproofTask {
-    fn from(input: StorageMultiproofInput) -> Self {
-        Self::Storage(input)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<MultiproofInput> for PendingMultiproofTask {
-    fn from(input: MultiproofInput) -> Self {
-        Self::Regular(input)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Input parameters for dispatching a dedicated storage multiproof calculation.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct StorageMultiproofInput {
-    hashed_state_update: HashedPostState,
-    hashed_address: B256,
-    proof_targets: B256Set,
-    proof_sequence_number: u64,
-    state_root_message_sender: CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>,
-    multi_added_removed_keys: Arc<MultiAddedRemovedKeys>,
-}
-
-impl StorageMultiproofInput {
-    /// Destroys the input and sends a [`MultiProofMessage::EmptyProof`] message to the sender.
-    fn send_empty_proof(self) {
-        let _ = self.state_root_message_sender.send(MultiProofMessage::EmptyProof {
-            sequence_number: self.proof_sequence_number,
-            state: self.hashed_state_update,
-        });
-    }
+            Some((hashed_address, info, hashed_storage))
+        })
+        .collect()
 }
 
 /// Input parameters for dispatching a multiproof calculation.
@@ -383,91 +309,18 @@ impl MultiproofManager {
     }
 
     /// Dispatches a new multiproof calculation to worker pools.
-    fn dispatch(&self, input: PendingMultiproofTask) {
+    fn dispatch(&self, input: MultiproofInput) {
         // If there are no proof targets, we can just send an empty multiproof back immediately
-        if input.proof_targets_is_empty() {
+        if input.proof_targets.is_empty() {
             trace!(
-                sequence_number = input.proof_sequence_number(),
+                sequence_number = input.proof_sequence_number,
                 "No proof targets, sending empty multiproof back immediately"
             );
             input.send_empty_proof();
             return;
         }
 
-        match input {
-            PendingMultiproofTask::Storage(storage_input) => {
-                self.dispatch_storage_proof(storage_input);
-            }
-            PendingMultiproofTask::Regular(multiproof_input) => {
-                self.dispatch_multiproof(multiproof_input);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Dispatches a single storage proof calculation to worker pool.
-    fn dispatch_storage_proof(&self, storage_multiproof_input: StorageMultiproofInput) {
-        let StorageMultiproofInput {
-            hashed_state_update,
-            hashed_address,
-            proof_targets,
-            proof_sequence_number,
-            multi_added_removed_keys,
-            state_root_message_sender: _,
-        } = storage_multiproof_input;
-
-        let storage_targets = proof_targets.len();
-
-        trace!(
-            target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof",
-            proof_sequence_number,
-            ?proof_targets,
-            storage_targets,
-            "Dispatching storage proof to workers"
-        );
-
-        let start = Instant::now();
-
-        // Create prefix set from targets
-        let prefix_set = reth_trie::prefix_set::PrefixSetMut::from(
-            proof_targets.iter().map(reth_trie::Nibbles::unpack),
-        );
-        let prefix_set = prefix_set.freeze();
-
-        // Build computation input (data only)
-        let input = StorageProofInput::new(
-            hashed_address,
-            prefix_set,
-            proof_targets,
-            true, // with_branch_node_masks
-            Some(multi_added_removed_keys),
-        );
-
-        // Dispatch to storage worker
-        if let Err(e) = self.proof_worker_handle.dispatch_storage_proof(
-            input,
-            ProofResultContext::new(
-                self.proof_result_tx.clone(),
-                proof_sequence_number,
-                hashed_state_update,
-                start,
-            ),
-        ) {
-            error!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof", ?e, "Failed to dispatch storage proof");
-            return;
-        }
-
-        self.metrics
-            .active_storage_workers_histogram
-            .record(self.proof_worker_handle.active_storage_workers() as f64);
-        self.metrics
-            .active_account_workers_histogram
-            .record(self.proof_worker_handle.active_account_workers() as f64);
-        self.metrics
-            .pending_storage_multiproofs_histogram
-            .record(self.proof_worker_handle.pending_storage_tasks() as f64);
-        self.metrics
-            .pending_account_multiproofs_histogram
-            .record(self.proof_worker_handle.pending_account_tasks() as f64);
+        self.dispatch_multiproof(input);
     }
 
     /// Signals that a multiproof calculation has finished.
@@ -745,8 +598,9 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
         proof_worker_handle: ProofWorkerHandle,
         to_sparse_trie: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<SparseTrieUpdate>,
         chunk_size: Option<usize>,
+        tx: CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>,
+        rx: CrossbeamReceiver<MultiProofMessage>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let (tx, rx) = unbounded();
         let (proof_result_tx, proof_result_rx) = unbounded();
         let metrics = MultiProofTaskMetrics::default();
 
@@ -814,17 +668,14 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
             available_storage_workers,
             MultiProofTargets::chunks,
             |proof_targets| {
-                self.multiproof_manager.dispatch(
-                    MultiproofInput {
-                        source: None,
-                        hashed_state_update: Default::default(),
-                        proof_targets,
-                        proof_sequence_number: self.proof_sequencer.next_sequence(),
-                        state_root_message_sender: self.tx.clone(),
-                        multi_added_removed_keys: Some(multi_added_removed_keys.clone()),
-                    }
-                    .into(),
-                );
+                self.multiproof_manager.dispatch(MultiproofInput {
+                    source: None,
+                    hashed_state_update: Default::default(),
+                    proof_targets,
+                    proof_sequence_number: self.proof_sequencer.next_sequence(),
+                    state_root_message_sender: self.tx.clone(),
+                    multi_added_removed_keys: Some(multi_added_removed_keys.clone()),
+                });
             },
         );
         self.metrics.prefetch_proof_chunks_histogram.record(num_chunks as f64);
@@ -972,17 +823,14 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
                 );
                 spawned_proof_targets.extend_ref(&proof_targets);
 
-                self.multiproof_manager.dispatch(
-                    MultiproofInput {
-                        source: Some(source),
-                        hashed_state_update,
-                        proof_targets,
-                        proof_sequence_number: self.proof_sequencer.next_sequence(),
-                        state_root_message_sender: self.tx.clone(),
-                        multi_added_removed_keys: Some(multi_added_removed_keys.clone()),
-                    }
-                    .into(),
-                );
+                self.multiproof_manager.dispatch(MultiproofInput {
+                    source: Some(source),
+                    hashed_state_update,
+                    proof_targets,
+                    proof_sequence_number: self.proof_sequencer.next_sequence(),
+                    state_root_message_sender: self.tx.clone(),
+                    multi_added_removed_keys: Some(multi_added_removed_keys.clone()),
+                });
             },
         );
         self.metrics
@@ -1205,7 +1053,7 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
                 }
 
                 // Convert BAL to HashedPostState and process it
-                match bal_to_hashed_post_state(&bal, &provider) {
+                match bal_to_hashed_post_state(&bal, provider) {
                     Ok(hashed_state) => {
                         debug!(
                             target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof",
@@ -1458,6 +1306,9 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
 /// Context for multiproof message batching loop.
 ///
 /// Contains processing state that persists across loop iterations.
+///
+/// Used by `process_multiproof_message` to batch consecutive same-type messages received via
+/// `try_recv` for efficient processing.
 struct MultiproofBatchCtx {
     /// Buffers a non-matching message type encountered during batching.
     /// Processed first in next iteration to preserve ordering while allowing same-type
@@ -1648,12 +1499,13 @@ fn estimate_evm_state_targets(state: &EvmState) -> usize {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use crate::tree::cached_state::{CachedStateProvider, ExecutionCacheBuilder};
     use alloy_eip7928::{AccountChanges, BalanceChange};
     use alloy_primitives::{map::B256Set, Address};
     use reth_provider::{
         providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, test_utils::create_test_provider_factory,
-        BlockReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader,
-        TrieReader,
+        BlockReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, LatestStateProvider, PruneCheckpointReader,
+        StageCheckpointReader, StateProviderBox, TrieReader,
     };
     use reth_trie::MultiProof;
     use reth_trie_parallel::proof_task::{ProofTaskCtx, ProofWorkerHandle};
@@ -1685,8 +1537,23 @@ mod tests {
         let task_ctx = ProofTaskCtx::new(overlay_factory);
         let proof_handle = ProofWorkerHandle::new(rt_handle, task_ctx, 1, 1);
         let (to_sparse_trie, _receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        let (tx, rx) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
 
-        MultiProofTask::new(proof_handle, to_sparse_trie, Some(1))
+        MultiProofTask::new(proof_handle, to_sparse_trie, Some(1), tx, rx)
+    }
+
+    fn create_cached_provider<F>(factory: F) -> CachedStateProvider<StateProviderBox>
+    where
+        F: DatabaseProviderFactory<
+                Provider: BlockReader + TrieReader + StageCheckpointReader + PruneCheckpointReader,
+            > + Clone
+            + Send
+            + 'static,
+    {
+        let db_provider = factory.database_provider_ro().unwrap();
+        let state_provider: StateProviderBox = Box::new(LatestStateProvider::new(db_provider));
+        let cache = ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(1000);
+        CachedStateProvider::new(state_provider, cache, Default::default())
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -2618,7 +2485,7 @@ mod tests {
         use revm_state::Account;
 
         let test_provider_factory = create_test_provider_factory();
-        let test_provider = test_provider_factory.latest().unwrap();
+        let test_provider = create_cached_provider(test_provider_factory.clone());
         let mut task = create_test_state_root_task(test_provider_factory);
 
         // Queue: Prefetch1, StateUpdate, Prefetch2
@@ -2838,7 +2705,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_bal_message_processing() {
         let test_provider_factory = create_test_provider_factory();
-        let test_provider = test_provider_factory.latest().unwrap();
+        let test_provider = create_cached_provider(test_provider_factory.clone());
         let mut task = create_test_state_root_task(test_provider_factory);
 
         // Create a simple BAL with one account change

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs

@@ -14,25 +14,31 @@
 use crate::tree::{
     cached_state::{CachedStateProvider, SavedCache},
     payload_processor::{
-        executor::WorkloadExecutor, multiproof::MultiProofMessage,
+        bal::{total_slots, BALSlotIter},
+        executor::WorkloadExecutor,
+        multiproof::MultiProofMessage,
         ExecutionCache as PayloadExecutionCache,
     },
     precompile_cache::{CachedPrecompile, PrecompileCacheMap},
     ExecutionEnv, StateProviderBuilder,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::transaction::TxHashRef;
+use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use alloy_eips::Typed2718;
 use alloy_evm::Database;
 use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, map::B256Set, B256};
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
 use metrics::{Counter, Gauge, Histogram};
+use rayon::iter::{IntoParallelIterator, ParallelIterator};
 use reth_evm::{execute::ExecutableTxFor, ConfigureEvm, Evm, EvmFor, SpecFor};
+use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
 use reth_metrics::Metrics;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
-use reth_provider::{BlockReader, StateProviderBox, StateProviderFactory, StateReader};
-use reth_revm::{database::StateProviderDatabase, db::BundleState, state::EvmState};
+use reth_provider::{AccountReader, BlockReader, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader};
+use reth_revm::{database::StateProviderDatabase, state::EvmState};
 use reth_trie::MultiProofTargets;
 use std::{
+    ops::Range,
     sync::{
         atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
         mpsc::{self, channel, Receiver, Sender},
@@ -42,6 +48,14 @@ use std::{
 };
 use tracing::{debug, debug_span, instrument, trace, warn, Span};
 
+/// Determines the prewarming mode: transaction-based or BAL-based.
+pub(super) enum PrewarmMode<Tx> {
+    /// Prewarm by executing transactions from a stream.
+    Transactions(Receiver<Tx>),
+    /// Prewarm by prefetching slots from a Block Access List.
+    BlockAccessList(Arc<BlockAccessList>),
+}
+
 /// A wrapper for transactions that includes their index in the block.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct IndexedTransaction<Tx> {
@@ -86,7 +100,7 @@ where
     /// Sender to emit evm state outcome messages, if any.
     to_multi_proof: Option<CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>>,
     /// Receiver for events produced by tx execution
-    actions_rx: Receiver<PrewarmTaskEvent>,
+    actions_rx: Receiver<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
     /// Parent span for tracing
     parent_span: Span,
 }
@@ -105,7 +119,7 @@ where
         to_multi_proof: Option<CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>>,
         transaction_count_hint: usize,
         max_concurrency: usize,
-    ) -> (Self, Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>) {
+    ) -> (Self, Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>) {
         let (actions_tx, actions_rx) = channel();
 
         trace!(
@@ -135,8 +149,11 @@ where
     /// For Optimism chains, special handling is applied to the first transaction if it's a
     /// deposit transaction (type 0x7E/126) which sets critical metadata that affects all
     /// subsequent transactions in the block.
-    fn spawn_all<Tx>(&self, pending: mpsc::Receiver<Tx>, actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>)
-    where
+    fn spawn_all<Tx>(
+        &self,
+        pending: mpsc::Receiver<Tx>,
+        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
+    ) where
         Tx: ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + Clone + Send + 'static,
     {
         let executor = self.executor.clone();
@@ -160,12 +177,7 @@ where
             };
 
             // Initialize worker handles container
-            let mut handles = Vec::with_capacity(workers_needed);
-
-            // Only spawn initial workers as needed
-            for i in 0..workers_needed {
-                handles.push(ctx.spawn_worker(i, &executor, actions_tx.clone(), done_tx.clone()));
-            }
+            let handles = ctx.clone().spawn_workers(workers_needed, &executor, actions_tx.clone(), done_tx.clone());
 
             // Distribute transactions to workers
             let mut tx_index = 0usize;
@@ -248,7 +260,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// This method is called from `run()` only after all execution tasks are complete.
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", skip_all)]
-    fn save_cache(self, state: BundleState) {
+    fn save_cache(self, execution_outcome: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>) {
         let start = Instant::now();
 
         let Self { execution_cache, ctx: PrewarmContext { env, metrics, saved_cache, .. }, .. } =
@@ -265,7 +277,8 @@ where
                 let new_cache = SavedCache::new(hash, caches, cache_metrics);
 
                 // Insert state into cache while holding the lock
-                if new_cache.cache().insert_state(&state).is_err() {
+                // Access the BundleState through the shared ExecutionOutcome
+                if new_cache.cache().insert_state(execution_outcome.state()).is_err() {
                     // Clear the cache on error to prevent having a polluted cache
                     *cached = None;
                     debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on update error");
@@ -286,6 +299,86 @@ where
         }
     }
 
