fix(rocksdb): filter account/storage history to match MDBX semantics

fix: handle incomplete receipts gracefully in receipt root task (#21285 )
chore(release): prep v1.10.2 release (#21287 )
2026-04-30 03:01:58 -04:00 · 2026-01-22 12:58:59 +00:00 · 2026-01-22 10:52:56 +00:00 · 2026-01-22 10:50:10 +00:00 · 2026-01-22 10:47:38 +00:00 · 2026-01-22 02:05:50 +00:00
278 changed files with 16856 additions and 5171 deletions
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -1,45 +1,52 @@
 *                           @gakonst
-crates/blockchain-tree-api/ @rakita @mattsse @Rjected
-crates/blockchain-tree/     @rakita @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/chain-state/         @fgimenez @mattsse
 crates/chainspec/           @Rjected @joshieDo @mattsse
 crates/cli/                 @mattsse
+crates/config/              @shekhirin @mattsse @Rjected 
 crates/consensus/           @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/e2e-test-utils/      @mattsse @Rjected @klkvr @fgimenez
-crates/engine/              @mattsse @Rjected @fgimenez @mediocregopher @yongkangc
-crates/era/                 @mattsse @RomanHodulak
+crates/engine/              @mattsse @Rjected @mediocregopher @yongkangc
+crates/era/                 @mattsse
+crates/era-downloader/      @mattsse
+crates/era-utils/           @mattsse
 crates/errors/              @mattsse
-crates/ethereum-forks/      @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/ethereum/            @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/etl/                 @joshieDo @shekhirin
-crates/evm/                 @rakita @mattsse @Rjected
+crates/evm/                 @mattsse @Rjected @klkvr
 crates/exex/                @shekhirin
+crates/fs-util/             @mattsse
+crates/metrics/             @mattsse @Rjected 
 crates/net/                 @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/net/downloaders/     @Rjected
 crates/node/                @mattsse @Rjected @klkvr
-crates/optimism/            @mattsse @Rjected @fgimenez
+crates/optimism/            @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/payload/             @mattsse @Rjected
-crates/primitives-traits/   @Rjected @RomanHodulak @mattsse @klkvr
+crates/primitives-traits/   @Rjected @mattsse @klkvr
 crates/primitives/          @Rjected @mattsse @klkvr
 crates/prune/               @shekhirin @joshieDo
-crates/ress                 @shekhirin @Rjected
-crates/revm/                @mattsse @rakita
-crates/rpc/                 @mattsse @Rjected @RomanHodulak
+crates/ress/                @shekhirin @Rjected
+crates/revm/                @mattsse
+crates/rpc/                 @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/stages/              @shekhirin @mediocregopher
 crates/static-file/         @joshieDo @shekhirin
+crates/stateless/           @mattsse
 crates/storage/codecs/      @joshieDo
-crates/storage/db-api/      @joshieDo @rakita
+crates/storage/db-api/      @joshieDo
 crates/storage/db-common/   @Rjected
-crates/storage/db/          @joshieDo @rakita
-crates/storage/errors/      @rakita
-crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/  @rakita @shekhirin
+crates/storage/db/          @joshieDo
+crates/storage/errors/      @joshieDo
+crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/  @shekhirin
 crates/storage/nippy-jar/   @joshieDo @shekhirin
-crates/storage/provider/    @rakita @joshieDo @shekhirin
+crates/storage/provider/    @joshieDo @shekhirin
 crates/storage/storage-api/ @joshieDo
 crates/tasks/               @mattsse
-crates/tokio-util/          @fgimenez
+crates/tokio-util/          @mattsse 
+crates/tracing/             @mattsse @shekhirin
+crates/tracing-otlp/        @mattsse @Rjected 
 crates/transaction-pool/    @mattsse @yongkangc
-crates/trie/                @Rjected @shekhirin @mediocregopher
+crates/trie/                @Rjected @shekhirin @mediocregopher @yongkangc
+bin/reth/                   @mattsse @shekhirin @Rjected 
+bin/reth-bench/             @mattsse @Rjected @shekhirin @yongkangc 
 bin/reth-bench-compare/     @mediocregopher @shekhirin @yongkangc
 etc/                        @Rjected @shekhirin
 .github/                    @gakonst @DaniPopes
--- a/.github/scripts/codspeed-build.sh
+++ b/.github/scripts/codspeed-build.sh
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -eo pipefail
-
-# TODO: Benchmarks run WAY too slow due to excessive amount of iterations.
-
-cmd=(cargo codspeed build --profile profiling)
-crates=(
-    -p reth-primitives
-    -p reth-trie
-    -p reth-trie-common
-    -p reth-trie-sparse
-)
-
-"${cmd[@]}" --features test-utils "${crates[@]}"
--- a/.github/workflows/bench.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bench.yml
@@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ name: bench
 jobs:
  codspeed:
    runs-on: depot-ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        partition: [1, 2]
+        total_partitions: [2]
+        include:
+          - partition: 1
+            crates: "-p reth-primitives -p reth-trie-common -p reth-trie-sparse"
+          - partition: 2
+            crates: "-p reth-trie"
+    name: codspeed (${{ matrix.partition }}/${{ matrix.total_partitions }})
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
        with:
@@ -32,10 +42,10 @@ jobs:
        with:
          tool: cargo-codspeed
      - name: Build the benchmark target(s)
-        run: ./.github/scripts/codspeed-build.sh
+        run: cargo codspeed build --profile profiling --features test-utils ${{ matrix.crates }}
      - name: Run the benchmarks
        uses: CodSpeedHQ/action@v4
        with:
-          run: cargo codspeed run --workspace
+          run: cargo codspeed run ${{ matrix.crates }}
          mode: instrumentation
          token: ${{ secrets.CODSPEED_TOKEN }}
--- a/.github/workflows/check-alloy.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check-alloy.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Checks reth compilation against alloy branches to detect breaking changes.
+# Run on-demand via workflow_dispatch.
+
+name: Check Alloy Breaking Changes
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      alloy_branch:
+        description: 'Branch/rev for alloy-rs/alloy (leave empty to skip)'
+        required: false
+        type: string
+      alloy_evm_branch:
+        description: 'Branch/rev for alloy-rs/evm (alloy-evm, alloy-op-evm) (leave empty to skip)'
+        required: false
+        type: string
+      op_alloy_branch:
+        description: 'Branch/rev for alloy-rs/op-alloy (leave empty to skip)'
+        required: false
+        type: string
+
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+
+jobs:
+  check:
+    name: Check compilation with patched alloy
+    runs-on: depot-ubuntu-latest-16
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          cache-on-failure: true
+
+      - name: Apply alloy patches
+        run: |
+          ARGS=""
+          if [ -n "${{ inputs.alloy_branch }}" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --alloy ${{ inputs.alloy_branch }}"
+          fi
+          if [ -n "${{ inputs.alloy_evm_branch }}" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --evm ${{ inputs.alloy_evm_branch }}"
+          fi
+          if [ -n "${{ inputs.op_alloy_branch }}" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --op ${{ inputs.op_alloy_branch }}"
+          fi
+          
+          if [ -z "$ARGS" ]; then
+            echo "No branches specified, nothing to patch"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          
+          ./scripts/patch-alloy.sh $ARGS
+          
+          echo "=== Final patch section ==="
+          tail -50 Cargo.toml
+
+      - name: Check workspace
+        run: cargo check --workspace --all-features
+
+      - name: Check Optimism
+        run: cargo check -p reth-optimism-node --all-features
--- a/.github/workflows/dependencies.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dependencies.yml
@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ permissions:

 jobs:
  update:
-    uses: ithacaxyz/ci/.github/workflows/cargo-update-pr.yml@main
+    uses: tempoxyz/ci/.github/workflows/cargo-update-pr.yml@main
    secrets:
      token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ jobs:
      - run: zepter run check

  deny:
-    uses: ithacaxyz/ci/.github/workflows/deny.yml@main
+    uses: tempoxyz/ci/.github/workflows/deny.yml@main

  lint-success:
    name: lint success
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ Write comments that remain valuable after the PR is merged. Future readers won't
 unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for LimitedAllocator { ... }

 // Binary search requires sorted input. Panics on unsorted slices.
-fn find_index(items: &[Item], target: &Item) -> Option
+fn find_index(items: &[Item], target: &Item) -> Option<usize>

 // Timeout set to 5s to match EVM block processing limits
 const TRACER_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [workspace.package]
-version = "1.10.0"
+version = "1.10.2"
 edition = "2024"
 rust-version = "1.88"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
@@ -473,22 +473,22 @@ reth-ress-protocol = { path = "crates/ress/protocol" }
 reth-ress-provider = { path = "crates/ress/provider" }

 # revm
-revm = { version = "33.1.0", default-features = false }
-revm-bytecode = { version = "7.1.1", default-features = false }
-revm-database = { version = "9.0.5", default-features = false }
-revm-state = { version = "8.1.1", default-features = false }
-revm-primitives = { version = "21.0.2", default-features = false }
-revm-interpreter = { version = "31.1.0", default-features = false }
-revm-database-interface = { version = "8.0.5", default-features = false }
-op-revm = { version = "14.1.0", default-features = false }
-revm-inspectors = "0.33.2"
+revm = { version = "34.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-bytecode = { version = "8.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-database = { version = "10.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-state = { version = "9.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-primitives = { version = "22.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-interpreter = { version = "32.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-database-interface = { version = "9.0.0", default-features = false }
+op-revm = { version = "15.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-inspectors = "0.34.0"

 # eth
 alloy-chains = { version = "0.2.5", default-features = false }
 alloy-dyn-abi = "1.4.3"
 alloy-eip2124 = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.1.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-evm = { version = "0.25.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-evm = { version = "0.26.3", default-features = false }
 alloy-primitives = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = ["map-foldhash"] }
 alloy-rlp = { version = "0.3.10", default-features = false, features = ["core-net"] }
 alloy-sol-macro = "1.5.0"
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ alloy-transport-ipc = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
 alloy-transport-ws = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }

 # op
-alloy-op-evm = { version = "0.25.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-op-evm = { version = "0.26.3", default-features = false }
 alloy-op-hardforks = "0.4.4"
 op-alloy-rpc-types = { version = "0.23.1", default-features = false }
 op-alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "0.23.1", default-features = false }
@@ -739,15 +739,15 @@ tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", default-features = false }
 tracing-tracy = "0.11"
 triehash = "0.8"
 typenum = "1.15.0"
-vergen = "9.0.4"
+vergen = "9.1.0"
 visibility = "0.1.1"
 walkdir = "2.3.3"
-vergen-git2 = "1.0.5"
+vergen-git2 = "9.1.0"

 # networking
 ipnet = "2.11"

-# [patch.crates-io]
+[patch.crates-io]
 # alloy-consensus = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
 # alloy-contract = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
 # alloy-eips = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
@@ -792,3 +792,37 @@ ipnet = "2.11"

 # alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "a69f0b45a6b0286e16072cb8399e02ce6ceca353" }
 # alloy-op-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "a69f0b45a6b0286e16072cb8399e02ce6ceca353" }
+
+# revm-inspectors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors", rev = "3020ea8" }
+
+# alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "072c248" }
+# alloy-op-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "072c248" }
+
+# Patched by patch-alloy.sh
+alloy-consensus = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-contract = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-eips = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-genesis = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-json-rpc = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-network = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-network-primitives = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-provider = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-pubsub = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-client = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-admin = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-debug = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-engine = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-eth = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-mev = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-trace = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-serde = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-signer = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-signer-local = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-transport = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-transport-http = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-transport-ipc = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-transport-ws = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
--- a/bin/reth-bench-compare/src/node.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench-compare/src/node.rs
@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ impl NodeManager {
            "eth,reth".to_string(),
            "--disable-discovery".to_string(),
            "--trusted-only".to_string(),
+            "--disable-tx-gossip".to_string(),
        ]);

        // Add tracing arguments if OTLP endpoint is configured
--- a/bin/reth-bench/Cargo.toml
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,21 +17,26 @@ workspace = true
 reth-cli-runner.workspace = true
 reth-cli-util.workspace = true
 reth-engine-primitives.workspace = true
+reth-ethereum-primitives.workspace = true
 reth-fs-util.workspace = true
 reth-node-api.workspace = true
 reth-node-core.workspace = true
 reth-primitives-traits.workspace = true
+reth-rpc-api.workspace = true
+
 reth-tracing.workspace = true
+reth-chainspec.workspace = true

 # alloy
 alloy-eips.workspace = true
 alloy-json-rpc.workspace = true
+alloy-consensus.workspace = true
 alloy-network.workspace = true
 alloy-primitives.workspace = true
 alloy-provider = { workspace = true, features = ["engine-api", "pubsub", "reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
 alloy-pubsub.workspace = true
 alloy-rpc-client = { workspace = true, features = ["pubsub"] }
-alloy-rpc-types-engine.workspace = true
+alloy-rpc-types-engine = { workspace = true, features = ["kzg"] }
 alloy-transport-http.workspace = true
 alloy-transport-ipc.workspace = true
 alloy-transport-ws.workspace = true
--- a/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/gas_limit_ramp.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/gas_limit_ramp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+//! Benchmarks empty block processing by ramping the block gas limit.
+
+use crate::{
+    authenticated_transport::AuthenticatedTransportConnect,
+    bench::{
+        helpers::{build_payload, prepare_payload_request, rpc_block_to_header},
+        output::GasRampPayloadFile,
+    },
+    valid_payload::{call_forkchoice_updated, call_new_payload, payload_to_new_payload},
+};
+use alloy_eips::BlockNumberOrTag;
+use alloy_provider::{network::AnyNetwork, Provider, RootProvider};
+use alloy_rpc_client::ClientBuilder;
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{ExecutionPayload, ForkchoiceState, JwtSecret};
+
+use clap::Parser;
+use reqwest::Url;
+use reth_chainspec::ChainSpec;
+use reth_cli_runner::CliContext;
+use reth_ethereum_primitives::TransactionSigned;
+use reth_primitives_traits::constants::{GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR, MAXIMUM_GAS_LIMIT_BLOCK};
+use std::{path::PathBuf, time::Instant};
+use tracing::info;
+
+/// Parses a gas limit value with optional suffix: K for thousand, M for million, G for billion.
+///
+/// Examples: "30000000", "30M", "1G", "2G"
+fn parse_gas_limit(s: &str) -> eyre::Result<u64> {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    if s.is_empty() {
+        return Err(eyre::eyre!("empty value"));
+    }
+
+    let (num_str, multiplier) = if let Some(prefix) = s.strip_suffix(['G', 'g']) {
+        (prefix, 1_000_000_000u64)
+    } else if let Some(prefix) = s.strip_suffix(['M', 'm']) {
+        (prefix, 1_000_000u64)
+    } else if let Some(prefix) = s.strip_suffix(['K', 'k']) {
+        (prefix, 1_000u64)
+    } else {
+        (s, 1u64)
+    };
+
+    let base: u64 = num_str.trim().parse()?;
+    base.checked_mul(multiplier).ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("value overflow"))
+}
+
+/// `reth benchmark gas-limit-ramp` command.
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+pub struct Command {
+    /// Number of blocks to generate. Mutually exclusive with --target-gas-limit.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "BLOCKS", conflicts_with = "target_gas_limit")]
+    blocks: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Target gas limit to ramp up to. The benchmark will generate blocks until the gas limit
+    /// reaches or exceeds this value. Mutually exclusive with --blocks.
+    /// Accepts short notation: K for thousand, M for million, G for billion (e.g., 2G = 2
+    /// billion).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "TARGET_GAS_LIMIT", conflicts_with = "blocks", value_parser = parse_gas_limit)]
+    target_gas_limit: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// The Engine API RPC URL.
+    #[arg(long = "engine-rpc-url", value_name = "ENGINE_RPC_URL")]
+    engine_rpc_url: String,
+
+    /// Path to the JWT secret for Engine API authentication.
+    #[arg(long = "jwt-secret", value_name = "JWT_SECRET")]
+    jwt_secret: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Output directory for benchmark results and generated payloads.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "OUTPUT")]
+    output: PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// Mode for determining when to stop ramping.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum RampMode {
+    /// Ramp for a fixed number of blocks.
+    Blocks(u64),
+    /// Ramp until reaching or exceeding target gas limit.
+    TargetGasLimit(u64),
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute `benchmark gas-limit-ramp` command.
+    pub async fn execute(self, _ctx: CliContext) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let mode = match (self.blocks, self.target_gas_limit) {
+            (Some(blocks), None) => {
+                if blocks == 0 {
+                    return Err(eyre::eyre!("--blocks must be greater than 0"));
+                }
+                RampMode::Blocks(blocks)
+            }
+            (None, Some(target)) => {
+                if target == 0 {
+                    return Err(eyre::eyre!("--target-gas-limit must be greater than 0"));
+                }
+                RampMode::TargetGasLimit(target)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!(
+                    "Exactly one of --blocks or --target-gas-limit must be specified"
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Ensure output directory exists
+        if self.output.is_file() {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("Output path must be a directory"));
+        }
+        if !self.output.exists() {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(&self.output)?;
+            info!("Created output directory: {:?}", self.output);
+        }
+
+        // Set up authenticated provider (used for both Engine API and eth_ methods)
+        let jwt = std::fs::read_to_string(&self.jwt_secret)?;
+        let jwt = JwtSecret::from_hex(jwt)?;
+        let auth_url = Url::parse(&self.engine_rpc_url)?;
+
+        info!("Connecting to Engine RPC at {}", auth_url);
+        let auth_transport = AuthenticatedTransportConnect::new(auth_url, jwt);
+        let client = ClientBuilder::default().connect_with(auth_transport).await?;
+        let provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(client);
+
+        // Get chain spec - required for fork detection
+        let chain_id = provider.get_chain_id().await?;
+        let chain_spec = ChainSpec::from_chain_id(chain_id)
+            .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Unsupported chain id: {chain_id}"))?;
+
+        // Fetch the current head block as parent
+        let parent_block = provider
+            .get_block_by_number(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)
+            .full()
+            .await?
+            .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Failed to fetch latest block"))?;
+
+        let (mut parent_header, mut parent_hash) = rpc_block_to_header(parent_block);
+
+        let canonical_parent = parent_header.number;
+        let start_block = canonical_parent + 1;
+
+        match mode {
+            RampMode::Blocks(blocks) => {
+                info!(
+                    canonical_parent,
+                    start_block,
+                    end_block = start_block + blocks - 1,
+                    "Starting gas limit ramp benchmark (block count mode)"
+                );
+            }
+            RampMode::TargetGasLimit(target) => {
+                info!(
+                    canonical_parent,
+                    start_block,
+                    current_gas_limit = parent_header.gas_limit,
+                    target_gas_limit = target,
+                    "Starting gas limit ramp benchmark (target gas limit mode)"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut blocks_processed = 0u64;
+        let total_benchmark_duration = Instant::now();
+
+        while !should_stop(mode, blocks_processed, parent_header.gas_limit) {
+            let timestamp = parent_header.timestamp.saturating_add(1);
+
+            let request = prepare_payload_request(&chain_spec, timestamp, parent_hash);
+            let new_payload_version = request.new_payload_version;
+
+            let (payload, sidecar) = build_payload(&provider, request).await?;
+
+            let mut block =
+                payload.clone().try_into_block_with_sidecar::<TransactionSigned>(&sidecar)?;
+
+            let max_increase = max_gas_limit_increase(parent_header.gas_limit);
+            let gas_limit =
+                parent_header.gas_limit.saturating_add(max_increase).min(MAXIMUM_GAS_LIMIT_BLOCK);
+
+            block.header.gas_limit = gas_limit;
+
+            let block_hash = block.header.hash_slow();
+            // Regenerate the payload from the modified block, but keep the original sidecar
+            // which contains the actual execution requests data (not just the hash)
+            let (payload, _) = ExecutionPayload::from_block_unchecked(block_hash, &block);
+            let (version, params) = payload_to_new_payload(
+                payload,
+                sidecar,
+                false,
+                block.header.withdrawals_root,
+                Some(new_payload_version),
+            )?;
+
+            // Save payload to file with version info for replay
+            let payload_path =
+                self.output.join(format!("payload_block_{}.json", block.header.number));
+            let file =
+                GasRampPayloadFile { version: version as u8, block_hash, params: params.clone() };
+            let payload_json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&file)?;
+            std::fs::write(&payload_path, &payload_json)?;
+            info!(block_number = block.header.number, path = %payload_path.display(), "Saved payload");
+
+            call_new_payload(&provider, version, params).await?;
+
+            let forkchoice_state = ForkchoiceState {
+                head_block_hash: block_hash,
+                safe_block_hash: block_hash,
+                finalized_block_hash: block_hash,
+            };
+            call_forkchoice_updated(&provider, version, forkchoice_state, None).await?;
+
+            parent_header = block.header;
+            parent_hash = block_hash;
+            blocks_processed += 1;
+        }
+
+        let final_gas_limit = parent_header.gas_limit;
+        info!(
+            total_duration=?total_benchmark_duration.elapsed(),
+            blocks_processed,
+            final_gas_limit,
+            "Benchmark complete"
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+const fn max_gas_limit_increase(parent_gas_limit: u64) -> u64 {
+    (parent_gas_limit / GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR).saturating_sub(1)
+}
+
+const fn should_stop(mode: RampMode, blocks_processed: u64, current_gas_limit: u64) -> bool {
+    match mode {
+        RampMode::Blocks(target_blocks) => blocks_processed >= target_blocks,
+        RampMode::TargetGasLimit(target) => current_gas_limit >= target,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_plain_number() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("30000000").unwrap(), 30_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1").unwrap(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("0").unwrap(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_k_suffix() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1K").unwrap(), 1_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("30k").unwrap(), 30_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("100K").unwrap(), 100_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_m_suffix() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1M").unwrap(), 1_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("30m").unwrap(), 30_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("100M").unwrap(), 100_000_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_g_suffix() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1G").unwrap(), 1_000_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("2g").unwrap(), 2_000_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("10G").unwrap(), 10_000_000_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_with_whitespace() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit(" 1G ").unwrap(), 1_000_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("2 M").unwrap(), 2_000_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_errors() {
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("abc").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("G").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("-1G").is_err());
+    }
+}
--- a/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/generate_big_block.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/generate_big_block.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+//! Command for generating large blocks by packing transactions from real blocks.
+//!
+//! This command fetches transactions from existing blocks and packs them into a single
+//! large block using the `testing_buildBlockV1` RPC endpoint.
+
+use crate::authenticated_transport::AuthenticatedTransportConnect;
+use alloy_eips::{BlockNumberOrTag, Typed2718};
+use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, B256};
+use alloy_provider::{ext::EngineApi, network::AnyNetwork, Provider, RootProvider};
+use alloy_rpc_client::ClientBuilder;
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
+    ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV5, ForkchoiceState, JwtSecret,
+    PayloadAttributes,
+};
+use alloy_transport::layers::RetryBackoffLayer;
+use clap::Parser;
+use eyre::Context;
+use reqwest::Url;
+use reth_cli_runner::CliContext;
+use reth_rpc_api::TestingBuildBlockRequestV1;
+use std::future::Future;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+/// A single transaction with its gas used and raw encoded bytes.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RawTransaction {
+    /// The actual gas used by the transaction (from receipt).
+    pub gas_used: u64,
+    /// The transaction type (e.g., 3 for EIP-4844 blob txs).
+    pub tx_type: u8,
+    /// The raw RLP-encoded transaction bytes.
+    pub raw: Bytes,
+}
+
+/// Abstraction over sources of transactions for big block generation.
+///
+/// Implementors provide transactions from different sources (RPC, database, files, etc.)
+pub trait TransactionSource {
+    /// Fetch transactions from a specific block number.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Ok(None)` if the block doesn't exist.
+    /// Returns `Ok(Some((transactions, gas_used)))` with the block's transactions and total gas.
+    fn fetch_block_transactions(
+        &self,
+        block_number: u64,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = eyre::Result<Option<(Vec<RawTransaction>, u64)>>> + Send;
+}
+
+/// RPC-based transaction source that fetches from a remote node.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RpcTransactionSource {
+    provider: RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+}
+
+impl RpcTransactionSource {
+    /// Create a new RPC transaction source.
+    pub const fn new(provider: RootProvider<AnyNetwork>) -> Self {
+        Self { provider }
+    }
+
+    /// Create from an RPC URL with retry backoff.
+    pub fn from_url(rpc_url: &str) -> eyre::Result<Self> {
+        let client = ClientBuilder::default()
+            .layer(RetryBackoffLayer::new(10, 800, u64::MAX))
+            .http(rpc_url.parse()?);
+        let provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(client);
+        Ok(Self { provider })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TransactionSource for RpcTransactionSource {
+    async fn fetch_block_transactions(
+        &self,
+        block_number: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<Option<(Vec<RawTransaction>, u64)>> {
+        // Fetch block and receipts in parallel
+        let (block, receipts) = tokio::try_join!(
+            self.provider.get_block_by_number(block_number.into()).full(),
+            self.provider.get_block_receipts(block_number.into())
+        )?;
+
+        let Some(block) = block else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let Some(receipts) = receipts else {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("Receipts not found for block {}", block_number));
+        };
+
+        let block_gas_used = block.header.gas_used;
+
+        // Convert cumulative gas from receipts to per-tx gas_used
+        let mut prev_cumulative = 0u64;
+        let transactions: Vec<RawTransaction> = block
+            .transactions
+            .txns()
+            .zip(receipts.iter())
+            .map(|(tx, receipt)| {
+                let cumulative = receipt.inner.inner.inner.receipt.cumulative_gas_used;
+                let gas_used = cumulative - prev_cumulative;
+                prev_cumulative = cumulative;
+
+                let with_encoded = tx.inner.inner.clone().into_encoded();
+                RawTransaction {
+                    gas_used,
+                    tx_type: tx.inner.ty(),
+                    raw: with_encoded.encoded_bytes().clone(),
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        Ok(Some((transactions, block_gas_used)))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Collects transactions from a source up to a target gas usage.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TransactionCollector<S> {
+    source: S,
+    target_gas: u64,
+}
+
+impl<S: TransactionSource> TransactionCollector<S> {
+    /// Create a new transaction collector.
+    pub const fn new(source: S, target_gas: u64) -> Self {
+        Self { source, target_gas }
+    }
+
+    /// Collect transactions starting from the given block number.
+    ///
+    /// Skips blob transactions (type 3) and collects until target gas is reached.
+    /// Returns the collected raw transaction bytes, total gas used, and the next block number.
+    pub async fn collect(&self, start_block: u64) -> eyre::Result<(Vec<Bytes>, u64, u64)> {
+        let mut transactions: Vec<Bytes> = Vec::new();
+        let mut total_gas: u64 = 0;
+        let mut current_block = start_block;
+
+        while total_gas < self.target_gas {
+            let Some((block_txs, _)) = self.source.fetch_block_transactions(current_block).await?
+            else {
+                warn!(block = current_block, "Block not found, stopping");
+                break;
+            };
+
+            for tx in block_txs {
+                // Skip blob transactions (EIP-4844, type 3)
+                if tx.tx_type == 3 {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if total_gas + tx.gas_used <= self.target_gas {
+                    transactions.push(tx.raw);
+                    total_gas += tx.gas_used;
+                }
+
+                if total_gas >= self.target_gas {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            current_block += 1;
+
+            // Stop early if remaining gas is under 1M (close enough to target)
+            let remaining_gas = self.target_gas.saturating_sub(total_gas);
+            if remaining_gas < 1_000_000 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        info!(
+            total_txs = transactions.len(),
+            total_gas,
+            next_block = current_block,
+            "Finished collecting transactions"
+        );
+
+        Ok((transactions, total_gas, current_block))
+    }
+}
+
+/// `reth bench generate-big-block` command
+///
+/// Generates a large block by fetching transactions from existing blocks and packing them
+/// into a single block using the `testing_buildBlockV1` RPC endpoint.
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+pub struct Command {
+    /// The RPC URL to use for fetching blocks (can be an external archive node).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "RPC_URL")]
+    rpc_url: String,
+
+    /// The engine RPC URL (with JWT authentication).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "ENGINE_RPC_URL", default_value = "http://localhost:8551")]
+    engine_rpc_url: String,
+
+    /// The RPC URL for `testing_buildBlockV1` calls (same node as engine, regular RPC port).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "TESTING_RPC_URL", default_value = "http://localhost:8545")]
+    testing_rpc_url: String,
+
+    /// Path to the JWT secret file for engine API authentication.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "JWT_SECRET")]
+    jwt_secret: std::path::PathBuf,
+
+    /// Target gas to pack into the block.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "TARGET_GAS", default_value = "30000000")]
+    target_gas: u64,
+
+    /// Starting block number to fetch transactions from.
+    /// If not specified, starts from the engine's latest block.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FROM_BLOCK")]
+    from_block: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Execute the payload (call newPayload + forkchoiceUpdated).
+    /// If false, only builds the payload and prints it.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "false")]
+    execute: bool,
+
+    /// Number of payloads to generate. Each payload uses the previous as parent.
+    /// When count == 1, the payload is only generated and saved, not executed.
+    /// When count > 1, each payload is executed before building the next.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "1")]
+    count: u64,
+
+    /// Number of transaction batches to prefetch in background when count > 1.
+    /// Higher values reduce latency but use more memory.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "4")]
+    prefetch_buffer: usize,
+
+    /// Output directory for generated payloads. Each payload is saved as `payload_block_N.json`.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "OUTPUT_DIR")]
+    output_dir: std::path::PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// A built payload ready for execution.
+struct BuiltPayload {
+    block_number: u64,
+    envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4,
+    block_hash: B256,
+    timestamp: u64,
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute the `generate-big-block` command
+    pub async fn execute(self, _ctx: CliContext) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        info!(target_gas = self.target_gas, count = self.count, "Generating big block(s)");
+
+        // Set up authenticated engine provider
+        let jwt =
+            std::fs::read_to_string(&self.jwt_secret).wrap_err("Failed to read JWT secret file")?;
+        let jwt = JwtSecret::from_hex(jwt.trim())?;
+        let auth_url = Url::parse(&self.engine_rpc_url)?;
+
+        info!("Connecting to Engine RPC at {}", auth_url);
+        let auth_transport = AuthenticatedTransportConnect::new(auth_url.clone(), jwt);
+        let auth_client = ClientBuilder::default().connect_with(auth_transport).await?;
+        let auth_provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(auth_client);
+
+        // Set up testing RPC provider (for testing_buildBlockV1)
+        info!("Connecting to Testing RPC at {}", self.testing_rpc_url);
+        let testing_client = ClientBuilder::default()
+            .layer(RetryBackoffLayer::new(10, 800, u64::MAX))
+            .http(self.testing_rpc_url.parse()?);
+        let testing_provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(testing_client);
+
+        // Get the parent block (latest canonical block)
+        info!(endpoint = "engine", method = "eth_getBlockByNumber", block = "latest", "RPC call");
+        let parent_block = auth_provider
+            .get_block_by_number(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)
+            .await?
+            .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Failed to fetch latest block"))?;
+
+        let parent_hash = parent_block.header.hash;
+        let parent_number = parent_block.header.number;
+        let parent_timestamp = parent_block.header.timestamp;
+
+        info!(
+            parent_hash = %parent_hash,
+            parent_number = parent_number,
+            "Using initial parent block"
+        );
+
+        // Create output directory
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&self.output_dir).wrap_err_with(|| {
+            format!("Failed to create output directory: {:?}", self.output_dir)
+        })?;
+
+        let start_block = self.from_block.unwrap_or(parent_number);
+
+        // Use pipelined execution when generating multiple payloads
+        if self.count > 1 {
+            self.execute_pipelined(
+                &auth_provider,
+                &testing_provider,
+                start_block,
+                parent_hash,
+                parent_timestamp,
+            )
+            .await?;
+        } else {
+            // Single payload - collect transactions and build
+            let tx_source = RpcTransactionSource::from_url(&self.rpc_url)?;
+            let collector = TransactionCollector::new(tx_source, self.target_gas);
+            let (transactions, _total_gas, _next_block) = collector.collect(start_block).await?;
+
+            if transactions.is_empty() {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!("No transactions collected"));
+            }
+
+            self.execute_sequential(
+                &auth_provider,
+                &testing_provider,
+                transactions,
+                parent_hash,
+                parent_timestamp,
+            )
+            .await?;
+        }
+
+        info!(count = self.count, output_dir = %self.output_dir.display(), "All payloads generated");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Sequential execution path for single payload or no-execute mode.
+    async fn execute_sequential(
+        &self,
+        auth_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        testing_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        transactions: Vec<Bytes>,
+        mut parent_hash: B256,
+        mut parent_timestamp: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        for i in 0..self.count {
+            info!(
+                payload = i + 1,
+                total = self.count,
+                parent_hash = %parent_hash,
+                parent_timestamp = parent_timestamp,
+                "Building payload via testing_buildBlockV1"
+            );
+
+            let built = self
+                .build_payload(testing_provider, &transactions, i, parent_hash, parent_timestamp)
+                .await?;
+
+            self.save_payload(&built)?;
+
+            if self.execute || self.count > 1 {
+                info!(payload = i + 1, block_hash = %built.block_hash, "Executing payload (newPayload + FCU)");
+                self.execute_payload_v4(auth_provider, built.envelope, parent_hash).await?;
+                info!(payload = i + 1, "Payload executed successfully");
+            }
+
+            parent_hash = built.block_hash;
+            parent_timestamp = built.timestamp;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Pipelined execution - fetches transactions and builds payloads in background.
+    async fn execute_pipelined(
+        &self,
+        auth_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        testing_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        start_block: u64,
+        initial_parent_hash: B256,
+        initial_parent_timestamp: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        // Create channel for transaction batches (one batch per payload)
+        let (tx_sender, mut tx_receiver) = mpsc::channel::<Vec<Bytes>>(self.prefetch_buffer);
+
+        // Spawn background task to continuously fetch transaction batches
+        let rpc_url = self.rpc_url.clone();
+        let target_gas = self.target_gas;
+        let count = self.count;
+
+        let fetcher_handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let tx_source = match RpcTransactionSource::from_url(&rpc_url) {
+                Ok(source) => source,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    warn!(error = %e, "Failed to create transaction source");
+                    return;
+                }
+            };
+
+            let collector = TransactionCollector::new(tx_source, target_gas);
+            let mut current_block = start_block;
+
+            for payload_idx in 0..count {
+                match collector.collect(current_block).await {
+                    Ok((transactions, total_gas, next_block)) => {
+                        info!(
+                            payload = payload_idx + 1,
+                            tx_count = transactions.len(),
+                            total_gas,
+                            blocks = format!("{}..{}", current_block, next_block),
+                            "Fetched transactions"
+                        );
+                        current_block = next_block;
+
+                        if tx_sender.send(transactions).await.is_err() {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn!(payload = payload_idx + 1, error = %e, "Failed to fetch transactions");
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        let mut parent_hash = initial_parent_hash;
+        let mut parent_timestamp = initial_parent_timestamp;
+        let mut pending_build: Option<tokio::task::JoinHandle<eyre::Result<BuiltPayload>>> = None;
+
+        for i in 0..self.count {
+            let is_last = i == self.count - 1;
+
+            // Get current payload (either from pending build or build now)
+            let current_payload = if let Some(handle) = pending_build.take() {
+                handle.await??
+            } else {
+                // First payload - wait for transactions and build synchronously
+                let transactions = tx_receiver
+                    .recv()
+                    .await
+                    .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Transaction fetcher stopped unexpectedly"))?;
+
+                if transactions.is_empty() {
+                    return Err(eyre::eyre!("No transactions collected for payload {}", i + 1));
+                }
+
+                info!(
+                    payload = i + 1,
+                    total = self.count,
+                    parent_hash = %parent_hash,
+                    parent_timestamp = parent_timestamp,
+                    tx_count = transactions.len(),
+                    "Building payload via testing_buildBlockV1"
+                );
+                self.build_payload(
+                    testing_provider,
+                    &transactions,
+                    i,
+                    parent_hash,
+                    parent_timestamp,
+                )
+                .await?
+            };
+
+            self.save_payload(&current_payload)?;
+
+            let current_block_hash = current_payload.block_hash;
+            let current_timestamp = current_payload.timestamp;
+
+            // Execute current payload first
+            info!(payload = i + 1, block_hash = %current_block_hash, "Executing payload (newPayload + FCU)");
+            self.execute_payload_v4(auth_provider, current_payload.envelope, parent_hash).await?;
+            info!(payload = i + 1, "Payload executed successfully");
+
+            // Start building next payload in background (if not last) - AFTER execution
+            if !is_last {
+                // Get transactions for next payload (should already be fetched or fetching)
+                let next_transactions = tx_receiver
+                    .recv()
+                    .await
+                    .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Transaction fetcher stopped unexpectedly"))?;
+
+                if next_transactions.is_empty() {
+                    return Err(eyre::eyre!("No transactions collected for payload {}", i + 2));
+                }
+
+                let testing_provider = testing_provider.clone();
+                let next_index = i + 1;
+                let total = self.count;
+
+                pending_build = Some(tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    info!(
+                        payload = next_index + 1,
+                        total = total,
+                        parent_hash = %current_block_hash,
+                        parent_timestamp = current_timestamp,
+                        tx_count = next_transactions.len(),
+                        "Building payload via testing_buildBlockV1"
+                    );
+
+                    Self::build_payload_static(
+                        &testing_provider,
+                        &next_transactions,
+                        next_index,
+                        current_block_hash,
+                        current_timestamp,
+                    )
+                    .await
+                }));
+            }
+
+            parent_hash = current_block_hash;
+            parent_timestamp = current_timestamp;
+        }
+
+        // Clean up the fetcher task
+        drop(tx_receiver);
+        let _ = fetcher_handle.await;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Build a single payload via `testing_buildBlockV1`.
+    async fn build_payload(
+        &self,
+        testing_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        transactions: &[Bytes],
+        index: u64,
+        parent_hash: B256,
+        parent_timestamp: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<BuiltPayload> {
+        Self::build_payload_static(
+            testing_provider,
+            transactions,
+            index,
+            parent_hash,
+            parent_timestamp,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    /// Static version for use in spawned tasks.
+    async fn build_payload_static(
+        testing_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        transactions: &[Bytes],
+        index: u64,
+        parent_hash: B256,
+        parent_timestamp: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<BuiltPayload> {
+        let request = TestingBuildBlockRequestV1 {
+            parent_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            payload_attributes: PayloadAttributes {
+                timestamp: parent_timestamp + 12,
+                prev_randao: B256::ZERO,
+                suggested_fee_recipient: alloy_primitives::Address::ZERO,
+                withdrawals: Some(vec![]),
+                parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::ZERO),
+            },
+            transactions: transactions.to_vec(),
+            extra_data: None,
+        };
+
+        let total_tx_bytes: usize = transactions.iter().map(|tx| tx.len()).sum();
+        info!(
+            payload = index + 1,
+            tx_count = transactions.len(),
+            total_tx_bytes = total_tx_bytes,
+            parent_hash = %parent_hash,
+            "Sending to testing_buildBlockV1"
+        );
+        let envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV5 =
+            testing_provider.client().request("testing_buildBlockV1", [request]).await?;
+
+        let v4_envelope = envelope.try_into_v4()?;
+
+        let inner = &v4_envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.payload_inner.payload_inner;
+        let block_hash = inner.block_hash;
+        let block_number = inner.block_number;
+        let timestamp = inner.timestamp;
+
+        Ok(BuiltPayload { block_number, envelope: v4_envelope, block_hash, timestamp })
+    }
+
+    /// Save a payload to disk.
+    fn save_payload(&self, payload: &BuiltPayload) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let filename = format!("payload_block_{}.json", payload.block_number);
+        let filepath = self.output_dir.join(&filename);
+        let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&payload.envelope)?;
+        std::fs::write(&filepath, &json)
+            .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to write payload to {:?}", filepath))?;
+        info!(block_number = payload.block_number, block_hash = %payload.block_hash, path = %filepath.display(), "Payload saved");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn execute_payload_v4(
+        &self,
+        provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4,
+        parent_hash: B256,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let block_hash =
+            envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.payload_inner.payload_inner.block_hash;
+
+        let status = provider
+            .new_payload_v4(
+                envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload,
+                vec![],
+                B256::ZERO,
+                envelope.execution_requests.to_vec(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+        if !status.is_valid() {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("Payload rejected: {:?}", status));
+        }
+
+        let fcu_state = ForkchoiceState {
+            head_block_hash: block_hash,
+            safe_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            finalized_block_hash: parent_hash,
+        };
+
+        let fcu_result = provider.fork_choice_updated_v3(fcu_state, None).await?;
+
+        if !fcu_result.is_valid() {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("FCU rejected: {:?}", fcu_result));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
--- a/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/helpers.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/helpers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+//! Common helpers for reth-bench commands.
+
+use crate::valid_payload::call_forkchoice_updated;
+use alloy_consensus::Header;
+use alloy_eips::eip4844::kzg_to_versioned_hash;
+use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256};
+use alloy_provider::{ext::EngineApi, network::AnyNetwork, RootProvider};
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
+    CancunPayloadFields, ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadSidecar, ForkchoiceState,
+    PayloadAttributes, PayloadId, PraguePayloadFields,
+};
+use eyre::OptionExt;
+use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
+use reth_node_api::EngineApiMessageVersion;
+use tracing::debug;
+
+/// Prepared payload request data for triggering block building.
+pub(crate) struct PayloadRequest {
+    /// The payload attributes for the new block.
+    pub(crate) attributes: PayloadAttributes,
+    /// The forkchoice state pointing to the parent block.
+    pub(crate) forkchoice_state: ForkchoiceState,
+    /// The engine API version for FCU calls.
+    pub(crate) fcu_version: EngineApiMessageVersion,
+    /// The getPayload version to use (1-5).
+    pub(crate) get_payload_version: u8,
+    /// The newPayload version to use.
+    pub(crate) new_payload_version: EngineApiMessageVersion,
+}
+
+/// Prepare payload attributes and forkchoice state for a new block.
+pub(crate) fn prepare_payload_request(
+    chain_spec: &ChainSpec,
+    timestamp: u64,
+    parent_hash: B256,
+) -> PayloadRequest {
+    let shanghai_active = chain_spec.is_shanghai_active_at_timestamp(timestamp);
+    let cancun_active = chain_spec.is_cancun_active_at_timestamp(timestamp);
+    let prague_active = chain_spec.is_prague_active_at_timestamp(timestamp);
+    let osaka_active = chain_spec.is_osaka_active_at_timestamp(timestamp);
+
+    // FCU version: V3 for Cancun+Prague+Osaka, V2 for Shanghai, V1 otherwise
+    let fcu_version = if cancun_active {
+        EngineApiMessageVersion::V3
+    } else if shanghai_active {
+        EngineApiMessageVersion::V2
+    } else {
+        EngineApiMessageVersion::V1
+    };
+
+    // getPayload version: 5 for Osaka, 4 for Prague, 3 for Cancun, 2 for Shanghai, 1 otherwise
+    // newPayload version: 4 for Prague+Osaka (no V5), 3 for Cancun, 2 for Shanghai, 1 otherwise
+    let (get_payload_version, new_payload_version) = if osaka_active {
+        (5, EngineApiMessageVersion::V4) // Osaka uses getPayloadV5 but newPayloadV4
+    } else if prague_active {
+        (4, EngineApiMessageVersion::V4)
+    } else if cancun_active {
+        (3, EngineApiMessageVersion::V3)
+    } else if shanghai_active {
+        (2, EngineApiMessageVersion::V2)
+    } else {
+        (1, EngineApiMessageVersion::V1)
+    };
+
+    PayloadRequest {
+        attributes: PayloadAttributes {
+            timestamp,
+            prev_randao: B256::ZERO,
+            suggested_fee_recipient: Address::ZERO,
+            withdrawals: shanghai_active.then(Vec::new),
+            parent_beacon_block_root: cancun_active.then_some(B256::ZERO),
+        },
+        forkchoice_state: ForkchoiceState {
+            head_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            safe_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            finalized_block_hash: parent_hash,
+        },
+        fcu_version,
+        get_payload_version,
+        new_payload_version,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Trigger payload building via FCU and retrieve the built payload.
+///
+/// This sends a forkchoiceUpdated with payload attributes to start building,
+/// then calls getPayload to retrieve the result.
+pub(crate) async fn build_payload(
+    provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+    request: PayloadRequest,
+) -> eyre::Result<(ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadSidecar)> {
+    let fcu_result = call_forkchoice_updated(
+        provider,
+        request.fcu_version,
+        request.forkchoice_state,
+        Some(request.attributes.clone()),
+    )
+    .await?;
+
+    let payload_id =
+        fcu_result.payload_id.ok_or_eyre("Payload builder did not return a payload id")?;
+
+    get_payload_with_sidecar(
+        provider,
+        request.get_payload_version,
+        payload_id,
+        request.attributes.parent_beacon_block_root,
+    )
+    .await
+}
+
+/// Convert an RPC block to a consensus header and block hash.
+pub(crate) fn rpc_block_to_header(block: alloy_provider::network::AnyRpcBlock) -> (Header, B256) {
+    let block_hash = block.header.hash;
+    let header = block.header.inner.clone().into_header_with_defaults();
+    (header, block_hash)
+}
+
+/// Compute versioned hashes from KZG commitments.
+fn versioned_hashes_from_commitments(
+    commitments: &[alloy_primitives::FixedBytes<48>],
+) -> Vec<B256> {
+    commitments.iter().map(|c| kzg_to_versioned_hash(c.as_ref())).collect()
+}
+
+/// Fetch an execution payload using the appropriate engine API version.
+pub(crate) async fn get_payload_with_sidecar(
+    provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+    version: u8,
+    payload_id: PayloadId,
+    parent_beacon_block_root: Option<B256>,
+) -> eyre::Result<(ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadSidecar)> {
+    debug!(get_payload_version = ?version, ?payload_id, "Sending getPayload");
+
+    match version {
+        1 => {
+            let payload = provider.get_payload_v1(payload_id).await?;
+            Ok((ExecutionPayload::V1(payload), ExecutionPayloadSidecar::none()))
+        }
+        2 => {
+            let envelope = provider.get_payload_v2(payload_id).await?;
+            let payload = match envelope.execution_payload {
+                alloy_rpc_types_engine::ExecutionPayloadFieldV2::V1(p) => ExecutionPayload::V1(p),
+                alloy_rpc_types_engine::ExecutionPayloadFieldV2::V2(p) => ExecutionPayload::V2(p),
+            };
+            Ok((payload, ExecutionPayloadSidecar::none()))
+        }
+        3 => {
+            let envelope = provider.get_payload_v3(payload_id).await?;
+            let versioned_hashes =
+                versioned_hashes_from_commitments(&envelope.blobs_bundle.commitments);
+            let cancun_fields = CancunPayloadFields {
+                parent_beacon_block_root: parent_beacon_block_root
+                    .ok_or_eyre("parent_beacon_block_root required for V3")?,
+                versioned_hashes,
+            };
+            Ok((
+                ExecutionPayload::V3(envelope.execution_payload),
+                ExecutionPayloadSidecar::v3(cancun_fields),
+            ))
+        }
+        4 => {
+            let envelope = provider.get_payload_v4(payload_id).await?;
+            let versioned_hashes = versioned_hashes_from_commitments(
+                &envelope.envelope_inner.blobs_bundle.commitments,
+            );
+            let cancun_fields = CancunPayloadFields {
+                parent_beacon_block_root: parent_beacon_block_root
+                    .ok_or_eyre("parent_beacon_block_root required for V4")?,
+                versioned_hashes,
+            };
+            let prague_fields = PraguePayloadFields::new(envelope.execution_requests);
+            Ok((
+                ExecutionPayload::V3(envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload),
+                ExecutionPayloadSidecar::v4(cancun_fields, prague_fields),
+            ))
+        }
+        5 => {
+            // V5 (Osaka) - use raw request since alloy doesn't have get_payload_v5 yet
+            let envelope = provider.get_payload_v5(payload_id).await?;
+            let versioned_hashes =
+                versioned_hashes_from_commitments(&envelope.blobs_bundle.commitments);
+            let cancun_fields = CancunPayloadFields {
+                parent_beacon_block_root: parent_beacon_block_root
+                    .ok_or_eyre("parent_beacon_block_root required for V5")?,
+                versioned_hashes,
+            };
+            let prague_fields = PraguePayloadFields::new(envelope.execution_requests);
+            Ok((
+                ExecutionPayload::V3(envelope.execution_payload),
+                ExecutionPayloadSidecar::v4(cancun_fields, prague_fields),
+            ))
+        }
+        _ => panic!("This tool does not support getPayload versions past v5"),
+    }
+}
--- a/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/mod.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/mod.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,16 @@ use reth_node_core::args::LogArgs;
 use reth_tracing::FileWorkerGuard;