+    /// Runs BAL-based prewarming by spawning workers to prefetch storage slots.
+    ///
+    /// Divides the total slots across `max_concurrency` workers, each responsible for
+    /// prefetching a range of slots from the BAL.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", skip_all)]
+    fn run_bal_prewarm(
+        &self,
+        bal: Arc<BlockAccessList>,
+        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
+    ) {
+        // Only prefetch if we have a cache to populate
+        if self.ctx.saved_cache.is_none() {
+            trace!(
+                target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
+                "Skipping BAL prewarm - no cache available"
+            );
+            let _ =
+                actions_tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::FinishedTxExecution { executed_transactions: 0 });
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let total_slots = total_slots(&bal);
+
+        trace!(
+            target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
+            total_slots,
+            max_concurrency = self.max_concurrency,
+            "Starting BAL prewarm"
+        );
+
+        if total_slots == 0 {
+            // No slots to prefetch, signal completion immediately
+            let _ =
+                actions_tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::FinishedTxExecution { executed_transactions: 0 });
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let (done_tx, done_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+
+        // Calculate number of workers needed (at most max_concurrency)
+        let workers_needed = total_slots.min(self.max_concurrency);
+
+        // Calculate slots per worker
+        let slots_per_worker = total_slots / workers_needed;
+        let remainder = total_slots % workers_needed;
+
+        // Spawn workers with their assigned ranges
+        for i in 0..workers_needed {
+            let start = i * slots_per_worker + i.min(remainder);
+            let extra = if i < remainder { 1 } else { 0 };
+            let end = start + slots_per_worker + extra;
+
+            self.ctx.spawn_bal_worker(
+                i,
+                &self.executor,
+                Arc::clone(&bal),
+                start..end,
+                done_tx.clone(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Drop our handle to done_tx so we can detect completion
+        drop(done_tx);
+
+        // Wait for all workers to complete
+        let mut completed_workers = 0;
+        while done_rx.recv().is_ok() {
+            completed_workers += 1;
+        }
+
+        trace!(
+            target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
+            completed_workers,
+            "All BAL prewarm workers completed"
+        );
+
+        // Signal that execution has finished
+        let _ = actions_tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::FinishedTxExecution { executed_transactions: 0 });
+    }
+
     /// Executes the task.
     ///
     /// This will execute the transactions until all transactions have been processed or the task
@@ -297,15 +390,24 @@ where
         name = "prewarm and caching",
         skip_all
     )]
-    pub(super) fn run(
+    pub(super) fn run<Tx>(
         self,
-        pending: mpsc::Receiver<impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + Clone + Send + 'static>,
-        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>,
-    ) {
-        // spawn execution tasks.
-        self.spawn_all(pending, actions_tx);
+        mode: PrewarmMode<Tx>,
+        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
+    ) where
+        Tx: ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + Clone + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        // Spawn execution tasks based on mode
+        match mode {
+            PrewarmMode::Transactions(pending) => {
+                self.spawn_all(pending, actions_tx);
+            }
+            PrewarmMode::BlockAccessList(bal) => {
+                self.run_bal_prewarm(bal, actions_tx);
+            }
+        }
 
-        let mut final_block_output = None;
+        let mut final_execution_outcome = None;
         let mut finished_execution = false;
         while let Ok(event) = self.actions_rx.recv() {
             match event {
@@ -318,9 +420,9 @@ where
                     // completed executing a set of transactions
                     self.send_multi_proof_targets(proof_targets);
                 }
-                PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { block_output } => {
+                PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome } => {
                     trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "Received termination signal");
-                    final_block_output = Some(block_output);
+                    final_execution_outcome = Some(execution_outcome);
 
                     if finished_execution {
                         // all tasks are done, we can exit, which will save caches and exit
@@ -334,7 +436,7 @@ where
 
                     finished_execution = true;
 
-                    if final_block_output.is_some() {
+                    if final_execution_outcome.is_some() {
                         // all tasks are done, we can exit, which will save caches and exit
                         break
                     }
@@ -344,9 +446,9 @@ where
 
         debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "Completed prewarm execution");
 
-        // save caches and finish
-        if let Some(Some(state)) = final_block_output {
-            self.save_cache(state);
+        // save caches and finish using the shared ExecutionOutcome
+        if let Some(Some(execution_outcome)) = final_execution_outcome {
+            self.save_cache(execution_outcome);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -388,10 +490,10 @@ where
             metrics,
             terminate_execution,
             precompile_cache_disabled,
-            mut precompile_cache_map,
+            precompile_cache_map,
         } = self;
 
-        let state_provider = match provider.build() {
+        let mut state_provider = match provider.build() {
             Ok(provider) => provider,
             Err(err) => {
                 trace!(
@@ -404,13 +506,15 @@ where
         };
 
         // Use the caches to create a new provider with caching
-        let state_provider: StateProviderBox = if let Some(saved_cache) = saved_cache {
+        if let Some(saved_cache) = saved_cache {
             let caches = saved_cache.cache().clone();
             let cache_metrics = saved_cache.metrics().clone();
-            Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new_with_caches(state_provider, caches, cache_metrics))
-        } else {
-            state_provider
-        };
+            state_provider = Box::new(
+                CachedStateProvider::new(state_provider, caches, cache_metrics)
+                    // ensure we pre-warm the cache
+                    .prewarm(),
+            );
+        }
 
         let state_provider = StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider);
 
@@ -452,7 +556,7 @@ where
     fn transact_batch<Tx>(
         self,
         txs: mpsc::Receiver<IndexedTransaction<Tx>>,
-        sender: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>,
+        sender: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
         done_tx: Sender<()>,
     ) where
         Tx: ExecutableTxFor<Evm>,
@@ -515,7 +619,8 @@ where
                 let _enter =
                     debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "prewarm outcome", index, tx_hash=%tx.tx().tx_hash())
                         .entered();
-                let (targets, storage_targets) = multiproof_targets_from_state(res.state);
+                let targets = multiproof_targets_from_state(res.state);
+                let storage_targets = targets.storage_targets_count();
                 metrics.prefetch_storage_targets.record(storage_targets as f64);
                 let _ = sender.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::Outcome { proof_targets: Some(targets) });
                 drop(_enter);
@@ -529,74 +634,181 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Spawns a worker task for transaction execution and returns its sender channel.
-    fn spawn_worker<Tx>(
-        &self,
-        idx: usize,
-        executor: &WorkloadExecutor,
-        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent>,
+    fn spawn_workers<Tx>(
+        self,
+        workers_needed: usize,
+        task_executor: &WorkloadExecutor,
+        actions_tx: Sender<PrewarmTaskEvent<N::Receipt>>,
         done_tx: Sender<()>,
-    ) -> mpsc::Sender<IndexedTransaction<Tx>>
+    ) -> Vec<mpsc::Sender<IndexedTransaction<Tx>>>
     where
         Tx: ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + Send + 'static,
     {
-        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
+        let mut handles = Vec::with_capacity(workers_needed);
+        let mut receivers = Vec::with_capacity(workers_needed);
+
+        for _ in 0..workers_needed {
+            let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
+            handles.push(tx);
+            receivers.push(rx);
+        }
+
+        // Spawn a separate task spawning workers in parallel.
+        let executor = task_executor.clone();
+        let span = Span::current();
+        task_executor.spawn_blocking(move || {
+            let _enter = span.entered();
+            for (idx, rx) in receivers.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                let ctx = self.clone();
+                let actions_tx = actions_tx.clone();
+                let done_tx = done_tx.clone();
+                let span = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "prewarm worker", idx);
+                executor.spawn_blocking(move || {
+                    let _enter = span.entered();
+                    ctx.transact_batch(rx, actions_tx, done_tx);
+                });
+            }
+        });
+
+        handles
+    }
+
+    /// Spawns a worker task for BAL slot prefetching.
+    ///
+    /// The worker iterates over the specified range of slots in the BAL and ensures
+    /// each slot is loaded into the cache by accessing it through the state provider.
+    fn spawn_bal_worker(
+        &self,
+        idx: usize,
+        executor: &WorkloadExecutor,
+        bal: Arc<BlockAccessList>,
+        range: Range<usize>,
+        done_tx: Sender<()>,
+    ) {
         let ctx = self.clone();
-        let span =
-            debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "prewarm worker", idx);
+        let span = debug_span!(
+            target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
+            "bal prewarm worker",
+            idx,
+            range_start = range.start,
+            range_end = range.end
+        );
 
         executor.spawn_blocking(move || {
             let _enter = span.entered();
-            ctx.transact_batch(rx, actions_tx, done_tx);
+            ctx.prefetch_bal_slots(bal, range, done_tx);
         });
+    }
 
-        tx
+    /// Prefetches storage slots from a BAL range into the cache.
+    ///
+    /// This iterates through the specified range of slots and accesses them via the state
+    /// provider to populate the cache.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", skip_all)]
+    fn prefetch_bal_slots(
+        self,
+        bal: Arc<BlockAccessList>,
+        range: Range<usize>,
+        done_tx: Sender<()>,
+    ) {
+        let Self { saved_cache, provider, metrics, .. } = self;
+
+        // Build state provider
+        let state_provider = match provider.build() {
+            Ok(provider) => provider,
+            Err(err) => {
+                trace!(
+                    target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
+                    %err,
+                    "Failed to build state provider in BAL prewarm thread"
+                );
+                let _ = done_tx.send(());
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Wrap with cache (guaranteed to be Some since run_bal_prewarm checks)
+        let saved_cache = saved_cache.expect("BAL prewarm should only run with cache");
+        let caches = saved_cache.cache().clone();
+        let cache_metrics = saved_cache.metrics().clone();
+        let state_provider = CachedStateProvider::new(state_provider, caches, cache_metrics);
+
+        let start = Instant::now();
+
+        // Track last seen address to avoid fetching the same account multiple times.
+        let mut last_address = None;
+
+        // Iterate through the assigned range of slots
+        for (address, slot) in BALSlotIter::new(&bal, range.clone()) {
+            // Fetch the account if this is a different address than the last one
+            if last_address != Some(address) {
+                let _ = state_provider.basic_account(&address);
+                last_address = Some(address);
+            }
+
+            // Access the slot to populate the cache
+            let _ = state_provider.storage(address, slot);
+        }
+
+        let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+
+        trace!(
+            target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
+            ?range,
+            elapsed_ms = elapsed.as_millis(),
+            "BAL prewarm worker completed"
+        );
+
+        // Signal completion
+        let _ = done_tx.send(());
+        metrics.bal_slot_iteration_duration.record(elapsed.as_secs_f64());
     }
 }
 
 /// Returns a set of [`MultiProofTargets`] and the total amount of storage targets, based on the
 /// given state.
-fn multiproof_targets_from_state(state: EvmState) -> (MultiProofTargets, usize) {
-    let mut targets = MultiProofTargets::with_capacity(state.len());
-    let mut storage_targets = 0;
-    for (addr, account) in state {
-        // if the account was not touched, or if the account was selfdestructed, do not
-        // fetch proofs for it
-        //
-        // Since selfdestruct can only happen in the same transaction, we can skip
-        // prefetching proofs for selfdestructed accounts
-        //
-        // See: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6780
-        if !account.is_touched() || account.is_selfdestructed() {
-            continue
-        }
-
-        let mut storage_set =
-            B256Set::with_capacity_and_hasher(account.storage.len(), Default::default());
-        for (key, slot) in account.storage {
-            // do nothing if unchanged
-            if !slot.is_changed() {
-                continue
+fn multiproof_targets_from_state(state: EvmState) -> MultiProofTargets {
+    state
+        .into_par_iter()
+        .filter_map(|(address, account)| {
+            // if the account was not touched, or if the account was selfdestructed, do not
+            // fetch proofs for it
+            //
+            // Since selfdestruct can only happen in the same transaction, we can skip
+            // prefetching proofs for selfdestructed accounts
+            //
+            // See: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6780
+            if !account.is_touched() || account.is_selfdestructed() {
+                return None;
             }
 
-            storage_set.insert(keccak256(B256::new(key.to_be_bytes())));
-        }
+            let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
 
-        storage_targets += storage_set.len();
-        targets.insert(keccak256(addr), storage_set);
-    }
+            let storage_set: B256Set = account
+                .storage
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter(|(_, slot)| slot.is_changed())
+                .map(|(key, _)| keccak256(B256::new(key.to_be_bytes())))
+                .collect();
 
-    (targets, storage_targets)
+            Some((hashed_address, storage_set))
+        })
+        .collect()
 }
 
 /// The events the pre-warm task can handle.
-pub(super) enum PrewarmTaskEvent {
+///
+/// Generic over `R` (receipt type) to allow sharing `Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>` with the main
+/// execution path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+pub(super) enum PrewarmTaskEvent<R> {
     /// Forcefully terminate all remaining transaction execution.
     TerminateTransactionExecution,
     /// Forcefully terminate the task on demand and update the shared cache with the given output
     /// before exiting.
     Terminate {
-        /// The final block state output.
-        block_output: Option<BundleState>,
+        /// The final execution outcome. Using `Arc` allows sharing with the main execution
+        /// path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
     },
     /// The outcome of a pre-warm task
     Outcome {
@@ -628,4 +840,6 @@ pub(crate) struct PrewarmMetrics {
     pub(crate) cache_saving_duration: Gauge,
     /// Counter for transaction execution errors during prewarming
     pub(crate) transaction_errors: Counter,
+    /// A histogram of BAL slot iteration duration during prefetching
+    pub(crate) bal_slot_iteration_duration: Histogram,
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/sparse_trie.rs

@@ -166,8 +166,7 @@ where
 
     // Update storage slots with new values and calculate storage roots.
     let span = tracing::Span::current();
-    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
-    state
+    let results: Vec<_> = state
         .storages
         .into_iter()
         .map(|(address, storage)| (address, storage, trie.take_storage_trie(&address)))
@@ -217,13 +216,7 @@ where
 
             SparseStateTrieResult::Ok((address, storage_trie))
         })
-        .for_each_init(
-            || tx.clone(),
-            |tx, result| {
-                let _ = tx.send(result);
-            },
-        );
-    drop(tx);
+        .collect();
 
     // Defer leaf removals until after updates/additions, so that we don't delete an intermediate
     // branch node during a removal and then re-add that branch back during a later leaf addition.
@@ -235,7 +228,7 @@ where
     let _enter =
         tracing::debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::sparse_trie", "account trie")
             .entered();
-    for result in rx {
+    for result in results {
         let (address, storage_trie) = result?;
         trie.insert_storage_trie(address, storage_trie);
 

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs

@@ -35,12 +35,13 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{
 };
 use reth_provider::{
     providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, BlockExecutionOutput, BlockReader,
-    DatabaseProviderFactory, ExecutionOutcome, HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError,
-    PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
-    StateRootProvider, TrieReader,
+    DatabaseProviderFactory, DatabaseProviderROFactory, ExecutionOutcome, HashedPostStateProvider,
+    ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProvider,
+    StateProviderFactory, StateReader, TrieReader,
 };
 use reth_revm::db::State;
-use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState, TrieInputSorted};
+use reth_storage_errors::db::DatabaseError;
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState, StateRoot, TrieInputSorted};
 use reth_trie_parallel::root::{ParallelStateRoot, ParallelStateRootError};
 use revm_primitives::Address;
 use std::{
@@ -374,7 +375,8 @@ where
         let mut state_provider = ensure_ok!(provider_builder.build());
         drop(_enter);
 
-        // fetch parent block
+        // Fetch parent block. This goes to memory most of the time unless the parent block is
+        // beyond the in-memory buffer.
         let Some(parent_block) = ensure_ok!(self.sealed_header_by_hash(parent_hash, ctx.state()))
         else {
             return Err(InsertBlockError::new(
@@ -399,7 +401,7 @@ where
             "Decided which state root algorithm to run"
         );
 
-        // use prewarming background task
+        // Get an iterator over the transactions in the payload
         let txs = self.tx_iterator_for(&input)?;
 
         // Extract the BAL, if valid and available
@@ -424,21 +426,16 @@ where
         // Use cached state provider before executing, used in execution after prewarming threads
         // complete
         if let Some((caches, cache_metrics)) = handle.caches().zip(handle.cache_metrics()) {
-            state_provider = Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new_with_caches(
-                state_provider,
-                caches,
-                cache_metrics,
-            ));
+            state_provider =
+                Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new(state_provider, caches, cache_metrics));
         };
 
+        if self.config.state_provider_metrics() {
+            state_provider = Box::new(InstrumentedStateProvider::new(state_provider, "engine"));
+        }
+
         // Execute the block and handle any execution errors
-        let (output, senders) = match if self.config.state_provider_metrics() {
-            let state_provider =
-                InstrumentedStateProvider::from_state_provider(&state_provider, "engine");
-            self.execute_block(&state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle)
-        } else {
-            self.execute_block(&state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle)
-        } {
+        let (output, senders) = match self.execute_block(state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle) {
             Ok(output) => output,
             Err(err) => return self.handle_execution_error(input, err, &parent_block),
         };
@@ -522,7 +519,7 @@ where
             }
 
             let (root, updates) = ensure_ok_post_block!(
-                state_provider.state_root_with_updates(hashed_state.clone()),
+                self.compute_state_root_serial(block.parent_hash(), &hashed_state, ctx.state()),
                 block
             );
             (root, updates, root_time.elapsed())
@@ -552,17 +549,14 @@ where
             .into())
         }
 
-        // terminate prewarming task with good state output
-        handle.terminate_caching(Some(&output.state));
+        // Create ExecutionOutcome and wrap in Arc for sharing with both the caching task
+        // and the deferred trie task. This avoids cloning the expensive BundleState.
+        let execution_outcome = Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::from((output, block_num_hash.number)));
 
-        Ok(self.spawn_deferred_trie_task(
-            block,
-            output,
-            block_num_hash.number,
-            &ctx,
-            hashed_state,
-            trie_output,
-        ))
+        // Terminate prewarming task with the shared execution outcome
+        handle.terminate_caching(Some(Arc::clone(&execution_outcome)));
+
+        Ok(self.spawn_deferred_trie_task(block, execution_outcome, &ctx, hashed_state, trie_output))
     }
 
     /// Return sealed block header from database or in-memory state by hash.
@@ -605,10 +599,10 @@ where
         state_provider: S,
         env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
         input: &BlockOrPayload<T>,
-        handle: &mut PayloadHandle<impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm>, Err>,
+        handle: &mut PayloadHandle<impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm>, Err, N::Receipt>,
     ) -> Result<(BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>, Vec<Address>), InsertBlockErrorKind>
     where
-        S: StateProvider,
+        S: StateProvider + Send,
         Err: core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
         V: PayloadValidator<T, Block = N::Block>,
         T: PayloadTypes<BuiltPayload: BuiltPayload<Primitives = N>>,
@@ -617,7 +611,7 @@ where
         debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Executing block");
 
         let mut db = State::builder()
-            .with_database(StateProviderDatabase::new(&state_provider))
+            .with_database(StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider))
             .with_bundle_update()
             .without_state_clear()
             .build();
@@ -649,6 +643,7 @@ where
         let (output, senders) = self.metrics.execute_metered(
             executor,
             handle.iter_transactions().map(|res| res.map_err(BlockExecutionError::other)),
+            input.transaction_count(),
             state_hook,
         )?;
         let execution_finish = Instant::now();
@@ -663,8 +658,6 @@ where
     ///
     /// Returns `Ok(_)` if computed successfully.
     /// Returns `Err(_)` if error was encountered during computation.
-    /// `Err(ProviderError::ConsistentView(_))` can be safely ignored and fallback computation
-    /// should be used instead.
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
     fn compute_state_root_parallel(
         &self,
@@ -694,6 +687,36 @@ where
         ParallelStateRoot::new(factory, prefix_sets).incremental_root_with_updates()
     }
 
+    /// Compute state root for the given hashed post state in serial.
+    fn compute_state_root_serial(
+        &self,
+        parent_hash: B256,
+        hashed_state: &HashedPostState,
+        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
+    ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
+        let (mut input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
+
+        // Extend state overlay with current block's sorted state.
+        input.prefix_sets.extend(hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets());
+        let sorted_hashed_state = hashed_state.clone_into_sorted();
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut input.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
+
+        let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, .. } = input;
+        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets();
+
+        let factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
+            .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
+            .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
+            .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
+
+        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro()?;
+
+        Ok(StateRoot::new(&provider, &provider)
+            .with_prefix_sets(prefix_sets.freeze())
+            .root_with_updates()
+            .map_err(Into::<DatabaseError>::into)?)
+    }
+
     /// Validates the block after execution.
     ///
     /// This performs:
@@ -793,6 +816,7 @@ where
         PayloadHandle<
             impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm> + use<N, P, Evm, V, T>,
             impl core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static + use<N, P, Evm, V, T>,
+            N::Receipt,
         >,
         InsertBlockErrorKind,
     > {
@@ -838,8 +862,12 @@ where
             }
             StateRootStrategy::Parallel | StateRootStrategy::Synchronous => {
                 let start = Instant::now();
-                let handle =
-                    self.payload_processor.spawn_cache_exclusive(env, txs, provider_builder);
+                let handle = self.payload_processor.spawn_cache_exclusive(
+                    env,
+                    txs,
+                    provider_builder,
+                    block_access_list,
+                );
 
                 // Record prewarming initialization duration
                 self.metrics
@@ -1027,8 +1055,7 @@ where
     fn spawn_deferred_trie_task(
         &self,
         block: RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
-        output: BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>,
-        block_number: u64,
+        execution_outcome: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
         ctx: &TreeCtx<'_, N>,
         hashed_state: HashedPostState,
         trie_output: TrieUpdates,
@@ -1078,7 +1105,7 @@ where
 
         ExecutedBlock::with_deferred_trie_data(
             Arc::new(block),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::from((output, block_number))),
+            execution_outcome,
             deferred_trie_data,
         )
     }
@@ -1265,4 +1292,15 @@ impl<T: PayloadTypes> BlockOrPayload<T> {
         // TODO decode and return `BlockAccessList`
         None
     }
+
+    /// Returns the number of transactions in the payload or block.
+    pub fn transaction_count(&self) -> usize
+    where
+        T::ExecutionData: ExecutionPayload,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Self::Payload(payload) => payload.transaction_count(),
+            Self::Block(block) => block.transaction_count(),
+        }
+    }
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/precompile_cache.rs

@@ -1,50 +1,58 @@
 //! Contains a precompile cache backed by `schnellru::LruMap` (LRU by length).
 
 use alloy_primitives::Bytes;
-use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use dashmap::DashMap;
+use moka::policy::EvictionPolicy;
 use reth_evm::precompiles::{DynPrecompile, Precompile, PrecompileInput};
 use revm::precompile::{PrecompileId, PrecompileOutput, PrecompileResult};
 use revm_primitives::Address;
-use schnellru::LruMap;
-use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
-    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
-    sync::Arc,
-};
+use std::{hash::Hash, sync::Arc};
 
 /// Default max cache size for [`PrecompileCache`]
 const MAX_CACHE_SIZE: u32 = 10_000;
 
 /// Stores caches for each precompile.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
-pub struct PrecompileCacheMap<S>(HashMap<Address, PrecompileCache<S>>)
+pub struct PrecompileCacheMap<S>(Arc<DashMap<Address, PrecompileCache<S>>>)
 where
-    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone;
+    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static;
 
 impl<S> PrecompileCacheMap<S>
 where
     S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
 {
-    pub(crate) fn cache_for_address(&mut self, address: Address) -> PrecompileCache<S> {
+    pub(crate) fn cache_for_address(&self, address: Address) -> PrecompileCache<S> {
+        // Try just using `.get` first to avoid acquiring a write lock.
+        if let Some(cache) = self.0.get(&address) {
+            return cache.clone();
+        }
+        // Otherwise, fallback to `.entry` and initialize the cache.
+        //
+        // This should be very rare as caches for all precompiles will be initialized as soon as
+        // first EVM is created.
         self.0.entry(address).or_default().clone()
     }
 }
 
 /// Cache for precompiles, for each input stores the result.
-///
-/// [`LruMap`] requires a mutable reference on `get` since it updates the LRU order,
-/// so we use a [`Mutex`] instead of an `RwLock`.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct PrecompileCache<S>(Arc<Mutex<LruMap<CacheKey<S>, CacheEntry>>>)
+pub struct PrecompileCache<S>(
+    moka::sync::Cache<Bytes, CacheEntry<S>, alloy_primitives::map::DefaultHashBuilder>,
+)
 where
-    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone;
+    S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static;
 
 impl<S> Default for PrecompileCache<S>
 where
     S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
 {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self(Arc::new(Mutex::new(LruMap::new(schnellru::ByLength::new(MAX_CACHE_SIZE)))))
+        Self(
+            moka::sync::CacheBuilder::new(MAX_CACHE_SIZE as u64)
+                .initial_capacity(MAX_CACHE_SIZE as usize)
+                .eviction_policy(EvictionPolicy::lru())
+                .build_with_hasher(Default::default()),
+        )
     }
 }
 
@@ -52,63 +60,31 @@ impl<S> PrecompileCache<S>
 where
     S: Eq + Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + Clone + 'static,
 {
-    fn get(&self, key: &CacheKeyRef<'_, S>) -> Option<CacheEntry> {
-        self.0.lock().get(key).cloned()
+    fn get(&self, input: &[u8], spec: S) -> Option<CacheEntry<S>> {
+        self.0.get(input).filter(|e| e.spec == spec)
     }
 
     /// Inserts the given key and value into the cache, returning the new cache size.
-    fn insert(&self, key: CacheKey<S>, value: CacheEntry) -> usize {
-        let mut cache = self.0.lock();
-        cache.insert(key, value);
-        cache.len()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Cache key, spec id and precompile call input. spec id is included in the key to account for
-/// precompile repricing across fork activations.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct CacheKey<S>((S, Bytes));
-
-impl<S> CacheKey<S> {
-    const fn new(spec_id: S, input: Bytes) -> Self {
-        Self((spec_id, input))
-    }
-}
-
-/// Cache key reference, used to avoid cloning the input bytes when looking up using a [`CacheKey`].
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct CacheKeyRef<'a, S>((S, &'a [u8]));
-
-impl<'a, S> CacheKeyRef<'a, S> {
-    const fn new(spec_id: S, input: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-        Self((spec_id, input))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S: PartialEq> PartialEq<CacheKey<S>> for CacheKeyRef<'_, S> {
-    fn eq(&self, other: &CacheKey<S>) -> bool {
-        self.0 .0 == other.0 .0 && self.0 .1 == other.0 .1.as_ref()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, S: Hash> Hash for CacheKeyRef<'a, S> {
-    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        self.0 .0.hash(state);
-        self.0 .1.hash(state);
+    fn insert(&self, input: Bytes, value: CacheEntry<S>) -> usize {
+        self.0.insert(input, value);
+        self.0.entry_count() as usize
     }
 }
 
 /// Cache entry, precompile successful output.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct CacheEntry(PrecompileOutput);
+pub struct CacheEntry<S> {
+    output: PrecompileOutput,
+    spec: S,
+}
 
-impl CacheEntry {
+impl<S> CacheEntry<S> {
     const fn gas_used(&self) -> u64 {
-        self.0.gas_used
+        self.output.gas_used
     }
 
     fn to_precompile_result(&self) -> PrecompileResult {
-        Ok(self.0.clone())
+        Ok(self.output.clone())
     }
 }
 
@@ -190,9 +166,7 @@ where
     }
 
     fn call(&self, input: PrecompileInput<'_>) -> PrecompileResult {
-        let key = CacheKeyRef::new(self.spec_id.clone(), input.data);
-
-        if let Some(entry) = &self.cache.get(&key) {
+        if let Some(entry) = &self.cache.get(input.data, self.spec_id.clone()) {
             self.increment_by_one_precompile_cache_hits();
             if input.gas >= entry.gas_used() {
                 return entry.to_precompile_result()
@@ -204,8 +178,10 @@ where
 
         match &result {
             Ok(output) => {
-                let key = CacheKey::new(self.spec_id.clone(), Bytes::copy_from_slice(calldata));
-                let size = self.cache.insert(key, CacheEntry(output.clone()));
+                let size = self.cache.insert(
+                    Bytes::copy_from_slice(calldata),
+                    CacheEntry { output: output.clone(), spec: self.spec_id.clone() },
+                );
                 self.set_precompile_cache_size_metric(size as f64);
                 self.increment_by_one_precompile_cache_misses();
             }
@@ -246,31 +222,12 @@ impl CachedPrecompileMetrics {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use std::hash::DefaultHasher;
-
     use super::*;
     use reth_evm::{EthEvmFactory, Evm, EvmEnv, EvmFactory};
     use reth_revm::db::EmptyDB;
     use revm::{context::TxEnv, precompile::PrecompileOutput};
     use revm_primitives::hardfork::SpecId;
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_cache_key_ref_hash() {
-        let key1 = CacheKey::new(SpecId::PRAGUE, b"test_input".into());
-        let key2 = CacheKeyRef::new(SpecId::PRAGUE, b"test_input");
-        assert!(PartialEq::eq(&key2, &key1));
-
-        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-        key1.hash(&mut hasher);
-        let hash1 = hasher.finish();
-
-        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-        key2.hash(&mut hasher);
-        let hash2 = hasher.finish();
-
-        assert_eq!(hash1, hash2);
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_precompile_cache_basic() {
         let dyn_precompile: DynPrecompile = (|_input: PrecompileInput<'_>| -> PrecompileResult {
@@ -293,12 +250,11 @@ mod tests {
             reverted: false,
         };
 
-        let key = CacheKey::new(SpecId::PRAGUE, b"test_input".into());
-        let expected = CacheEntry(output);
-        cache.cache.insert(key, expected.clone());
+        let input = b"test_input";
+        let expected = CacheEntry { output, spec: SpecId::PRAGUE };
+        cache.cache.insert(input.into(), expected.clone());
 
-        let key = CacheKeyRef::new(SpecId::PRAGUE, b"test_input");
-        let actual = cache.cache.get(&key).unwrap();
+        let actual = cache.cache.get(input, SpecId::PRAGUE).unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(actual, expected);
     }
@@ -312,7 +268,7 @@ mod tests {
         let address1 = Address::repeat_byte(1);
         let address2 = Address::repeat_byte(2);
 
-        let mut cache_map = PrecompileCacheMap::default();
+        let cache_map = PrecompileCacheMap::default();
 