 mod context;
+mod gas_limit_ramp;
+mod generate_big_block;
+pub(crate) mod helpers;
+pub use generate_big_block::{
+    RawTransaction, RpcTransactionSource, TransactionCollector, TransactionSource,
+};
 mod new_payload_fcu;
 mod new_payload_only;
 mod output;
+mod replay_payloads;
 mod send_payload;

 /// `reth bench` command
@@ -27,6 +34,9 @@ pub enum Subcommands {
    /// Benchmark which calls `newPayload`, then `forkchoiceUpdated`.
    NewPayloadFcu(new_payload_fcu::Command),

+    /// Benchmark which builds empty blocks with a ramped gas limit.
+    GasLimitRamp(gas_limit_ramp::Command),
+
    /// Benchmark which only calls subsequent `newPayload` calls.
    NewPayloadOnly(new_payload_only::Command),

@@ -41,6 +51,29 @@ pub enum Subcommands {
    /// `cast block latest --full --json | reth-bench send-payload --rpc-url localhost:5000
    /// --jwt-secret $(cat ~/.local/share/reth/mainnet/jwt.hex)`
    SendPayload(send_payload::Command),
+
+    /// Generate a large block by packing transactions from existing blocks.
+    ///
+    /// This command fetches transactions from real blocks and packs them into a single
+    /// block using the `testing_buildBlockV1` RPC endpoint.
+    ///
+    /// Example:
+    ///
+    /// `reth-bench generate-big-block --rpc-url http://localhost:8545 --engine-rpc-url
+    /// http://localhost:8551 --jwt-secret ~/.local/share/reth/mainnet/jwt.hex --target-gas
+    /// 30000000`
+    GenerateBigBlock(generate_big_block::Command),
+
+    /// Replay pre-generated payloads from a directory.
+    ///
+    /// This command reads payload files from a previous `generate-big-block` run and replays
+    /// them in sequence using `newPayload` followed by `forkchoiceUpdated`.
+    ///
+    /// Example:
+    ///
+    /// `reth-bench replay-payloads --payload-dir ./payloads --engine-rpc-url
+    /// http://localhost:8551 --jwt-secret ~/.local/share/reth/mainnet/jwt.hex`
+    ReplayPayloads(replay_payloads::Command),
 }

 impl BenchmarkCommand {
@@ -51,8 +84,11 @@ impl BenchmarkCommand {

        match self.command {
            Subcommands::NewPayloadFcu(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
+            Subcommands::GasLimitRamp(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
            Subcommands::NewPayloadOnly(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
            Subcommands::SendPayload(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
+            Subcommands::GenerateBigBlock(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
+            Subcommands::ReplayPayloads(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
        }
    }

--- a/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/new_payload_fcu.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/new_payload_fcu.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ use crate::{
    bench::{
        context::BenchContext,
        output::{
-            CombinedResult, NewPayloadResult, TotalGasOutput, TotalGasRow, COMBINED_OUTPUT_SUFFIX,
-            GAS_OUTPUT_SUFFIX,
+            write_benchmark_results, CombinedResult, NewPayloadResult, TotalGasOutput, TotalGasRow,
        },
    },
    valid_payload::{block_to_new_payload, call_forkchoice_updated, call_new_payload},
@@ -27,7 +26,6 @@ use alloy_rpc_client::RpcClient;
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::ForkchoiceState;
 use alloy_transport_ws::WsConnect;
 use clap::Parser;
-use csv::Writer;
 use eyre::{Context, OptionExt};
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use humantime::parse_duration;
@@ -123,6 +121,7 @@ impl Command {
            auth_provider,
            mut next_block,
            is_optimism,
+            ..
        } = BenchContext::new(&self.benchmark, self.rpc_url).await?;

        let buffer_size = self.rpc_block_buffer_size;
@@ -188,6 +187,7 @@ impl Command {
            result
        } {
            let gas_used = block.header.gas_used;
+            let gas_limit = block.header.gas_limit;
            let block_number = block.header.number;
            let transaction_count = block.transactions.len() as u64;

@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ impl Command {
            let fcu_latency = total_latency - new_payload_result.latency;
            let combined_result = CombinedResult {
                block_number,
+                gas_limit,
                transaction_count,
                new_payload_result,
                fcu_latency,
@@ -240,28 +241,11 @@ impl Command {
        // since the benchmark goal is measuring Ggas/s of newPayload/FCU, not persistence.
        drop(waiter);

-        let (gas_output_results, combined_results): (_, Vec<CombinedResult>) =
+        let (gas_output_results, combined_results): (Vec<TotalGasRow>, Vec<CombinedResult>) =
            results.into_iter().unzip();

-        // Write CSV output files
        if let Some(ref path) = self.benchmark.output {
-            let output_path = path.join(COMBINED_OUTPUT_SUFFIX);
-            info!("Writing engine api call latency output to file: {:?}", output_path);
-            let mut writer = Writer::from_path(&output_path)?;
-            for result in combined_results {
-                writer.serialize(result)?;
-            }
-            writer.flush()?;
-
-            let output_path = path.join(GAS_OUTPUT_SUFFIX);
-            info!("Writing total gas output to file: {:?}", output_path);
-            let mut writer = Writer::from_path(&output_path)?;
-            for row in &gas_output_results {
-                writer.serialize(row)?;
-            }
-            writer.flush()?;
-
-            info!("Finished writing benchmark output files to {:?}.", path);
+            write_benchmark_results(path, &gas_output_results, combined_results)?;
        }

        let gas_output = TotalGasOutput::new(gas_output_results)?;
--- a/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/new_payload_only.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/new_payload_only.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ impl Command {
            auth_provider,
            mut next_block,
            is_optimism,
+            ..
        } = BenchContext::new(&self.benchmark, self.rpc_url).await?;

        let buffer_size = self.rpc_block_buffer_size;
@@ -96,11 +97,7 @@ impl Command {
            let transaction_count = block.transactions.len() as u64;
            let gas_used = block.header.gas_used;

-            debug!(
-                target: "reth-bench",
-                number=?block.header.number,
-                "Sending payload to engine",
-            );
+            debug!(number=?block.header.number, "Sending payload to engine");

            let (version, params) = block_to_new_payload(block, is_optimism)?;

--- a/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/output.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/output.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 //! Contains various benchmark output formats, either for logging or for
 //! serialization to / from files.

+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use csv::Writer;
 use eyre::OptionExt;
 use reth_primitives_traits::constants::GIGAGAS;
-use serde::{ser::SerializeStruct, Serialize};
-use std::time::Duration;
+use serde::{ser::SerializeStruct, Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::{path::Path, time::Duration};
+use tracing::info;

 /// This is the suffix for gas output csv files.
 pub(crate) const GAS_OUTPUT_SUFFIX: &str = "total_gas.csv";
@@ -15,6 +18,17 @@ pub(crate) const COMBINED_OUTPUT_SUFFIX: &str = "combined_latency.csv";
 /// This is the suffix for new payload output csv files.
 pub(crate) const NEW_PAYLOAD_OUTPUT_SUFFIX: &str = "new_payload_latency.csv";

+/// Serialized format for gas ramp payloads on disk.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct GasRampPayloadFile {
+    /// Engine API version (1-5).
+    pub(crate) version: u8,
+    /// The block hash for FCU.
+    pub(crate) block_hash: B256,
+    /// The params to pass to newPayload.
+    pub(crate) params: serde_json::Value,
+}
+
 /// This represents the results of a single `newPayload` call in the benchmark, containing the gas
 /// used and the `newPayload` latency.
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -67,6 +81,8 @@ impl Serialize for NewPayloadResult {
 pub(crate) struct CombinedResult {
    /// The block number of the block being processed.
    pub(crate) block_number: u64,
+    /// The gas limit of the block.
+    pub(crate) gas_limit: u64,
    /// The number of transactions in the block.
    pub(crate) transaction_count: u64,
    /// The `newPayload` result.
@@ -88,7 +104,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for CombinedResult {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(
            f,
-            "Payload {} processed at {:.4} Ggas/s, used {} total gas. Combined gas per second: {:.4} Ggas/s. fcu latency: {:?}, newPayload latency: {:?}",
+            "Block {} processed at {:.4} Ggas/s, used {} total gas. Combined: {:.4} Ggas/s. fcu: {:?}, newPayload: {:?}",
            self.block_number,
            self.new_payload_result.gas_per_second() / GIGAGAS as f64,
            self.new_payload_result.gas_used,
@@ -110,10 +126,11 @@ impl Serialize for CombinedResult {
        let fcu_latency = self.fcu_latency.as_micros();
        let new_payload_latency = self.new_payload_result.latency.as_micros();
        let total_latency = self.total_latency.as_micros();
-        let mut state = serializer.serialize_struct("CombinedResult", 6)?;
+        let mut state = serializer.serialize_struct("CombinedResult", 7)?;

        // flatten the new payload result because this is meant for CSV writing
        state.serialize_field("block_number", &self.block_number)?;
+        state.serialize_field("gas_limit", &self.gas_limit)?;
        state.serialize_field("transaction_count", &self.transaction_count)?;
        state.serialize_field("gas_used", &self.new_payload_result.gas_used)?;
        state.serialize_field("new_payload_latency", &new_payload_latency)?;
@@ -167,6 +184,36 @@ impl TotalGasOutput {
    }
 }