         // create the first precompile with a specific output
         let precompile1: DynPrecompile = (PrecompileId::custom("custom"), {

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/tests.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     tree::{
         payload_validator::{BasicEngineValidator, TreeCtx, ValidationOutcome},
         persistence_state::CurrentPersistenceAction,
-        TreeConfig,
+        PersistTarget, TreeConfig,
     },
 };
 
@@ -285,7 +285,8 @@ impl TestHarness {
         let fcu_state = self.fcu_state(block_hash);
 
         let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-        self.tree
+        let _ = self
+            .tree
             .on_engine_message(FromEngine::Request(
                 BeaconEngineMessage::ForkchoiceUpdated {
                     state: fcu_state,
@@ -498,7 +499,7 @@ fn test_tree_persist_block_batch() {
 
     // process the message
     let msg = test_harness.tree.try_recv_engine_message().unwrap().unwrap();
-    test_harness.tree.on_engine_message(msg).unwrap();
+    let _ = test_harness.tree.on_engine_message(msg).unwrap();
 
     // we now should receive the other batch
     let msg = test_harness.tree.try_recv_engine_message().unwrap().unwrap();
@@ -577,7 +578,7 @@ async fn test_engine_request_during_backfill() {
         .with_backfill_state(BackfillSyncState::Active);
 
     let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-    test_harness
+    let _ = test_harness
         .tree
         .on_engine_message(FromEngine::Request(
             BeaconEngineMessage::ForkchoiceUpdated {
@@ -658,7 +659,7 @@ async fn test_holesky_payload() {
         TestHarness::new(HOLESKY.clone()).with_backfill_state(BackfillSyncState::Active);
 
     let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-    test_harness
+    let _ = test_harness
         .tree
         .on_engine_message(FromEngine::Request(
             BeaconEngineMessage::NewPayload {
@@ -883,7 +884,8 @@ async fn test_get_canonical_blocks_to_persist() {
         .with_persistence_threshold(persistence_threshold)
         .with_memory_block_buffer_target(memory_block_buffer_target);
 
-    let blocks_to_persist = test_harness.tree.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist().unwrap();
+    let blocks_to_persist =
+        test_harness.tree.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist(PersistTarget::Threshold).unwrap();
 
     let expected_blocks_to_persist_length: usize =
         (canonical_head_number - memory_block_buffer_target - last_persisted_block_number)
@@ -902,7 +904,8 @@ async fn test_get_canonical_blocks_to_persist() {
 
     assert!(test_harness.tree.state.tree_state.sealed_header_by_hash(&fork_block_hash).is_some());
 
-    let blocks_to_persist = test_harness.tree.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist().unwrap();
+    let blocks_to_persist =
+        test_harness.tree.get_canonical_blocks_to_persist(PersistTarget::Threshold).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(blocks_to_persist.len(), expected_blocks_to_persist_length);
 
     // check that the fork block is not included in the blocks to persist
@@ -981,7 +984,7 @@ async fn test_engine_tree_live_sync_transition_required_blocks_requested() {
     let backfill_tip_block = main_chain[(backfill_finished_block_number - 1) as usize].clone();
     // add block to mock provider to enable persistence clean up.
     test_harness.provider.add_block(backfill_tip_block.hash(), backfill_tip_block.into_block());
-    test_harness.tree.on_engine_message(FromEngine::Event(backfill_finished)).unwrap();
+    let _ = test_harness.tree.on_engine_message(FromEngine::Event(backfill_finished)).unwrap();
 
     let event = test_harness.from_tree_rx.recv().await.unwrap();
     match event {
@@ -991,7 +994,7 @@ async fn test_engine_tree_live_sync_transition_required_blocks_requested() {
         _ => panic!("Unexpected event: {event:#?}"),
     }
 
-    test_harness
+    let _ = test_harness
         .tree
         .on_engine_message(FromEngine::DownloadedBlocks(vec![main_chain
             .last()
@@ -1047,7 +1050,7 @@ async fn test_fcu_with_canonical_ancestor_updates_latest_block() {
 
     // Send FCU to the canonical ancestor
     let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
-    test_harness
+    let _ = test_harness
         .tree
         .on_engine_message(FromEngine::Request(
             BeaconEngineMessage::ForkchoiceUpdated {
@@ -1943,4 +1946,53 @@ mod forkchoice_updated_tests {
             .unwrap();
         assert!(result.is_some(), "OpStack should handle canonical head");
     }
+
+    /// Test that engine termination persists all blocks and signals completion.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_engine_termination_with_everything_persisted() {
+        let chain_spec = MAINNET.clone();
+        let mut test_block_builder = TestBlockBuilder::eth().with_chain_spec((*chain_spec).clone());
+
+        // Create 10 blocks to persist
+        let blocks: Vec<_> = test_block_builder.get_executed_blocks(1..11).collect();
+        let canonical_tip = blocks.last().unwrap().recovered_block().number;
+        let test_harness = TestHarness::new(chain_spec).with_blocks(blocks);
+
+        // Create termination channel
+        let (terminate_tx, mut terminate_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+
+        let to_tree_tx = test_harness.to_tree_tx.clone();
+        let action_rx = test_harness.action_rx;
+
+        // Spawn tree in background thread
+        std::thread::Builder::new()
+            .name("Engine Task".to_string())
+            .spawn(|| test_harness.tree.run())
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Send terminate request
+        to_tree_tx
+            .send(FromEngine::Event(FromOrchestrator::Terminate { tx: terminate_tx }))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Handle persistence actions until termination completes
+        let mut last_persisted_number = 0;
+        loop {
+            if terminate_rx.try_recv().is_ok() {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if let Ok(PersistenceAction::SaveBlocks(saved_blocks, sender)) =
+                action_rx.recv_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100))
+            {
+                if let Some(last) = saved_blocks.last() {
+                    last_persisted_number = last.recovered_block().number;
+                }
+                sender.send(saved_blocks.last().map(|b| b.recovered_block().num_hash())).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Ensure we persisted right to the tip
+        assert_eq!(last_persisted_number, canonical_tip);
+    }
 }

crates/era-utils/src/history.rs

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ where
 /// these stages that this work has already been done. Otherwise, there might be some conflict with
 /// database integrity.
 pub fn save_stage_checkpoints<P>(
-    provider: &P,
+    provider: P,
     from: BlockNumber,
     to: BlockNumber,
     processed: u64,
@@ -170,18 +170,14 @@ where
     <P as NodePrimitivesProvider>::Primitives: NodePrimitives<BlockHeader = BH, BlockBody = BB>,
 {
     let reader = open(meta)?;
-    let iter =
-        reader
-            .iter()
-            .map(Box::new(decode)
-                as Box<dyn Fn(Result<BlockTuple, E2sError>) -> eyre::Result<(BH, BB)>>);
+    let iter = reader.iter().map(decode as fn(_) -> _);
     let iter = ProcessIter { iter, era: meta };
 
     process_iter(iter, writer, provider, hash_collector, block_numbers)
 }
 
 type ProcessInnerIter<R, BH, BB> =
-    Map<BlockTupleIterator<R>, Box<dyn Fn(Result<BlockTuple, E2sError>) -> eyre::Result<(BH, BB)>>>;
+    Map<BlockTupleIterator<R>, fn(Result<BlockTuple, E2sError>) -> eyre::Result<(BH, BB)>>;
 
 /// An iterator that wraps era file extraction. After the final item [`EraMeta::mark_as_processed`]
 /// is called to ensure proper cleanup.
@@ -309,7 +305,7 @@ where
         writer.append_header(&header, &hash)?;
 
         // Write bodies to database.
-        provider.append_block_bodies(vec![(header.number(), Some(body))])?;
+        provider.append_block_bodies(vec![(header.number(), Some(&body))])?;
 
         hash_collector.insert(hash, number)?;
     }

crates/era/src/era/types/consensus.rs

@@ -59,11 +59,36 @@
 //!     Ok(())
 //! }
 //! ```
-
 use crate::e2s::{error::E2sError, types::Entry};
 use snap::{read::FrameDecoder, write::FrameEncoder};
 use std::io::{Read, Write};
 
+/// Maximum allowed decompressed size for a signed beacon block SSZ payload.
+const MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SIGNED_BEACON_BLOCK_BYTES: usize = 256 * 1024 * 1024; // 256 MiB
+
+/// Maximum allowed decompressed size for a beacon state SSZ payload.
+const MAX_DECOMPRESSED_BEACON_STATE_BYTES: usize = 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 2 GiB
+
+fn decompress_snappy_bounded(
+    compressed: &[u8],
+    max_decompressed_bytes: usize,
+    what: &str,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E2sError> {
+    let mut decoder = FrameDecoder::new(compressed).take(max_decompressed_bytes as u64);
+    let mut decompressed = Vec::new();
+
+    Read::read_to_end(&mut decoder, &mut decompressed)
+        .map_err(|e| E2sError::SnappyDecompression(format!("Failed to decompress {what}: {e}")))?;
+
+    if decompressed.len() >= max_decompressed_bytes {
+        return Err(E2sError::SnappyDecompression(format!(
+            "Failed to decompress {what}: decompressed data exceeded limit of {max_decompressed_bytes} bytes"
+        )));
+    }
+
+    Ok(decompressed)
+}
+
 /// `CompressedSignedBeaconBlock` record type: [0x01, 0x00]
 pub const COMPRESSED_SIGNED_BEACON_BLOCK: [u8; 2] = [0x01, 0x00];
 
@@ -104,13 +129,11 @@ impl CompressedSignedBeaconBlock {
 
     /// Decompress to get the original ssz-encoded signed beacon block
     pub fn decompress(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E2sError> {
-        let mut decoder = FrameDecoder::new(self.data.as_slice());
-        let mut decompressed = Vec::new();
-        Read::read_to_end(&mut decoder, &mut decompressed).map_err(|e| {
-            E2sError::SnappyDecompression(format!("Failed to decompress signed beacon block: {e}"))
-        })?;
-
-        Ok(decompressed)
+        decompress_snappy_bounded(
+            self.data.as_slice(),
+            MAX_DECOMPRESSED_SIGNED_BEACON_BLOCK_BYTES,
+            "signed beacon block",
+        )
     }
 
     /// Convert to an [`Entry`]
@@ -168,13 +191,11 @@ impl CompressedBeaconState {
 
     /// Decompress to get the original ssz-encoded beacon state
     pub fn decompress(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E2sError> {
-        let mut decoder = FrameDecoder::new(self.data.as_slice());
-        let mut decompressed = Vec::new();
-        Read::read_to_end(&mut decoder, &mut decompressed).map_err(|e| {
-            E2sError::SnappyDecompression(format!("Failed to decompress beacon state: {e}"))
-        })?;
-
-        Ok(decompressed)
+        decompress_snappy_bounded(
+            self.data.as_slice(),
+            MAX_DECOMPRESSED_BEACON_STATE_BYTES,
+            "beacon state",
+        )
     }
 
     /// Convert to an [`Entry`]
@@ -260,4 +281,15 @@ mod tests {
         let result = CompressedBeaconState::from_entry(&invalid_entry);
         assert!(result.is_err());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bounded_decompression_rejects_oversized_output() {
+        let ssz_data = vec![42u8; 1024];
+        let compressed = CompressedBeaconState::from_ssz(&ssz_data).unwrap();
+
+        let err =
+            decompress_snappy_bounded(compressed.data.as_slice(), 100, "beacon state").unwrap_err();
+
+        assert!(format!("{err:?}").contains("exceeded limit"));
+    }
 }

crates/era/src/era1/types/execution.rs

@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ impl CompressedBody {
             let mut encoder = FrameEncoder::new(&mut compressed);
 
             Write::write_all(&mut encoder, rlp_data).map_err(|e| {
-                E2sError::SnappyCompression(format!("Failed to compress header: {e}"))
+                E2sError::SnappyCompression(format!("Failed to compress body: {e}"))
             })?;
 
             encoder.flush().map_err(|e| {
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ impl CompressedReceipts {
             let mut encoder = FrameEncoder::new(&mut compressed);
 
             Write::write_all(&mut encoder, rlp_data).map_err(|e| {
-                E2sError::SnappyCompression(format!("Failed to compress header: {e}"))
+                E2sError::SnappyCompression(format!("Failed to compress receipts: {e}"))
             })?;
 
             encoder.flush().map_err(|e| {

crates/ethereum/cli/src/app.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
-use crate::{interface::Commands, Cli};
+use crate::{
+    interface::{Commands, NoSubCmd},
+    Cli,
+};
+use clap::Subcommand;
 use eyre::{eyre, Result};
 use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpec, EthChainSpec, Hardforks};
 use reth_cli::chainspec::ChainSpecParser;
@@ -18,20 +22,26 @@ use std::{fmt, sync::Arc};
 
 /// A wrapper around a parsed CLI that handles command execution.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct CliApp<Spec: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug, Rpc: RpcModuleValidator> {
-    cli: Cli<Spec, Ext, Rpc>,
+pub struct CliApp<
+    Spec: ChainSpecParser,
+    Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug,
+    Rpc: RpcModuleValidator,
+    SubCmd: Subcommand + fmt::Debug = NoSubCmd,
+> {
+    cli: Cli<Spec, Ext, Rpc, SubCmd>,
     runner: Option<CliRunner>,
     layers: Option<Layers>,
     guard: Option<FileWorkerGuard>,
 }
 
-impl<C, Ext, Rpc> CliApp<C, Ext, Rpc>
+impl<C, Ext, Rpc, SubCmd> CliApp<C, Ext, Rpc, SubCmd>
 where
     C: ChainSpecParser,
     Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug,
     Rpc: RpcModuleValidator,
+    SubCmd: ExtendedCommand + Subcommand + fmt::Debug,
 {
-    pub(crate) fn new(cli: Cli<C, Ext, Rpc>) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(cli: Cli<C, Ext, Rpc, SubCmd>) -> Self {
         Self { cli, runner: None, layers: Some(Layers::new()), guard: None }
     }
 
@@ -98,9 +108,9 @@ where
         self.init_tracing(&runner)?;
 
         // Install the prometheus recorder to be sure to record all metrics
-        let _ = install_prometheus_recorder();
+        install_prometheus_recorder();
 
-        run_commands_with::<C, Ext, Rpc, N>(self.cli, runner, components, launcher)
+        run_commands_with::<C, Ext, Rpc, N, SubCmd>(self.cli, runner, components, launcher)
     }
 
     /// Initializes tracing with the configured options.
@@ -117,8 +127,8 @@ where
 
 /// Run CLI commands with the provided runner, components and launcher.
 /// This is the shared implementation used by both `CliApp` and Cli methods.
-pub(crate) fn run_commands_with<C, Ext, Rpc, N>(
-    cli: Cli<C, Ext, Rpc>,
+pub(crate) fn run_commands_with<C, Ext, Rpc, N, SubCmd>(
+    cli: Cli<C, Ext, Rpc, SubCmd>,
     runner: CliRunner,
     components: impl CliComponentsBuilder<N>,
     launcher: impl AsyncFnOnce(
@@ -131,6 +141,7 @@ where
     Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug,
     Rpc: RpcModuleValidator,
     N: CliNodeTypes<Primitives: NodePrimitives<BlockHeader: HeaderMut>, ChainSpec: Hardforks>,
+    SubCmd: ExtendedCommand + Subcommand + fmt::Debug,
 {
     match cli.command {
         Commands::Node(command) => {
@@ -167,9 +178,19 @@ where
         #[cfg(feature = "dev")]
         Commands::TestVectors(command) => runner.run_until_ctrl_c(command.execute()),
         Commands::ReExecute(command) => runner.run_until_ctrl_c(command.execute::<N>(components)),
+        Commands::Ext(command) => command.execute(runner),
     }
 }
 
+/// A trait for extension subcommands that can be added to the CLI.
+///
+/// Consumers implement this trait for their custom subcommands to define
+/// how they should be executed.
+pub trait ExtendedCommand {
+    /// Execute the extension command with the provided CLI runner.
+    fn execute(self, runner: CliRunner) -> Result<()>;
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;

crates/ethereum/cli/src/interface.rs

@@ -37,10 +37,11 @@ pub struct Cli<
     C: ChainSpecParser = EthereumChainSpecParser,
     Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug = NoArgs,
     Rpc: RpcModuleValidator = DefaultRpcModuleValidator,
+    SubCmd: Subcommand + fmt::Debug = NoSubCmd,
 > {
     /// The command to run
     #[command(subcommand)]
-    pub command: Commands<C, Ext>,
+    pub command: Commands<C, Ext, SubCmd>,
 
     /// The logging configuration for the CLI.
     #[command(flatten)]
@@ -71,15 +72,18 @@ impl Cli {
     }
 }
 
-impl<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug, Rpc: RpcModuleValidator> Cli<C, Ext, Rpc> {
+impl<
+        C: ChainSpecParser,
+        Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug,
+        Rpc: RpcModuleValidator,
+        SubCmd: crate::app::ExtendedCommand + Subcommand + fmt::Debug,
+    > Cli<C, Ext, Rpc, SubCmd>
+{
     /// Configures the CLI and returns a [`CliApp`] instance.
     ///
     /// This method is used to prepare the CLI for execution by wrapping it in a
     /// [`CliApp`] that can be further configured before running.
-    pub fn configure(self) -> CliApp<C, Ext, Rpc>
-    where
-        C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec = ChainSpec>,
-    {
+    pub fn configure(self) -> CliApp<C, Ext, Rpc, SubCmd> {
         CliApp::new(self)
     }
 
@@ -208,10 +212,10 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug, Rpc: RpcModuleValidator>
         let _guard = self.init_tracing(&runner, Layers::new())?;
 
         // Install the prometheus recorder to be sure to record all metrics
-        let _ = install_prometheus_recorder();
+        install_prometheus_recorder();
 
         // Use the shared standalone function to avoid duplication
-        run_commands_with::<C, Ext, Rpc, N>(self, runner, components, launcher)
+        run_commands_with::<C, Ext, Rpc, N, SubCmd>(self, runner, components, launcher)
     }
 
     /// Initializes tracing with the configured options.
@@ -245,7 +249,11 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug, Rpc: RpcModuleValidator>
 
 /// Commands to be executed
 #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-pub enum Commands<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug> {
+pub enum Commands<
+    C: ChainSpecParser,
+    Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug,
+    SubCmd: Subcommand + fmt::Debug = NoSubCmd,
+> {
     /// Start the node
     #[command(name = "node")]
     Node(Box<node::NodeCommand<C, Ext>>),
@@ -291,9 +299,27 @@ pub enum Commands<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug> {
     /// Re-execute blocks in parallel to verify historical sync correctness.
     #[command(name = "re-execute")]
     ReExecute(re_execute::Command<C>),
+    /// Extension subcommands provided by consumers.
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    Ext(SubCmd),
 }
 
-impl<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug> Commands<C, Ext> {
+/// A no-op subcommand type for when no extension subcommands are needed.
+///
+/// This is the default type parameter for `Commands` when consumers don't need
+/// to add custom subcommands.
+#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+pub enum NoSubCmd {}
+
+impl crate::app::ExtendedCommand for NoSubCmd {
+    fn execute(self, _runner: CliRunner) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        match self {}
+    }
+}
+
+impl<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug, SubCmd: Subcommand + fmt::Debug>
+    Commands<C, Ext, SubCmd>
+{
     /// Returns the underlying chain being used for commands
     pub fn chain_spec(&self) -> Option<&Arc<C::ChainSpec>> {
         match self {
@@ -313,6 +339,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug> Commands<C, Ext> {
             Self::Config(_) => None,
             Self::Prune(cmd) => cmd.chain_spec(),
             Self::ReExecute(cmd) => cmd.chain_spec(),
+            Self::Ext(_) => None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -536,4 +563,100 @@ mod tests {
             _ => panic!("Expected Stage command"),
         };
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extensible_subcommands() {
+        use crate::app::ExtendedCommand;
+        use reth_cli_runner::CliRunner;
+        use reth_rpc_server_types::DefaultRpcModuleValidator;
+        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+
+        #[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+        enum CustomCommands {
+            /// A custom hello command
+            #[command(name = "hello")]
+            Hello {
+                /// Name to greet
+                #[arg(long)]
+                name: String,
+            },
+            /// Another custom command
+            #[command(name = "goodbye")]
+            Goodbye,
+        }
+
+        static EXECUTED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
+        impl ExtendedCommand for CustomCommands {
+            fn execute(self, _runner: CliRunner) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+                match self {
+                    Self::Hello { name } => {
+                        assert_eq!(name, "world");
+                        EXECUTED.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                        Ok(())
+                    }
+                    Self::Goodbye => Ok(()),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Test parsing the custom "hello" command
+        let cli = Cli::<
+            EthereumChainSpecParser,
+            NoArgs,
+            DefaultRpcModuleValidator,
+            CustomCommands,
+        >::try_parse_from(["reth", "hello", "--name", "world"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+        match &cli.command {
+            Commands::Ext(CustomCommands::Hello { name }) => {
+                assert_eq!(name, "world");
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Expected Ext(Hello) command"),
+        }
+
+        // Test parsing the custom "goodbye" command
+        let cli = Cli::<
+            EthereumChainSpecParser,
+            NoArgs,
+            DefaultRpcModuleValidator,
+            CustomCommands,
+        >::try_parse_from(["reth", "goodbye"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+        match &cli.command {
+            Commands::Ext(CustomCommands::Goodbye) => {}
+            _ => panic!("Expected Ext(Goodbye) command"),
+        }
+
+        // Test that built-in commands still work alongside custom ones
+        let cli = Cli::<
+            EthereumChainSpecParser,
+            NoArgs,
+            DefaultRpcModuleValidator,
+            CustomCommands,
+        >::try_parse_from(["reth", "node"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+        match &cli.command {
+            Commands::Node(_) => {}
+            _ => panic!("Expected Node command"),
+        }
+
+        // Test executing the custom command
+        let cli = Cli::<
+            EthereumChainSpecParser,
+            NoArgs,
+            DefaultRpcModuleValidator,
+            CustomCommands,
+        >::try_parse_from(["reth", "hello", "--name", "world"])
+        .unwrap();
+
+        if let Commands::Ext(cmd) = cli.command {
+            let runner = CliRunner::try_default_runtime().unwrap();
+            cmd.execute(runner).unwrap();
+            assert!(EXECUTED.load(Ordering::SeqCst), "Custom command should have been executed");
+        }
+    }
 }

crates/ethereum/cli/src/lib.rs

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ pub mod app;
 pub mod chainspec;
 pub mod interface;
 
-pub use app::CliApp;
-pub use interface::{Cli, Commands};
+pub use app::{CliApp, ExtendedCommand};
+pub use interface::{Cli, Commands, NoSubCmd};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {

crates/ethereum/consensus/src/validation.rs

@@ -87,9 +87,7 @@ fn verify_receipts<R: Receipt>(
         logs_bloom,
         expected_receipts_root,
         expected_logs_bloom,
-    )?;
-
-    Ok(())
+    )
 }
 
 /// Compare the calculated receipts root with the expected receipts root, also compare

crates/ethereum/hardforks/src/display.rs

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ impl DisplayHardforks {
         let mut post_merge = Vec::new();
 
         for (fork, condition, metadata) in hardforks {
-            let mut display_fork = DisplayFork {
+            let display_fork = DisplayFork {
                 name: fork.name().to_string(),
                 activated_at: condition,
                 eip: None,
@@ -181,12 +181,7 @@ impl DisplayHardforks {
                 ForkCondition::Block(_) => {
                     pre_merge.push(display_fork);
                 }
-                ForkCondition::TTD { activation_block_number, total_difficulty, fork_block } => {
-                    display_fork.activated_at = ForkCondition::TTD {
-                        activation_block_number,
-                        fork_block,
-                        total_difficulty,
-                    };
+                ForkCondition::TTD { .. } => {
                     with_merge.push(display_fork);
                 }
                 ForkCondition::Timestamp(_) => {

crates/ethereum/node/Cargo.toml

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ reth-node-core.workspace = true
 reth-e2e-test-utils.workspace = true
 reth-tasks.workspace = true
 reth-testing-utils.workspace = true
+reth-stages-types.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true
 jsonrpsee-core.workspace = true
 
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ asm-keccak = [
 ]
 keccak-cache-global = [
     "alloy-primitives/keccak-cache-global",
+    "reth-node-core/keccak-cache-global",
 ]
 js-tracer = [
     "reth-node-builder/js-tracer",
@@ -109,4 +111,5 @@ test-utils = [
     "reth-evm/test-utils",
     "reth-primitives-traits/test-utils",
     "reth-evm-ethereum/test-utils",
+    "reth-stages-types/test-utils",
 ]

crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/custom_genesis.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+use crate::utils::eth_payload_attributes;
+use alloy_genesis::Genesis;
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecBuilder, MAINNET};
+use reth_e2e_test_utils::{setup, transaction::TransactionTestContext};
+use reth_node_ethereum::EthereumNode;
+use reth_provider::{HeaderProvider, StageCheckpointReader};
+use reth_stages_types::StageId;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// Tests that a node can initialize and advance with a custom genesis block number.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn can_run_eth_node_with_custom_genesis_number() -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+    // Create genesis with custom block number (e.g., 1000)
+    let mut genesis: Genesis =
+        serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../assets/genesis.json")).unwrap();
+    genesis.number = Some(1000);
+    genesis.parent_hash = Some(B256::random());
+
+    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
+        ChainSpecBuilder::default()
+            .chain(MAINNET.chain)
+            .genesis(genesis)
+            .cancun_activated()
+            .build(),
+    );
+
+    let (mut nodes, _tasks, wallet) =
+        setup::<EthereumNode>(1, chain_spec, false, eth_payload_attributes).await?;
+
+    let mut node = nodes.pop().unwrap();
+
+    // Verify stage checkpoints are initialized to genesis block number (1000)
+    for stage in StageId::ALL {
+        let checkpoint = node.inner.provider.get_stage_checkpoint(stage)?;
+        assert!(checkpoint.is_some(), "Stage {:?} checkpoint should exist", stage);
+        assert_eq!(
+            checkpoint.unwrap().block_number,
+            1000,
+            "Stage {:?} checkpoint should be at genesis block 1000",
+            stage
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Advance the chain (block 1001)
+    let raw_tx = TransactionTestContext::transfer_tx_bytes(1, wallet.inner).await;
+    let tx_hash = node.rpc.inject_tx(raw_tx).await?;
+    let payload = node.advance_block().await?;
+
+    let block_hash = payload.block().hash();
+    let block_number = payload.block().number;
+
+    // Verify we're at block 1001 (genesis + 1)
+    assert_eq!(block_number, 1001, "Block number should be 1001 after advancing from genesis 1000");
+
+    // Assert the block has been committed
+    node.assert_new_block(tx_hash, block_hash, block_number).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Tests that block queries respect custom genesis boundaries.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn custom_genesis_block_query_boundaries() -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+    let genesis_number = 5000u64;
+
+    let mut genesis: Genesis =
+        serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../assets/genesis.json")).unwrap();
+    genesis.number = Some(genesis_number);
+    genesis.parent_hash = Some(B256::random());
+
+    let chain_spec = Arc::new(
+        ChainSpecBuilder::default()
+            .chain(MAINNET.chain)
+            .genesis(genesis)
+            .cancun_activated()
+            .build(),
+    );
+
+    let (mut nodes, _tasks, _wallet) =
+        setup::<EthereumNode>(1, chain_spec, false, eth_payload_attributes).await?;
+
+    let node = nodes.pop().unwrap();
+
+    // Query genesis block should succeed
+    let genesis_header = node.inner.provider.header_by_number(genesis_number)?;
+    assert!(genesis_header.is_some(), "Genesis block at {} should exist", genesis_number);
+
+    // Query blocks before genesis should return None
+    for block_num in [0, 1, genesis_number - 1] {
+        let header = node.inner.provider.header_by_number(block_num)?;
+        assert!(header.is_none(), "Block {} before genesis should not exist", block_num);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/eth.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use reth_e2e_test_utils::{
 use reth_node_builder::{NodeBuilder, NodeHandle};
 use reth_node_core::{args::RpcServerArgs, node_config::NodeConfig};
 use reth_node_ethereum::EthereumNode;
+use reth_provider::BlockNumReader;
 use reth_tasks::TaskManager;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -127,3 +128,55 @@ async fn test_failed_run_eth_node_with_no_auth_engine_api_over_ipc_opts() -> eyr
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_engine_graceful_shutdown() -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    reth_tracing::init_test_tracing();
+
+    let (mut nodes, _tasks, wallet) = setup::<EthereumNode>(
+        1,
+        Arc::new(
+            ChainSpecBuilder::default()
+                .chain(MAINNET.chain)
+                .genesis(serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../assets/genesis.json")).unwrap())
+                .cancun_activated()
+                .build(),
+        ),
+        false,
+        eth_payload_attributes,
+    )
+    .await?;
+
+    let mut node = nodes.pop().unwrap();
+
+    let raw_tx = TransactionTestContext::transfer_tx_bytes(1, wallet.inner).await;
+    let tx_hash = node.rpc.inject_tx(raw_tx).await?;
+    let payload = node.advance_block().await?;
+    node.assert_new_block(tx_hash, payload.block().hash(), payload.block().number).await?;
+
+    // Get block number before shutdown
+    let block_before = node.inner.provider.best_block_number()?;
+    assert_eq!(block_before, 1, "Expected 1 block before shutdown");
+
+    // Verify block is NOT yet persisted to database
+    let db_block_before = node.inner.provider.last_block_number()?;
+    assert_eq!(db_block_before, 0, "Block should not be persisted yet");
+
+    // Trigger graceful shutdown
+    let done_rx = node
+        .inner
+        .add_ons_handle
+        .engine_shutdown
+        .shutdown()
+        .expect("shutdown should return receiver");
+
+    tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2), done_rx)
+        .await
+        .expect("shutdown timed out")
+        .expect("shutdown completion channel should not be closed");
+
+    let db_block = node.inner.provider.last_block_number()?;
+    assert_eq!(db_block, 1, "Database should have persisted block 1");
+
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/main.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![allow(missing_docs)]
 
 mod blobs;
+mod custom_genesis;
 mod dev;
 mod eth;
 mod p2p;

crates/ethereum/payload/src/lib.rs

@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ where
     let PayloadConfig { parent_header, attributes } = config;
 
     let state_provider = client.state_by_block_hash(parent_header.hash())?;
-    let state = StateProviderDatabase::new(&state_provider);
+    let state = StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider.as_ref());
     let mut db =
-        State::builder().with_database(cached_reads.as_db_mut(state)).with_bundle_update().build();
+        State::builder().with_database_ref(cached_reads.as_db(state)).with_bundle_update().build();
 
     let mut builder = evm_config
         .builder_for_next_block(
@@ -211,6 +211,8 @@ where
 
     let is_osaka = chain_spec.is_osaka_active_at_timestamp(attributes.timestamp);
 