+/// Write benchmark results to CSV files.
+///
+/// Writes two files to the output directory:
+/// - `combined_latency.csv`: Per-block latency results
+/// - `total_gas.csv`: Per-block gas usage over time
+pub(crate) fn write_benchmark_results(
+    output_dir: &Path,
+    gas_results: &[TotalGasRow],
+    combined_results: Vec<CombinedResult>,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    let output_path = output_dir.join(COMBINED_OUTPUT_SUFFIX);
+    info!("Writing engine api call latency output to file: {:?}", output_path);
+    let mut writer = Writer::from_path(&output_path)?;
+    for result in combined_results {
+        writer.serialize(result)?;
+    }
+    writer.flush()?;
+
+    let output_path = output_dir.join(GAS_OUTPUT_SUFFIX);
+    info!("Writing total gas output to file: {:?}", output_path);
+    let mut writer = Writer::from_path(&output_path)?;
+    for row in gas_results {
+        writer.serialize(row)?;
+    }
+    writer.flush()?;
+
+    info!("Finished writing benchmark output files to {:?}.", output_dir);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// This serializes the `time` field of the [`TotalGasRow`] to microseconds.
 ///
 /// This is essentially just for the csv writer, which would have headers
--- a/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/replay_payloads.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/src/bench/replay_payloads.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+//! Command for replaying pre-generated payloads from disk.
+//!
+//! This command reads `ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4` files from a directory and replays them
+//! in sequence using `newPayload` followed by `forkchoiceUpdated`.
+
+use crate::{
+    authenticated_transport::AuthenticatedTransportConnect,
+    bench::output::GasRampPayloadFile,
+    valid_payload::{call_forkchoice_updated, call_new_payload},
+};
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use alloy_provider::{ext::EngineApi, network::AnyNetwork, Provider, RootProvider};
+use alloy_rpc_client::ClientBuilder;
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4, ForkchoiceState, JwtSecret};
+use clap::Parser;
+use eyre::Context;
+use reqwest::Url;
+use reth_cli_runner::CliContext;
+use reth_node_api::EngineApiMessageVersion;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use tracing::{debug, info};
+
+/// `reth bench replay-payloads` command
+///
+/// Replays pre-generated payloads from a directory by calling `newPayload` followed by
+/// `forkchoiceUpdated` for each payload in sequence.
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+pub struct Command {
+    /// The engine RPC URL (with JWT authentication).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "ENGINE_RPC_URL", default_value = "http://localhost:8551")]
+    engine_rpc_url: String,
+
+    /// Path to the JWT secret file for engine API authentication.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "JWT_SECRET")]
+    jwt_secret: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Directory containing payload files (`payload_block_N.json`).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "PAYLOAD_DIR")]
+    payload_dir: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Optional limit on the number of payloads to replay.
+    /// If not specified, replays all payloads in the directory.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "COUNT")]
+    count: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Skip the first N payloads.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "SKIP", default_value = "0")]
+    skip: usize,
+
+    /// Optional directory containing gas ramp payloads to replay first.
+    /// These are replayed before the main payloads to warm up the gas limit.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "GAS_RAMP_DIR")]
+    gas_ramp_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+/// A loaded payload ready for execution.
+struct LoadedPayload {
+    /// The index (from filename).
+    index: u64,
+    /// The payload envelope.
+    envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4,
+    /// The block hash.
+    block_hash: B256,
+}
+
+/// A gas ramp payload loaded from disk.
+struct GasRampPayload {
+    /// Block number from filename.
+    block_number: u64,
+    /// Engine API version for newPayload.
+    version: EngineApiMessageVersion,
+    /// The file contents.
+    file: GasRampPayloadFile,
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute the `replay-payloads` command.
+    pub async fn execute(self, _ctx: CliContext) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        info!(payload_dir = %self.payload_dir.display(), "Replaying payloads");
+
+        // Set up authenticated engine provider
+        let jwt =
+            std::fs::read_to_string(&self.jwt_secret).wrap_err("Failed to read JWT secret file")?;
+        let jwt = JwtSecret::from_hex(jwt.trim())?;
+        let auth_url = Url::parse(&self.engine_rpc_url)?;
+
+        info!("Connecting to Engine RPC at {}", auth_url);
+        let auth_transport = AuthenticatedTransportConnect::new(auth_url.clone(), jwt);
+        let auth_client = ClientBuilder::default().connect_with(auth_transport).await?;
+        let auth_provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(auth_client);
+
+        // Get parent block (latest canonical block) - we need this for the first FCU
+        let parent_block = auth_provider
+            .get_block_by_number(alloy_eips::BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)
+            .await?
+            .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Failed to fetch latest block"))?;
+
+        let initial_parent_hash = parent_block.header.hash;
+        let initial_parent_number = parent_block.header.number;
+
+        info!(
+            parent_hash = %initial_parent_hash,
+            parent_number = initial_parent_number,
+            "Using initial parent block"
+        );
+
+        // Load all payloads upfront to avoid I/O delays between phases
+        let gas_ramp_payloads = if let Some(ref gas_ramp_dir) = self.gas_ramp_dir {
+            let payloads = self.load_gas_ramp_payloads(gas_ramp_dir)?;
+            if payloads.is_empty() {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!("No gas ramp payload files found in {:?}", gas_ramp_dir));
+            }
+            info!(count = payloads.len(), "Loaded gas ramp payloads from disk");
+            payloads
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        };
+
+        let payloads = self.load_payloads()?;
+        if payloads.is_empty() {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("No payload files found in {:?}", self.payload_dir));
+        }
+        info!(count = payloads.len(), "Loaded main payloads from disk");
+
+        let mut parent_hash = initial_parent_hash;
+
+        // Replay gas ramp payloads first
+        for (i, payload) in gas_ramp_payloads.iter().enumerate() {
+            info!(
+                gas_ramp_payload = i + 1,
+                total = gas_ramp_payloads.len(),
+                block_number = payload.block_number,
+                block_hash = %payload.file.block_hash,
+                "Executing gas ramp payload (newPayload + FCU)"
+            );
+
+            call_new_payload(&auth_provider, payload.version, payload.file.params.clone()).await?;
+
+            let fcu_state = ForkchoiceState {
+                head_block_hash: payload.file.block_hash,
+                safe_block_hash: parent_hash,
+                finalized_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            };
+            call_forkchoice_updated(&auth_provider, payload.version, fcu_state, None).await?;
+
+            info!(gas_ramp_payload = i + 1, "Gas ramp payload executed successfully");
+            parent_hash = payload.file.block_hash;
+        }
+
+        if !gas_ramp_payloads.is_empty() {
+            info!(count = gas_ramp_payloads.len(), "All gas ramp payloads replayed");
+        }
+
+        for (i, payload) in payloads.iter().enumerate() {
+            info!(
+                payload = i + 1,
+                total = payloads.len(),
+                index = payload.index,
+                block_hash = %payload.block_hash,
+                "Executing payload (newPayload + FCU)"
+            );
+
+            self.execute_payload_v4(&auth_provider, &payload.envelope, parent_hash).await?;
+
+            info!(payload = i + 1, "Payload executed successfully");
+            parent_hash = payload.block_hash;
+        }
+
+        info!(count = payloads.len(), "All payloads replayed successfully");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Load and parse all payload files from the directory.
+    fn load_payloads(&self) -> eyre::Result<Vec<LoadedPayload>> {
+        let mut payloads = Vec::new();
+
+        // Read directory entries
+        let entries: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(&self.payload_dir)
+            .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to read directory {:?}", self.payload_dir))?
+            .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
+            .filter(|e| {
+                e.path().extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("json") &&
+                    e.file_name().to_string_lossy().starts_with("payload_block_")
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Parse filenames to get indices and sort
+        let mut indexed_paths: Vec<(u64, PathBuf)> = entries
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                let name = e.file_name();
+                let name_str = name.to_string_lossy();
+                // Extract index from "payload_NNN.json"
+                let index_str = name_str.strip_prefix("payload_block_")?.strip_suffix(".json")?;
+                let index: u64 = index_str.parse().ok()?;
+                Some((index, e.path()))
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        indexed_paths.sort_by_key(|(idx, _)| *idx);
+
+        // Apply skip and count
+        let indexed_paths: Vec<_> = indexed_paths.into_iter().skip(self.skip).collect();
+        let indexed_paths: Vec<_> = match self.count {
+            Some(count) => indexed_paths.into_iter().take(count).collect(),
+            None => indexed_paths,
+        };
+
+        // Load each payload
+        for (index, path) in indexed_paths {
+            let content = std::fs::read_to_string(&path)
+                .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to read {:?}", path))?;
+            let envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4 = serde_json::from_str(&content)
+                .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to parse {:?}", path))?;
+
+            let block_hash =
+                envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.payload_inner.payload_inner.block_hash;
+
+            info!(
+                index = index,
+                block_hash = %block_hash,
+                path = %path.display(),
+                "Loaded payload"
+            );
+
+            payloads.push(LoadedPayload { index, envelope, block_hash });
+        }
+
+        Ok(payloads)
+    }
+
+    /// Load and parse gas ramp payload files from a directory.
+    fn load_gas_ramp_payloads(&self, dir: &PathBuf) -> eyre::Result<Vec<GasRampPayload>> {
+        let mut payloads = Vec::new();
+
+        let entries: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(dir)
+            .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to read directory {:?}", dir))?
+            .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
+            .filter(|e| {
+                e.path().extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("json") &&
+                    e.file_name().to_string_lossy().starts_with("payload_block_")
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Parse filenames to get block numbers and sort
+        let mut indexed_paths: Vec<(u64, PathBuf)> = entries
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                let name = e.file_name();
+                let name_str = name.to_string_lossy();
+                // Extract block number from "payload_block_NNN.json"
+                let block_str = name_str.strip_prefix("payload_block_")?.strip_suffix(".json")?;
+                let block_number: u64 = block_str.parse().ok()?;
+                Some((block_number, e.path()))
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        indexed_paths.sort_by_key(|(num, _)| *num);
+
+        for (block_number, path) in indexed_paths {
+            let content = std::fs::read_to_string(&path)
+                .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to read {:?}", path))?;
+            let file: GasRampPayloadFile = serde_json::from_str(&content)
+                .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to parse {:?}", path))?;
+
+            let version = match file.version {
+                1 => EngineApiMessageVersion::V1,
+                2 => EngineApiMessageVersion::V2,
+                3 => EngineApiMessageVersion::V3,
+                4 => EngineApiMessageVersion::V4,
+                5 => EngineApiMessageVersion::V5,
+                v => return Err(eyre::eyre!("Invalid version {} in {:?}", v, path)),
+            };
+
+            info!(
+                block_number,
+                block_hash = %file.block_hash,
+                path = %path.display(),
+                "Loaded gas ramp payload"
+            );
+
+            payloads.push(GasRampPayload { block_number, version, file });
+        }
+
+        Ok(payloads)
+    }
+
+    async fn execute_payload_v4(
+        &self,
+        provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        envelope: &ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4,
+        parent_hash: B256,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let block_hash =
+            envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.payload_inner.payload_inner.block_hash;
+
+        debug!(
+            method = "engine_newPayloadV4",
+            block_hash = %block_hash,
+            "Sending newPayload"
+        );
+
+        let status = provider
+            .new_payload_v4(
+                envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.clone(),
+                vec![],
+                B256::ZERO,
+                envelope.execution_requests.to_vec(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+        info!(?status, "newPayloadV4 response");
+
+        if !status.is_valid() {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("Payload rejected: {:?}", status));
+        }
+
+        let fcu_state = ForkchoiceState {
+            head_block_hash: block_hash,
+            safe_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            finalized_block_hash: parent_hash,
+        };
+
+        debug!(method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV3", ?fcu_state, "Sending forkchoiceUpdated");
+
+        let fcu_result = provider.fork_choice_updated_v3(fcu_state, None).await?;
+
+        info!(?fcu_result, "forkchoiceUpdatedV3 response");
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
--- a/bin/reth-bench/src/valid_payload.rs
+++ b/bin/reth-bench/src/valid_payload.rs
@@ -3,15 +3,16 @@
 //! before sending additional calls.

 use alloy_eips::eip7685::Requests;
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use alloy_provider::{ext::EngineApi, network::AnyRpcBlock, Network, Provider};
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
-    ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadInputV2, ForkchoiceState, ForkchoiceUpdated,
-    PayloadAttributes, PayloadStatus,
+    ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadInputV2, ExecutionPayloadSidecar, ForkchoiceState,
+    ForkchoiceUpdated, PayloadAttributes, PayloadStatus,
 };
 use alloy_transport::TransportResult;
 use op_alloy_rpc_types_engine::OpExecutionPayloadV4;
 use reth_node_api::EngineApiMessageVersion;
-use tracing::error;
+use tracing::{debug, error};

 /// An extension trait for providers that implement the engine API, to wait for a VALID response.
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -52,6 +53,13 @@ where
        fork_choice_state: ForkchoiceState,
        payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
    ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
+        debug!(
+            method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV1",
+            ?fork_choice_state,
+            ?payload_attributes,
+            "Sending forkchoiceUpdated"
+        );
+
        let mut status =
            self.fork_choice_updated_v1(fork_choice_state, payload_attributes.clone()).await?;

@@ -82,6 +90,13 @@ where
        fork_choice_state: ForkchoiceState,
        payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
    ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
+        debug!(
+            method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV2",
+            ?fork_choice_state,
+            ?payload_attributes,
+            "Sending forkchoiceUpdated"
+        );
+
        let mut status =
            self.fork_choice_updated_v2(fork_choice_state, payload_attributes.clone()).await?;

@@ -112,6 +127,13 @@ where
        fork_choice_state: ForkchoiceState,
        payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
    ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
+        debug!(
+            method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV3",
+            ?fork_choice_state,
+            ?payload_attributes,
+            "Sending forkchoiceUpdated"
+        );
+
        let mut status =
            self.fork_choice_updated_v3(fork_choice_state, payload_attributes.clone()).await?;

@@ -148,33 +170,47 @@ pub(crate) fn block_to_new_payload(

    // Convert to execution payload
    let (payload, sidecar) = ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow(&block);
+    payload_to_new_payload(payload, sidecar, is_optimism, block.withdrawals_root, None)
+}

+pub(crate) fn payload_to_new_payload(
+    payload: ExecutionPayload,
+    sidecar: ExecutionPayloadSidecar,
+    is_optimism: bool,
+    withdrawals_root: Option<B256>,
+    target_version: Option<EngineApiMessageVersion>,
+) -> eyre::Result<(EngineApiMessageVersion, serde_json::Value)> {
    let (version, params) = match payload {
        ExecutionPayload::V3(payload) => {
            let cancun = sidecar.cancun().unwrap();

            if let Some(prague) = sidecar.prague() {
+                // Use target version if provided (for Osaka), otherwise default to V4
+                let version = target_version.unwrap_or(EngineApiMessageVersion::V4);
+
                if is_optimism {
+                    let withdrawals_root = withdrawals_root.ok_or_else(|| {
+                        eyre::eyre!("Missing withdrawals root for Optimism payload")
+                    })?;
                    (
-                        EngineApiMessageVersion::V4,
+                        version,
                        serde_json::to_value((
-                            OpExecutionPayloadV4 {
-                                payload_inner: payload,
-                                withdrawals_root: block.withdrawals_root.unwrap(),
-                            },
+                            OpExecutionPayloadV4 { payload_inner: payload, withdrawals_root },
                            cancun.versioned_hashes.clone(),
                            cancun.parent_beacon_block_root,
                            Requests::default(),
                        ))?,
                    )
                } else {
+                    // Extract actual Requests from RequestsOrHash
+                    let requests = prague.requests.requests_hash();
                    (
-                        EngineApiMessageVersion::V4,
+                        version,
                        serde_json::to_value((
                            payload,
                            cancun.versioned_hashes.clone(),
                            cancun.parent_beacon_block_root,
-                            prague.requests.requests_hash(),
+                            requests,
                        ))?,
                    )
                }
@@ -217,6 +253,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn call_new_payload<N: Network, P: Provider<N>>(
 ) -> TransportResult<()> {
    let method = version.method_name();

+    debug!(method, "Sending newPayload");
+
    let mut status: PayloadStatus = provider.client().request(method, &params).await?;

    while !status.is_valid() {
@@ -237,12 +275,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn call_new_payload<N: Network, P: Provider<N>>(
 /// Calls the correct `engine_forkchoiceUpdated` method depending on the given
 /// `EngineApiMessageVersion`, using the provided forkchoice state and payload attributes for the
 /// actual engine api message call.
+///
+/// Note: For Prague (V4), we still use forkchoiceUpdatedV3 as there is no V4.
 pub(crate) async fn call_forkchoice_updated<N, P: EngineApiValidWaitExt<N>>(
    provider: P,
    message_version: EngineApiMessageVersion,
    forkchoice_state: ForkchoiceState,
    payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
 ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
+    // FCU V3 is used for both Cancun and Prague (there is no FCU V4)
    match message_version {
        EngineApiMessageVersion::V3 | EngineApiMessageVersion::V4 | EngineApiMessageVersion::V5 => {
            provider.fork_choice_updated_v3_wait(forkchoice_state, payload_attributes).await
--- a/crates/chain-state/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/chain-state/Cargo.toml
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ derive_more.workspace = true
 metrics.workspace = true
 parking_lot.workspace = true
 pin-project.workspace = true
+rayon = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }

 # optional deps for test-utils
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ test-utils = [
    "reth-trie/test-utils",
    "reth-ethereum-primitives/test-utils",
 ]
+rayon = ["dep:rayon"]

 [[bench]]
 name = "canonical_hashes_range"
--- a/crates/chain-state/src/deferred_trie.rs
+++ b/crates/chain-state/src/deferred_trie.rs
@@ -163,14 +163,29 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
        anchor_hash: B256,
        ancestors: &[Self],
    ) -> ComputedTrieData {
-        let sorted_hashed_state = match Arc::try_unwrap(hashed_state) {
-            Ok(state) => state.into_sorted(),
-            Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
-        };
-        let sorted_trie_updates = match Arc::try_unwrap(trie_updates) {
-            Ok(updates) => updates.into_sorted(),
-            Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
-        };
+        #[cfg(feature = "rayon")]
+        let (sorted_hashed_state, sorted_trie_updates) = rayon::join(
+            || match Arc::try_unwrap(hashed_state) {
+                Ok(state) => state.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+            || match Arc::try_unwrap(trie_updates) {
+                Ok(updates) => updates.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "rayon"))]
+        let (sorted_hashed_state, sorted_trie_updates) = (
+            match Arc::try_unwrap(hashed_state) {
+                Ok(state) => state.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+            match Arc::try_unwrap(trie_updates) {
+                Ok(updates) => updates.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+        );

        // Reuse parent's overlay if available and anchors match.
        // We can only reuse the parent's overlay if it was built on top of the same
@@ -192,10 +207,10 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
                    );
                    // Only trigger COW clone if there's actually data to add.
                    if !sorted_hashed_state.is_empty() {
-                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
+                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref_and_sort(&sorted_hashed_state);
                    }
                    if !sorted_trie_updates.is_empty() {
-                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.nodes).extend_ref(&sorted_trie_updates);
+                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.nodes).extend_ref_and_sort(&sorted_trie_updates);
                    }
                    overlay
                }
@@ -228,8 +243,53 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
    /// In normal operation, the parent always has a cached overlay and this
    /// function is never called.
    ///
-    /// Iterates ancestors oldest -> newest, then extends with current block's data,
-    /// so later state takes precedence.
+    /// When the `rayon` feature is enabled, uses parallel collection and merge:
+    /// 1. Collects ancestor data in parallel (each `wait_cloned()` may compute)
+    /// 2. Merges hashed state and trie updates in parallel with each other
+    /// 3. Uses tree reduction within each merge for O(log n) depth
+    #[cfg(feature = "rayon")]
+    fn merge_ancestors_into_overlay(
+        ancestors: &[Self],
+        sorted_hashed_state: &HashedPostStateSorted,
+        sorted_trie_updates: &TrieUpdatesSorted,
+    ) -> TrieInputSorted {
+        // Early exit: no ancestors means just wrap current block's data
+        if ancestors.is_empty() {
+            return TrieInputSorted::new(
+                Arc::new(sorted_trie_updates.clone()),
+                Arc::new(sorted_hashed_state.clone()),
+                Default::default(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Collect ancestor data, unzipping states and updates into Arc slices
+        let (states, updates): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = ancestors
+            .iter()
+            .map(|a| {
+                let data = a.wait_cloned();
+                (data.hashed_state, data.trie_updates)
+            })
+            .unzip();
+
+        // Merge state and nodes in parallel with each other using tree reduction
+        let (state, nodes) = rayon::join(
+            || {
+                let mut merged = HashedPostStateSorted::merge_parallel(&states);
+                merged.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_hashed_state);
+                merged
+            },
+            || {
+                let mut merged = TrieUpdatesSorted::merge_parallel(&updates);
+                merged.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_trie_updates);
+                merged
+            },
+        );
+
+        TrieInputSorted::new(Arc::new(nodes), Arc::new(state), Default::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Merge all ancestors and current block's data into a single overlay (sequential fallback).
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "rayon"))]
    fn merge_ancestors_into_overlay(
        ancestors: &[Self],
        sorted_hashed_state: &HashedPostStateSorted,
@@ -242,13 +302,13 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {

        for ancestor in ancestors {
            let ancestor_data = ancestor.wait_cloned();
-            state_mut.extend_ref(ancestor_data.hashed_state.as_ref());
-            nodes_mut.extend_ref(ancestor_data.trie_updates.as_ref());
+            state_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(ancestor_data.hashed_state.as_ref());
+            nodes_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(ancestor_data.trie_updates.as_ref());
        }

        // Extend with current block's sorted data last (takes precedence)
-        state_mut.extend_ref(sorted_hashed_state);
-        nodes_mut.extend_ref(sorted_trie_updates);
+        state_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_hashed_state);
+        nodes_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_trie_updates);

        overlay
    }
@@ -287,6 +347,11 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
                    &inputs.ancestors,
                );
                *state = DeferredState::Ready(computed.clone());
+
+                // Release lock before inputs (and its ancestors) drop to avoid holding it
+                // while their potential last Arc refs drop (which could trigger recursive locking)
+                drop(state);
+
                computed
            }
        }
@@ -516,7 +581,7 @@ mod tests {
        let hashed_state = Arc::new(HashedPostStateSorted::new(accounts, B256Map::default()));
        let trie_updates = Arc::default();
        let mut overlay = TrieInputSorted::default();
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref(hashed_state.as_ref());
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref_and_sort(hashed_state.as_ref());

        DeferredTrieData::ready(ComputedTrieData {
            hashed_state,
--- a/crates/chain-state/src/in_memory.rs
+++ b/crates/chain-state/src/in_memory.rs
@@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ use alloy_primitives::{map::HashMap, BlockNumber, TxHash, B256};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use reth_chainspec::ChainInfo;
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives;
-use reth_execution_types::{Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
+use reth_execution_types::{BlockExecutionOutput, BlockExecutionResult, Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
 use reth_metrics::{metrics::Gauge, Metrics};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
    BlockBody as _, IndexedTx, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader,
    SignedTransaction,
 };
 use reth_storage_api::StateProviderBox;
-use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted, TrieInputSorted};
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, ops::Deref, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted, LazyTrieData, TrieInputSorted};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
 use tokio::sync::{broadcast, watch};

 /// Size of the broadcast channel used to notify canonical state events.
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
    }

    /// Returns the `Receipts` of executed block that determines the state.
-    pub fn receipts(&self) -> &Vec<Vec<N::Receipt>> {
+    pub fn receipts(&self) -> &Vec<N::Receipt> {
        &self.block.execution_outcome().receipts
    }

@@ -659,15 +659,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
    ///
    /// This clones the vector of receipts. To avoid it, use [`Self::executed_block_receipts_ref`].
    pub fn executed_block_receipts(&self) -> Vec<N::Receipt> {
-        let receipts = self.receipts();
-
-        debug_assert!(
-            receipts.len() <= 1,
-            "Expected at most one block's worth of receipts, found {}",
-            receipts.len()
-        );
-
-        receipts.first().cloned().unwrap_or_default()
+        self.receipts().clone()
    }

    /// Returns a slice of `Receipt` of executed block that determines the state.
@@ -675,15 +667,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
    /// has only one element corresponding to the executed block associated to
    /// the state.
    pub fn executed_block_receipts_ref(&self) -> &[N::Receipt] {
-        let receipts = self.receipts();
-
-        debug_assert!(
-            receipts.len() <= 1,
-            "Expected at most one block's worth of receipts, found {}",
-            receipts.len()
-        );
-
-        receipts.first().map(|receipts| receipts.deref()).unwrap_or_default()
+        self.receipts()
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over __parent__ `BlockStates`.
@@ -767,7 +751,7 @@ pub struct ExecutedBlock<N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
    /// Recovered Block
    pub recovered_block: Arc<RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
    /// Block's execution outcome.
-    pub execution_output: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+    pub execution_output: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
    /// Deferred trie data produced by execution.
    ///
    /// This allows deferring the computation of the trie data which can be expensive.
@@ -779,7 +763,15 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Default for ExecutedBlock<N> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            recovered_block: Default::default(),
-            execution_output: Default::default(),
+            execution_output: Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput {
+                result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                    receipts: Default::default(),
+                    requests: Default::default(),
+                    gas_used: 0,
+                    blob_gas_used: 0,
+                },
+                state: Default::default(),
+            }),
            trie_data: DeferredTrieData::ready(ComputedTrieData::default()),
        }
    }
@@ -800,7 +792,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> ExecutedBlock<N> {
    /// payload builders). This is the safe default path.
    pub fn new(
        recovered_block: Arc<RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
-        execution_output: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+        execution_output: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
        trie_data: ComputedTrieData,
    ) -> Self {
        Self { recovered_block, execution_output, trie_data: DeferredTrieData::ready(trie_data) }
@@ -822,7 +814,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> ExecutedBlock<N> {
    /// Use [`Self::new()`] instead when trie data is already computed and available immediately.
    pub const fn with_deferred_trie_data(
        recovered_block: Arc<RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
-        execution_output: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+        execution_output: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
        trie_data: DeferredTrieData,
    ) -> Self {
        Self { recovered_block, execution_output, trie_data }
@@ -842,7 +834,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> ExecutedBlock<N> {

    /// Returns a reference to the block's execution outcome
    #[inline]
-    pub fn execution_outcome(&self) -> &ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt> {
+    pub fn execution_outcome(&self) -> &BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt> {
        &self.execution_output
    }

@@ -942,37 +934,39 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives<SignedTx: SignedTransaction>> NewCanonicalChain<N> {
    pub fn to_chain_notification(&self) -> CanonStateNotification<N> {
        match self {
            Self::Commit { new } => {
-                let new = Arc::new(new.iter().fold(Chain::default(), |mut chain, exec| {
-                    chain.append_block(
-                        exec.recovered_block().clone(),
-                        exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
-                        exec.trie_updates(),
-                        exec.hashed_state(),
-                    );
-                    chain
-                }));
-                CanonStateNotification::Commit { new }
+                CanonStateNotification::Commit { new: Arc::new(Self::blocks_to_chain(new)) }
            }
-            Self::Reorg { new, old } => {
-                let new = Arc::new(new.iter().fold(Chain::default(), |mut chain, exec| {
+            Self::Reorg { new, old } => CanonStateNotification::Reorg {
+                new: Arc::new(Self::blocks_to_chain(new)),
+                old: Arc::new(Self::blocks_to_chain(old)),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts a slice of executed blocks into a [`Chain`].
+    fn blocks_to_chain(blocks: &[ExecutedBlock<N>]) -> Chain<N> {
+        match blocks {
+            [] => Chain::default(),
+            [first, rest @ ..] => {
+                let mut chain = Chain::from_block(
+                    first.recovered_block().clone(),
+                    ExecutionOutcome::from((
+                        first.execution_outcome().clone(),
+                        first.block_number(),
+                    )),
+                    LazyTrieData::ready(first.hashed_state(), first.trie_updates()),
+                );
+                for exec in rest {
                    chain.append_block(
                        exec.recovered_block().clone(),
-                        exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
-                        exec.trie_updates(),
-                        exec.hashed_state(),
+                        ExecutionOutcome::from((
+                            exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
+                            exec.block_number(),
+                        )),
+                        LazyTrieData::ready(exec.hashed_state(), exec.trie_updates()),
                    );
-                    chain
-                }));
-                let old = Arc::new(old.iter().fold(Chain::default(), |mut chain, exec| {
-                    chain.append_block(
-                        exec.recovered_block().clone(),
-                        exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
-                        exec.trie_updates(),
-                        exec.hashed_state(),
-                    );
-                    chain
-                }));
-                CanonStateNotification::Reorg { new, old }
+                }
+                chain
            }
        }
    }
@@ -1266,7 +1260,7 @@ mod tests {

        let state = BlockState::new(block);

-        assert_eq!(state.receipts(), &receipts);
+        assert_eq!(state.receipts(), receipts.first().unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
@@ -1543,33 +1537,31 @@ mod tests {
        let block2a =
            test_block_builder.get_executed_block_with_number(2, block1.recovered_block.hash());

-        let sample_execution_outcome = ExecutionOutcome {
-            receipts: vec![vec![], vec![]],
-            requests: vec![Requests::default(), Requests::default()],
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-
        // Test commit notification
        let chain_commit = NewCanonicalChain::Commit { new: vec![block0.clone(), block1.clone()] };

-        // Build expected trie updates map
-        let mut expected_trie_updates = BTreeMap::new();
-        expected_trie_updates.insert(0, block0.trie_updates());
-        expected_trie_updates.insert(1, block1.trie_updates());
+        // Build expected trie data map
+        let mut expected_trie_data = BTreeMap::new();
+        expected_trie_data
+            .insert(0, LazyTrieData::ready(block0.hashed_state(), block0.trie_updates()));
+        expected_trie_data
+            .insert(1, LazyTrieData::ready(block1.hashed_state(), block1.trie_updates()));

-        // Build expected hashed state map
-        let mut expected_hashed_state = BTreeMap::new();
-        expected_hashed_state.insert(0, block0.hashed_state());
-        expected_hashed_state.insert(1, block1.hashed_state());
+        // Build expected execution outcome (first_block matches first block number)
+        let commit_execution_outcome = ExecutionOutcome {
+            receipts: vec![vec![], vec![]],
+            requests: vec![Requests::default(), Requests::default()],
+            first_block: 0,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };

        assert_eq!(
            chain_commit.to_chain_notification(),
            CanonStateNotification::Commit {
                new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                    vec![block0.recovered_block().clone(), block1.recovered_block().clone()],
-                    sample_execution_outcome.clone(),
-                    expected_trie_updates,
-                    expected_hashed_state
+                    commit_execution_outcome,
+                    expected_trie_data,
                ))
            }
        );
@@ -1580,40 +1572,39 @@ mod tests {
            old: vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
        };

-        // Build expected trie updates for old chain
-        let mut old_trie_updates = BTreeMap::new();
-        old_trie_updates.insert(1, block1.trie_updates());
-        old_trie_updates.insert(2, block2.trie_updates());
+        // Build expected trie data for old chain
+        let mut old_trie_data = BTreeMap::new();
+        old_trie_data.insert(1, LazyTrieData::ready(block1.hashed_state(), block1.trie_updates()));
+        old_trie_data.insert(2, LazyTrieData::ready(block2.hashed_state(), block2.trie_updates()));

-        // Build expected trie updates for new chain
-        let mut new_trie_updates = BTreeMap::new();
-        new_trie_updates.insert(1, block1a.trie_updates());
-        new_trie_updates.insert(2, block2a.trie_updates());
+        // Build expected trie data for new chain
+        let mut new_trie_data = BTreeMap::new();
+        new_trie_data
+            .insert(1, LazyTrieData::ready(block1a.hashed_state(), block1a.trie_updates()));
+        new_trie_data
+            .insert(2, LazyTrieData::ready(block2a.hashed_state(), block2a.trie_updates()));