+    let withdrawals_rlp_length = attributes.withdrawals().length();
+
     while let Some(pool_tx) = best_txs.next() {
         // ensure we still have capacity for this transaction
         if cumulative_gas_used + pool_tx.gas_limit() > block_gas_limit {
@@ -232,10 +234,10 @@ where
         // convert tx to a signed transaction
         let tx = pool_tx.to_consensus();
 
-        let estimated_block_size_with_tx = block_transactions_rlp_length +
-            tx.inner().length() +
-            attributes.withdrawals().length() +
-            1024; // 1Kb of overhead for the block header
+        let tx_rlp_len = tx.inner().length();
+
+        let estimated_block_size_with_tx =
+            block_transactions_rlp_length + tx_rlp_len + withdrawals_rlp_length + 1024; // 1Kb of overhead for the block header
 
         if is_osaka && estimated_block_size_with_tx > MAX_RLP_BLOCK_SIZE {
             best_txs.mark_invalid(
@@ -336,7 +338,7 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        block_transactions_rlp_length += tx.inner().length();
+        block_transactions_rlp_length += tx_rlp_len;
 
         // update and add to total fees
         let miner_fee =
@@ -358,7 +360,8 @@ where
         return Ok(BuildOutcome::Aborted { fees: total_fees, cached_reads })
     }
 
-    let BlockBuilderOutcome { execution_result, block, .. } = builder.finish(&state_provider)?;
+    let BlockBuilderOutcome { execution_result, block, .. } =
+        builder.finish(state_provider.as_ref())?;
 
     let requests = chain_spec
         .is_prague_active_at_timestamp(attributes.timestamp)

crates/ethereum/primitives/src/receipt.rs

@@ -258,10 +258,7 @@ impl<T: TxTy> IsTyped2718 for Receipt<T> {
 
 impl<T: TxTy> InMemorySize for Receipt<T> {
     fn size(&self) -> usize {
-        self.tx_type.size() +
-            core::mem::size_of::<bool>() +
-            core::mem::size_of::<u64>() +
-            self.logs.iter().map(|log| log.size()).sum::<usize>()
+        size_of::<Self>() + self.logs.iter().map(|log| log.size()).sum::<usize>()
     }
 }
 

crates/ethereum/reth/Cargo.toml

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ arbitrary = [
 ]
 keccak-cache-global = [
     "reth-node-ethereum?/keccak-cache-global",
+    "reth-node-core?/keccak-cache-global",
 ]
 test-utils = [
     "reth-chainspec/test-utils",

crates/evm/evm/src/lib.rs

@@ -61,8 +61,6 @@ pub use alloy_evm::{
     *,
 };
 
-pub use alloy_evm::block::state_changes as state_change;
-
 /// A complete configuration of EVM for Reth.
 ///
 /// This trait encapsulates complete configuration required for transaction execution and block
@@ -258,7 +256,7 @@ pub trait ConfigureEvm: Clone + Debug + Send + Sync + Unpin {
         attributes: Self::NextBlockEnvCtx,
     ) -> Result<ExecutionCtxFor<'_, Self>, Self::Error>;
 
-    /// Returns a [`TxEnv`] from a transaction and [`Address`].
+    /// Returns a [`TxEnv`] from a transaction.
     fn tx_env(&self, transaction: impl IntoTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Self>>) -> TxEnvFor<Self> {
         transaction.into_tx_env()
     }

crates/evm/evm/src/metrics.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, RecoveredBlock};
 use std::time::Instant;
 
 /// Executor metrics.
-// TODO(onbjerg): add sload/sstore
 #[derive(Metrics, Clone)]
 #[metrics(scope = "sync.execution")]
 pub struct ExecutorMetrics {

crates/evm/execution-types/src/chain.rs

@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use alloy_eips::{eip1898::ForkBlock, eip2718::Encodable2718, BlockNumHash};
 use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockHash, BlockNumber, TxHash};
 use core::{fmt, ops::RangeInclusive};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
-    transaction::signed::SignedTransaction, Block, BlockBody, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock,
-    SealedHeader,
+    transaction::signed::SignedTransaction, Block, BlockBody, IndexedTx, NodePrimitives,
+    RecoveredBlock, SealedHeader,
 };
 use reth_trie_common::updates::TrieUpdates;
 use revm::database::BundleState;
@@ -41,6 +41,13 @@ pub struct Chain<N: NodePrimitives = reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives> {
     trie_updates: Option<TrieUpdates>,
 }
 
+type ChainTxReceiptMeta<'a, N> = (
+    &'a RecoveredBlock<<N as NodePrimitives>::Block>,
+    IndexedTx<'a, <N as NodePrimitives>::Block>,
+    &'a <N as NodePrimitives>::Receipt,
+    &'a [<N as NodePrimitives>::Receipt],
+);
+
 impl<N: NodePrimitives> Default for Chain<N> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -185,6 +192,24 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
         self.blocks_iter().zip(self.block_receipts_iter())
     }
 
+    /// Finds a transaction by hash and returns it along with its corresponding receipt data.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the transaction is not found in this chain.
+    pub fn find_transaction_and_receipt_by_hash(
+        &self,
+        tx_hash: TxHash,
+    ) -> Option<ChainTxReceiptMeta<'_, N>> {
+        for (block, receipts) in self.blocks_and_receipts() {
+            let Some(indexed_tx) = block.find_indexed(tx_hash) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let receipt = receipts.get(indexed_tx.index())?;
+            return Some((block, indexed_tx, receipt, receipts.as_slice()));
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+
     /// Get the block at which this chain forked.
     pub fn fork_block(&self) -> ForkBlock {
         let first = self.first();

crates/evm/execution-types/src/execution_outcome.rs

@@ -144,7 +144,12 @@ impl<T> ExecutionOutcome<T> {
         bundle: BundleState,
         results: Vec<BlockExecutionResult<T>>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut value = Self { bundle, first_block, receipts: Vec::new(), requests: Vec::new() };
+        let mut value = Self {
+            bundle,
+            first_block,
+            receipts: Vec::with_capacity(results.len()),
+            requests: Vec::with_capacity(results.len()),
+        };
         for result in results {
             value.receipts.push(result.receipts);
             value.requests.push(result.requests);
@@ -337,7 +342,7 @@ impl<T> ExecutionOutcome<T> {
     /// Prepends present the state with the given `BundleState`.
     /// It adds changes from the given state but does not override any existing changes.
     ///
-    /// Reverts  and receipts are not updated.
+    /// Reverts and receipts are not updated.
     pub fn prepend_state(&mut self, mut other: BundleState) {
         let other_len = other.reverts.len();
         // take this bundle

crates/exex/exex/src/backfill/job.rs

@@ -118,8 +118,6 @@ where
             results.push(executor.execute_one(&block)?);
             execution_duration += execute_start.elapsed();
 
-            // TODO(alexey): report gas metrics using `block.header.gas_used`
-
             // Seal the block back and save it
             blocks.push(block);
             // Check if we should commit now

crates/exex/exex/src/backfill/test_utils.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use reth_evm_ethereum::EthEvmConfig;
 use reth_node_api::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Block as _, RecoveredBlock};
 use reth_provider::{
-    providers::ProviderNodeTypes, BlockWriter as _, ExecutionOutcome, LatestStateProviderRef,
+    providers::ProviderNodeTypes, BlockWriter as _, ExecutionOutcome, LatestStateProvider,
     ProviderFactory,
 };
 use reth_revm::database::StateProviderDatabase;
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ where
 
     // Execute the block to produce a block execution output
     let mut block_execution_output = EthEvmConfig::ethereum(chain_spec)
-        .batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(LatestStateProviderRef::new(&provider)))
+        .batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(LatestStateProvider::new(provider)))
         .execute(block)?;
     block_execution_output.state.reverts.sort();
 
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@ where
     let provider = provider_factory.provider()?;
 
     let evm_config = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec);
-    let executor = evm_config
-        .batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(LatestStateProviderRef::new(&provider)));
+    let executor =
+        evm_config.batch_executor(StateProviderDatabase::new(LatestStateProvider::new(provider)));
 
     let mut execution_outcome = executor.execute_batch(vec![&block1, &block2])?;
     execution_outcome.state_mut().reverts.sort();

crates/exex/exex/src/manager.rs

@@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@ mod tests {
         .try_recover()
         .unwrap();
         let provider_rw = provider_factory.database_provider_rw().unwrap();
-        provider_rw.insert_block(block.clone()).unwrap();
+        provider_rw.insert_block(&block).unwrap();
         provider_rw.commit().unwrap();
 
         let provider = BlockchainProvider::new(provider_factory).unwrap();

crates/exex/exex/src/notifications.rs

@@ -354,10 +354,10 @@ where
     /// canonical chain.
     ///
     /// Possible situations are:
-    /// - ExEx is behind the node head (`node_head.number < exex_head.number`). Backfill from the
+    /// - ExEx is behind the node head (`exex_head.number < node_head.number`). Backfill from the
     ///   node database.
-    /// - ExEx is at the same block number as the node head (`node_head.number ==
-    ///   exex_head.number`). Nothing to do.
+    /// - ExEx is at the same block number as the node head (`exex_head.number ==
+    ///   node_head.number`). Nothing to do.
     fn check_backfill(&mut self) -> eyre::Result<()> {
         let backfill_job_factory =
             BackfillJobFactory::new(self.evm_config.clone(), self.provider.clone());
@@ -481,12 +481,12 @@ mod tests {
             &mut rng,
             genesis_block.number + 1,
             BlockParams { parent: Some(genesis_hash), tx_count: Some(0), ..Default::default() },
-        );
-        let provider_rw = provider_factory.provider_rw()?;
-        provider_rw.insert_block(node_head_block.clone().try_recover()?)?;
-        provider_rw.commit()?;
-
+        )
+        .try_recover()?;
         let node_head = node_head_block.num_hash();
+        let provider_rw = provider_factory.provider_rw()?;
+        provider_rw.insert_block(&node_head_block)?;
+        provider_rw.commit()?;
         let exex_head =
             ExExHead { block: BlockNumHash { number: genesis_block.number, hash: genesis_hash } };
 
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ mod tests {
         .try_recover()?;
         let node_head = node_head_block.num_hash();
         let provider_rw = provider.database_provider_rw()?;
-        provider_rw.insert_block(node_head_block)?;
+        provider_rw.insert_block(&node_head_block)?;
         provider_rw.commit()?;
         let node_head_notification = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
             new: Arc::new(

crates/exex/exex/src/wal/cache.rs

@@ -116,6 +116,11 @@ impl BlockCache {
                 self.committed_blocks.insert(block.hash(), (file_id, cached_block));
             }
 
+            let first_block_number = committed_chain.first().number();
+            self.lowest_committed_block_height = Some(
+                self.lowest_committed_block_height
+                    .map_or(first_block_number, |lowest| lowest.min(first_block_number)),
+            );
             self.highest_committed_block_height = Some(committed_chain.tip().number());
         }
     }

crates/net/discv4/src/config.rs

@@ -212,13 +212,13 @@ impl Discv4ConfigBuilder {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Whether to enforce expiration timestamps in messages.
+    /// Whether to enable EIP-868
     pub const fn enable_eip868(&mut self, enable_eip868: bool) -> &mut Self {
         self.config.enable_eip868 = enable_eip868;
         self
     }
 
-    /// Whether to enable EIP-868
+    /// Whether to enforce expiration timestamps in messages.
     pub const fn enforce_expiration_timestamps(
         &mut self,
         enforce_expiration_timestamps: bool,

crates/net/discv5/src/enr.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub fn discv4_id_to_discv5_id(peer_id: PeerId) -> Result<NodeId, secp256k1::Erro
     Ok(id2pk(peer_id)?.into())
 }
 
-/// Converts a [`PeerId`] to a [`reth_network_peers::PeerId`].
+/// Converts a [`PeerId`] to a [`discv5::libp2p_identity::PeerId`].
 pub fn discv4_id_to_multiaddr_id(
     peer_id: PeerId,
 ) -> Result<discv5::libp2p_identity::PeerId, secp256k1::Error> {

crates/net/discv5/src/lib.rs

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ pub struct Discv5 {
     metrics: Discv5Metrics,
     /// Returns the _local_ [`NodeRecord`] this service was started with.
     // Note: we must track this separately because the `discv5::Discv5` does not necessarily
-    // provide this via it's [`local_enr`](discv5::Discv5::local_ner()) This is intended for
+    // provide this via its [`local_enr`](discv5::Discv5::local_enr()). This is intended for
     // obtaining the port this service was launched at
     local_node_record: NodeRecord,
 }

crates/net/dns/src/tree.rs

@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ impl TreeRootEntry {
         Ok(Self { enr_root, link_root, sequence_number, signature })
     }
 
-    /// Returns the _unsigned_ content pairs of the entry:
+    /// Returns the _unsigned_ content of the entry used for signing:
     ///
     /// ```text
-    /// e=<enr-root> l=<link-root> seq=<sequence-number> sig=<signature>
+    /// enrtree-root:v1 e=<enr-root> l=<link-root> seq=<sequence-number>
     /// ```
     fn content(&self) -> String {
         format!(

crates/net/ecies/src/algorithm.rs

@@ -312,7 +312,6 @@ impl ECIES {
 
     /// Create a new ECIES client with the given static secret key and remote peer ID.
     pub fn new_client(secret_key: SecretKey, remote_id: PeerId) -> Result<Self, ECIESError> {
-        // TODO(rand): use rng for nonce
         let mut rng = rng();
         let nonce = B256::random();
         let ephemeral_secret_key = SecretKey::new(&mut rng);

crates/net/eth-wire-types/src/broadcast.rs

@@ -409,6 +409,13 @@ impl NewPooledTransactionHashes68 {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Shrinks the capacity of the message vectors as much as possible.
+    pub fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self) {
+        self.hashes.shrink_to_fit();
+        self.sizes.shrink_to_fit();
+        self.types.shrink_to_fit()
+    }
+
     /// Consumes and appends a transaction
     pub fn with_transaction<T: SignedTransaction>(mut self, tx: &T) -> Self {
         self.push(tx);

crates/net/eth-wire/src/p2pstream.rs

@@ -101,8 +101,9 @@ where
             .or(Err(P2PStreamError::HandshakeError(P2PHandshakeError::Timeout)))?
             .ok_or(P2PStreamError::HandshakeError(P2PHandshakeError::NoResponse))??;
 
-        // let's check the compressed length first, we will need to check again once confirming
-        // that it contains snappy-compressed data (this will be the case for all non-p2p messages).
+        // Check that the uncompressed message length does not exceed the max payload size.
+        // Note: The first message (Hello/Disconnect) is not snappy compressed. We will check the
+        // decompressed length again for subsequent messages after the handshake.
         if first_message_bytes.len() > MAX_PAYLOAD_SIZE {
             return Err(P2PStreamError::MessageTooBig {
                 message_size: first_message_bytes.len(),

crates/net/network/src/discovery.rs

@@ -151,13 +151,16 @@ impl Discovery {
         self.discovery_listeners.retain_mut(|listener| listener.send(event.clone()).is_ok());
     }
 
-    /// Updates the `eth:ForkId` field in discv4.
+    /// Updates the `eth:ForkId` field in discv4/discv5.
     pub(crate) fn update_fork_id(&self, fork_id: ForkId) {
         if let Some(discv4) = &self.discv4 {
             // use forward-compatible forkid entry
             discv4.set_eip868_rlp(b"eth".to_vec(), EnrForkIdEntry::from(fork_id))
         }
-        // todo: update discv5 enr
+        if let Some(discv5) = &self.discv5 {
+            discv5
+                .encode_and_set_eip868_in_local_enr(b"eth".to_vec(), EnrForkIdEntry::from(fork_id))
+        }
     }
 
     /// Bans the [`IpAddr`] in the discovery service.

crates/net/network/src/fetch/mod.rs

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> StateFetcher<N> {
 
         let request = self.queued_requests.pop_front().expect("not empty");
         let Some(peer_id) = self.next_best_peer(request.best_peer_requirements()) else {
-            // need to put back the the request
+            // need to put back the request
             self.queued_requests.push_front(request);
             return PollAction::NoPeersAvailable
         };
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ impl Peer {
     /// A peer has a "better range" if:
     /// 1. It can fully cover the requested range while the other cannot
     /// 2. None can fully cover the range, but this peer has lower start value
-    /// 3. If a peer doesnt announce a range we assume it has full history, but check the other's
+    /// 3. If a peer doesn't announce a range we assume it has full history, but check the other's
     ///    range and treat that as better if it can cover the range
     fn has_better_range(&self, other: &Self, range: &RangeInclusive<u64>) -> bool {
         let self_range = self.range();

crates/net/network/src/session/mod.rs

@@ -539,9 +539,12 @@ impl<N: NetworkPrimitives> SessionManager<N> {
                 let version = conn.version();
 
                 // Configure the interval at which the range information is updated, starting with
-                // ETH69
+                // ETH69. We use interval_at to delay the first tick, avoiding sending
+                // BlockRangeUpdate immediately after connection (which can cause issues with
+                // peers that don't properly handle the message).
                 let range_update_interval = (conn.version() >= EthVersion::Eth69).then(|| {
-                    let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(RANGE_UPDATE_INTERVAL);
+                    let start = tokio::time::Instant::now() + RANGE_UPDATE_INTERVAL;
+                    let mut interval = tokio::time::interval_at(start, RANGE_UPDATE_INTERVAL);
                     interval.set_missed_tick_behavior(tokio::time::MissedTickBehavior::Delay);
                     interval
                 });

crates/net/network/src/transactions/mod.rs

@@ -860,9 +860,8 @@ where
         peer_id: PeerId,
         propagation_mode: PropagationMode,
     ) -> Option<PropagatedTransactions> {
-        trace!(target: "net::tx", ?peer_id, "Propagating transactions to peer");
-
         let peer = self.peers.get_mut(&peer_id)?;
+        trace!(target: "net::tx", ?peer_id, "Propagating transactions to peer");
         let mut propagated = PropagatedTransactions::default();
 
         // filter all transactions unknown to the peer
@@ -1932,8 +1931,14 @@ impl PooledTransactionsHashesBuilder {
 
     fn build(self) -> NewPooledTransactionHashes {
         match self {
-            Self::Eth66(msg) => msg.into(),
-            Self::Eth68(msg) => msg.into(),
+            Self::Eth66(mut msg) => {
+                msg.0.shrink_to_fit();
+                msg.into()
+            }
+            Self::Eth68(mut msg) => {
+                msg.shrink_to_fit();
+                msg.into()
+            }
         }
     }
 }

crates/net/p2p/src/bodies/downloader.rs

@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@ pub type BodyDownloaderResult<B> = DownloadResult<Vec<BlockResponse<B>>>;
 /// A downloader represents a distinct strategy for submitting requests to download block bodies,
 /// while a [`BodiesClient`][crate::bodies::client::BodiesClient] represents a client capable of
 /// fulfilling these requests.
-pub trait BodyDownloader:
-    Send + Sync + Stream<Item = BodyDownloaderResult<Self::Block>> + Unpin
-{
+pub trait BodyDownloader: Send + Stream<Item = BodyDownloaderResult<Self::Block>> + Unpin {
     /// The Block type this downloader supports
     type Block: Block + 'static;
 

crates/net/p2p/src/bodies/response.rs

@@ -37,6 +37,14 @@ where
             Self::Empty(_) => None,
         }
     }
+
+    /// Return the reference to the response body
+    pub const fn body(&self) -> Option<&B::Body> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Full(block) => Some(block.body()),
+            Self::Empty(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<B: Block> InMemorySize for BlockResponse<B> {

crates/net/p2p/src/headers/downloader.rs

@@ -100,9 +100,7 @@ impl<H: BlockHeader + Sealable> HeaderSyncGap<H> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Validate whether the header is valid in relation to it's parent
-///
-/// Returns Ok(false) if the
+/// Validate whether the header is valid in relation to its parent.
 pub fn validate_header_download<H: BlockHeader>(
     consensus: &dyn HeaderValidator<H>,
     header: &SealedHeader<H>,

crates/node/builder/Cargo.toml

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ secp256k1 = { workspace = true, features = ["global-context", "std", "recovery"]
 ## misc
 aquamarine.workspace = true
 eyre.workspace = true
+parking_lot.workspace = true
 jsonrpsee.workspace = true
 fdlimit.workspace = true
 rayon.workspace = true

crates/node/builder/src/launch/common.rs

@@ -66,8 +66,9 @@ use reth_node_metrics::{
 };
 use reth_provider::{
     providers::{NodeTypesForProvider, ProviderNodeTypes, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider},
-    BlockHashReader, BlockNumReader, ProviderError, ProviderFactory, ProviderResult,
-    StageCheckpointReader, StaticFileProviderBuilder, StaticFileProviderFactory,
+    BlockHashReader, BlockNumReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, ProviderError, ProviderFactory,
+    ProviderResult, RocksDBProviderFactory, StageCheckpointReader, StaticFileProviderBuilder,
+    StaticFileProviderFactory,
 };
 use reth_prune::{PruneModes, PrunerBuilder};
 use reth_rpc_builder::config::RethRpcServerConfig;
@@ -453,11 +454,7 @@ impl<R, ChainSpec: EthChainSpec> LaunchContextWith<Attached<WithConfigs<ChainSpe
     where
         Pool: TransactionPool + Unpin,
     {
-        if let Some(interval) = self.node_config().dev.block_time {
-            MiningMode::interval(interval)
-        } else {
-            MiningMode::instant(pool, self.node_config().dev.block_max_transactions)
-        }
+        self.node_config().dev_mining_mode(pool)
     }
 }
 
@@ -483,6 +480,7 @@ where
             StaticFileProviderBuilder::read_write(self.data_dir().static_files())?
                 .with_metrics()
                 .with_blocks_per_file_for_segments(static_files_config.as_blocks_per_file_map())
+                .with_genesis_block_number(self.chain_spec().genesis().number.unwrap_or_default())
                 .build()?;
 
         // Initialize RocksDB provider with metrics, statistics, and default tables
@@ -500,20 +498,54 @@ where
         )?
         .with_prune_modes(self.prune_modes());
 
-        // Check for consistency between database and static files. If it fails, it unwinds to
-        // the first block that's consistent between database and static files.
-        if let Some(unwind_target) =
-            factory.static_file_provider().check_consistency(&factory.provider()?)?
-        {
+        // Keep MDBX, static files, and RocksDB aligned. If any check fails, unwind to the
+        // earliest consistent block.
+        //
+        // Order matters:
+        // 1) heal static files (no pruning)
+        // 2) check RocksDB (needs static-file tx data)
+        // 3) check static-file checkpoints vs MDBX (may prune)
+        //
+        // Compute one unwind target and run a single unwind.
+
+        let provider_ro = factory.database_provider_ro()?;
+
+        // Step 1: heal file-level inconsistencies (no pruning)
+        factory.static_file_provider().check_file_consistency(&provider_ro)?;
+
+        // Step 2: RocksDB consistency check (needs static files tx data)
+        let rocksdb_unwind = factory.rocksdb_provider().check_consistency(&provider_ro)?;
+
+        // Step 3: Static file checkpoint consistency (may prune)
+        let static_file_unwind = factory
+            .static_file_provider()
+            .check_consistency(&provider_ro)?
+            .map(|target| match target {
+                PipelineTarget::Unwind(block) => block,
+                PipelineTarget::Sync(_) => unreachable!("check_consistency returns Unwind"),
+            });
+
+        // Take the minimum block number to ensure all storage layers are consistent.
+        let unwind_target = [rocksdb_unwind, static_file_unwind].into_iter().flatten().min();
+
+        if let Some(unwind_block) = unwind_target {
             // Highly unlikely to happen, and given its destructive nature, it's better to panic
-            // instead.
+            // instead. Unwinding to 0 would leave MDBX with a huge free list size.
+            let inconsistency_source = match (rocksdb_unwind, static_file_unwind) {
+                (Some(_), Some(_)) => "RocksDB and static file",
+                (Some(_), None) => "RocksDB",
+                (None, Some(_)) => "static file",
+                (None, None) => unreachable!(),
+            };
             assert_ne!(
-                unwind_target,
-                PipelineTarget::Unwind(0),
-                "A static file <> database inconsistency was found that would trigger an unwind to block 0"
+                unwind_block, 0,
+                "A {} inconsistency was found that would trigger an unwind to block 0",
+                inconsistency_source
             );
 
-            info!(target: "reth::cli", unwind_target = %unwind_target, "Executing an unwind after a failed storage consistency check.");
+            let unwind_target = PipelineTarget::Unwind(unwind_block);
+
+            info!(target: "reth::cli", %unwind_target, %inconsistency_source, "Executing unwind after consistency check.");
 
             let (_tip_tx, tip_rx) = watch::channel(B256::ZERO);
 
@@ -547,7 +579,7 @@ where
                 }),
             );
             rx.await?.inspect_err(|err| {
-                error!(target: "reth::cli", unwind_target = %unwind_target, %err, "failed to run unwind")
+                error!(target: "reth::cli", %unwind_target, %inconsistency_source, %err, "failed to run unwind")
             })?;
         }
 
@@ -616,7 +648,7 @@ where
                     target_triple: version_metadata().vergen_cargo_target_triple.as_ref(),
                     build_profile: version_metadata().build_profile_name.as_ref(),
                 },
-                ChainSpecInfo { name: self.left().config.chain.chain().to_string() },
+                ChainSpecInfo { name: self.chain_id().to_string() },
                 self.task_executor().clone(),
                 Hooks::builder()
                     .with_hook({
@@ -937,28 +969,44 @@ where
     ///
     /// A target block hash if the pipeline is inconsistent, otherwise `None`.
     pub fn check_pipeline_consistency(&self) -> ProviderResult<Option<B256>> {
+        // We skip the era stage if it's not enabled
+        let era_enabled = self.era_import_source().is_some();
+        let mut all_stages =
+            StageId::ALL.into_iter().filter(|id| era_enabled || id != &StageId::Era);
+
+        // Get the expected first stage based on config.
+        let first_stage = all_stages.next().expect("there must be at least one stage");
+
         // If no target was provided, check if the stages are congruent - check if the
         // checkpoint of the last stage matches the checkpoint of the first.
         let first_stage_checkpoint = self
             .blockchain_db()
-            .get_stage_checkpoint(*StageId::ALL.first().unwrap())?
+            .get_stage_checkpoint(first_stage)?
             .unwrap_or_default()
             .block_number;
 
-        // Skip the first stage as we've already retrieved it and comparing all other checkpoints
-        // against it.
-        for stage_id in StageId::ALL.iter().skip(1) {
+        // Compare all other stages against the first
+        for stage_id in all_stages {
             let stage_checkpoint = self
                 .blockchain_db()
-                .get_stage_checkpoint(*stage_id)?
+                .get_stage_checkpoint(stage_id)?
                 .unwrap_or_default()
                 .block_number;
 
             // If the checkpoint of any stage is less than the checkpoint of the first stage,
             // retrieve and return the block hash of the latest header and use it as the target.
+            debug!(
+                target: "consensus::engine",
+                first_stage_id = %first_stage,
+                first_stage_checkpoint,
+                stage_id = %stage_id,
+                stage_checkpoint = stage_checkpoint,
+                "Checking stage against first stage",
+            );
             if stage_checkpoint < first_stage_checkpoint {
                 debug!(
                     target: "consensus::engine",
+                    first_stage_id = %first_stage,
                     first_stage_checkpoint,
                     inconsistent_stage_id = %stage_id,
                     inconsistent_stage_checkpoint = stage_checkpoint,
@@ -1043,7 +1091,13 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Spawns the [`EthStatsService`] service if configured.
-    pub async fn spawn_ethstats(&self) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    pub async fn spawn_ethstats<St>(&self, mut engine_events: St) -> eyre::Result<()>
+    where
+        St: Stream<Item = reth_engine_primitives::ConsensusEngineEvent<PrimitivesTy<T::Types>>>
+            + Send
+            + Unpin
+            + 'static,
+    {
         let Some(url) = self.node_config().debug.ethstats.as_ref() else { return Ok(()) };
 
         let network = self.components().network().clone();
@@ -1053,7 +1107,37 @@ where
         info!(target: "reth::cli", "Starting EthStats service at {}", url);
 
         let ethstats = EthStatsService::new(url, network, provider, pool).await?;
-        tokio::spawn(async move { ethstats.run().await });
+
+        // If engine events are provided, spawn listener for new payload reporting
+        let ethstats_for_events = ethstats.clone();
+        let task_executor = self.task_executor().clone();
+        task_executor.spawn(Box::pin(async move {
+            while let Some(event) = engine_events.next().await {
+                use reth_engine_primitives::ConsensusEngineEvent;
+                match event {
+                    ConsensusEngineEvent::ForkBlockAdded(executed, duration) |
+                    ConsensusEngineEvent::CanonicalBlockAdded(executed, duration) => {
+                        let block_hash = executed.recovered_block.num_hash().hash;
+                        let block_number = executed.recovered_block.num_hash().number;
+                        if let Err(e) = ethstats_for_events
+                            .report_new_payload(block_hash, block_number, duration)
+                            .await
+                        {
+                            debug!(
+                                target: "ethstats",
+                                "Failed to report new payload: {}", e
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        // Ignore other event types for ethstats reporting
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }));
+
+        // Spawn main ethstats service
+        task_executor.spawn(Box::pin(async move { ethstats.run().await }));
 