-        // Build expected hashed state for old chain
-        let mut old_hashed_state = BTreeMap::new();
-        old_hashed_state.insert(1, block1.hashed_state());
-        old_hashed_state.insert(2, block2.hashed_state());
-
-        // Build expected hashed state for new chain
-        let mut new_hashed_state = BTreeMap::new();
-        new_hashed_state.insert(1, block1a.hashed_state());
-        new_hashed_state.insert(2, block2a.hashed_state());
+        // Build expected execution outcome for reorg chains (first_block matches first block
+        // number)
+        let reorg_execution_outcome = ExecutionOutcome {
+            receipts: vec![vec![], vec![]],
+            requests: vec![Requests::default(), Requests::default()],
+            first_block: 1,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };

        assert_eq!(
            chain_reorg.to_chain_notification(),
            CanonStateNotification::Reorg {
                old: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                    vec![block1.recovered_block().clone(), block2.recovered_block().clone()],
-                    sample_execution_outcome.clone(),
-                    old_trie_updates,
-                    old_hashed_state
+                    reorg_execution_outcome.clone(),
+                    old_trie_data,
                )),
                new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                    vec![block1a.recovered_block().clone(), block2a.recovered_block().clone()],
-                    sample_execution_outcome,
-                    new_trie_updates,
-                    new_hashed_state
+                    reorg_execution_outcome,
+                    new_trie_data,
                ))
            }
        );
--- a/crates/chain-state/src/lazy_overlay.rs
+++ b/crates/chain-state/src/lazy_overlay.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+//! Lazy overlay computation for trie input.
+//!
+//! This module provides [`LazyOverlay`], a type that computes the [`TrieInputSorted`]
+//! lazily on first access. This allows execution to start before the trie overlay
+//! is fully computed.
+
+use crate::DeferredTrieData;
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted, TrieInputSorted};
+use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
+use tracing::{debug, trace};
+
+/// Inputs captured for lazy overlay computation.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct LazyOverlayInputs {
+    /// The persisted ancestor hash (anchor) this overlay should be built on.
+    anchor_hash: B256,
+    /// Deferred trie data handles for all in-memory blocks (newest to oldest).
+    blocks: Vec<DeferredTrieData>,
+}
+
+/// Lazily computed trie overlay.
+///
+/// Captures the inputs needed to compute a [`TrieInputSorted`] and defers the actual
+/// computation until first access. This is conceptually similar to [`DeferredTrieData`]
+/// but for overlay computation.
+///
+/// # Fast Path vs Slow Path
+///
+/// - **Fast path**: If the tip block's cached `anchored_trie_input` is ready and its `anchor_hash`
+///   matches our expected anchor, we can reuse it directly (O(1)).
+/// - **Slow path**: Otherwise, we merge all ancestor blocks' trie data into a new overlay.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct LazyOverlay {
+    /// Computed result, cached after first access.
+    inner: Arc<OnceLock<TrieInputSorted>>,
+    /// Inputs for lazy computation.
+    inputs: LazyOverlayInputs,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for LazyOverlay {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("LazyOverlay")
+            .field("anchor_hash", &self.inputs.anchor_hash)
+            .field("num_blocks", &self.inputs.blocks.len())
+            .field("computed", &self.inner.get().is_some())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl LazyOverlay {
+    /// Create a new lazy overlay with the given anchor hash and block handles.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `anchor_hash` - The persisted ancestor hash this overlay is built on top of
+    /// * `blocks` - Deferred trie data handles for in-memory blocks (newest to oldest)
+    pub fn new(anchor_hash: B256, blocks: Vec<DeferredTrieData>) -> Self {
+        Self { inner: Arc::new(OnceLock::new()), inputs: LazyOverlayInputs { anchor_hash, blocks } }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the anchor hash this overlay is built on.
+    pub const fn anchor_hash(&self) -> B256 {
+        self.inputs.anchor_hash
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of in-memory blocks this overlay covers.
+    pub const fn num_blocks(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inputs.blocks.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the overlay has already been computed.
+    pub fn is_computed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.get().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the computed trie input, computing it if necessary.
+    ///
+    /// The first call triggers computation (which may block waiting for deferred data).
+    /// Subsequent calls return the cached result immediately.
+    pub fn get(&self) -> &TrieInputSorted {
+        self.inner.get_or_init(|| self.compute())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the overlay as (nodes, state) tuple for use with `OverlayStateProviderFactory`.
+    pub fn as_overlay(&self) -> (Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>) {
+        let input = self.get();
+        (Arc::clone(&input.nodes), Arc::clone(&input.state))
+    }
+
+    /// Compute the trie input overlay.
+    fn compute(&self) -> TrieInputSorted {
+        let anchor_hash = self.inputs.anchor_hash;
+        let blocks = &self.inputs.blocks;
+
+        if blocks.is_empty() {
+            debug!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", "No in-memory blocks, returning empty overlay");
+            return TrieInputSorted::default();
+        }
+
+        // Fast path: Check if tip block's overlay is ready and anchor matches.
+        // The tip block (first in list) has the cumulative overlay from all ancestors.
+        if let Some(tip) = blocks.first() {
+            let data = tip.wait_cloned();
+            if let Some(anchored) = &data.anchored_trie_input {
+                if anchored.anchor_hash == anchor_hash {
+                    trace!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", %anchor_hash, "Reusing tip block's cached overlay (fast path)");
+                    return (*anchored.trie_input).clone();
+                }
+                debug!(
+                    target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay",
+                    computed_anchor = %anchored.anchor_hash,
+                    %anchor_hash,
+                    "Anchor mismatch, falling back to merge"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Slow path: Merge all blocks' trie data into a new overlay.
+        debug!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", num_blocks = blocks.len(), "Merging blocks (slow path)");
+        Self::merge_blocks(blocks)
+    }
+
+    /// Merge all blocks' trie data into a single [`TrieInputSorted`].
+    ///
+    /// Blocks are ordered newest to oldest.
+    fn merge_blocks(blocks: &[DeferredTrieData]) -> TrieInputSorted {
+        if blocks.is_empty() {
+            return TrieInputSorted::default();
+        }
+
+        let state =
+            HashedPostStateSorted::merge_batch(blocks.iter().map(|b| b.wait_cloned().hashed_state));
+        let nodes =
+            TrieUpdatesSorted::merge_batch(blocks.iter().map(|b| b.wait_cloned().trie_updates));
+
+        TrieInputSorted { state, nodes, prefix_sets: Default::default() }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState};
+
+    fn empty_deferred(anchor: B256) -> DeferredTrieData {
+        DeferredTrieData::pending(
+            Arc::new(HashedPostState::default()),
+            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+            anchor,
+            Vec::new(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_blocks_returns_default() {
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(B256::ZERO, vec![]);
+        let result = overlay.get();
+        assert!(result.state.is_empty());
+        assert!(result.nodes.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn single_block_uses_data_directly() {
+        let anchor = B256::random();
+        let deferred = empty_deferred(anchor);
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(anchor, vec![deferred]);
+
+        assert!(!overlay.is_computed());
+        let _ = overlay.get();
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cached_after_first_access() {
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(B256::ZERO, vec![]);
+
+        // First access computes
+        let _ = overlay.get();
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+
+        // Second access uses cache
+        let _ = overlay.get();
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+    }
+}
--- a/crates/chain-state/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/chain-state/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ pub use in_memory::*;
 mod deferred_trie;
 pub use deferred_trie::*;

+mod lazy_overlay;
+pub use lazy_overlay::*;
+
 mod noop;

 mod chain_info;
--- a/crates/chain-state/src/notifications.rs
+++ b/crates/chain-state/src/notifications.rs
@@ -280,7 +280,6 @@ mod tests {
            vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
            ExecutionOutcome::default(),
            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
        ));

        // Create a commit notification
@@ -319,13 +318,11 @@ mod tests {
            vec![block1.clone()],
            ExecutionOutcome::default(),
            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
        ));
        let new_chain = Arc::new(Chain::new(
            vec![block2.clone(), block3.clone()],
            ExecutionOutcome::default(),
            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
        ));

        // Create a reorg notification
@@ -391,7 +388,6 @@ mod tests {
            vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
            execution_outcome,
            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
        ));

        // Create a commit notification containing the new chain segment.
@@ -449,12 +445,8 @@ mod tests {
            ExecutionOutcome { receipts: old_receipts, ..Default::default() };

        // Create an old chain segment to be reverted, containing `old_block1`.
-        let old_chain: Arc<Chain> = Arc::new(Chain::new(
-            vec![old_block1.clone()],
-            old_execution_outcome,
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        ));
+        let old_chain: Arc<Chain> =
+            Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![old_block1.clone()], old_execution_outcome, BTreeMap::new()));

        // Define block2 for the new chain segment, which will be committed.
        let mut body = BlockBody::<TransactionSigned>::default();
@@ -482,12 +474,8 @@ mod tests {
            ExecutionOutcome { receipts: new_receipts, ..Default::default() };

        // Create a new chain segment to be committed, containing `new_block1`.
-        let new_chain = Arc::new(Chain::new(
-            vec![new_block1.clone()],
-            new_execution_outcome,
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        ));
+        let new_chain =
+            Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![new_block1.clone()], new_execution_outcome, BTreeMap::new()));

        // Create a reorg notification with both reverted (old) and committed (new) chain segments.
        let notification = CanonStateNotification::Reorg { old: old_chain, new: new_chain };
--- a/crates/chain-state/src/test_utils.rs
+++ b/crates/chain-state/src/test_utils.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,7 @@ use crate::{
    CanonStateSubscriptions, ComputedTrieData,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::{Header, SignableTransaction, TxEip1559, TxReceipt, EMPTY_ROOT_HASH};
-use alloy_eips::{
-    eip1559::{ETHEREUM_BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT_30M, INITIAL_BASE_FEE},
-    eip7685::Requests,
-};
+use alloy_eips::eip1559::{ETHEREUM_BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT_30M, INITIAL_BASE_FEE};
 use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockNumber, B256, U256};
 use alloy_signer::SignerSync;
 use alloy_signer_local::PrivateKeySigner;
@@ -16,7 +13,7 @@ use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpec, EthereumHardfork, MIN_TRANSACTION_GAS};
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{
    Block, BlockBody, EthPrimitives, Receipt, Transaction, TransactionSigned,
 };
-use reth_execution_types::{Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
+use reth_execution_types::{BlockExecutionOutput, BlockExecutionResult, Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
    proofs::{calculate_receipt_root, calculate_transaction_root, calculate_withdrawals_root},
    Account, NodePrimitives, Recovered, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader,
@@ -201,7 +198,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TestBlockBuilder<N> {
    fn get_executed_block(
        &mut self,
        block_number: BlockNumber,
-        receipts: Vec<Vec<Receipt>>,
+        mut receipts: Vec<Vec<Receipt>>,
        parent_hash: B256,
    ) -> ExecutedBlock {
        let block = self.generate_random_block(block_number, parent_hash);
@@ -209,12 +206,15 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TestBlockBuilder<N> {
        let trie_data = ComputedTrieData::default();
        ExecutedBlock::new(
            Arc::new(RecoveredBlock::new_sealed(block, senders)),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::new(
-                BundleState::default(),
-                receipts,
-                block_number,
-                vec![Requests::default()],
-            )),
+            Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput {
+                result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                    receipts: receipts.pop().unwrap_or_default(),
+                    requests: Default::default(),
+                    gas_used: 0,
+                    blob_gas_used: 0,
+                },
+                state: BundleState::default(),
+            }),
            trie_data,
        )
    }
--- a/crates/chainspec/src/spec.rs
+++ b/crates/chainspec/src/spec.rs
@@ -278,6 +278,7 @@ pub fn create_chain_config(
    // Check if DAO fork is supported (it has an activation block)
    let dao_fork_support = hardforks.fork(EthereumHardfork::Dao) != ForkCondition::Never;

+    #[allow(clippy::needless_update)]
    ChainConfig {
        chain_id: chain.map(|c| c.id()).unwrap_or(0),
        homestead_block: block_num(EthereumHardfork::Homestead),
@@ -313,6 +314,7 @@ pub fn create_chain_config(
        extra_fields: Default::default(),
        deposit_contract_address,
        blob_schedule,
+        ..Default::default()
    }
 }

@@ -460,6 +462,18 @@ impl ChainSpec {
    pub fn builder() -> ChainSpecBuilder {
        ChainSpecBuilder::default()
    }
+
+    /// Map a chain ID to a known chain spec, if available.
+    pub fn from_chain_id(chain_id: u64) -> Option<Arc<Self>> {
+        match NamedChain::try_from(chain_id).ok()? {
+            NamedChain::Mainnet => Some(MAINNET.clone()),
+            NamedChain::Sepolia => Some(SEPOLIA.clone()),
+            NamedChain::Holesky => Some(HOLESKY.clone()),
+            NamedChain::Hoodi => Some(HOODI.clone()),
+            NamedChain::Dev => Some(DEV.clone()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
 }

 impl<H: BlockHeader> ChainSpec<H> {
--- a/crates/cli/commands/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/Cargo.toml
@@ -131,4 +131,4 @@ arbitrary = [
    "reth-ethereum-primitives/arbitrary",
 ]

-edge = ["reth-db-common/edge", "reth-stages/rocksdb"]
+edge = ["reth-db-common/edge", "reth-stages/rocksdb", "reth-provider/rocksdb"]
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/common.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/common.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use reth_node_builder::{
    Node, NodeComponents, NodeComponentsBuilder, NodeTypes, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter,
 };
 use reth_node_core::{
-    args::{DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs, StaticFilesArgs},
+    args::{DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs, RocksDbArgs, StaticFilesArgs},
    dirs::{ChainPath, DataDirPath},
 };
 use reth_provider::{
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use reth_provider::{
        BlockchainProvider, NodeTypesForProvider, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider,
        StaticFileProviderBuilder,
    },
-    ProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory,
+    ProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory, StorageSettings,
 };
 use reth_stages::{sets::DefaultStages, Pipeline, PipelineTarget};
 use reth_static_file::StaticFileProducer;
@@ -66,9 +66,24 @@ pub struct EnvironmentArgs<C: ChainSpecParser> {
    /// All static files related arguments
    #[command(flatten)]
    pub static_files: StaticFilesArgs,
+
+    /// All `RocksDB` related arguments
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub rocksdb: RocksDbArgs,
 }

 impl<C: ChainSpecParser> EnvironmentArgs<C> {
+    /// Returns the effective storage settings derived from static-file and `RocksDB` CLI args.
+    pub fn storage_settings(&self) -> StorageSettings {
+        StorageSettings::base()
+            .with_receipts_in_static_files(self.static_files.receipts)
+            .with_transaction_senders_in_static_files(self.static_files.transaction_senders)
+            .with_account_changesets_in_static_files(self.static_files.account_changesets)
+            .with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.tx_hash)
+            .with_storages_history_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.storages_history)
+            .with_account_history_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.account_history)
+    }
+
    /// Initializes environment according to [`AccessRights`] and returns an instance of
    /// [`Environment`].
    pub fn init<N: CliNodeTypes>(&self, access: AccessRights) -> eyre::Result<Environment<N>>
@@ -121,17 +136,17 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> EnvironmentArgs<C> {
                })
            }
        };
-        // TransactionDB only support read-write mode
        let rocksdb_provider = RocksDBProvider::builder(data_dir.rocksdb())
            .with_default_tables()
            .with_database_log_level(self.db.log_level)
+            .with_read_only(!access.is_read_write())
            .build()?;

        let provider_factory =
            self.create_provider_factory(&config, db, sfp, rocksdb_provider, access)?;
        if access.is_read_write() {
            debug!(target: "reth::cli", chain=%self.chain.chain(), genesis=?self.chain.genesis_hash(), "Initializing genesis");
-            init_genesis_with_settings(&provider_factory, self.static_files.to_settings())?;
+            init_genesis_with_settings(&provider_factory, self.storage_settings())?;
        }

        Ok(Environment { config, provider_factory, data_dir })
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum.rs
@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    common::CliNodeTypes,
-    db::get::{maybe_json_value_parser, table_key},
-};
-use alloy_primitives::map::foldhash::fast::FixedState;
-use clap::Parser;
-use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
-use reth_db::DatabaseEnv;
-use reth_db_api::{
-    cursor::DbCursorRO, table::Table, transaction::DbTx, RawKey, RawTable, RawValue, TableViewer,
-    Tables,
-};
-use reth_db_common::DbTool;
-use reth_node_builder::{NodeTypesWithDB, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter};
-use reth_provider::{providers::ProviderNodeTypes, DBProvider};
-use std::{
-    hash::{BuildHasher, Hasher},
-    sync::Arc,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-use tracing::{info, warn};
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-/// The arguments for the `reth db checksum` command
-pub struct Command {
-    /// The table name
-    table: Tables,
-
-    /// The start of the range to checksum.
-    #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
-    start_key: Option<String>,
-
-    /// The end of the range to checksum.
-    #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
-    end_key: Option<String>,
-
-    /// The maximum number of records that are queried and used to compute the
-    /// checksum.
-    #[arg(long)]
-    limit: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-impl Command {
-    /// Execute `db checksum` command
-    pub fn execute<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
-        self,
-        tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
-    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
-        warn!("This command should be run without the node running!");
-        self.table.view(&ChecksumViewer {
-            tool,
-            start_key: self.start_key,
-            end_key: self.end_key,
-            limit: self.limit,
-        })?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct ChecksumViewer<'a, N: NodeTypesWithDB> {
-    tool: &'a DbTool<N>,
-    start_key: Option<String>,
-    end_key: Option<String>,
-    limit: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-impl<N: NodeTypesWithDB> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
-    pub(crate) const fn new(tool: &'_ DbTool<N>) -> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
-        ChecksumViewer { tool, start_key: None, end_key: None, limit: None }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> TableViewer<(u64, Duration)> for ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
-    type Error = eyre::Report;
-
-    fn view<T: Table>(&self) -> Result<(u64, Duration), Self::Error> {
-        let provider =
-            self.tool.provider_factory.provider()?.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
-        let tx = provider.tx_ref();
-        info!(
-            "Start computing checksum, start={:?}, end={:?}, limit={:?}",
-            self.start_key, self.end_key, self.limit
-        );
-
-        let mut cursor = tx.cursor_read::<RawTable<T>>()?;
-        let walker = match (self.start_key.as_deref(), self.end_key.as_deref()) {
-            (Some(start), Some(end)) => {
-                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
-                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
-                cursor.walk_range(start_key..=end_key)?
-            }
-            (None, Some(end)) => {
-                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
-
-                cursor.walk_range(..=end_key)?
-            }
-            (Some(start), None) => {
-                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
-                cursor.walk_range(start_key..)?
-            }
-            (None, None) => cursor.walk_range(..)?,
-        };
-
-        let start_time = Instant::now();
-        let mut hasher = FixedState::with_seed(u64::from_be_bytes(*b"RETHRETH")).build_hasher();
-        let mut total = 0;
-
-        let limit = self.limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-        let mut enumerate_start_key = None;
-        let mut enumerate_end_key = None;
-        for (index, entry) in walker.enumerate() {
-            let (k, v): (RawKey<T::Key>, RawValue<T::Value>) = entry?;
-
-            if index.is_multiple_of(100_000) {
-                info!("Hashed {index} entries.");
-            }
-
-            hasher.write(k.raw_key());
-            hasher.write(v.raw_value());
-
-            if enumerate_start_key.is_none() {
-                enumerate_start_key = Some(k.clone());
-            }
-            enumerate_end_key = Some(k);
-
-            total = index + 1;
-            if total >= limit {
-                break
-            }
-        }
-
-        info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
-        if let (Some(s), Some(e)) = (enumerate_start_key, enumerate_end_key) {
-            info!("start-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&s.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
-            info!("end-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&e.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
-        }
-
-        let checksum = hasher.finish();
-        let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
-
-        info!("Checksum for table `{}`: {:#x} (elapsed: {:?})", T::NAME, checksum, elapsed);
-
-        Ok((checksum, elapsed))
-    }
-}
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+use crate::{
+    common::CliNodeTypes,
+    db::get::{maybe_json_value_parser, table_key},
+};
+use alloy_primitives::map::foldhash::fast::FixedState;
+use clap::Parser;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
+use reth_db::{static_file::iter_static_files, DatabaseEnv};
+use reth_db_api::{
+    cursor::DbCursorRO, table::Table, transaction::DbTx, RawKey, RawTable, RawValue, TableViewer,
+    Tables,
+};
+use reth_db_common::DbTool;
+use reth_node_builder::{NodeTypesWithDB, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter};
+use reth_provider::{providers::ProviderNodeTypes, DBProvider, StaticFileProviderFactory};
+use reth_static_file_types::StaticFileSegment;
+use std::{
+    hash::{BuildHasher, Hasher},
+    sync::Arc,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+#[cfg(all(unix, feature = "edge"))]
+mod rocksdb;
+
+/// Interval for logging progress during checksum computation.
+const PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL: usize = 100_000;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+/// The arguments for the `reth db checksum` command
+pub struct Command {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    subcommand: Subcommand,
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Subcommand, Debug)]
+enum Subcommand {
+    /// Calculates the checksum of a database table
+    Mdbx {
+        /// The table name
+        table: Tables,
+
+        /// The start of the range to checksum.
+        #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
+        start_key: Option<String>,
+
+        /// The end of the range to checksum.
+        #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
+        end_key: Option<String>,
+
+        /// The maximum number of records that are queried and used to compute the
+        /// checksum.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        limit: Option<usize>,
+    },
+    /// Calculates the checksum of a static file segment
+    StaticFile {
+        /// The static file segment
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
+        segment: StaticFileSegment,
+
+        /// The block number to start from (inclusive).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        start_block: Option<u64>,
+
+        /// The block number to end at (inclusive).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        end_block: Option<u64>,
+
+        /// The maximum number of rows to checksum.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        limit: Option<usize>,
+    },
+    /// Calculates the checksum of a RocksDB table
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "edge"))]
+    Rocksdb {
+        /// The RocksDB table
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
+        table: rocksdb::RocksDbTable,
+
+        /// The maximum number of records to checksum.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        limit: Option<usize>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute `db checksum` command
+    pub fn execute<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
+        self,
+        tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        warn!("This command should be run without the node running!");
+
+        match self.subcommand {
+            Subcommand::Mdbx { table, start_key, end_key, limit } => {
+                table.view(&ChecksumViewer { tool, start_key, end_key, limit })?;
+            }
+            Subcommand::StaticFile { segment, start_block, end_block, limit } => {
+                checksum_static_file(tool, segment, start_block, end_block, limit)?;
+            }
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "edge"))]
+            Subcommand::Rocksdb { table, limit } => {
+                rocksdb::checksum_rocksdb(tool, table, limit)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a new hasher with the standard seed used for checksum computation.
+fn checksum_hasher() -> impl Hasher {
+    FixedState::with_seed(u64::from_be_bytes(*b"RETHRETH")).build_hasher()
+}
+
+fn checksum_static_file<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
+    tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
+    segment: StaticFileSegment,
+    start_block: Option<u64>,
+    end_block: Option<u64>,
+    limit: Option<usize>,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    let static_file_provider = tool.provider_factory.static_file_provider();
+    if let Err(err) = static_file_provider.check_consistency(&tool.provider_factory.provider()?) {
+        warn!("Error checking consistency of static files: {err}");
+    }
+
+    let static_files = iter_static_files(static_file_provider.directory())?;
+
+    let ranges = static_files
+        .get(segment)
+        .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("No static files found for segment: {}", segment))?;
+
+    let start_time = Instant::now();
+    let mut hasher = checksum_hasher();
+    let mut total = 0usize;
+    let limit = limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+
+    let start_block = start_block.unwrap_or(0);
+    let end_block = end_block.unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+
+    info!(
+        "Computing checksum for {} static files, start_block={}, end_block={}, limit={:?}",
+        segment,
+        start_block,
+        end_block,
+        if limit == usize::MAX { None } else { Some(limit) }
+    );
+
+    'outer: for (block_range, _header) in ranges.iter().sorted_by_key(|(range, _)| range.start()) {
+        if block_range.end() < start_block || block_range.start() > end_block {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let fixed_block_range = static_file_provider.find_fixed_range(segment, block_range.start());
+        let jar_provider = static_file_provider
+            .get_segment_provider_for_range(segment, || Some(fixed_block_range), None)?
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                eyre::eyre!(
+                    "Failed to get segment provider for segment {} at range {}",
+                    segment,
+                    block_range
+                )
+            })?;
+
+        let mut cursor = jar_provider.cursor()?;
+
+        while let Ok(Some(row)) = cursor.next_row() {
+            for col_data in row.iter() {
+                hasher.write(col_data);
+            }
+
+            total += 1;
+
+            if total.is_multiple_of(PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL) {
+                info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
+            }
+
+            if total >= limit {
+                break 'outer;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Explicitly drop provider before removing from cache to avoid deadlock
+        drop(jar_provider);
+        static_file_provider.remove_cached_provider(segment, fixed_block_range.end());
+    }
+
+    let checksum = hasher.finish();
+    let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+
+    info!(
+        "Checksum for static file segment `{}`: {:#x} ({} entries, elapsed: {:?})",
+        segment, checksum, total, elapsed
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct ChecksumViewer<'a, N: NodeTypesWithDB> {
+    tool: &'a DbTool<N>,
+    start_key: Option<String>,
+    end_key: Option<String>,
+    limit: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+impl<N: NodeTypesWithDB> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
+    pub(crate) const fn new(tool: &'_ DbTool<N>) -> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
+        ChecksumViewer { tool, start_key: None, end_key: None, limit: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> TableViewer<(u64, Duration)> for ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
+    type Error = eyre::Report;
+
+    fn view<T: Table>(&self) -> Result<(u64, Duration), Self::Error> {
+        let provider =
+            self.tool.provider_factory.provider()?.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
+        let tx = provider.tx_ref();
+        info!(
+            "Start computing checksum, start={:?}, end={:?}, limit={:?}",
+            self.start_key, self.end_key, self.limit
+        );
+
+        let mut cursor = tx.cursor_read::<RawTable<T>>()?;
+        let walker = match (self.start_key.as_deref(), self.end_key.as_deref()) {
+            (Some(start), Some(end)) => {
+                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
+                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
+                cursor.walk_range(start_key..=end_key)?
+            }
+            (None, Some(end)) => {
+                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
+
+                cursor.walk_range(..=end_key)?
+            }
+            (Some(start), None) => {
+                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
+                cursor.walk_range(start_key..)?
+            }
+            (None, None) => cursor.walk_range(..)?,
+        };
+
+        let start_time = Instant::now();
+        let mut hasher = checksum_hasher();
+        let mut total = 0;
+
+        let limit = self.limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+        let mut enumerate_start_key = None;
+        let mut enumerate_end_key = None;
+        for (index, entry) in walker.enumerate() {
+            let (k, v): (RawKey<T::Key>, RawValue<T::Value>) = entry?;
+
+            if index.is_multiple_of(PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL) {
+                info!("Hashed {index} entries.");
+            }
+
+            hasher.write(k.raw_key());
+            hasher.write(v.raw_value());
+
+            if enumerate_start_key.is_none() {
+                enumerate_start_key = Some(k.clone());
+            }
+            enumerate_end_key = Some(k);
+
+            total = index + 1;
+            if total >= limit {
+                break
+            }
+        }
+
+        info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
+        if let (Some(s), Some(e)) = (enumerate_start_key, enumerate_end_key) {
+            info!("start-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&s.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
+            info!("end-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&e.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
+        }
+
+        let checksum = hasher.finish();
+        let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+
+        info!("Checksum for table `{}`: {:#x} (elapsed: {:?})", T::NAME, checksum, elapsed);
+
+        Ok((checksum, elapsed))
+    }
+}
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum/rocksdb.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum/rocksdb.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+//! RocksDB checksum implementation.
+
+use super::{checksum_hasher, PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL};
+use crate::common::CliNodeTypes;
+use clap::ValueEnum;
+use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
+use reth_db::{tables, DatabaseEnv};
+use reth_db_api::table::Table;
+use reth_db_common::DbTool;
+use reth_node_builder::NodeTypesWithDBAdapter;
+use reth_provider::RocksDBProviderFactory;
+use std::{hash::Hasher, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use tracing::info;
+
+/// RocksDB tables that can be checksummed.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, ValueEnum)]
+pub enum RocksDbTable {
+    /// Transaction hash to transaction number mapping
+    TransactionHashNumbers,
+    /// Account history indices
+    AccountsHistory,
+    /// Storage history indices
+    StoragesHistory,
+}
+
+impl RocksDbTable {
+    /// Returns the table name as a string
+    const fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::TransactionHashNumbers => tables::TransactionHashNumbers::NAME,
+            Self::AccountsHistory => tables::AccountsHistory::NAME,
+            Self::StoragesHistory => tables::StoragesHistory::NAME,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Computes a checksum for a RocksDB table.
+pub fn checksum_rocksdb<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
+    tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
+    table: RocksDbTable,
+    limit: Option<usize>,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    let rocksdb = tool.provider_factory.rocksdb_provider();
+
+    let start_time = Instant::now();
+    let limit = limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+
+    info!(
+        "Computing checksum for RocksDB table `{}`, limit={:?}",
+        table.name(),
+        if limit == usize::MAX { None } else { Some(limit) }
+    );
+
+    let (checksum, total) = match table {
+        RocksDbTable::TransactionHashNumbers => {
+            checksum_rocksdb_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(&rocksdb, limit)?
+        }
+        RocksDbTable::AccountsHistory => {
+            checksum_rocksdb_table::<tables::AccountsHistory>(&rocksdb, limit)?
+        }
+        RocksDbTable::StoragesHistory => {
+            checksum_rocksdb_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>(&rocksdb, limit)?
+        }
+    };
+
+    let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+
+    info!(
+        "Checksum for RocksDB table `{}`: {:#x} ({} entries, elapsed: {:?})",
+        table.name(),
+        checksum,
+        total,
+        elapsed
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Computes checksum for a specific RocksDB table by iterating over rows.
+fn checksum_rocksdb_table<T: Table>(
+    rocksdb: &reth_provider::providers::RocksDBProvider,
+    limit: usize,
+) -> eyre::Result<(u64, usize)> {
+    let iter = rocksdb.raw_iter::<T>()?;
+    let mut hasher = checksum_hasher();
+    let mut total = 0usize;
+
+    for entry in iter {
+        let (key_bytes, value_bytes) = entry?;
+
+        hasher.write(&key_bytes);
+        hasher.write(&value_bytes);
+
+        total += 1;
+
+        if total.is_multiple_of(PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL) {
+            info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
+        }
+
+        if total >= limit {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((hasher.finish(), total))
+}
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/db/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/db/mod.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub enum Subcommands {
    Stats(stats::Command),
    /// Lists the contents of a table
    List(list::Command),
-    /// Calculates the content checksum of a table
+    /// Calculates the content checksum of a table or static file segment
    Checksum(checksum::Command),
    /// Create a diff between two database tables or two entire databases.
    Diff(diff::Command),
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/db/settings.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/db/settings.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,21 @@ pub enum SetCommand {
        #[clap(action(ArgAction::Set))]
        value: bool,
    },
+    /// Store storage history in rocksdb instead of MDBX
+    StoragesHistory {
+        #[clap(action(ArgAction::Set))]
+        value: bool,
+    },
+    /// Store transaction hash to number mapping in rocksdb instead of MDBX
+    TransactionHashNumbers {
+        #[clap(action(ArgAction::Set))]
+        value: bool,
+    },
+    /// Store account history in rocksdb instead of MDBX
+    AccountHistory {
+        #[clap(action(ArgAction::Set))]
+        value: bool,
+    },
 }

 impl Command {
@@ -128,6 +143,30 @@ impl Command {
                settings.account_changesets_in_static_files = value;
                println!("Set account_changesets_in_static_files = {}", value);
            }
+            SetCommand::StoragesHistory { value } => {
+                if settings.storages_history_in_rocksdb == value {
+                    println!("storages_history_in_rocksdb is already set to {}", value);
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                settings.storages_history_in_rocksdb = value;
+                println!("Set storages_history_in_rocksdb = {}", value);
+            }
+            SetCommand::TransactionHashNumbers { value } => {
+                if settings.transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb == value {
+                    println!("transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb is already set to {}", value);
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                settings.transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb = value;
+                println!("Set transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb = {}", value);
+            }
+            SetCommand::AccountHistory { value } => {
+                if settings.account_history_in_rocksdb == value {
+                    println!("account_history_in_rocksdb is already set to {}", value);
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                settings.account_history_in_rocksdb = value;
+                println!("Set account_history_in_rocksdb = {}", value);
+            }
        }

        // Write updated settings
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/db/stats.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/db/stats.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ use reth_db_common::DbTool;
 use reth_fs_util as fs;
 use reth_node_builder::{NodePrimitives, NodeTypesWithDB, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter};
 use reth_node_core::dirs::{ChainPath, DataDirPath};
-use reth_provider::providers::{ProviderNodeTypes, StaticFileProvider};
+use reth_provider::{
+    providers::{ProviderNodeTypes, StaticFileProvider},
+    RocksDBProviderFactory,
+};
 use reth_static_file_types::SegmentRangeInclusive;
 use std::{sync::Arc, time::Duration};