         Ok(())
     }

crates/node/builder/src/launch/engine.rs

@@ -3,16 +3,17 @@
 use crate::{
     common::{Attached, LaunchContextWith, WithConfigs},
     hooks::NodeHooks,
-    rpc::{EngineValidatorAddOn, EngineValidatorBuilder, RethRpcAddOns, RpcHandle},
+    rpc::{EngineShutdown, EngineValidatorAddOn, EngineValidatorBuilder, RethRpcAddOns, RpcHandle},
     setup::build_networked_pipeline,
     AddOns, AddOnsContext, FullNode, LaunchContext, LaunchNode, NodeAdapter,
     NodeBuilderWithComponents, NodeComponents, NodeComponentsBuilder, NodeHandle, NodeTypesAdapter,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::BlockHeader;
-use futures::{stream_select, StreamExt};
+use futures::{stream_select, FutureExt, StreamExt};
 use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
 use reth_engine_service::service::{ChainEvent, EngineService};
 use reth_engine_tree::{
+    chain::FromOrchestrator,
     engine::{EngineApiRequest, EngineRequestHandler},
     tree::TreeConfig,
 };
@@ -260,8 +261,16 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
             )),
         );
 
-        let RpcHandle { rpc_server_handles, rpc_registry, engine_events, beacon_engine_handle } =
-            add_ons.launch_add_ons(add_ons_ctx).await?;
+        let RpcHandle {
+            rpc_server_handles,
+            rpc_registry,
+            engine_events,
+            beacon_engine_handle,
+            engine_shutdown: _,
+        } = add_ons.launch_add_ons(add_ons_ctx).await?;
+
+        // Create engine shutdown handle
+        let (engine_shutdown, shutdown_rx) = EngineShutdown::new();
 
         // Run consensus engine to completion
         let initial_target = ctx.initial_backfill_target()?;
@@ -281,7 +290,7 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
         let startup_sync_state_idle = ctx.node_config().debug.startup_sync_state_idle;
 
         info!(target: "reth::cli", "Starting consensus engine");
-        ctx.task_executor().spawn_critical("consensus engine", Box::pin(async move {
+        let consensus_engine = async move {
             if let Some(initial_target) = initial_target {
                 debug!(target: "reth::cli", %initial_target,  "start backfill sync");
                 // network_handle's sync state is already initialized at Syncing
@@ -291,10 +300,21 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
             }
 
             let mut res = Ok(());
+            let mut shutdown_rx = shutdown_rx.fuse();
 
-            // advance the chain and await payloads built locally to add into the engine api tree handler to prevent re-execution if that block is received as payload from the CL
+            // advance the chain and await payloads built locally to add into the engine api
+            // tree handler to prevent re-execution if that block is received as payload from
+            // the CL
             loop {
                 tokio::select! {
+                    shutdown_req = &mut shutdown_rx => {
+                        if let Ok(req) = shutdown_req {
+                            debug!(target: "reth::cli", "received engine shutdown request");
+                            engine_service.orchestrator_mut().handler_mut().handler_mut().on_event(
+                                FromOrchestrator::Terminate { tx: req.done_tx }.into()
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
                     payload = built_payloads.select_next_some() => {
                         if let Some(executed_block) = payload.executed_block() {
                             debug!(target: "reth::cli", block=?executed_block.recovered_block.num_hash(),  "inserting built payload");
@@ -326,19 +346,21 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
                                 if let Some(head) = ev.canonical_header() {
                                     // Once we're progressing via live sync, we can consider the node is not syncing anymore
                                     network_handle.update_sync_state(SyncState::Idle);
-                                                                        let head_block = Head {
+                                    let head_block = Head {
                                         number: head.number(),
                                         hash: head.hash(),
                                         difficulty: head.difficulty(),
                                         timestamp: head.timestamp(),
-                                        total_difficulty: chainspec.final_paris_total_difficulty().filter(|_| chainspec.is_paris_active_at_block(head.number())).unwrap_or_default(),
+                                        total_difficulty: chainspec.final_paris_total_difficulty()
+                                            .filter(|_| chainspec.is_paris_active_at_block(head.number()))
+                                            .unwrap_or_default(),
                                     };
                                     network_handle.update_status(head_block);
 
                                     let updated = BlockRangeUpdate {
                                         earliest: provider.earliest_block_number().unwrap_or_default(),
-                                        latest:head.number(),
-                                        latest_hash:head.hash()
+                                        latest: head.number(),
+                                        latest_hash: head.hash(),
                                     };
                                     network_handle.update_block_range(updated);
                                 }
@@ -350,7 +372,10 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
             }
 
             let _ = exit.send(res);
-        }));
+        };
+        ctx.task_executor().spawn_critical("consensus engine", Box::pin(consensus_engine));
+
+        let engine_events_for_ethstats = engine_events.new_listener();
 
         let full_node = FullNode {
             evm_config: ctx.components().evm_config().clone(),
@@ -366,12 +391,13 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
                 rpc_registry,
                 engine_events,
                 beacon_engine_handle,
+                engine_shutdown,
             },
         };
         // Notify on node started
         on_node_started.on_event(FullNode::clone(&full_node))?;
 
-        ctx.spawn_ethstats().await?;
+        ctx.spawn_ethstats(engine_events_for_ethstats).await?;
 
         let handle = NodeHandle {
             node_exit_future: NodeExitFuture::new(

crates/node/builder/src/rpc.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
 use alloy_rpc_types::engine::ClientVersionV1;
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::ExecutionData;
 use jsonrpsee::{core::middleware::layer::Either, RpcModule};
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use reth_chain_state::CanonStateSubscriptions;
 use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpecProvider, EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks, Hardforks};
 use reth_node_api::{
@@ -41,7 +42,9 @@ use std::{
     fmt::{self, Debug},
     future::Future,
     ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    sync::Arc,
 };
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
 
 /// Contains the handles to the spawned RPC servers.
 ///
@@ -332,6 +335,8 @@ pub struct RpcHandle<Node: FullNodeComponents, EthApi: EthApiTypes> {
     pub engine_events: EventSender<ConsensusEngineEvent<<Node::Types as NodeTypes>::Primitives>>,
     /// Handle to the beacon consensus engine.
     pub beacon_engine_handle: ConsensusEngineHandle<<Node::Types as NodeTypes>::Payload>,
+    /// Handle to trigger engine shutdown.
+    pub engine_shutdown: EngineShutdown,
 }
 
 impl<Node: FullNodeComponents, EthApi: EthApiTypes> Clone for RpcHandle<Node, EthApi> {
@@ -341,6 +346,7 @@ impl<Node: FullNodeComponents, EthApi: EthApiTypes> Clone for RpcHandle<Node, Et
             rpc_registry: self.rpc_registry.clone(),
             engine_events: self.engine_events.clone(),
             beacon_engine_handle: self.beacon_engine_handle.clone(),
+            engine_shutdown: self.engine_shutdown.clone(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -361,6 +367,7 @@ where
         f.debug_struct("RpcHandle")
             .field("rpc_server_handles", &self.rpc_server_handles)
             .field("rpc_registry", &self.rpc_registry)
+            .field("engine_shutdown", &self.engine_shutdown)
             .finish()
     }
 }
@@ -956,6 +963,7 @@ where
             rpc_registry: registry,
             engine_events,
             beacon_engine_handle: engine_handle,
+            engine_shutdown: EngineShutdown::default(),
         })
     }
 
@@ -1381,6 +1389,7 @@ where
             version: version_metadata().cargo_pkg_version.to_string(),
             commit: version_metadata().vergen_git_sha.to_string(),
         };
+
         Ok(EngineApi::new(
             ctx.node.provider().clone(),
             ctx.config.chain.clone(),
@@ -1392,6 +1401,7 @@ where
             EngineCapabilities::default(),
             engine_validator,
             ctx.config.engine.accept_execution_requests_hash,
+            ctx.node.network().clone(),
         ))
     }
 }
@@ -1426,3 +1436,48 @@ impl IntoEngineApiRpcModule for NoopEngineApi {
         RpcModule::new(())
     }
 }
+
+/// Handle to trigger graceful engine shutdown.
+///
+/// This handle can be used to request a graceful shutdown of the engine,
+/// which will persist all remaining in-memory blocks before terminating.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct EngineShutdown {
+    /// Channel to send shutdown signal.
+    tx: Arc<Mutex<Option<oneshot::Sender<EngineShutdownRequest>>>>,
+}
+
+impl EngineShutdown {
+    /// Creates a new [`EngineShutdown`] handle and returns the receiver.
+    pub fn new() -> (Self, oneshot::Receiver<EngineShutdownRequest>) {
+        let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        (Self { tx: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(tx))) }, rx)
+    }
+
+    /// Requests a graceful engine shutdown.
+    ///
+    /// All remaining in-memory blocks will be persisted before the engine terminates.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a receiver that resolves when shutdown is complete.
+    /// Returns `None` if shutdown was already triggered.
+    pub fn shutdown(&self) -> Option<oneshot::Receiver<()>> {
+        let mut guard = self.tx.lock();
+        let tx = guard.take()?;
+        let (done_tx, done_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let _ = tx.send(EngineShutdownRequest { done_tx });
+        Some(done_rx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for EngineShutdown {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { tx: Arc::new(Mutex::new(None)) }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Request to shutdown the engine.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct EngineShutdownRequest {
+    /// Channel to signal shutdown completion.
+    pub done_tx: oneshot::Sender<()>,
+}

crates/node/core/Cargo.toml

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ tokio.workspace = true
 # Features for vergen to generate correct env vars
 jemalloc = ["reth-cli-util/jemalloc"]
 asm-keccak = ["alloy-primitives/asm-keccak"]
-# Feature to enable opentelemetry export
+keccak-cache-global = ["alloy-primitives/keccak-cache-global"]
 otlp = ["reth-tracing/otlp"]
 
 min-error-logs = ["tracing/release_max_level_error"]

crates/node/core/src/args/log.rs

@@ -61,6 +61,20 @@ pub struct LogArgs {
     )]
     pub journald_filter: String,
 
+    /// Emit traces to samply. Only useful when profiling.
+    #[arg(long = "log.samply", global = true, hide = true)]
+    pub samply: bool,
+
+    /// The filter to use for traces emitted to samply.
+    #[arg(
+        long = "log.samply.filter",
+        value_name = "FILTER",
+        global = true,
+        default_value = "debug",
+        hide = true
+    )]
+    pub samply_filter: String,
+
     /// Sets whether or not the formatter emits ANSI terminal escape codes for colors and other
     /// text formatting.
     #[arg(
@@ -129,6 +143,11 @@ impl LogArgs {
             tracer = tracer.with_file(file, info);
         }
 
+        if self.samply {
+            let config = self.layer_info(LogFormat::Terminal, self.samply_filter.clone(), false);
+            tracer = tracer.with_samply(config);
+        }
+
         let guard = tracer.init_with_layers(layers)?;
         Ok(guard)
     }

crates/node/core/src/args/network.rs

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ use reth_network::{
         DEFAULT_SOFT_LIMIT_BYTE_SIZE_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_RESP_ON_PACK_GET_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_REQ,
         SOFT_LIMIT_BYTE_SIZE_POOLED_TRANSACTIONS_RESPONSE,
     },
-    HelloMessageWithProtocols, NetworkConfigBuilder, NetworkPrimitives, SessionsConfig,
+    HelloMessageWithProtocols, NetworkConfigBuilder, NetworkPrimitives,
 };
 use reth_network_peers::{mainnet_nodes, TrustedPeer};
 use secp256k1::SecretKey;
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ impl NetworkArgs {
         NetworkConfigBuilder::<N>::new(secret_key)
             .external_ip_resolver(self.nat.clone())
             .sessions_config(
-                SessionsConfig::default().with_upscaled_event_buffer(peers_config.max_peers()),
+                config.sessions.clone().with_upscaled_event_buffer(peers_config.max_peers()),
             )
             .peer_config(peers_config)
             .boot_nodes(chain_bootnodes.clone())

crates/node/ethstats/src/ethstats.rs

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ use crate::{
     credentials::EthstatsCredentials,
     error::EthStatsError,
     events::{
-        AuthMsg, BlockMsg, BlockStats, HistoryMsg, LatencyMsg, NodeInfo, NodeStats, PendingMsg,
-        PendingStats, PingMsg, StatsMsg, TxStats, UncleStats,
+        AuthMsg, BlockMsg, BlockStats, HistoryMsg, LatencyMsg, NodeInfo, NodeStats, PayloadMsg,
+        PayloadStats, PendingMsg, PendingStats, PingMsg, StatsMsg, TxStats, UncleStats,
     },
 };
 use alloy_consensus::{BlockHeader, Sealable};
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ const READ_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(30);
 /// authentication, stats reporting, block notifications, and connection management.
 /// It maintains a persistent `WebSocket` connection and automatically reconnects
 /// when the connection is lost.
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EthStatsService<Network, Provider, Pool> {
     /// Authentication credentials for the `EthStats` server
     credentials: EthstatsCredentials,
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ where
                 active: true,
                 syncing: self.network.is_syncing(),
                 peers: self.network.num_connected_peers() as u64,
-                gas_price: 0, // TODO
+                gas_price: self.pool.block_info().pending_basefee,
                 uptime: 100,
             },
         };
@@ -347,6 +347,42 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Report new payload information to the `EthStats` server
+    ///
+    /// Sends information about payload processing time and block details
+    /// to the server for monitoring purposes.
+    pub async fn report_new_payload(
+        &self,
+        block_hash: alloy_primitives::B256,
+        block_number: u64,
+        processing_time: Duration,
+    ) -> Result<(), EthStatsError> {
+        let conn = self.conn.read().await;
+        let conn = conn.as_ref().ok_or(EthStatsError::NotConnected)?;
+
+        let payload_stats = PayloadStats {
+            number: U256::from(block_number),
+            hash: block_hash,
+            processing_time: processing_time.as_millis() as u64,
+        };
+
+        let payload_msg =
+            PayloadMsg { id: self.credentials.node_id.clone(), payload: payload_stats };
+
+        debug!(
+            target: "ethstats",
+            "Reporting new payload: block={}, hash={:?}, processing_time={}ms",
+            block_number,
+            block_hash,
+            processing_time.as_millis()
+        );
+
+        let message = payload_msg.generate_new_payload_message();
+        conn.write_json(&message).await?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Convert a block to `EthStats` block statistics format
     ///
     /// Extracts relevant information from a block and formats it according