@@ -61,6 +64,11 @@ impl Command {
        let db_stats_table = self.db_stats_table(tool)?;
        println!("{db_stats_table}");

+        println!("\n");
+
+        let rocksdb_stats_table = self.rocksdb_stats_table(tool);
+        println!("{rocksdb_stats_table}");
+
        Ok(())
    }

@@ -148,6 +156,60 @@ impl Command {
        Ok(table)
    }

+    fn rocksdb_stats_table<N: NodeTypesWithDB>(&self, tool: &DbTool<N>) -> ComfyTable {
+        let mut table = ComfyTable::new();
+        table.load_preset(comfy_table::presets::ASCII_MARKDOWN);
+        table.set_header([
+            "RocksDB Table Name",
+            "# Entries",
+            "SST Size",
+            "Memtable Size",
+            "Total Size",
+            "Pending Compaction",
+        ]);
+
+        let stats = tool.provider_factory.rocksdb_provider().table_stats();
+        let mut total_sst: u64 = 0;
+        let mut total_memtable: u64 = 0;
+        let mut total_size: u64 = 0;
+        let mut total_pending: u64 = 0;
+
+        for stat in &stats {
+            total_sst += stat.sst_size_bytes;
+            total_memtable += stat.memtable_size_bytes;
+            total_size += stat.estimated_size_bytes;
+            total_pending += stat.pending_compaction_bytes;
+            let mut row = Row::new();
+            row.add_cell(Cell::new(&stat.name))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(stat.estimated_num_keys))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.sst_size_bytes as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.memtable_size_bytes as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.estimated_size_bytes as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.pending_compaction_bytes as f64)));
+            table.add_row(row);
+        }
+
+        if !stats.is_empty() {
+            let max_widths = table.column_max_content_widths();
+            let mut separator = Row::new();
+            for width in max_widths {
+                separator.add_cell(Cell::new("-".repeat(width as usize)));
+            }
+            table.add_row(separator);
+
+            let mut row = Row::new();
+            row.add_cell(Cell::new("RocksDB Total"))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(""))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_sst as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_memtable as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_size as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_pending as f64)));
+            table.add_row(row);
+        }
+
+        table
+    }
+
    fn static_files_stats_table<N: NodePrimitives>(
        &self,
        data_dir: ChainPath<DataDirPath>,
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/download.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/download.rs
@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@ use crate::common::EnvironmentArgs;
 use clap::Parser;
 use eyre::Result;
 use lz4::Decoder;
-use reqwest::Client;
+use reqwest::{blocking::Client as BlockingClient, header::RANGE, Client, StatusCode};
 use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
 use reth_cli::chainspec::ChainSpecParser;
 use reth_fs_util as fs;
 use std::{
    borrow::Cow,
-    io::{self, Read, Write},
-    path::Path,
+    fs::OpenOptions,
+    io::{self, BufWriter, Read, Write},
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
    sync::{Arc, OnceLock},
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
@@ -327,18 +328,158 @@ fn extract_from_file(path: &Path, format: CompressionFormat, target_dir: &Path)
    extract_archive(file, total_size, format, target_dir)
 }

-/// Fetches the snapshot from a remote URL, uncompressing it in a streaming fashion.
+const MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES: u32 = 10;
+const RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS: u64 = 5;
+
+/// Wrapper that tracks download progress while writing data.
+/// Used with [`io::copy`] to display progress during downloads.
+struct ProgressWriter<W> {
+    inner: W,
+    progress: DownloadProgress,
+}
+
+impl<W: Write> Write for ProgressWriter<W> {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        let n = self.inner.write(buf)?;
+        let _ = self.progress.update(n as u64);
+        Ok(n)
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.inner.flush()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downloads a file with resume support using HTTP Range requests.
+/// Automatically retries on failure, resuming from where it left off.
+/// Returns the path to the downloaded file and its total size.
+fn resumable_download(url: &str, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<(PathBuf, u64)> {
+    let file_name = Url::parse(url)
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|u| u.path_segments()?.next_back().map(|s| s.to_string()))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "snapshot.tar".to_string());
+
+    let final_path = target_dir.join(&file_name);
+    let part_path = target_dir.join(format!("{file_name}.part"));
+
+    let client = BlockingClient::builder().timeout(Duration::from_secs(30)).build()?;
+
+    let mut total_size: Option<u64> = None;
+    let mut last_error: Option<eyre::Error> = None;
+
+    for attempt in 1..=MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+        let existing_size = fs::metadata(&part_path).map(|m| m.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+
+        if let Some(total) = total_size &&
+            existing_size >= total
+        {
+            fs::rename(&part_path, &final_path)?;
+            info!(target: "reth::cli", "Download complete: {}", final_path.display());
+            return Ok((final_path, total));
+        }
+
+        if attempt > 1 {
+            info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                "Retry attempt {}/{} - resuming from {} bytes",
+                attempt, MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES, existing_size
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut request = client.get(url);
+        if existing_size > 0 {
+            request = request.header(RANGE, format!("bytes={existing_size}-"));
+            if attempt == 1 {
+                info!(target: "reth::cli", "Resuming download from {} bytes", existing_size);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let response = match request.send().and_then(|r| r.error_for_status()) {
+            Ok(r) => r,
+            Err(e) => {
+                last_error = Some(e.into());
+                if attempt < MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                    info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                        "Download failed, retrying in {} seconds...", RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS
+                    );
+                    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS));
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let is_partial = response.status() == StatusCode::PARTIAL_CONTENT;
+
+        let size = if is_partial {
+            response
+                .headers()
+                .get("Content-Range")
+                .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+                .and_then(|v| v.split('/').next_back())
+                .and_then(|v| v.parse().ok())
+        } else {
+            response.content_length()
+        };
+
+        if total_size.is_none() {
+            total_size = size;
+        }
+
+        let current_total = total_size.ok_or_else(|| {
+            eyre::eyre!("Server did not provide Content-Length or Content-Range header")
+        })?;
+
+        let file = if is_partial && existing_size > 0 {
+            OpenOptions::new()
+                .append(true)
+                .open(&part_path)
+                .map_err(|e| fs::FsPathError::open(e, &part_path))?
+        } else {
+            fs::create_file(&part_path)?
+        };
+
+        let start_offset = if is_partial { existing_size } else { 0 };
+        let mut progress = DownloadProgress::new(current_total);
+        progress.downloaded = start_offset;
+
+        let mut writer = ProgressWriter { inner: BufWriter::new(file), progress };
+        let mut reader = response;
+
+        let copy_result = io::copy(&mut reader, &mut writer);
+        let flush_result = writer.inner.flush();
+        println!();
+
+        if let Err(e) = copy_result.and(flush_result) {
+            last_error = Some(e.into());
+            if attempt < MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                    "Download interrupted, retrying in {} seconds...", RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS
+                );
+                std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS));
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        fs::rename(&part_path, &final_path)?;
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Download complete: {}", final_path.display());
+        return Ok((final_path, current_total));
+    }
+
+    Err(last_error
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Download failed after {} attempts", MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES)))
+}
+
+/// Fetches the snapshot from a remote URL with resume support, then extracts it.
 fn download_and_extract(url: &str, format: CompressionFormat, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
-    let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::builder().build()?;
-    let response = client.get(url).send()?.error_for_status()?;
+    let (downloaded_path, total_size) = resumable_download(url, target_dir)?;

-    let total_size = response.content_length().ok_or_else(|| {
-        eyre::eyre!(
-            "Server did not provide Content-Length header. This is required for snapshot downloads"
-        )
-    })?;
+    info!(target: "reth::cli", "Extracting snapshot...");
+    let file = fs::open(&downloaded_path)?;
+    extract_archive(file, total_size, format, target_dir)?;

-    extract_archive(response, total_size, format, target_dir)
+    fs::remove_file(&downloaded_path)?;
+    info!(target: "reth::cli", "Removed downloaded archive");
+
+    Ok(())
 }

 /// Downloads and extracts a snapshot, blocking until finished.
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/node.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/node.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ use reth_node_builder::NodeBuilder;
 use reth_node_core::{
    args::{
        DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs, DebugArgs, DevArgs, EngineArgs, EraArgs, MetricArgs,
-        NetworkArgs, PayloadBuilderArgs, PruningArgs, RpcServerArgs, StaticFilesArgs, TxPoolArgs,
+        NetworkArgs, PayloadBuilderArgs, PruningArgs, RocksDbArgs, RpcServerArgs, StaticFilesArgs,
+        TxPoolArgs,
    },
    node_config::NodeConfig,
    version,
@@ -102,6 +103,10 @@ pub struct NodeCommand<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug = NoArgs
    #[command(flatten)]
    pub pruning: PruningArgs,

+    /// All `RocksDB` table routing arguments
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub rocksdb: RocksDbArgs,
+
    /// Engine cli arguments
    #[command(flatten, next_help_heading = "Engine")]
    pub engine: EngineArgs,
@@ -166,12 +171,16 @@ where
            db,
            dev,
            pruning,
+            rocksdb,
            engine,
            era,
            static_files,
            ext,
        } = self;

+        // Validate RocksDB arguments
+        rocksdb.validate()?;
+
        // set up node config
        let mut node_config = NodeConfig {
            datadir,
@@ -187,6 +196,7 @@ where
            db,
            dev,
            pruning,
+            rocksdb,
            engine,
            era,
            static_files,
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/re_execute.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/re_execute.rs
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ pub struct Command<C: ChainSpecParser> {
    #[arg(long)]
    to: Option<u64>,

-    /// Number of tasks to run in parallel
-    #[arg(long, default_value = "10")]
-    num_tasks: u64,
+    /// Number of tasks to run in parallel. Defaults to the number of available CPUs.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    num_tasks: Option<u64>,

    /// Continues with execution when an invalid block is encountered and collects these blocks.
    #[arg(long)]
@@ -84,12 +84,16 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
            }
        };

+        let num_tasks = self.num_tasks.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            std::thread::available_parallelism().map(|n| n.get() as u64).unwrap_or(10)
+        });
+
        let total_blocks = max_block - min_block;
        let total_gas = calculate_gas_used_from_headers(
            &provider_factory.static_file_provider(),
            min_block..=max_block,
        )?;
-        let blocks_per_task = total_blocks / self.num_tasks;
+        let blocks_per_task = total_blocks / num_tasks;

        let db_at = {
            let provider_factory = provider_factory.clone();
@@ -107,10 +111,10 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
        let _guard = cancellation.drop_guard();

        let mut tasks = JoinSet::new();
-        for i in 0..self.num_tasks {
+        for i in 0..num_tasks {
            let start_block = min_block + i * blocks_per_task;
            let end_block =
-                if i == self.num_tasks - 1 { max_block } else { start_block + blocks_per_task };
+                if i == num_tasks - 1 { max_block } else { start_block + blocks_per_task };

            // Spawn thread executing blocks
            let provider_factory = provider_factory.clone();
@@ -148,7 +152,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
                    };

                    if let Err(err) = consensus
-                        .validate_block_post_execution(&block, &result)
+                        .validate_block_post_execution(&block, &result, None)
                        .wrap_err_with(|| {
                            format!("Failed to validate block {} {}", block.number(), block.hash())
                        })
--- a/crates/cli/commands/src/stage/drop.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/commands/src/stage/drop.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use reth_db_common::{
 use reth_node_api::{HeaderTy, ReceiptTy, TxTy};
 use reth_node_core::args::StageEnum;
 use reth_provider::{
-    DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory, StaticFileWriter, TrieWriter,
+    DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory, StaticFileWriter,
 };
 use reth_prune::PruneSegment;
 use reth_stages::StageId;
@@ -167,10 +167,6 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> Command<C> {
                    None,
                )?;
            }
-            StageEnum::MerkleChangeSets => {
-                provider_rw.clear_trie_changesets()?;
-                reset_stage_checkpoint(tx, StageId::MerkleChangeSets)?;
-            }
            StageEnum::AccountHistory | StageEnum::StorageHistory => {
                tx.clear::<tables::AccountsHistory>()?;
                tx.clear::<tables::StoragesHistory>()?;
--- a/crates/cli/util/src/sigsegv_handler.rs
+++ b/crates/cli/util/src/sigsegv_handler.rs
@@ -121,7 +121,16 @@ pub fn install() {
    unsafe {
        let alt_stack_size: usize = min_sigstack_size() + 64 * 1024;
        let mut alt_stack: libc::stack_t = mem::zeroed();
-        alt_stack.ss_sp = alloc(Layout::from_size_align(alt_stack_size, 1).unwrap()).cast();
+        // Both SysV AMD64 ABI and aarch64 ABI require 16 bytes alignment. We are going to be
+        // generous here and just use a size of a page.
+        let raw_page_sz = libc::sysconf(libc::_SC_PAGESIZE);
+        let page_sz = if raw_page_sz == -1 {
+            // Fallback alignment in case sysconf fails.
+            4096_usize
+        } else {
+            raw_page_sz as usize
+        };
+        alt_stack.ss_sp = alloc(Layout::from_size_align(alt_stack_size, page_sz).unwrap()).cast();
        alt_stack.ss_size = alt_stack_size;
        libc::sigaltstack(&raw const alt_stack, ptr::null_mut());

--- a/crates/config/src/config.rs
+++ b/crates/config/src/config.rs
@@ -550,7 +550,6 @@ impl PruneConfig {
    /// - `Option<PruneMode>` fields: set from `other` only if `self` is `None`.
    /// - `block_interval`: set from `other` only if `self.block_interval ==
    ///   DEFAULT_BLOCK_INTERVAL`.
-    /// - `merkle_changesets`: always set from `other`.
    /// - `receipts_log_filter`: set from `other` only if `self` is empty and `other` is non-empty.
    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: Self) {
        let Self {
@@ -563,7 +562,6 @@ impl PruneConfig {
                    account_history,
                    storage_history,
                    bodies_history,
-                    merkle_changesets,
                    receipts_log_filter,
                },
        } = other;
@@ -580,8 +578,6 @@ impl PruneConfig {
        self.segments.account_history = self.segments.account_history.or(account_history);
        self.segments.storage_history = self.segments.storage_history.or(storage_history);
        self.segments.bodies_history = self.segments.bodies_history.or(bodies_history);
-        // Merkle changesets is not optional; always take the value from `other`
-        self.segments.merkle_changesets = merkle_changesets;

        if self.segments.receipts_log_filter.0.is_empty() && !receipts_log_filter.0.is_empty() {
            self.segments.receipts_log_filter = receipts_log_filter;
@@ -1091,7 +1087,6 @@ receipts = { distance = 16384 }
                account_history: None,
                storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Before(5000)),
                bodies_history: None,
-                merkle_changesets: PruneMode::Before(0),
                receipts_log_filter: ReceiptsLogPruneConfig(BTreeMap::from([(
                    Address::random(),
                    PruneMode::Full,
@@ -1108,7 +1103,6 @@ receipts = { distance = 16384 }
                account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(2000)),
                storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(3000)),
                bodies_history: None,
-                merkle_changesets: PruneMode::Distance(10000),
                receipts_log_filter: ReceiptsLogPruneConfig(BTreeMap::from([
                    (Address::random(), PruneMode::Distance(1000)),
                    (Address::random(), PruneMode::Before(2000)),
@@ -1127,7 +1121,6 @@ receipts = { distance = 16384 }
        assert_eq!(config1.segments.receipts, Some(PruneMode::Distance(1000)));
        assert_eq!(config1.segments.account_history, Some(PruneMode::Distance(2000)));
        assert_eq!(config1.segments.storage_history, Some(PruneMode::Before(5000)));
-        assert_eq!(config1.segments.merkle_changesets, PruneMode::Distance(10000));
        assert_eq!(config1.segments.receipts_log_filter, original_filter);
    }

--- a/crates/consensus/consensus/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/consensus/consensus/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ use alloc::{boxed::Box, fmt::Debug, string::String, sync::Arc, vec::Vec};
 use alloy_consensus::Header;
 use alloy_primitives::{BlockHash, BlockNumber, Bloom, B256};
 use core::error::Error;
+
+/// Pre-computed receipt root and logs bloom.
+///
+/// When provided to [`FullConsensus::validate_block_post_execution`], this allows skipping
+/// the receipt root computation and using the pre-computed values instead.
+pub type ReceiptRootBloom = (B256, Bloom);
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
    constants::{GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR, MAXIMUM_GAS_LIMIT_BLOCK, MINIMUM_GAS_LIMIT},
@@ -39,11 +45,15 @@ pub trait FullConsensus<N: NodePrimitives>: Consensus<N::Block> {
    ///
    /// See the Yellow Paper sections 4.3.2 "Holistic Validity".
    ///
+    /// If `receipt_root_bloom` is provided, the implementation should use the pre-computed
+    /// receipt root and logs bloom instead of computing them from the receipts.
+    ///
    /// Note: validating blocks does not include other validations of the Consensus
    fn validate_block_post_execution(
        &self,
        block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
    ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError>;
 }

--- a/crates/consensus/consensus/src/noop.rs
+++ b/crates/consensus/consensus/src/noop.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 //!
 //! **Not for production use** - provides no security guarantees or consensus validation.

-use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator};
+use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> FullConsensus<N> for NoopConsensus {
        &self,
        _block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        _result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        _receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
    ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
        Ok(())
    }
--- a/crates/consensus/consensus/src/test_utils.rs
+++ b/crates/consensus/consensus/src/test_utils.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator};
+use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> FullConsensus<N> for TestConsensus {
        &self,
        _block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        _result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        _receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
    ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
        if self.fail_validation() {
            Err(ConsensusError::BaseFeeMissing)
--- a/crates/engine/invalid-block-hooks/src/witness.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/invalid-block-hooks/src/witness.rs
@@ -448,12 +448,14 @@ mod tests {
                    nonce: account.nonce,
                    code_hash: account.bytecode_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
                    code: None,
+                    account_id: None,
                }),
                original_info: (i == 0).then(|| AccountInfo {
                    balance: account.balance.checked_div(U256::from(2)).unwrap_or(U256::ZERO),
                    nonce: 0,
                    code_hash: account.bytecode_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
                    code: None,
+                    account_id: None,
                }),
                storage,
                status: AccountStatus::default(),
--- a/crates/engine/primitives/src/config.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/primitives/src/config.rs
@@ -137,6 +137,8 @@ pub struct TreeConfig {
    account_worker_count: usize,
    /// Whether to enable V2 storage proofs.
    enable_proof_v2: bool,
+    /// Whether to disable cache metrics recording (can be expensive with large cached state).
+    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
 }

 impl Default for TreeConfig {
@@ -166,6 +168,7 @@ impl Default for TreeConfig {
            storage_worker_count: default_storage_worker_count(),
            account_worker_count: default_account_worker_count(),
            enable_proof_v2: false,
+            disable_cache_metrics: false,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -198,6 +201,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
        storage_worker_count: usize,
        account_worker_count: usize,
        enable_proof_v2: bool,
+        disable_cache_metrics: bool,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            persistence_threshold,
@@ -224,6 +228,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
            storage_worker_count,
            account_worker_count,
            enable_proof_v2,
+            disable_cache_metrics,
        }
    }

@@ -516,4 +521,15 @@ impl TreeConfig {
        self.enable_proof_v2 = enable_proof_v2;
        self
    }
+
+    /// Returns whether cache metrics recording is disabled.
+    pub const fn disable_cache_metrics(&self) -> bool {
+        self.disable_cache_metrics
+    }
+
+    /// Setter for whether to disable cache metrics recording.
+    pub const fn without_cache_metrics(mut self, disable_cache_metrics: bool) -> Self {
+        self.disable_cache_metrics = disable_cache_metrics;
+        self
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/engine/service/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/engine/service/Cargo.toml
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ reth-tasks.workspace = true
 reth-node-types.workspace = true
 reth-chainspec.workspace = true
 reth-engine-primitives.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db.workspace = true

 # async
 futures.workspace = true
@@ -40,6 +41,8 @@ reth-evm-ethereum.workspace = true
 reth-exex-types.workspace = true
 reth-primitives-traits.workspace = true
 reth-node-ethereum.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db.workspace = true

+alloy-eips.workspace = true
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
 tokio-stream.workspace = true
--- a/crates/engine/service/src/service.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/service/src/service.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use reth_provider::{
 use reth_prune::PrunerWithFactory;
 use reth_stages_api::{MetricEventsSender, Pipeline};
 use reth_tasks::TaskSpawner;
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use std::{
    pin::Pin,
    sync::Arc,
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ where
        tree_config: TreeConfig,
        sync_metrics_tx: MetricEventsSender,
        evm_config: C,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
    ) -> Self
    where
        V: EngineValidator<N::Payload>,
@@ -109,6 +111,7 @@ where
            tree_config,
            engine_kind,
            evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
        );

        let engine_handler = EngineApiRequestHandler::new(to_tree_tx, from_tree);
@@ -156,6 +159,7 @@ mod tests {
    };
    use reth_prune::Pruner;
    use reth_tasks::TokioTaskExecutor;
+    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
    use std::sync::Arc;
    use tokio::sync::{mpsc::unbounded_channel, watch};
    use tokio_stream::wrappers::UnboundedReceiverStream;
@@ -188,6 +192,8 @@ mod tests {
        let pruner = Pruner::new_with_factory(provider_factory.clone(), vec![], 0, 0, None, rx);
        let evm_config = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec.clone());

+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
+
        let engine_validator = BasicEngineValidator::new(
            blockchain_db.clone(),
            consensus.clone(),
@@ -195,6 +201,7 @@ mod tests {
            engine_payload_validator,
            TreeConfig::default(),
            Box::new(NoopInvalidBlockHook::default()),
+            changeset_cache.clone(),
        );

        let (sync_metrics_tx, _sync_metrics_rx) = unbounded_channel();
@@ -214,6 +221,7 @@ mod tests {
            TreeConfig::default(),
            sync_metrics_tx,
            evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
        );
    }
 }
--- a/crates/engine/tree/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ workspace = true

 [dependencies]
 # reth
-reth-chain-state.workspace = true
+reth-chain-state = { workspace = true, features = ["rayon"] }
 reth-chainspec = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 reth-consensus.workspace = true
 reth-db.workspace = true
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ reth-trie-parallel.workspace = true
 reth-trie-sparse = { workspace = true, features = ["std", "metrics"] }
 reth-trie-sparse-parallel = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
 reth-trie.workspace = true
+reth-trie-common.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db.workspace = true

 # alloy
 alloy-evm.workspace = true
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ reth-tracing.workspace = true
 reth-node-ethereum.workspace = true
 reth-e2e-test-utils.workspace = true

-# alloy
+# revm
 revm-state.workspace = true

 assert_matches.workspace = true
@@ -133,6 +135,8 @@ test-utils = [
    "reth-static-file",
    "reth-tracing",
    "reth-trie/test-utils",
+    "reth-trie-common/test-utils",
+    "reth-trie-db/test-utils",
    "reth-trie-sparse/test-utils",
    "reth-prune-types?/test-utils",
    "reth-trie-parallel/test-utils",
--- a/crates/engine/tree/benches/channel_perf.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/benches/channel_perf.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ fn create_bench_state(num_accounts: usize) -> EvmState {
                nonce: 10,
                code_hash: B256::from_slice(&rng.random::<[u8; 32]>()),
                code: Default::default(),
+                account_id: None,
            },
+            original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
            storage,
            status: AccountStatus::empty(),
            transaction_id: 0,
--- a/crates/engine/tree/benches/state_root_task.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/benches/state_root_task.rs
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ fn create_bench_state_updates(params: &BenchParams) -> Vec<EvmState> {
                    storage: HashMap::default(),
                    status: AccountStatus::SelfDestructed,
                    transaction_id: 0,
+                    original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
                }
            } else {
                RevmAccount {
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ fn create_bench_state_updates(params: &BenchParams) -> Vec<EvmState> {
                        nonce: rng.random::<u64>(),
                        code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
                        code: Some(Default::default()),
+                        account_id: None,
                    },
                    storage: (0..rng.random_range(0..=params.storage_slots_per_account))
                        .map(|_| {
@@ -84,6 +86,7 @@ fn create_bench_state_updates(params: &BenchParams) -> Vec<EvmState> {
                        })
                        .collect(),
                    status: AccountStatus::Touched,
+                    original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
                    transaction_id: 0,
                }
            };
@@ -239,7 +242,10 @@ fn bench_state_root(c: &mut Criterion) {
                                    std::convert::identity,
                                ),
                                StateProviderBuilder::new(provider.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
-                                OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider),
+                                OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
+                                    provider,
+                                    reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache::new(),
+                                ),
                                &TreeConfig::default(),
                                None,
                            );
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/persistence.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/persistence.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_provider::{
    providers::ProviderNodeTypes, BlockExecutionWriter, BlockHashReader, ChainStateBlockWriter,
-    DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, ProviderFactory,
+    DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, ProviderFactory, SaveBlocksMode,
 };
 use reth_prune::{PrunerError, PrunerOutput, PrunerWithFactory};
 use reth_stages_api::{MetricEvent, MetricEventsSender};
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ where
        if last_block.is_some() {
            let provider_rw = self.provider.database_provider_rw()?;

-            provider_rw.save_blocks(blocks)?;
+            provider_rw.save_blocks(blocks, SaveBlocksMode::Full)?;
            provider_rw.commit()?;
        }

@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ where

        self.metrics.save_blocks_block_count.record(block_count as f64);
        self.metrics.save_blocks_duration_seconds.record(start_time.elapsed());
+
        Ok(last_block)
    }
 }
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/cached_state.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/cached_state.rs
@@ -606,12 +606,21 @@ pub(crate) struct SavedCache {
    /// A guard to track in-flight usage of this cache.
    /// The cache is considered available if the strong count is 1.
    usage_guard: Arc<()>,
+
+    /// Whether to skip cache metrics recording (can be expensive with large cached state).
+    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
 }

 impl SavedCache {
    /// Creates a new instance with the internals
    pub(super) fn new(hash: B256, caches: ExecutionCache, metrics: CachedStateMetrics) -> Self {
-        Self { hash, caches, metrics, usage_guard: Arc::new(()) }
+        Self { hash, caches, metrics, usage_guard: Arc::new(()), disable_cache_metrics: false }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets whether to disable cache metrics recording.
+    pub(super) const fn with_disable_cache_metrics(mut self, disable: bool) -> Self {
+        self.disable_cache_metrics = disable;
+        self
    }

    /// Returns the hash for this cache
@@ -619,9 +628,9 @@ impl SavedCache {
        self.hash
    }

-    /// Splits the cache into its caches and metrics, consuming it.
-    pub(crate) fn split(self) -> (ExecutionCache, CachedStateMetrics) {
-        (self.caches, self.metrics)
+    /// Splits the cache into its caches, metrics, and `disable_cache_metrics` flag, consuming it.
+    pub(crate) fn split(self) -> (ExecutionCache, CachedStateMetrics, bool) {
+        (self.caches, self.metrics, self.disable_cache_metrics)
    }

    /// Returns true if the cache is available for use (no other tasks are currently using it).
@@ -645,7 +654,13 @@ impl SavedCache {
    }

    /// Updates the metrics for the [`ExecutionCache`].
+    ///
+    /// Note: This can be expensive with large cached state as it iterates over
+    /// all storage entries. Use `with_disable_cache_metrics(true)` to skip.
    pub(crate) fn update_metrics(&self) {
+        if self.disable_cache_metrics {
+            return;
+        }
        self.metrics.storage_cache_size.set(self.caches.total_storage_slots() as f64);
        self.metrics.account_cache_size.set(self.caches.account_cache.entry_count() as f64);
        self.metrics.code_cache_size.set(self.caches.code_cache.entry_count() as f64);
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/metrics.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/metrics.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,15 @@
-use crate::tree::{error::InsertBlockFatalError, MeteredStateHook, TreeOutcome};
-use alloy_consensus::transaction::TxHashRef;
-use alloy_evm::{
-    block::{BlockExecutor, ExecutableTx},
-    Evm,
-};
+use crate::tree::{error::InsertBlockFatalError, TreeOutcome};
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{PayloadStatus, PayloadStatusEnum};
-use core::borrow::BorrowMut;
 use reth_engine_primitives::{ForkchoiceStatus, OnForkChoiceUpdated};
-use reth_errors::{BlockExecutionError, ProviderError};
-use reth_evm::{metrics::ExecutorMetrics, OnStateHook};
+use reth_errors::ProviderError;
+use reth_evm::metrics::ExecutorMetrics;
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionOutput;
 use reth_metrics::{
    metrics::{Counter, Gauge, Histogram},
    Metrics,
 };
-use reth_primitives_traits::SignedTransaction;
 use reth_trie::updates::TrieUpdates;
-use revm::database::{states::bundle_state::BundleRetention, State};
-use revm_primitives::Address;
-use std::time::Instant;
-use tracing::{debug_span, trace};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

 /// Metrics for the `EngineApi`.
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -35,101 +25,24 @@ pub(crate) struct EngineApiMetrics {
 }

 impl EngineApiMetrics {
-    /// Helper function for metered execution
-    fn metered<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> R
-    where
-        F: FnOnce() -> (u64, R),
-    {
-        // Execute the block and record the elapsed time.
-        let execute_start = Instant::now();
-        let (gas_used, output) = f();
-        let execution_duration = execute_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
-
-        // Update gas metrics.
-        self.executor.gas_processed_total.increment(gas_used);
-        self.executor.gas_per_second.set(gas_used as f64 / execution_duration);
-        self.executor.gas_used_histogram.record(gas_used as f64);
-        self.executor.execution_histogram.record(execution_duration);
-        self.executor.execution_duration.set(execution_duration);
-
-        output
-    }
-
-    /// Execute the given block using the provided [`BlockExecutor`] and update metrics for the
-    /// execution.
+    /// Records metrics for block execution.
    ///
    /// This method updates metrics for execution time, gas usage, and the number
-    /// of accounts, storage slots and bytecodes loaded and updated.
-    pub(crate) fn execute_metered<E, DB>(
+    /// of accounts, storage slots and bytecodes updated.
+    pub(crate) fn record_block_execution<R>(
        &self,
-        executor: E,
-        mut transactions: impl Iterator<Item = Result<impl ExecutableTx<E>, BlockExecutionError>>,
-        transaction_count: usize,
-        state_hook: Box<dyn OnStateHook>,
-    ) -> Result<(BlockExecutionOutput<E::Receipt>, Vec<Address>), BlockExecutionError>
-    where
-        DB: alloy_evm::Database,
-        E: BlockExecutor<Evm: Evm<DB: BorrowMut<State<DB>>>, Transaction: SignedTransaction>,
-    {
-        // clone here is cheap, all the metrics are Option<Arc<_>>. additionally
-        // they are globally registered so that the data recorded in the hook will
-        // be accessible.
-        let wrapper = MeteredStateHook { metrics: self.executor.clone(), inner_hook: state_hook };
+        output: &BlockExecutionOutput<R>,
+        execution_duration: Duration,
+    ) {
+        let execution_secs = execution_duration.as_secs_f64();
+        let gas_used = output.result.gas_used;

-        let mut senders = Vec::with_capacity(transaction_count);
-        let mut executor = executor.with_state_hook(Some(Box::new(wrapper)));
-
-        let f = || {
-            let start = Instant::now();
-            debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "pre execution")
-                .entered()
-                .in_scope(|| executor.apply_pre_execution_changes())?;
-            self.executor.pre_execution_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-            let exec_span = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "execution").entered();
-            loop {
-                let start = Instant::now();
-                let Some(tx) = transactions.next() else { break };
-                self.executor.transaction_wait_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-                let tx = tx?;
-                senders.push(*tx.signer());
-
-                let span =
-                    debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "execute tx", tx_hash=?tx.tx().tx_hash());
-                let enter = span.entered();
-                trace!(target: "engine::tree", "Executing transaction");
-                let start = Instant::now();
-                let gas_used = executor.execute_transaction(tx)?;
-                self.executor.transaction_execution_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-                // record the tx gas used
-                enter.record("gas_used", gas_used);
-            }
-            drop(exec_span);
-
-            let start = Instant::now();
-            let result = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "finish")
-                .entered()
-                .in_scope(|| executor.finish())
-                .map(|(evm, result)| (evm.into_db(), result));
-            self.executor.post_execution_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-            result
-        };
-
-        // Use metered to execute and track timing/gas metrics
-        let (mut db, result) = self.metered(|| {
-            let res = f();
-            let gas_used = res.as_ref().map(|r| r.1.gas_used).unwrap_or(0);
-            (gas_used, res)
-        })?;
-
-        // merge transitions into bundle state
-        debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "merge transitions")
-            .entered()
-            .in_scope(|| db.borrow_mut().merge_transitions(BundleRetention::Reverts));
-        let output = BlockExecutionOutput { result, state: db.borrow_mut().take_bundle() };
+        // Update gas metrics
+        self.executor.gas_processed_total.increment(gas_used);
+        self.executor.gas_per_second.set(gas_used as f64 / execution_secs);
+        self.executor.gas_used_histogram.record(gas_used as f64);
+        self.executor.execution_histogram.record(execution_secs);
+        self.executor.execution_duration.set(execution_secs);

        // Update the metrics for the number of accounts, storage slots and bytecodes updated
        let accounts = output.state.state.len();
@@ -140,8 +53,31 @@ impl EngineApiMetrics {
        self.executor.accounts_updated_histogram.record(accounts as f64);
        self.executor.storage_slots_updated_histogram.record(storage_slots as f64);
        self.executor.bytecodes_updated_histogram.record(bytecodes as f64);
+    }

-        Ok((output, senders))
+    /// Returns a reference to the executor metrics for use in state hooks.
+    pub(crate) const fn executor_metrics(&self) -> &ExecutorMetrics {
+        &self.executor
+    }
+
+    /// Records the duration of block pre-execution changes (e.g., beacon root update).
+    pub(crate) fn record_pre_execution(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.pre_execution_histogram.record(elapsed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records the duration of block post-execution changes (e.g., finalization).
+    pub(crate) fn record_post_execution(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.post_execution_histogram.record(elapsed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records the time spent waiting for the next transaction from the iterator.
+    pub(crate) fn record_transaction_wait(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.transaction_wait_histogram.record(elapsed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records the duration of a single transaction execution.
+    pub(crate) fn record_transaction_execution(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.transaction_execution_histogram.record(elapsed);
    }
 }

@@ -197,6 +133,12 @@ pub(crate) struct EngineMetrics {
 #[derive(Metrics)]
 #[metrics(scope = "consensus.engine.beacon")]
 pub(crate) struct ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
+    /// Finish time of the latest forkchoice updated call.
+    #[metric(skip)]
+    pub(crate) latest_finish_at: Option<Instant>,
+    /// Start time of the latest forkchoice updated call.
+    #[metric(skip)]
+    pub(crate) latest_start_at: Option<Instant>,
    /// The total count of forkchoice updated messages received.
    pub(crate) forkchoice_updated_messages: Counter,
    /// The total count of forkchoice updated messages with payload received.
@@ -219,18 +161,35 @@ pub(crate) struct ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
    pub(crate) forkchoice_updated_last: Gauge,
    /// Time diff between new payload call response and the next forkchoice updated call request.
    pub(crate) new_payload_forkchoice_updated_time_diff: Histogram,
+    /// Time from previous forkchoice updated finish to current forkchoice updated start (idle
+    /// time).
+    pub(crate) time_between_forkchoice_updated: Histogram,
+    /// Time from previous forkchoice updated start to current forkchoice updated start (total
+    /// interval).
+    pub(crate) forkchoice_updated_interval: Histogram,
 }

 impl ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
    /// Increment the forkchoiceUpdated counter based on the given result
    pub(crate) fn update_response_metrics(
-        &self,
+        &mut self,
        start: Instant,
        latest_new_payload_at: &mut Option<Instant>,
        has_attrs: bool,
        result: &Result<TreeOutcome<OnForkChoiceUpdated>, ProviderError>,
    ) {
-        let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+        let finish = Instant::now();
+        let elapsed = finish - start;
+
+        if let Some(prev_finish) = self.latest_finish_at {
+            self.time_between_forkchoice_updated.record(start - prev_finish);
+        }
+        if let Some(prev_start) = self.latest_start_at {
+            self.forkchoice_updated_interval.record(start - prev_start);
+        }
+        self.latest_finish_at = Some(finish);
+        self.latest_start_at = Some(start);
+
        match result {
            Ok(outcome) => match outcome.outcome.forkchoice_status() {
                ForkchoiceStatus::Valid => self.forkchoice_updated_valid.increment(1),
@@ -257,7 +216,10 @@ impl ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
 pub(crate) struct NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
    /// Finish time of the latest new payload call.
    #[metric(skip)]
-    pub(crate) latest_at: Option<Instant>,
+    pub(crate) latest_finish_at: Option<Instant>,
+    /// Start time of the latest new payload call.
+    #[metric(skip)]
+    pub(crate) latest_start_at: Option<Instant>,
    /// The total count of new payload messages received.
    pub(crate) new_payload_messages: Counter,
    /// The total count of new payload messages that we responded to with
@@ -285,6 +247,10 @@ pub(crate) struct NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
    pub(crate) new_payload_latency: Histogram,
    /// Latency for the last new payload call.
    pub(crate) new_payload_last: Gauge,
+    /// Time from previous payload finish to current payload start (idle time).
+    pub(crate) time_between_new_payloads: Histogram,
+    /// Time from previous payload start to current payload start (total interval).
+    pub(crate) new_payload_interval: Histogram,
 }

 impl NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
@@ -298,7 +264,14 @@ impl NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
        let finish = Instant::now();
        let elapsed = finish - start;

-        self.latest_at = Some(finish);
+        if let Some(prev_finish) = self.latest_finish_at {
+            self.time_between_new_payloads.record(start - prev_finish);
+        }
+        if let Some(prev_start) = self.latest_start_at {
+            self.new_payload_interval.record(start - prev_start);
+        }
+        self.latest_finish_at = Some(finish);
+        self.latest_start_at = Some(start);
        match result {
            Ok(outcome) => match outcome.outcome.status {
                PayloadStatusEnum::Valid => {
@@ -334,10 +307,6 @@ pub(crate) struct BlockValidationMetrics {
    pub(crate) state_root_histogram: Histogram,
    /// Histogram of deferred trie computation duration.
    pub(crate) deferred_trie_compute_duration: Histogram,
-    /// Histogram of time spent waiting for deferred trie data to become available.
-    pub(crate) deferred_trie_wait_duration: Histogram,
-    /// Trie input computation duration
-    pub(crate) trie_input_duration: Histogram,
    /// Payload conversion and validation latency
    pub(crate) payload_validation_duration: Gauge,
    /// Histogram of payload validation latency
@@ -387,133 +356,10 @@ pub(crate) struct BlockBufferMetrics {
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use alloy_eips::eip7685::Requests;
-    use alloy_evm::block::StateChangeSource;
-    use alloy_primitives::{B256, U256};
    use metrics_util::debugging::{DebuggingRecorder, Snapshotter};
-    use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Receipt, TransactionSigned};
-    use reth_evm_ethereum::EthEvm;
+    use reth_ethereum_primitives::Receipt;
    use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
-    use reth_primitives_traits::RecoveredBlock;
-    use revm::{
-        context::result::{ExecutionResult, Output, ResultAndState, SuccessReason},
-        database::State,
-        database_interface::EmptyDB,
-        inspector::NoOpInspector,
-        state::{Account, AccountInfo, AccountStatus, EvmState, EvmStorage, EvmStorageSlot},
-        Context, MainBuilder, MainContext,
-    };
-    use revm_primitives::Bytes;
-    use std::sync::mpsc;
-
-    /// A simple mock executor for testing that doesn't require complex EVM setup
-    struct MockExecutor {
-        state: EvmState,
-        hook: Option<Box<dyn OnStateHook>>,
-    }
-
-    impl MockExecutor {
-        fn new(state: EvmState) -> Self {
-            Self { state, hook: None }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Mock Evm type for testing
-    type MockEvm = EthEvm<State<EmptyDB>, NoOpInspector>;
-
-    impl BlockExecutor for MockExecutor {
-        type Transaction = TransactionSigned;
-        type Receipt = Receipt;
-        type Evm = MockEvm;
-
-        fn apply_pre_execution_changes(&mut self) -> Result<(), BlockExecutionError> {
-            Ok(())
-        }
-
-        fn execute_transaction_without_commit(
-            &mut self,
-            _tx: impl ExecutableTx<Self>,
-        ) -> Result<ResultAndState<<Self::Evm as Evm>::HaltReason>, BlockExecutionError> {
-            // Call hook with our mock state for each transaction
-            if let Some(hook) = self.hook.as_mut() {
-                hook.on_state(StateChangeSource::Transaction(0), &self.state);
-            }
-
-            Ok(ResultAndState::new(
-                ExecutionResult::Success {
-                    reason: SuccessReason::Return,
-                    gas_used: 1000, // Mock gas used
-                    gas_refunded: 0,
-                    logs: vec![],
-                    output: Output::Call(Bytes::from(vec![])),
-                },
-                Default::default(),
-            ))
-        }
-
-        fn commit_transaction(
-            &mut self,
-            _output: ResultAndState<<Self::Evm as Evm>::HaltReason>,
-            _tx: impl ExecutableTx<Self>,
-        ) -> Result<u64, BlockExecutionError> {
-            Ok(1000)
-        }
-
-        fn finish(
-            self,
-        ) -> Result<(Self::Evm, BlockExecutionResult<Self::Receipt>), BlockExecutionError> {
-            let Self { hook, state, .. } = self;
-
-            // Call hook with our mock state
-            if let Some(mut hook) = hook {
-                hook.on_state(StateChangeSource::Transaction(0), &state);
-            }
-
-            // Create a mock EVM
-            let db = State::builder()
-                .with_database(EmptyDB::default())
-                .with_bundle_update()
-                .without_state_clear()
-                .build();
-            let evm = EthEvm::new(
-                Context::mainnet().with_db(db).build_mainnet_with_inspector(NoOpInspector {}),
-                false,
-            );
-
-            // Return successful result like the original tests
-            Ok((
-                evm,
-                BlockExecutionResult {
-                    receipts: vec![],
-                    requests: Requests::default(),
-                    gas_used: 1000,
-                    blob_gas_used: 0,
-                },
-            ))
-        }
-
-        fn set_state_hook(&mut self, hook: Option<Box<dyn OnStateHook>>) {
-            self.hook = hook;
-        }
-
-        fn evm(&self) -> &Self::Evm {
-            panic!("Mock executor evm() not implemented")
-        }
-
-        fn evm_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Evm {
-            panic!("Mock executor evm_mut() not implemented")
-        }
-    }
-
-    struct ChannelStateHook {
-        output: i32,
-        sender: mpsc::Sender<i32>,
-    }
-
-    impl OnStateHook for ChannelStateHook {
-        fn on_state(&mut self, _source: StateChangeSource, _state: &EvmState) {
-            let _ = self.sender.send(self.output);
-        }
-    }
+    use reth_revm::db::BundleState;

    fn setup_test_recorder() -> Snapshotter {
        let recorder = DebuggingRecorder::new();
@@ -523,37 +369,7 @@ mod tests {
    }

    #[test]
-    fn test_executor_metrics_hook_called() {
-        let metrics = EngineApiMetrics::default();
-        let input = RecoveredBlock::<reth_ethereum_primitives::Block>::default();
-
-        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
-        let expected_output = 42;
-        let state_hook = Box::new(ChannelStateHook { sender: tx, output: expected_output });
-
-        let state = EvmState::default();
-        let executor = MockExecutor::new(state);
-
-        // This will fail to create the EVM but should still call the hook
-        let _result = metrics.execute_metered::<_, EmptyDB>(
-            executor,
-            input.clone_transactions_recovered().map(Ok::<_, BlockExecutionError>),
-            input.transaction_count(),
-            state_hook,
-        );
-
-        // Check if hook was called (it might not be if finish() fails early)
-        match rx.try_recv() {
-            Ok(actual_output) => assert_eq!(actual_output, expected_output),
-            Err(_) => {
-                // Hook wasn't called, which is expected if the mock fails early
-                // The test still validates that the code compiles and runs
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_executor_metrics_hook_metrics_recorded() {
+    fn test_record_block_execution_metrics() {
        let snapshotter = setup_test_recorder();
        let metrics = EngineApiMetrics::default();

@@ -562,42 +378,17 @@ mod tests {
        metrics.executor.gas_per_second.set(0.0);
        metrics.executor.gas_used_histogram.record(0.0);

-        let input = RecoveredBlock::<reth_ethereum_primitives::Block>::default();
-
-        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel();
-        let state_hook = Box::new(ChannelStateHook { sender: tx, output: 42 });
-
-        // Create a state with some data
-        let state = {
-            let mut state = EvmState::default();
-            let storage =
-                EvmStorage::from_iter([(U256::from(1), EvmStorageSlot::new(U256::from(2), 0))]);
-            state.insert(
-                Default::default(),
-                Account {
-                    info: AccountInfo {
-                        balance: U256::from(100),
-                        nonce: 10,
-                        code_hash: B256::random(),
-                        code: Default::default(),
-                    },
-                    storage,
-                    status: AccountStatus::default(),
-                    transaction_id: 0,
-                },
-            );
-            state
+        let output = BlockExecutionOutput::<Receipt> {
+            state: BundleState::default(),
+            result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                receipts: vec![],
+                requests: Requests::default(),
+                gas_used: 21000,
+                blob_gas_used: 0,
+            },
        };

-        let executor = MockExecutor::new(state);
-
-        // Execute (will fail but should still update some metrics)
-        let _result = metrics.execute_metered::<_, EmptyDB>(
-            executor,
-            input.clone_transactions_recovered().map(Ok::<_, BlockExecutionError>),
-            input.transaction_count(),
-            state_hook,
-        );
+        metrics.record_block_execution(&output, Duration::from_millis(100));

        let snapshot = snapshotter.snapshot().into_vec();

--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs
@@ -30,11 +30,13 @@ use reth_payload_primitives::{
 };
 use reth_primitives_traits::{NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
 use reth_provider::{
-    BlockReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError, StateProviderBox,
-    StateProviderFactory, StateReader, TransactionVariant, TrieReader,
+    BlockExecutionOutput, BlockExecutionResult, BlockNumReader, BlockReader, ChangeSetReader,
+    DatabaseProviderFactory, HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError, StageCheckpointReader,
+    StateProviderBox, StateProviderFactory, StateReader, TransactionVariant,
 };
 use reth_revm::database::StateProviderDatabase;
 use reth_stages_api::ControlFlow;
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use revm::state::EvmState;
 use state::TreeState;
 use std::{fmt::Debug, ops, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
@@ -271,6 +273,8 @@ where
    engine_kind: EngineApiKind,
    /// The EVM configuration.
    evm_config: C,
+    /// Changeset cache for in-memory trie changesets
+    changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
 }

 impl<N, P: Debug, T: PayloadTypes + Debug, V: Debug, C> std::fmt::Debug
@@ -295,6 +299,7 @@ where
            .field("metrics", &self.metrics)
            .field("engine_kind", &self.engine_kind)
            .field("evm_config", &self.evm_config)
+            .field("changeset_cache", &self.changeset_cache)
            .finish()
    }
 }
@@ -307,11 +312,12 @@ where
        + StateProviderFactory
        + StateReader<Receipt = N::Receipt>
        + HashedPostStateProvider
-        + TrieReader
        + Clone
        + 'static,
-    <P as DatabaseProviderFactory>::Provider:
-        BlockReader<Block = N::Block, Header = N::BlockHeader>,
+    <P as DatabaseProviderFactory>::Provider: BlockReader<Block = N::Block, Header = N::BlockHeader>
+        + StageCheckpointReader
+        + ChangeSetReader
+        + BlockNumReader,
    C: ConfigureEvm<Primitives = N> + 'static,
    T: PayloadTypes<BuiltPayload: BuiltPayload<Primitives = N>>,
    V: EngineValidator<T>,
@@ -331,6 +337,7 @@ where
        config: TreeConfig,
        engine_kind: EngineApiKind,
        evm_config: C,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
    ) -> Self {
        let (incoming_tx, incoming) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();

@@ -351,6 +358,7 @@ where
            incoming_tx,
            engine_kind,
            evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
        }
    }

@@ -370,6 +378,7 @@ where
        config: TreeConfig,
        kind: EngineApiKind,
        evm_config: C,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
    ) -> (Sender<FromEngine<EngineApiRequest<T, N>, N::Block>>, UnboundedReceiver<EngineApiEvent<N>>)
    {
        let best_block_number = provider.best_block_number().unwrap_or(0);
@@ -401,6 +410,7 @@ where
            config,
            kind,
            evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
        );
        let incoming = task.incoming_tx.clone();
        std::thread::Builder::new().name("Engine Task".to_string()).spawn(|| task.run()).unwrap();
@@ -1365,6 +1375,21 @@ where

        debug!(target: "engine::tree", ?last_persisted_block_hash, ?last_persisted_block_number, elapsed=?start_time.elapsed(), "Finished persisting, calling finish");
        self.persistence_state.finish(last_persisted_block_hash, last_persisted_block_number);
+
+        // Evict trie changesets for blocks below the finalized block, but keep at least 64 blocks
+        if let Some(finalized) = self.canonical_in_memory_state.get_finalized_num_hash() {
+            let min_threshold = last_persisted_block_number.saturating_sub(64);
+            let eviction_threshold = finalized.number.min(min_threshold);
+            debug!(
+                target: "engine::tree",
+                last_persisted = last_persisted_block_number,
+                finalized_number = finalized.number,
+                eviction_threshold,
+                "Evicting changesets below threshold"
+            );
+            self.changeset_cache.evict(eviction_threshold);
+        }
+
        self.on_new_persisted_block()?;
        Ok(())
    }
@@ -1453,7 +1478,7 @@ where

                                self.metrics.engine.forkchoice_updated.update_response_metrics(
                                    start,
-                                    &mut self.metrics.engine.new_payload.latest_at,
+                                    &mut self.metrics.engine.new_payload.latest_finish_at,
                                    has_attrs,
                                    &output,
                                );
@@ -1651,6 +1676,18 @@ where
                )));
                return Ok(());
            }
+        } else {
+            // We don't have the head block or any of its ancestors buffered. Request
+            // a download for the head block which will then trigger further sync.
+            debug!(
+                target: "engine::tree",
+                head_hash = %sync_target_state.head_block_hash,
+                "Backfill complete but head block not buffered, requesting download"
+            );
+            self.emit_event(EngineApiEvent::Download(DownloadRequest::single_block(
+                sync_target_state.head_block_hash,
+            )));
+            return Ok(());
        }

        // try to close the gap by executing buffered blocks that are child blocks of the new head
@@ -1818,6 +1855,7 @@ where
    /// or the database. If the required historical data (such as trie change sets) has been
    /// pruned for a given block, this operation will return an error. On archive nodes, it
    /// can retrieve any block.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree", skip(self))]
    fn canonical_block_by_hash(&self, hash: B256) -> ProviderResult<Option<ExecutedBlock<N>>> {
        trace!(target: "engine::tree", ?hash, "Fetching executed block by hash");
        // check memory first
@@ -1830,12 +1868,23 @@ where
            .sealed_block_with_senders(hash.into(), TransactionVariant::WithHash)?
            .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::HeaderNotFound(hash.into()))?
            .split_sealed();
-        let execution_output = self
+        let mut execution_output = self
            .provider
            .get_state(block.header().number())?
            .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::StateForNumberNotFound(block.header().number()))?;
        let hashed_state = self.provider.hashed_post_state(execution_output.state());
-        let trie_updates = self.provider.get_block_trie_updates(block.number())?;
+
+        debug!(
+            target: "engine::tree",
+            number = ?block.number(),
+            "computing block trie updates",
+        );
+        let db_provider = self.provider.database_provider_ro()?;
+        let trie_updates = reth_trie_db::compute_block_trie_updates(
+            &self.changeset_cache,
+            &db_provider,
+            block.number(),
+        )?;

        let sorted_hashed_state = Arc::new(hashed_state.into_sorted());
        let sorted_trie_updates = Arc::new(trie_updates);
@@ -1843,9 +1892,19 @@ where
        let trie_data =
            ComputedTrieData::without_trie_input(sorted_hashed_state, sorted_trie_updates);

+        let execution_output = Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput {
+            state: execution_output.bundle,
+            result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                receipts: execution_output.receipts.pop().unwrap_or_default(),
+                requests: execution_output.requests.pop().unwrap_or_default(),
+                gas_used: block.gas_used(),
+                blob_gas_used: block.blob_gas_used().unwrap_or_default(),
+            },
+        });
+
        Ok(Some(ExecutedBlock::new(
            Arc::new(RecoveredBlock::new_sealed(block, senders)),
-            Arc::new(execution_output),
+            execution_output,
            trie_data,
        )))
    }
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/bal.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/bal.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for BALSlotIter<'a> {
                    return None;
                }

-                return Some((address, slot));
+                return Some((address, StorageKey::from(slot)));
            }

            // Move to next account
@@ -177,13 +177,11 @@ where
            let mut storage_map = HashedStorage::new(false);

            for slot_changes in &account_changes.storage_changes {
-                let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot_changes.slot);
+                let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot_changes.slot.to_be_bytes::<32>());

                // Get the last change for this slot
                if let Some(last_change) = slot_changes.changes.last() {
-                    storage_map
-                        .storage
-                        .insert(hashed_slot, U256::from_be_bytes(last_change.new_value.0));
+                    storage_map.storage.insert(hashed_slot, last_change.new_value);
                }
            }

@@ -237,8 +235,8 @@ mod tests {
        let provider = StateProviderTest::default();

        let address = Address::random();
-        let slot = StorageKey::random();
-        let value = B256::random();
+        let slot = U256::random();
+        let value = U256::random();

        let slot_changes = SlotChanges { slot, changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, value)] };

@@ -258,10 +256,10 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(result.storages.contains_key(&hashed_address));

        let storage = result.storages.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
-        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot);
+        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot.to_be_bytes::<32>());

        let stored_value = storage.storage.get(&hashed_slot).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(*stored_value, U256::from_be_bytes(value.0));
+        assert_eq!(*stored_value, value);
    }

    #[test]
@@ -392,15 +390,15 @@ mod tests {
        let provider = StateProviderTest::default();

        let address = Address::random();
-        let slot = StorageKey::random();
+        let slot = U256::random();

        // Multiple changes to the same slot - should take the last one
        let slot_changes = SlotChanges {
            slot,
            changes: vec![
-                StorageChange::new(0, B256::from(U256::from(100).to_be_bytes::<32>())),
-                StorageChange::new(1, B256::from(U256::from(200).to_be_bytes::<32>())),
-                StorageChange::new(2, B256::from(U256::from(300).to_be_bytes::<32>())),
+                StorageChange::new(0, U256::from(100)),
+                StorageChange::new(1, U256::from(200)),
+                StorageChange::new(2, U256::from(300)),
            ],
        };

@@ -418,7 +416,7 @@ mod tests {

        let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
        let storage = result.storages.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
-        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot);
+        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot.to_be_bytes::<32>());

        let stored_value = storage.storage.get(&hashed_slot).unwrap();

@@ -438,15 +436,15 @@ mod tests {
            address: addr1,
            storage_changes: vec![
                SlotChanges {
-                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(100)),
-                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                    slot: U256::from(100),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::ZERO)],
                },
                SlotChanges {
-                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(101)),
-                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                    slot: U256::from(101),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::ZERO)],
                },
            ],
-            storage_reads: vec![StorageKey::from(U256::from(102))],
+            storage_reads: vec![U256::from(102)],
            balance_changes: vec![],
            nonce_changes: vec![],
            code_changes: vec![],
@@ -456,10 +454,10 @@ mod tests {
        let account2 = AccountChanges {
            address: addr2,
            storage_changes: vec![SlotChanges {
-                slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(200)),
-                changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                slot: U256::from(200),
+                changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::ZERO)],
            }],
-            storage_reads: vec![StorageKey::from(U256::from(201))],
+            storage_reads: vec![U256::from(201)],
            balance_changes: vec![],
            nonce_changes: vec![],
            code_changes: vec![],
@@ -470,15 +468,15 @@ mod tests {
            address: addr3,
            storage_changes: vec![
                SlotChanges {
-                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(300)),
-                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                    slot: U256::from(300),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::ZERO)],
                },
                SlotChanges {
-                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(301)),
-                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                    slot: U256::from(301),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::ZERO)],
                },
            ],
-            storage_reads: vec![StorageKey::from(U256::from(302))],
+            storage_reads: vec![U256::from(302)],
            balance_changes: vec![],
            nonce_changes: vec![],
            code_changes: vec![],
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use alloy_evm::{block::StateChangeSource, ToTxEnv};
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
 use executor::WorkloadExecutor;
+use metrics::Counter;
 use multiproof::{SparseTrieUpdate, *};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use prewarm::PrewarmMetrics;
@@ -28,10 +29,11 @@ use reth_evm::{
    ConfigureEvm, EvmEnvFor, ExecutableTxIterator, ExecutableTxTuple, OnStateHook, SpecFor,
    TxEnvFor,
 };
-use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
+use reth_metrics::Metrics;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_provider::{
-    BlockReader, DatabaseProviderROFactory, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
+    BlockExecutionOutput, BlockReader, DatabaseProviderROFactory, StateProvider,
+    StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
 };
 use reth_revm::{db::BundleState, state::EvmState};
 use reth_trie::{hashed_cursor::HashedCursorFactory, trie_cursor::TrieCursorFactory};
@@ -61,6 +63,7 @@ mod configured_sparse_trie;
 pub mod executor;
 pub mod multiproof;
 pub mod prewarm;
+pub mod receipt_root_task;
 pub mod sparse_trie;

 use configured_sparse_trie::ConfiguredSparseTrie;
@@ -138,6 +141,8 @@ where
    disable_parallel_sparse_trie: bool,
    /// Maximum concurrency for prewarm task.
    prewarm_max_concurrency: usize,
+    /// Whether to disable cache metrics recording.
+    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
 }

 impl<N, Evm> PayloadProcessor<Evm>
@@ -170,6 +175,7 @@ where
            sparse_state_trie: Arc::default(),
            disable_parallel_sparse_trie: config.disable_parallel_sparse_trie(),
            prewarm_max_concurrency: config.prewarm_max_concurrency(),
+            disable_cache_metrics: config.disable_cache_metrics(),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -289,8 +295,7 @@ where
            config.multiproof_chunking_enabled().then_some(config.multiproof_chunk_size()),
            to_multi_proof.clone(),
            from_multi_proof,
-        )
-        .with_v2_proofs_enabled(v2_proofs_enabled);
+        );

        // spawn multi-proof task
        let parent_span = span.clone();
@@ -300,7 +305,7 @@ where
            // Build a state provider for the multiproof task
            let provider = provider_builder.build().expect("failed to build provider");
            let provider = if let Some(saved_cache) = saved_cache {
-                let (cache, metrics) = saved_cache.split();
+                let (cache, metrics, _) = saved_cache.split();
                Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new(provider, cache, metrics))
                    as Box<dyn StateProvider>
            } else {
@@ -477,6 +482,7 @@ where
            debug!("creating new execution cache on cache miss");
            let cache = ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(self.cross_block_cache_size);
            SavedCache::new(parent_hash, cache, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed())
+                .with_disable_cache_metrics(self.disable_cache_metrics)
        }
    }

@@ -558,6 +564,7 @@ where
        block_with_parent: BlockWithParent,
        bundle_state: &BundleState,
    ) {
+        let disable_cache_metrics = self.disable_cache_metrics;
        self.execution_cache.update_with_guard(|cached| {
            if cached.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| c.executed_block_hash() != block_with_parent.parent) {
                debug!(
@@ -571,7 +578,8 @@ where
            // Take existing cache (if any) or create fresh caches
            let (caches, cache_metrics) = match cached.take() {
                Some(existing) => {
-                    existing.split()
+                    let (c, m, _) = existing.split();
+                    (c, m)
                }
                None => (
                    ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(self.cross_block_cache_size),
@@ -580,7 +588,8 @@ where
            };

            // Insert the block's bundle state into cache
-            let new_cache = SavedCache::new(block_with_parent.block.hash, caches, cache_metrics);
+            let new_cache = SavedCache::new(block_with_parent.block.hash, caches, cache_metrics)
+                .with_disable_cache_metrics(disable_cache_metrics);
            if new_cache.cache().insert_state(bundle_state).is_err() {
                *cached = None;
                debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on update error");
@@ -666,13 +675,15 @@ impl<Tx, Err, R: Send + Sync + 'static> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err, R> {

    /// Terminates the entire caching task.
    ///
-    /// If the [`ExecutionOutcome`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
+    /// If the [`BlockExecutionOutput`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
    /// bundle state. Using `Arc<ExecutionOutcome>` allows sharing with the main execution
    /// path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a sender for the channel that should be notified on block validation success.
    pub(super) fn terminate_caching(
        &mut self,
-        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
-    ) {
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<R>>>,
+    ) -> Option<mpsc::Sender<()>> {
        self.prewarm_handle.terminate_caching(execution_outcome)
    }

@@ -708,15 +719,21 @@ impl<R: Send + Sync + 'static> CacheTaskHandle<R> {

    /// Terminates the entire pre-warming task.
    ///
-    /// If the [`ExecutionOutcome`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
+    /// If the [`BlockExecutionOutput`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
    /// bundle state. Using `Arc<ExecutionOutcome>` avoids cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+    #[must_use = "sender must be used and notified on block validation success"]
    pub(super) fn terminate_caching(
        &mut self,
-        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
-    ) {
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<R>>>,
+    ) -> Option<mpsc::Sender<()>> {
        if let Some(tx) = self.to_prewarm_task.take() {
-            let event = PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome };
+            let (valid_block_tx, valid_block_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+            let event = PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome, valid_block_rx };
            let _ = tx.send(event);
+
+            Some(valid_block_tx)
+        } else {
+            None
        }
    }
 }
@@ -725,7 +742,10 @@ impl<R> Drop for CacheTaskHandle<R> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Ensure we always terminate on drop - send None without needing Send + Sync bounds
        if let Some(tx) = self.to_prewarm_task.take() {
-            let _ = tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome: None });
+            let _ = tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate {
+                execution_outcome: None,
+                valid_block_rx: mpsc::channel().1,
+            });
        }
    }
 }
@@ -759,6 +779,8 @@ impl<R> Drop for CacheTaskHandle<R> {
 struct ExecutionCache {
    /// Guarded cloneable cache identified by a block hash.
    inner: Arc<RwLock<Option<SavedCache>>>,
+    /// Metrics for cache operations.
+    metrics: ExecutionCacheMetrics,
 }

 impl ExecutionCache {
@@ -800,6 +822,10 @@ impl ExecutionCache {
            if hash_matches && available {
                return Some(c.clone());
            }
+
+            if hash_matches && !available {
+                self.metrics.execution_cache_in_use.increment(1);
+            }
        } else {
            debug!(target: "engine::caching", %parent_hash, "No cache found");
        }
@@ -835,6 +861,15 @@ impl ExecutionCache {
    }
 }

+/// Metrics for execution cache operations.
+#[derive(Metrics, Clone)]
+#[metrics(scope = "consensus.engine.beacon")]
+pub(crate) struct ExecutionCacheMetrics {
+    /// Counter for when the execution cache was unavailable because other threads
+    /// (e.g., prewarming) are still using it.
+    pub(crate) execution_cache_in_use: Counter,
+}
+
 /// EVM context required to execute a block.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ExecutionEnv<Evm: ConfigureEvm> {
@@ -887,6 +922,7 @@ mod tests {
    use reth_revm::db::BundleState;
    use reth_testing_utils::generators;
    use reth_trie::{test_utils::state_root, HashedPostState};
+    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
    use revm_primitives::{Address, HashMap, B256, KECCAK_EMPTY, U256};
    use revm_state::{AccountInfo, AccountStatus, EvmState, EvmStorageSlot};
    use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -1059,7 +1095,9 @@ mod tests {
                        nonce: rng.random::<u64>(),
                        code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
                        code: Some(Default::default()),
+                        account_id: None,
                    },
+                    original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
                    storage,
                    status: AccountStatus::Touched,
                    transaction_id: 0,
@@ -1142,7 +1180,7 @@ mod tests {
                std::convert::identity,
            ),
            StateProviderBuilder::new(provider_factory.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
-            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory),
+            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory, ChangesetCache::new()),
            &TreeConfig::default(),
            None, // No BAL for test
        );
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/multiproof.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/multiproof.rs
@@ -11,16 +11,14 @@ use reth_metrics::Metrics;
 use reth_provider::AccountReader;
 use reth_revm::state::EvmState;
 use reth_trie::{
-    added_removed_keys::MultiAddedRemovedKeys, proof_v2, DecodedMultiProof, HashedPostState,
-    HashedStorage, MultiProofTargets,
+    added_removed_keys::MultiAddedRemovedKeys, DecodedMultiProof, HashedPostState, HashedStorage,
+    MultiProofTargets,
 };
 use reth_trie_parallel::{
    proof::ParallelProof,
    proof_task::{
-        AccountMultiproofInput, ProofResult, ProofResultContext, ProofResultMessage,
-        ProofWorkerHandle,
+        AccountMultiproofInput, ProofResultContext, ProofResultMessage, ProofWorkerHandle,
    },
-    targets_v2::{ChunkedMultiProofTargetsV2, MultiProofTargetsV2},
 };
 use revm_primitives::map::{hash_map, B256Map};
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
@@ -65,12 +63,12 @@ const DEFAULT_MAX_TARGETS_FOR_CHUNKING: usize = 300;

 /// A trie update that can be applied to sparse trie alongside the proofs for touched parts of the
 /// state.
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Default, Debug)]
 pub struct SparseTrieUpdate {
    /// The state update that was used to calculate the proof
    pub(crate) state: HashedPostState,
    /// The calculated multiproof
-    pub(crate) multiproof: ProofResult,
+    pub(crate) multiproof: DecodedMultiProof,
 }

 impl SparseTrieUpdate {
@@ -82,10 +80,7 @@ impl SparseTrieUpdate {
    /// Construct update from multiproof.
    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(super) fn from_multiproof(multiproof: reth_trie::MultiProof) -> alloy_rlp::Result<Self> {
-        Ok(Self {
-            state: HashedPostState::default(),
-            multiproof: ProofResult::Legacy(multiproof.try_into()?),
-        })
+        Ok(Self { multiproof: multiproof.try_into()?, ..Default::default() })
    }

    /// Extend update with contents of the other.
@@ -99,7 +94,7 @@ impl SparseTrieUpdate {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(super) enum MultiProofMessage {
    /// Prefetch proof targets
-    PrefetchProofs(VersionedMultiProofTargets),
+    PrefetchProofs(MultiProofTargets),
    /// New state update from transaction execution with its source
    StateUpdate(Source, EvmState),
    /// State update that can be applied to the sparse trie without any new proofs.
@@ -146,22 +141,27 @@ impl ProofSequencer {
    /// Adds a proof with the corresponding state update and returns all sequential proofs and state
    /// updates if we have a continuous sequence
    fn add_proof(&mut self, sequence: u64, update: SparseTrieUpdate) -> Vec<SparseTrieUpdate> {
-        if sequence >= self.next_to_deliver {
+        // Optimization: fast path for in-order delivery to avoid BTreeMap overhead.
+        // If this is the expected sequence, return it immediately without buffering.
+        if sequence == self.next_to_deliver {
+            let mut consecutive_proofs = Vec::with_capacity(1);
+            consecutive_proofs.push(update);
+            self.next_to_deliver += 1;
+
+            // Check if we have subsequent proofs in the pending buffer
+            while let Some(pending) = self.pending_proofs.remove(&self.next_to_deliver) {
+                consecutive_proofs.push(pending);
+                self.next_to_deliver += 1;
+            }
+
+            return consecutive_proofs;
+        }
+
+        if sequence > self.next_to_deliver {
            self.pending_proofs.insert(sequence, update);
        }

-        let mut consecutive_proofs = Vec::with_capacity(self.pending_proofs.len());
-        let mut current_sequence = self.next_to_deliver;
-
-        // keep collecting proofs and state updates as long as we have consecutive sequence numbers
-        while let Some(pending) = self.pending_proofs.remove(&current_sequence) {
-            consecutive_proofs.push(pending);
-            current_sequence += 1;
-        }
-
-        self.next_to_deliver += consecutive_proofs.len() as u64;
-
-        consecutive_proofs
+        Vec::new()
    }

    /// Returns true if we still have pending proofs
@@ -223,191 +223,12 @@ pub(crate) fn evm_state_to_hashed_post_state(update: EvmState) -> HashedPostStat
    hashed_state
 }

-/// Extends a `MultiProofTargets` with the contents of a `VersionedMultiProofTargets`,
-/// regardless of which variant the latter is.
-fn extend_multiproof_targets(dest: &mut MultiProofTargets, src: &VersionedMultiProofTargets) {
-    match src {
-        VersionedMultiProofTargets::Legacy(targets) => {
-            dest.extend_ref(targets);
-        }
-        VersionedMultiProofTargets::V2(targets) => {
-            // Add all account targets
-            for target in &targets.account_targets {
-                dest.entry(target.key()).or_default();
-            }
-
-            // Add all storage targets
-            for (hashed_address, slots) in &targets.storage_targets {
-                let slot_set = dest.entry(*hashed_address).or_default();
-                for slot in slots {
-                    slot_set.insert(slot.key());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// A set of multiproof targets which can be either in the legacy or V2 representations.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(super) enum VersionedMultiProofTargets {
-    /// Legacy targets
-    Legacy(MultiProofTargets),
-    /// V2 targets
-    V2(MultiProofTargetsV2),
-}
-
-impl VersionedMultiProofTargets {
-    /// Returns true if ther are no account or storage targets.
-    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legacy(targets) => targets.is_empty(),
-            Self::V2(targets) => targets.is_empty(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the number of account targets in the multiproof target
-    fn account_targets_len(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legacy(targets) => targets.len(),
-            Self::V2(targets) => targets.account_targets.len(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the number of storage targets in the multiproof target
-    fn storage_targets_len(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legacy(targets) => targets.values().map(|slots| slots.len()).sum::<usize>(),
-            Self::V2(targets) => {
-                targets.storage_targets.values().map(|slots| slots.len()).sum::<usize>()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the number of accounts in the multiproof targets.
-    fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legacy(targets) => targets.len(),
-            Self::V2(targets) => targets.account_targets.len(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the total storage slot count across all accounts.
-    fn storage_count(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legacy(targets) => targets.values().map(|slots| slots.len()).sum(),
-            Self::V2(targets) => targets.storage_targets.values().map(|slots| slots.len()).sum(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the number of items that will be considered during chunking.
-    fn chunking_length(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legacy(targets) => targets.chunking_length(),
-            Self::V2(targets) => {
-                // For V2, count accounts + storage slots
-                targets.account_targets.len() +
-                    targets.storage_targets.values().map(|slots| slots.len()).sum::<usize>()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Retains the targets representing the difference with another `MultiProofTargets`.
-    /// Removes all targets that are already present in `other`.
-    fn retain_difference(&mut self, other: &MultiProofTargets) {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legacy(targets) => {
-                targets.retain_difference(other);
-            }
-            Self::V2(targets) => {
-                // Remove account targets that exist in other
-                targets.account_targets.retain(|target| !other.contains_key(&target.key()));
-
-                // For each account in storage_targets, remove slots that exist in other
-                targets.storage_targets.retain(|hashed_address, slots| {
-                    if let Some(other_slots) = other.get(hashed_address) {
-                        slots.retain(|slot| !other_slots.contains(&slot.key()));
-                        !slots.is_empty()
-                    } else {
-                        true
-                    }
-                });
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Extends this `VersionedMultiProofTargets` with the contents of another.
-    ///
-    /// Panics if the variants do not match.
-    fn extend(&mut self, other: Self) {
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Self::Legacy(dest), Self::Legacy(src)) => {
-                dest.extend(src);
-            }
-            (Self::V2(dest), Self::V2(src)) => {
-                dest.account_targets.extend(src.account_targets);
-                for (addr, slots) in src.storage_targets {
-                    dest.storage_targets.entry(addr).or_default().extend(slots);
-                }
-            }
-            _ => panic!("Cannot extend VersionedMultiProofTargets with mismatched variants"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Chunks this `VersionedMultiProofTargets` into smaller chunks of the given size.
-    fn chunks(self, chunk_size: usize) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Self>> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Legacy(targets) => {
-                Box::new(MultiProofTargets::chunks(targets, chunk_size).map(Self::Legacy))
-            }
-            Self::V2(targets) => {
-                Box::new(ChunkedMultiProofTargetsV2::new(targets, chunk_size).map(Self::V2))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Returns v2 proof targets from the given EVM state update.
-///
-/// This generates account-level v2 targets from touched accounts.
-/// For state update targets, `min_len` is set to 0 to request full proofs.
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub(crate) fn evm_state_to_v2_targets(update: &EvmState) -> Vec<reth_trie::proof_v2::Target> {
-    let mut targets = Vec::with_capacity(update.len());
-    for (address, account) in update {
-        if account.is_touched() && !account.is_selfdestructed() {
-            targets.push(reth_trie::proof_v2::Target::new(keccak256(address)));
-        }
-    }
-    targets
-}
-
-/// Returns v2 storage proof targets for a specific account from the EVM state.
-///
-/// For state update targets, `min_len` is set to 0 to request full proofs.
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub(crate) fn evm_state_to_v2_storage_targets(
-    update: &EvmState,
-    address: alloy_primitives::Address,
-) -> Vec<reth_trie::proof_v2::Target> {
-    let Some(account) = update.get(&address) else {
-        return Vec::new();
-    };
-
-    let mut targets = Vec::with_capacity(account.storage.len());
-    for (key, slot) in &account.storage {
-        if slot.is_changed() {
-            targets.push(reth_trie::proof_v2::Target::new(keccak256(B256::from(*key))));
-        }
-    }
-    targets
-}
-
 /// Input parameters for dispatching a multiproof calculation.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 struct MultiproofInput {
    source: Option<Source>,
    hashed_state_update: HashedPostState,
-    proof_targets: VersionedMultiProofTargets,
+    proof_targets: MultiProofTargets,
    proof_sequence_number: u64,
    state_root_message_sender: CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>,
    multi_added_removed_keys: Option<Arc<MultiAddedRemovedKeys>>,
@@ -442,6 +263,8 @@ pub struct MultiproofManager {
    proof_result_tx: CrossbeamSender<ProofResultMessage>,
    /// Metrics
    metrics: MultiProofTaskMetrics,
+    /// Whether to use V2 storage proofs
+    v2_proofs_enabled: bool,
 }

 impl MultiproofManager {
@@ -455,7 +278,9 @@ impl MultiproofManager {
        metrics.max_storage_workers.set(proof_worker_handle.total_storage_workers() as f64);
        metrics.max_account_workers.set(proof_worker_handle.total_account_workers() as f64);

-        Self { metrics, proof_worker_handle, proof_result_tx }
+        let v2_proofs_enabled = proof_worker_handle.v2_proofs_enabled();
+
+        Self { metrics, proof_worker_handle, proof_result_tx, v2_proofs_enabled }
    }

    /// Dispatches a new multiproof calculation to worker pools.
@@ -500,48 +325,41 @@ impl MultiproofManager {
            multi_added_removed_keys,
        } = multiproof_input;

+        let account_targets = proof_targets.len();
+        let storage_targets = proof_targets.values().map(|slots| slots.len()).sum::<usize>();
+
        trace!(
            target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof",
            proof_sequence_number,
            ?proof_targets,
-            account_targets = proof_targets.account_targets_len(),
-            storage_targets = proof_targets.storage_targets_len(),
+            account_targets,
+            storage_targets,
            ?source,
            "Dispatching multiproof to workers"
        );

        let start = Instant::now();

-        // Workers will send ProofResultMessage directly to proof_result_rx
-        let proof_result_sender = ProofResultContext::new(
-            self.proof_result_tx.clone(),
-            proof_sequence_number,
-            hashed_state_update,
-            start,
-        );
-
-        let input = match proof_targets {
-            VersionedMultiProofTargets::Legacy(proof_targets) => {
-                // Extend prefix sets with targets
-                let frozen_prefix_sets = ParallelProof::extend_prefix_sets_with_targets(
-                    &Default::default(),
-                    &proof_targets,
-                );
-
-                AccountMultiproofInput::Legacy {
-                    targets: proof_targets,
-                    prefix_sets: frozen_prefix_sets,
-                    collect_branch_node_masks: true,
-                    multi_added_removed_keys,
-                    proof_result_sender,
-                }
-            }
-            VersionedMultiProofTargets::V2(proof_targets) => {
-                AccountMultiproofInput::V2 { targets: proof_targets, proof_result_sender }
-            }
-        };
+        // Extend prefix sets with targets
+        let frozen_prefix_sets =
+            ParallelProof::extend_prefix_sets_with_targets(&Default::default(), &proof_targets);

        // Dispatch account multiproof to worker pool with result sender
+        let input = AccountMultiproofInput {
+            targets: proof_targets,
+            prefix_sets: frozen_prefix_sets,
+            collect_branch_node_masks: true,
+            multi_added_removed_keys,
+            // Workers will send ProofResultMessage directly to proof_result_rx
+            proof_result_sender: ProofResultContext::new(
+                self.proof_result_tx.clone(),
+                proof_sequence_number,
+                hashed_state_update,
+                start,
+            ),
+            v2_proofs_enabled: self.v2_proofs_enabled,
+        };
+
        if let Err(e) = self.proof_worker_handle.dispatch_account_multiproof(input) {
            error!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof", ?e, "Failed to dispatch account multiproof");
            return;
@@ -743,9 +561,6 @@ pub(super) struct MultiProofTask {
    /// there are any active workers and force chunking across workers. This is to prevent tasks
    /// which are very long from hitting a single worker.
    max_targets_for_chunking: usize,
-    /// Whether or not V2 proof calculation is enabled. If enabled then [`MultiProofTargetsV2`]
-    /// will be produced by state updates.
-    v2_proofs_enabled: bool,
 }

 impl MultiProofTask {
@@ -777,16 +592,9 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
            ),
            metrics,
            max_targets_for_chunking: DEFAULT_MAX_TARGETS_FOR_CHUNKING,
-            v2_proofs_enabled: false,
        }
    }

-    /// Enables V2 proof target generation on state updates.
-    pub(super) fn with_v2_proofs_enabled(mut self, v2_proofs_enabled: bool) -> Self {
-        self.v2_proofs_enabled = v2_proofs_enabled;
-        self
-    }
-
    /// Handles request for proof prefetch.
    ///
    /// Returns how many multiproof tasks were dispatched for the prefetch request.
@@ -794,29 +602,37 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
        level = "debug",
        target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof",
        skip_all,
-        fields(accounts = targets.account_targets_len(), chunks = 0)
+        fields(accounts = targets.len(), chunks = 0)
    )]
-    fn on_prefetch_proof(&mut self, mut targets: VersionedMultiProofTargets) -> u64 {
+    fn on_prefetch_proof(&mut self, mut targets: MultiProofTargets) -> u64 {
        // Remove already fetched proof targets to avoid redundant work.
        targets.retain_difference(&self.fetched_proof_targets);
-        extend_multiproof_targets(&mut self.fetched_proof_targets, &targets);
+        self.fetched_proof_targets.extend_ref(&targets);

-        // For Legacy multiproofs, make sure all target accounts have an `AddedRemovedKeySet` in the
+        // Make sure all target accounts have an `AddedRemovedKeySet` in the
        // [`MultiAddedRemovedKeys`]. Even if there are not any known removed keys for the account,
        // we still want to optimistically fetch extension children for the leaf addition case.
-        // V2 multiproofs don't need this.
-        let multi_added_removed_keys =
-            if let VersionedMultiProofTargets::Legacy(legacy_targets) = &targets {
-                self.multi_added_removed_keys.touch_accounts(legacy_targets.keys().copied());
-                Some(Arc::new(self.multi_added_removed_keys.clone()))
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
+        self.multi_added_removed_keys.touch_accounts(targets.keys().copied());
+
+        // Clone+Arc MultiAddedRemovedKeys for sharing with the dispatched multiproof tasks
+        let multi_added_removed_keys = Arc::new(MultiAddedRemovedKeys {
+            account: self.multi_added_removed_keys.account.clone(),
+            storages: targets
+                .keys()
+                .filter_map(|account| {
+                    self.multi_added_removed_keys
+                        .storages
+                        .get(account)
+                        .cloned()
+                        .map(|keys| (*account, keys))
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        });

        self.metrics.prefetch_proof_targets_accounts_histogram.record(targets.len() as f64);
        self.metrics
            .prefetch_proof_targets_storages_histogram
-            .record(targets.storage_count() as f64);
+            .record(targets.values().map(|slots| slots.len()).sum::<usize>() as f64);

        let chunking_len = targets.chunking_length();
        let available_account_workers =
@@ -830,7 +646,7 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
            self.max_targets_for_chunking,
            available_account_workers,
            available_storage_workers,
-            VersionedMultiProofTargets::chunks,
+            MultiProofTargets::chunks,
            |proof_targets| {
                self.multiproof_manager.dispatch(MultiproofInput {
                    source: None,
@@ -838,7 +654,7 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
                    proof_targets,
                    proof_sequence_number: self.proof_sequencer.next_sequence(),
                    state_root_message_sender: self.tx.clone(),
-                    multi_added_removed_keys: multi_added_removed_keys.clone(),
+                    multi_added_removed_keys: Some(multi_added_removed_keys.clone()),
                });
            },
        );
@@ -941,7 +757,6 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
            self.multiproof_manager.proof_worker_handle.available_account_workers();
        let available_storage_workers =
            self.multiproof_manager.proof_worker_handle.available_storage_workers();
-
        let num_chunks = dispatch_with_chunking(
            not_fetched_state_update,
            chunking_len,
@@ -955,9 +770,8 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
                    &hashed_state_update,
                    &self.fetched_proof_targets,
                    &multi_added_removed_keys,
-                    self.v2_proofs_enabled,
                );
-                extend_multiproof_targets(&mut spawned_proof_targets, &proof_targets);
+                spawned_proof_targets.extend_ref(&proof_targets);

                self.multiproof_manager.dispatch(MultiproofInput {
                    source: Some(source),
@@ -1057,14 +871,7 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
                            batch_metrics.proofs_processed += 1;
                            if let Some(combined_update) = self.on_proof(
                                sequence_number,
-                                SparseTrieUpdate {
-                                    state,
-                                    multiproof: ProofResult::Legacy(DecodedMultiProof {
-                                        account_subtree: Default::default(),
-                                        branch_node_masks: Default::default(),
-                                        storages: Default::default(),
-                                    }),
-                                },
+                                SparseTrieUpdate { state, multiproof: Default::default() },
                            ) {
                                let _ = self.to_sparse_trie.send(combined_update);
                            }
@@ -1091,7 +898,8 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
                }

                let account_targets = merged_targets.len();
-                let storage_targets = merged_targets.storage_count();
+                let storage_targets =
+                    merged_targets.values().map(|slots| slots.len()).sum::<usize>();
                batch_metrics.prefetch_proofs_requested += self.on_prefetch_proof(merged_targets);
                trace!(
                    target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::multiproof",
@@ -1195,14 +1003,7 @@ impl MultiProofTask {

                if let Some(combined_update) = self.on_proof(
                    sequence_number,
-                    SparseTrieUpdate {
-                        state,
-                        multiproof: ProofResult::Legacy(DecodedMultiProof {
-                            account_subtree: Default::default(),
-                            branch_node_masks: Default::default(),
-                            storages: Default::default(),
-                        }),
-                    },
+                    SparseTrieUpdate { state, multiproof: Default::default() },
                ) {
                    let _ = self.to_sparse_trie.send(combined_update);
                }
@@ -1305,7 +1106,7 @@ impl MultiProofTask {

                                    let update = SparseTrieUpdate {
                                        state: proof_result.state,
-                                        multiproof: proof_result_data,
+                                        multiproof: proof_result_data.proof,
                                    };

                                    if let Some(combined_update) =
@@ -1395,7 +1196,7 @@ struct MultiproofBatchCtx {
    /// received.
    updates_finished_time: Option<Instant>,
    /// Reusable buffer for accumulating prefetch targets during batching.
-    accumulated_prefetch_targets: Vec<VersionedMultiProofTargets>,
+    accumulated_prefetch_targets: Vec<MultiProofTargets>,
 }

 impl MultiproofBatchCtx {
@@ -1441,77 +1242,40 @@ fn get_proof_targets(
    state_update: &HashedPostState,
    fetched_proof_targets: &MultiProofTargets,
    multi_added_removed_keys: &MultiAddedRemovedKeys,
-    v2_enabled: bool,
-) -> VersionedMultiProofTargets {
-    if v2_enabled {
-        let mut targets = MultiProofTargetsV2::default();
+) -> MultiProofTargets {
+    let mut targets = MultiProofTargets::default();

-        // first collect all new accounts (not previously fetched)
-        for &hashed_address in state_update.accounts.keys() {
-            if !fetched_proof_targets.contains_key(&hashed_address) {
-                targets.account_targets.push(hashed_address.into());
-            }
+    // first collect all new accounts (not previously fetched)
+    for hashed_address in state_update.accounts.keys() {
+        if !fetched_proof_targets.contains_key(hashed_address) {
+            targets.insert(*hashed_address, HashSet::default());
        }
-
-        // then process storage slots for all accounts in the state update
-        for (hashed_address, storage) in &state_update.storages {
-            let fetched = fetched_proof_targets.get(hashed_address);
-
-            // If the storage is wiped, we still need to fetch the account proof.
-            if storage.wiped && fetched.is_none() {
-                targets.account_targets.push(Into::<proof_v2::Target>::into(*hashed_address));
-                continue
-            }
-
-            let changed_slots = storage
-                .storage
-                .keys()
-                .filter(|slot| !fetched.is_some_and(|f| f.contains(*slot)))
-                .map(|slot| Into::<proof_v2::Target>::into(*slot))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-            if !changed_slots.is_empty() {
-                targets.account_targets.push((*hashed_address).into());
-                targets.storage_targets.insert(*hashed_address, changed_slots);
-            }
-        }
-
-        VersionedMultiProofTargets::V2(targets)
-    } else {
-        let mut targets = MultiProofTargets::default();
-
-        // first collect all new accounts (not previously fetched)
-        for hashed_address in state_update.accounts.keys() {
-            if !fetched_proof_targets.contains_key(hashed_address) {
-                targets.insert(*hashed_address, HashSet::default());
-            }
-        }
-
-        // then process storage slots for all accounts in the state update
-        for (hashed_address, storage) in &state_update.storages {
-            let fetched = fetched_proof_targets.get(hashed_address);
-            let storage_added_removed_keys = multi_added_removed_keys.get_storage(hashed_address);
-            let mut changed_slots = storage
-                .storage
-                .keys()
-                .filter(|slot| {
-                    !fetched.is_some_and(|f| f.contains(*slot)) ||
-                        storage_added_removed_keys.is_some_and(|k| k.is_removed(slot))
-                })
-                .peekable();
-
-            // If the storage is wiped, we still need to fetch the account proof.
-            if storage.wiped && fetched.is_none() {
-                targets.entry(*hashed_address).or_default();
-            }
-
-            if changed_slots.peek().is_some() {
-                targets.entry(*hashed_address).or_default().extend(changed_slots);
-            }
-        }
-
-        VersionedMultiProofTargets::Legacy(targets)
    }
+
+    // then process storage slots for all accounts in the state update
+    for (hashed_address, storage) in &state_update.storages {
+        let fetched = fetched_proof_targets.get(hashed_address);
+        let storage_added_removed_keys = multi_added_removed_keys.get_storage(hashed_address);
+        let mut changed_slots = storage
+            .storage
+            .keys()
+            .filter(|slot| {
+                !fetched.is_some_and(|f| f.contains(*slot)) ||
+                    storage_added_removed_keys.is_some_and(|k| k.is_removed(slot))
+            })
+            .peekable();
+
+        // If the storage is wiped, we still need to fetch the account proof.
+        if storage.wiped && fetched.is_none() {
+            targets.entry(*hashed_address).or_default();
+        }
+
+        if changed_slots.peek().is_some() {
+            targets.entry(*hashed_address).or_default().extend(changed_slots);
+        }
+    }
+
+    targets
 }

 /// Dispatches work items as a single unit or in chunks based on target size and worker
@@ -1559,9 +1323,10 @@ mod tests {
    use reth_provider::{
        providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, test_utils::create_test_provider_factory,
        BlockNumReader, BlockReader, ChangeSetReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, LatestStateProvider,
-        PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProviderBox, TrieReader,
+        PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProviderBox,
    };
    use reth_trie::MultiProof;
+    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
    use reth_trie_parallel::proof_task::{ProofTaskCtx, ProofWorkerHandle};
    use revm_primitives::{B256, U256};
    use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
@@ -1582,7 +1347,6 @@ mod tests {
    where
        F: DatabaseProviderFactory<
                Provider: BlockReader
-                              + TrieReader
                              + StageCheckpointReader
                              + PruneCheckpointReader
                              + ChangeSetReader
@@ -1592,7 +1356,8 @@ mod tests {
            + 'static,
    {
        let rt_handle = get_test_runtime_handle();
-        let overlay_factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(factory);
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
+        let overlay_factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(factory, changeset_cache);
        let task_ctx = ProofTaskCtx::new(overlay_factory);
        let proof_handle = ProofWorkerHandle::new(rt_handle, task_ctx, 1, 1, false);
        let (to_sparse_trie, _receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
@@ -1604,7 +1369,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn create_cached_provider<F>(factory: F) -> CachedStateProvider<StateProviderBox>
    where
        F: DatabaseProviderFactory<
-                Provider: BlockReader + TrieReader + StageCheckpointReader + PruneCheckpointReader,
+                Provider: BlockReader + StageCheckpointReader + PruneCheckpointReader,
            > + Clone
            + Send
            + 'static,
@@ -2051,7 +1816,9 @@ mod tests {
                    nonce: 1,
                    code_hash: Default::default(),
                    code: Default::default(),
+                    account_id: None,
                },
+                original_info: Box::new(revm_state::AccountInfo::default()),
                transaction_id: Default::default(),
                storage: Default::default(),
                status: revm_state::AccountStatus::Touched,
@@ -2068,7 +1835,9 @@ mod tests {
                    nonce: 2,
                    code_hash: Default::default(),
                    code: Default::default(),
+                    account_id: None,
                },
+                original_info: Box::new(revm_state::AccountInfo::default()),
                transaction_id: Default::default(),
                storage: Default::default(),
                status: revm_state::AccountStatus::Touched,
@@ -2170,7 +1939,9 @@ mod tests {
                    nonce: 1,
                    code_hash: Default::default(),
                    code: Default::default(),
+                    account_id: None,
                },
+                original_info: Box::new(revm_state::AccountInfo::default()),
                transaction_id: Default::default(),
                storage: Default::default(),
                status: revm_state::AccountStatus::Touched,
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::tree::{
    payload_processor::{
        bal::{total_slots, BALSlotIter},
        executor::WorkloadExecutor,
-        multiproof::{MultiProofMessage, VersionedMultiProofTargets},
+        multiproof::MultiProofMessage,
        ExecutionCache as PayloadExecutionCache,
    },
    precompile_cache::{CachedPrecompile, PrecompileCacheMap},
@@ -30,10 +30,12 @@ use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, map::B256Set, B256};
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
 use metrics::{Counter, Gauge, Histogram};
 use reth_evm::{execute::ExecutableTxFor, ConfigureEvm, Evm, EvmFor, SpecFor};
-use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
 use reth_metrics::Metrics;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
-use reth_provider::{AccountReader, BlockReader, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader};
+use reth_provider::{
+    AccountReader, BlockExecutionOutput, BlockReader, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory,
+    StateReader,
+};
 use reth_revm::{database::StateProviderDatabase, state::EvmState};
 use reth_trie::MultiProofTargets;
 use std::{
@@ -243,9 +245,7 @@ where
        }

        if let Some((proof_targets, to_multi_proof)) = targets.zip(self.to_multi_proof.as_ref()) {
-            let _ = to_multi_proof.send(MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(
-                VersionedMultiProofTargets::Legacy(proof_targets),
-            ));
+            let _ = to_multi_proof.send(MultiProofMessage::PrefetchProofs(proof_targets));
        }
    }

@@ -261,7 +261,11 @@ where
    ///
    /// This method is called from `run()` only after all execution tasks are complete.
    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", skip_all)]
-    fn save_cache(self, execution_outcome: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>) {
+    fn save_cache(
+        self,
+        execution_outcome: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
+        valid_block_rx: mpsc::Receiver<()>,
+    ) {
        let start = Instant::now();

        let Self { execution_cache, ctx: PrewarmContext { env, metrics, saved_cache, .. }, .. } =
@@ -274,12 +278,13 @@ where
            execution_cache.update_with_guard(|cached| {
                // consumes the `SavedCache` held by the prewarming task, which releases its usage
                // guard
-                let (caches, cache_metrics) = saved_cache.split();
-                let new_cache = SavedCache::new(hash, caches, cache_metrics);
+                let (caches, cache_metrics, disable_cache_metrics) = saved_cache.split();
+                let new_cache = SavedCache::new(hash, caches, cache_metrics)
+                    .with_disable_cache_metrics(disable_cache_metrics);

                // Insert state into cache while holding the lock
                // Access the BundleState through the shared ExecutionOutcome
-                if new_cache.cache().insert_state(execution_outcome.state()).is_err() {
+                if new_cache.cache().insert_state(&execution_outcome.state).is_err() {
                    // Clear the cache on error to prevent having a polluted cache
                    *cached = None;
                    debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on update error");
@@ -288,9 +293,16 @@ where

                new_cache.update_metrics();

-                // Replace the shared cache with the new one; the previous cache (if any) is
-                // dropped.
-                *cached = Some(new_cache);
+                if valid_block_rx.recv().is_ok() {
+                    // Replace the shared cache with the new one; the previous cache (if any) is
+                    // dropped.
+                    *cached = Some(new_cache);
+                } else {
+                    // Block was invalid; caches were already mutated by insert_state above,
+                    // so we must clear to prevent using polluted state
+                    *cached = None;
+                    debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on invalid block");
+                }
            });

            let elapsed = start.elapsed();
@@ -421,9 +433,10 @@ where
                    // completed executing a set of transactions
                    self.send_multi_proof_targets(proof_targets);
                }
-                PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome } => {
+                PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome, valid_block_rx } => {
                    trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "Received termination signal");
-                    final_execution_outcome = Some(execution_outcome);
+                    final_execution_outcome =
+                        Some(execution_outcome.map(|outcome| (outcome, valid_block_rx)));

                    if finished_execution {
                        // all tasks are done, we can exit, which will save caches and exit
@@ -448,8 +461,8 @@ where
        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "Completed prewarm execution");

        // save caches and finish using the shared ExecutionOutcome
-        if let Some(Some(execution_outcome)) = final_execution_outcome {
-            self.save_cache(execution_outcome);
+        if let Some(Some((execution_outcome, valid_block_rx))) = final_execution_outcome {
+            self.save_cache(execution_outcome, valid_block_rx);
        }
    }
 }
@@ -569,9 +582,14 @@ where
                .entered();
            txs.recv()
        } {
-            let enter =
-                debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "prewarm tx", index, tx_hash=%tx.tx().tx_hash())
-                    .entered();
+            let enter = debug_span!(
+                target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
+                "prewarm tx",
+                index,
+                tx_hash = %tx.tx().tx_hash(),
+                is_success = tracing::field::Empty,
+            )
+            .entered();

            // create the tx env
            let start = Instant::now();
@@ -800,46 +818,6 @@ fn multiproof_targets_from_state(state: EvmState) -> (MultiProofTargets, usize)
    (targets, storage_targets)
 }

-/// Returns v2 proof targets based on the given state.
-///
-/// This generates account targets from touched accounts. Storage targets are handled
-/// separately per-account by the proof workers.
-///
-/// For prefetch targets, `min_len` is set to 0 to request full proofs.
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-fn proof_v2_targets_from_state(state: &EvmState) -> Vec<reth_trie::proof_v2::Target> {
-    let mut targets = Vec::with_capacity(state.len());
-    for (addr, account) in state {
-        if !account.is_touched() || account.is_selfdestructed() {
-            continue
-        }
-        targets.push(reth_trie::proof_v2::Target::new(keccak256(addr)));
-    }
-    targets
-}
-
-/// Returns v2 storage proof targets for a specific account based on the given state.
-///
-/// For prefetch targets, `min_len` is set to 0 to request full proofs.
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-fn proof_v2_storage_targets_from_state(
-    state: &EvmState,
-    address: alloy_primitives::Address,
-) -> Vec<reth_trie::proof_v2::Target> {
-    let Some(account) = state.get(&address) else {
-        return Vec::new();
-    };
-
-    let mut targets = Vec::with_capacity(account.storage.len());
-    for (key, slot) in &account.storage {
-        if !slot.is_changed() {
-            continue
-        }
-        targets.push(reth_trie::proof_v2::Target::new(keccak256(B256::new(key.to_be_bytes()))));
-    }
-    targets
-}
-
 /// The events the pre-warm task can handle.
 ///
 /// Generic over `R` (receipt type) to allow sharing `Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>` with the main
@@ -852,7 +830,12 @@ pub(super) enum PrewarmTaskEvent<R> {
    Terminate {
        /// The final execution outcome. Using `Arc` allows sharing with the main execution
        /// path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
-        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<R>>>,
+        /// Receiver for the block validation result.
+        ///
+        /// Cache saving is racing the state root validation. We optimistically construct the
+        /// updated cache but only save it once we know the block is valid.
+        valid_block_rx: mpsc::Receiver<()>,
    },
    /// The outcome of a pre-warm task
    Outcome {
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/receipt_root_task.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/receipt_root_task.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+//! Receipt root computation in a background task.
+//!
+//! This module provides a streaming receipt root builder that computes the receipt trie root
+//! in a background thread. Receipts are sent via a channel with their index, and for each
+//! receipt received, the builder incrementally flushes leaves to the underlying
+//! [`OrderedTrieRootEncodedBuilder`] when possible. When the channel closes, the task returns the
+//! computed root.
+
+use alloy_eips::Encodable2718;
+use alloy_primitives::{Bloom, B256};
+use crossbeam_channel::Receiver;
+use reth_primitives_traits::Receipt;
+use reth_trie_common::ordered_root::OrderedTrieRootEncodedBuilder;
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+
+/// Receipt with index, ready to be sent to the background task for encoding and trie building.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct IndexedReceipt<R> {
+    /// The transaction index within the block.
+    pub index: usize,
+    /// The receipt.
+    pub receipt: R,
+}
+
+impl<R> IndexedReceipt<R> {
+    /// Creates a new indexed receipt.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new(index: usize, receipt: R) -> Self {
+        Self { index, receipt }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle for running the receipt root computation in a background task.
+///
+/// This struct holds the channels needed to receive receipts and send the result.
+/// Use [`Self::run`] to execute the computation (typically in a spawned blocking task).
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ReceiptRootTaskHandle<R> {
+    /// Receiver for indexed receipts.
+    receipt_rx: Receiver<IndexedReceipt<R>>,
+    /// Sender for the computed result.
+    result_tx: oneshot::Sender<(B256, Bloom)>,
+}
+
+impl<R: Receipt> ReceiptRootTaskHandle<R> {
+    /// Creates a new handle from the receipt receiver and result sender channels.
+    pub const fn new(
+        receipt_rx: Receiver<IndexedReceipt<R>>,
+        result_tx: oneshot::Sender<(B256, Bloom)>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { receipt_rx, result_tx }
+    }
+
+    /// Runs the receipt root computation, consuming the handle.
+    ///
+    /// This method receives indexed receipts from the channel, encodes them,
+    /// and builds the trie incrementally. When all receipts have been received
+    /// (channel closed), it sends the result through the oneshot channel.
+    ///
+    /// This is designed to be called inside a blocking task (e.g., via
+    /// `executor.spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len))`).
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `receipts_len` - The total number of receipts expected. This is needed to correctly order
+    ///   the trie keys according to RLP encoding rules.
+    pub fn run(self, receipts_len: usize) {
+        let mut builder = OrderedTrieRootEncodedBuilder::new(receipts_len);
+        let mut aggregated_bloom = Bloom::ZERO;
+        let mut encode_buf = Vec::new();
+        let mut received_count = 0usize;
+
+        for indexed_receipt in self.receipt_rx {
+            let receipt_with_bloom = indexed_receipt.receipt.with_bloom_ref();
+
+            encode_buf.clear();
+            receipt_with_bloom.encode_2718(&mut encode_buf);
+
+            aggregated_bloom |= *receipt_with_bloom.bloom_ref();
+            builder.push_unchecked(indexed_receipt.index, &encode_buf);
+            received_count += 1;
+        }
+
+        let Ok(root) = builder.finalize() else {
+            // Finalize fails if we didn't receive exactly `receipts_len` receipts. This can
+            // happen if execution was aborted early (e.g., invalid transaction encountered).
+            // We return without sending a result, allowing the caller to handle the abort.
+            tracing::error!(
+                target: "engine::tree::payload_processor",
+                expected = receipts_len,
+                received = received_count,
+                "Receipt root task received incomplete receipts, execution likely aborted"
+            );
+            return;
+        };
+        let _ = self.result_tx.send((root, aggregated_bloom));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use alloy_consensus::{proofs::calculate_receipt_root, TxReceipt};
+    use alloy_primitives::{b256, hex, Address, Bytes, Log};
+    use crossbeam_channel::bounded;
+    use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Receipt, TxType};
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_empty() {
+        let (_tx, rx) = bounded::<IndexedReceipt<Receipt>>(1);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        drop(_tx);
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(0)).await.unwrap();
+
+        let (root, bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        // Empty trie root
+        assert_eq!(root, reth_trie_common::EMPTY_ROOT_HASH);
+        assert_eq!(bloom, Bloom::ZERO);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_single_receipt() {
+        let receipts: Vec<Receipt> = vec![Receipt::default()];
+
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(1);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.clone().into_iter().enumerate() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (root, _bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        // Verify against the standard calculation
+        let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> = receipts.iter().map(|r| r.with_bloom_ref()).collect();
+        let expected_root = calculate_receipt_root(&receipts_with_bloom);
+
+        assert_eq!(root, expected_root);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_multiple_receipts() {
+        let receipts: Vec<Receipt> = vec![Receipt::default(); 5];
+
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(4);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (root, bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        // Verify against expected values from existing test
+        assert_eq!(
+            root,
+            b256!("0x61353b4fb714dc1fccacbf7eafc4273e62f3d1eed716fe41b2a0cd2e12c63ebc")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            bloom,
+            Bloom::from(hex!("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_matches_standard_calculation() {
+        // Create some receipts with actual data
+        let receipts = vec![
+            Receipt {
+                tx_type: TxType::Legacy,
+                cumulative_gas_used: 21000,
+                success: true,
+                logs: vec![],
+            },
+            Receipt {
+                tx_type: TxType::Eip1559,
+                cumulative_gas_used: 42000,
+                success: true,
+                logs: vec![Log {
+                    address: Address::ZERO,
+                    data: alloy_primitives::LogData::new_unchecked(vec![B256::ZERO], Bytes::new()),
+                }],
+            },
+            Receipt {
+                tx_type: TxType::Eip2930,
+                cumulative_gas_used: 63000,
+                success: false,
+                logs: vec![],
+            },
+        ];
+
+        // Calculate expected values first (before we move receipts)
+        let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> = receipts.iter().map(|r| r.with_bloom_ref()).collect();
+        let expected_root = calculate_receipt_root(&receipts_with_bloom);
+        let expected_bloom =
+            receipts_with_bloom.iter().fold(Bloom::ZERO, |bloom, r| bloom | r.bloom_ref());
+
+        // Calculate using the task
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(4);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (task_root, task_bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(task_root, expected_root);
+        assert_eq!(task_bloom, expected_bloom);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_out_of_order() {
+        let receipts: Vec<Receipt> = vec![Receipt::default(); 5];
+
+        // Calculate expected values first (before we move receipts)
+        let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> = receipts.iter().map(|r| r.with_bloom_ref()).collect();
+        let expected_root = calculate_receipt_root(&receipts_with_bloom);
+
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(4);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        // Send in reverse order to test out-of-order handling
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.into_iter().enumerate().rev() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (root, _bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(root, expected_root);
+    }
+}
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/sparse_trie.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/sparse_trie.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::tree::payload_processor::multiproof::{MultiProofTaskMetrics, SparseTr
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use rayon::iter::{ParallelBridge, ParallelIterator};
 use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, Nibbles};
-use reth_trie_parallel::{proof_task::ProofResult, root::ParallelStateRootError};
+use reth_trie_parallel::root::ParallelStateRootError;
 use reth_trie_sparse::{
    errors::{SparseStateTrieResult, SparseTrieErrorKind},
    provider::{TrieNodeProvider, TrieNodeProviderFactory},
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ where
            debug!(
                target: "engine::root",
                num_updates,
-                account_proofs = update.multiproof.account_proofs_len(),
-                storage_proofs = update.multiproof.storage_proofs_len(),
+                account_proofs = update.multiproof.account_subtree.len(),
+                storage_proofs = update.multiproof.storages.len(),
                "Updating sparse trie"
            );

@@ -157,14 +157,7 @@ where
    let started_at = Instant::now();

    // Reveal new accounts and storage slots.
-    match multiproof {
-        ProofResult::Legacy(decoded) => {
-            trie.reveal_decoded_multiproof(decoded)?;
-        }
-        ProofResult::V2(decoded_v2) => {
-            trie.reveal_decoded_multiproof_v2(decoded_v2)?;
-        }
-    }
+    trie.reveal_decoded_multiproof(multiproof)?;
    let reveal_multiproof_elapsed = started_at.elapsed();
    trace!(
        target: "engine::root::sparse",
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs
@@ -7,17 +7,19 @@ use crate::tree::{
    payload_processor::{executor::WorkloadExecutor, PayloadProcessor},
    precompile_cache::{CachedPrecompile, CachedPrecompileMetrics, PrecompileCacheMap},
    sparse_trie::StateRootComputeOutcome,
-    EngineApiMetrics, EngineApiTreeState, ExecutionEnv, PayloadHandle, StateProviderBuilder,
-    StateProviderDatabase, TreeConfig,
+    EngineApiMetrics, EngineApiTreeState, ExecutionEnv, MeteredStateHook, PayloadHandle,
+    StateProviderBuilder, StateProviderDatabase, TreeConfig,
 };
-use alloy_consensus::transaction::Either;
+use alloy_consensus::transaction::{Either, TxHashRef};
 use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use alloy_eips::{eip1898::BlockWithParent, NumHash};
 use alloy_evm::Evm;
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
+
+use crate::tree::payload_processor::receipt_root_task::{IndexedReceipt, ReceiptRootTaskHandle};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
-use reth_chain_state::{CanonicalInMemoryState, DeferredTrieData, ExecutedBlock};
-use reth_consensus::{ConsensusError, FullConsensus};
+use reth_chain_state::{CanonicalInMemoryState, DeferredTrieData, ExecutedBlock, LazyOverlay};
+use reth_consensus::{ConsensusError, FullConsensus, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use reth_engine_primitives::{
    ConfigureEngineEvm, ExecutableTxIterator, ExecutionPayload, InvalidBlockHook, PayloadValidator,
 };
@@ -35,12 +37,13 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{
 };
 use reth_provider::{
    providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, BlockExecutionOutput, BlockNumReader, BlockReader,
-    ChangeSetReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, DatabaseProviderROFactory, ExecutionOutcome,
-    HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader,
-    StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader, TrieReader,
+    ChangeSetReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, DatabaseProviderROFactory, HashedPostStateProvider,
+    ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProvider,
+    StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
 };
-use reth_revm::db::State;
-use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState, StateRoot, TrieInputSorted};
+use reth_revm::db::{states::bundle_state::BundleRetention, State};
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState, StateRoot};
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use reth_trie_parallel::root::{ParallelStateRoot, ParallelStateRootError};
 use revm_primitives::Address;
 use std::{
@@ -129,6 +132,8 @@ where
    metrics: EngineApiMetrics,
    /// Validator for the payload.
    validator: V,
+    /// Changeset cache for in-memory trie changesets
+    changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
 }

 impl<N, P, Evm, V> BasicEngineValidator<P, Evm, V>
@@ -136,7 +141,6 @@ where
    N: NodePrimitives,
    P: DatabaseProviderFactory<
            Provider: BlockReader
-                          + TrieReader
                          + StageCheckpointReader
                          + PruneCheckpointReader
                          + ChangeSetReader
@@ -160,6 +164,7 @@ where
        validator: V,
        config: TreeConfig,
        invalid_block_hook: Box<dyn InvalidBlockHook<N>>,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
    ) -> Self {
        let precompile_cache_map = PrecompileCacheMap::default();
        let payload_processor = PayloadProcessor::new(
@@ -179,6 +184,7 @@ where
            invalid_block_hook,
            metrics: EngineApiMetrics::default(),
            validator,
+            changeset_cache,
        }
    }

@@ -363,7 +369,6 @@ where
        }

        let parent_hash = input.parent_hash();
-        let block_num_hash = input.num_hash();

        trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Fetching block state provider");
        let _enter =
@@ -418,13 +423,23 @@ where
            .map_err(Box::<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>::from))
        .map(Arc::new);

+        // Create lazy overlay from ancestors - this doesn't block, allowing execution to start
+        // before the trie data is ready. The overlay will be computed on first access.
+        let (lazy_overlay, anchor_hash) = Self::get_parent_lazy_overlay(parent_hash, ctx.state());
+
+        // Create overlay factory for payload processor (StateRootTask path needs it for
+        // multiproofs)
+        let overlay_factory =
+            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone(), self.changeset_cache.clone())
+                .with_block_hash(Some(anchor_hash))
+                .with_lazy_overlay(lazy_overlay);
+
        // Spawn the appropriate processor based on strategy
        let mut handle = ensure_ok!(self.spawn_payload_processor(
            env.clone(),
            txs,
            provider_builder,
-            parent_hash,
-            ctx.state(),
+            overlay_factory.clone(),
            strategy,
            block_access_list,
        ));
@@ -440,19 +455,48 @@ where
            state_provider = Box::new(InstrumentedStateProvider::new(state_provider, "engine"));
        }

-        // Execute the block and handle any execution errors
-        let (output, senders) = match self.execute_block(state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle) {
-            Ok(output) => output,
-            Err(err) => return self.handle_execution_error(input, err, &parent_block),
-        };
+        // Execute the block and handle any execution errors.
+        // The receipt root task is spawned before execution and receives receipts incrementally
+        // as transactions complete, allowing parallel computation during execution.
+        let (output, senders, receipt_root_rx) =
+            match self.execute_block(state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle) {
+                Ok(output) => output,
+                Err(err) => return self.handle_execution_error(input, err, &parent_block),
+            };

        // After executing the block we can stop prewarming transactions
        handle.stop_prewarming_execution();

+        // Create ExecutionOutcome early so we can terminate caching before validation and state
+        // root computation. Using Arc allows sharing with both the caching task and the deferred
+        // trie task without cloning the expensive BundleState.
+        let output = Arc::new(output);
+
+        // Terminate caching task early since execution is complete and caching is no longer
+        // needed. This frees up resources while state root computation continues.
+        let valid_block_tx = handle.terminate_caching(Some(output.clone()));
+
        let block = self.convert_to_block(input)?.with_senders(senders);

+        // Wait for the receipt root computation to complete.
+        let receipt_root_bloom = receipt_root_rx
+            .blocking_recv()
+            .inspect_err(|_| {
+                tracing::error!(
+                    target: "engine::tree::payload_validator",
+                    "Receipt root task dropped sender without result, receipt root calculation likely aborted"
+                );
+            })
+            .ok();
+
        let hashed_state = ensure_ok_post_block!(
-            self.validate_post_execution(&block, &parent_block, &output, &mut ctx),
+            self.validate_post_execution(
+                &block,
+                &parent_block,
+                &output,
+                &mut ctx,
+                receipt_root_bloom
+            ),
            block
        );

@@ -485,11 +529,7 @@ where
            }
            StateRootStrategy::Parallel => {
                debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Using parallel state root algorithm");
-                match self.compute_state_root_parallel(
-                    block.parent_hash(),
-                    &hashed_state,
-                    ctx.state(),
-                ) {
+                match self.compute_state_root_parallel(overlay_factory.clone(), &hashed_state) {
                    Ok(result) => {
                        let elapsed = root_time.elapsed();
                        info!(
@@ -525,7 +565,7 @@ where
            }

            let (root, updates) = ensure_ok_post_block!(
-                self.compute_state_root_serial(block.parent_hash(), &hashed_state, ctx.state()),
+                self.compute_state_root_serial(overlay_factory.clone(), &hashed_state),
                block
            );
            (root, updates, root_time.elapsed())
@@ -555,14 +595,18 @@ where
            .into())
        }

-        // Create ExecutionOutcome and wrap in Arc for sharing with both the caching task
-        // and the deferred trie task. This avoids cloning the expensive BundleState.
-        let execution_outcome = Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::from((output, block_num_hash.number)));
+        if let Some(valid_block_tx) = valid_block_tx {
+            let _ = valid_block_tx.send(());
+        }

-        // Terminate prewarming task with the shared execution outcome
-        handle.terminate_caching(Some(Arc::clone(&execution_outcome)));
-
-        Ok(self.spawn_deferred_trie_task(block, execution_outcome, &ctx, hashed_state, trie_output))
+        Ok(self.spawn_deferred_trie_task(
+            block,
+            output,
+            &ctx,
+            hashed_state,
+            trie_output,
+            overlay_factory,
+        ))
    }

    /// Return sealed block header from database or in-memory state by hash.
@@ -598,15 +642,29 @@ where
        Ok(())
    }

-    /// Executes a block with the given state provider
+    /// Executes a block with the given state provider.
+    ///
+    /// This method orchestrates block execution:
+    /// 1. Sets up the EVM with state database and precompile caching
+    /// 2. Spawns a background task for incremental receipt root computation
+    /// 3. Executes transactions with metrics collection via state hooks
+    /// 4. Merges state transitions and records execution metrics
    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
+    #[expect(clippy::type_complexity)]
    fn execute_block<S, Err, T>(
        &mut self,
        state_provider: S,
        env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
        input: &BlockOrPayload<T>,
        handle: &mut PayloadHandle<impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm>, Err, N::Receipt>,
-    ) -> Result<(BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>, Vec<Address>), InsertBlockErrorKind>
+    ) -> Result<
+        (
+            BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>,
+            Vec<Address>,
+            tokio::sync::oneshot::Receiver<(B256, alloy_primitives::Bloom)>,
+        ),
+        InsertBlockErrorKind,
+    >
    where
        S: StateProvider + Send,
        Err: core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
@@ -645,22 +703,131 @@ where
            });
        }

+        // Spawn background task to compute receipt root and logs bloom incrementally.
+        // Unbounded channel is used since tx count bounds capacity anyway (max ~30k txs per block).
+        let receipts_len = input.transaction_count();
+        let (receipt_tx, receipt_rx) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+        let task_handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(receipt_rx, result_tx);
+        self.payload_processor.executor().spawn_blocking(move || task_handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        // Wrap the state hook with metrics collection
+        let inner_hook = Box::new(handle.state_hook());
+        let state_hook =
+            MeteredStateHook { metrics: self.metrics.executor_metrics().clone(), inner_hook };
+
+        let transaction_count = input.transaction_count();
+        let executor = executor.with_state_hook(Some(Box::new(state_hook)));
+
        let execution_start = Instant::now();
-        let state_hook = Box::new(handle.state_hook());
-        let (output, senders) = self.metrics.execute_metered(
+
+        // Execute all transactions and finalize
+        let (executor, senders) = self.execute_transactions(
            executor,
-            handle.iter_transactions().map(|res| res.map_err(BlockExecutionError::other)),
-            input.transaction_count(),
-            state_hook,
+            transaction_count,
+            handle.iter_transactions(),
+            &receipt_tx,
        )?;
-        let execution_finish = Instant::now();
-        let execution_time = execution_finish.duration_since(execution_start);
-        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", elapsed = ?execution_time, "Executed block");
-        Ok((output, senders))
+        drop(receipt_tx);
+
+        // Finish execution and get the result
+        let post_exec_start = Instant::now();
+        let (_evm, result) = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "finish")
+            .in_scope(|| executor.finish())
+            .map(|(evm, result)| (evm.into_db(), result))?;
+        self.metrics.record_post_execution(post_exec_start.elapsed());
+
+        // Merge transitions into bundle state
+        debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "merge transitions")
+            .in_scope(|| db.merge_transitions(BundleRetention::Reverts));
+
+        let output = BlockExecutionOutput { result, state: db.take_bundle() };
+
+        let execution_duration = execution_start.elapsed();
+        self.metrics.record_block_execution(&output, execution_duration);
+
+        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", elapsed = ?execution_duration, "Executed block");
+        Ok((output, senders, result_rx))
+    }
+
+    /// Executes transactions and collects senders, streaming receipts to a background task.
+    ///
+    /// This method handles:
+    /// - Applying pre-execution changes (e.g., beacon root updates)
+    /// - Executing each transaction with timing metrics
+    /// - Streaming receipts to the receipt root computation task
+    /// - Collecting transaction senders for later use
+    ///
+    /// Returns the executor (for finalization) and the collected senders.
+    fn execute_transactions<E, Tx, InnerTx, Err>(
+        &self,
+        mut executor: E,
+        transaction_count: usize,
+        transactions: impl Iterator<Item = Result<Tx, Err>>,
+        receipt_tx: &crossbeam_channel::Sender<IndexedReceipt<N::Receipt>>,
+    ) -> Result<(E, Vec<Address>), BlockExecutionError>
+    where
+        E: BlockExecutor<Receipt = N::Receipt>,
+        Tx: alloy_evm::block::ExecutableTx<E> + alloy_evm::RecoveredTx<InnerTx>,
+        InnerTx: TxHashRef,
+        Err: core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let mut senders = Vec::with_capacity(transaction_count);
+
+        // Apply pre-execution changes (e.g., beacon root update)
+        let pre_exec_start = Instant::now();
+        debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "pre execution")
+            .in_scope(|| executor.apply_pre_execution_changes())?;
+        self.metrics.record_pre_execution(pre_exec_start.elapsed());
+
+        // Execute transactions
+        let exec_span = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "execution").entered();
+        let mut transactions = transactions.into_iter();
+        loop {
+            // Measure time spent waiting for next transaction from iterator
+            // (e.g., parallel signature recovery)
+            let wait_start = Instant::now();
+            let Some(tx_result) = transactions.next() else { break };
+            self.metrics.record_transaction_wait(wait_start.elapsed());
+
+            let tx = tx_result.map_err(BlockExecutionError::other)?;
+            let tx_signer = *<Tx as alloy_evm::RecoveredTx<InnerTx>>::signer(&tx);
+            let tx_hash = <Tx as alloy_evm::RecoveredTx<InnerTx>>::tx(&tx).tx_hash();
+
+            senders.push(tx_signer);
+
+            let span = debug_span!(
+                target: "engine::tree",
+                "execute tx",
+                ?tx_hash,
+                gas_used = tracing::field::Empty,
+            );
+            let enter = span.entered();
+            trace!(target: "engine::tree", "Executing transaction");
+
+            let tx_start = Instant::now();
+            let gas_used = executor.execute_transaction(tx)?;
+            self.metrics.record_transaction_execution(tx_start.elapsed());
+
+            // Send the latest receipt to the background task for incremental root computation
+            if let Some(receipt) = executor.receipts().last() {
+                let tx_index = executor.receipts().len() - 1;
+                let _ = receipt_tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(tx_index, receipt.clone()));
+            }
+
+            enter.record("gas_used", gas_used);
+        }
+        drop(exec_span);
+
+        Ok((executor, senders))
    }

    /// Compute state root for the given hashed post state in parallel.
    ///
+    /// Uses an overlay factory which provides the state of the parent block, along with the
+    /// [`HashedPostState`] containing the changes of this block, to compute the state root and
+    /// trie updates for this block.
+    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// Returns `Ok(_)` if computed successfully.
@@ -668,58 +835,39 @@ where
    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
    fn compute_state_root_parallel(
        &self,
-        parent_hash: B256,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
        hashed_state: &HashedPostState,
-        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
    ) -> Result<(B256, TrieUpdates), ParallelStateRootError> {
-        let (mut input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
-
-        // Extend state overlay with current block's sorted state.
-        input.prefix_sets.extend(hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets());
-        let sorted_hashed_state = hashed_state.clone_into_sorted();
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut input.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
-
-        let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, prefix_sets: prefix_sets_mut } = input;
-
-        let factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
-            .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
-            .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
-            .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
-
-        // The `hashed_state` argument is already taken into account as part of the overlay, but we
+        // The `hashed_state` argument will be taken into account as part of the overlay, but we
        // need to use the prefix sets which were generated from it to indicate to the
        // ParallelStateRoot which parts of the trie need to be recomputed.
-        let prefix_sets = prefix_sets_mut.freeze();
-
-        ParallelStateRoot::new(factory, prefix_sets).incremental_root_with_updates()
+        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets().freeze();
+        let overlay_factory =
+            overlay_factory.with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(hashed_state.clone_into_sorted());
+        ParallelStateRoot::new(overlay_factory, prefix_sets).incremental_root_with_updates()
    }

    /// Compute state root for the given hashed post state in serial.
+    ///
+    /// Uses an overlay factory which provides the state of the parent block, along with the
+    /// [`HashedPostState`] containing the changes of this block, to compute the state root and
+    /// trie updates for this block.
    fn compute_state_root_serial(
        &self,
-        parent_hash: B256,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
        hashed_state: &HashedPostState,
-        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
    ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
-        let (mut input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
+        // The `hashed_state` argument will be taken into account as part of the overlay, but we
+        // need to use the prefix sets which were generated from it to indicate to the
+        // StateRoot which parts of the trie need to be recomputed.
+        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets().freeze();
+        let overlay_factory =
+            overlay_factory.with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(hashed_state.clone_into_sorted());

-        // Extend state overlay with current block's sorted state.
-        input.prefix_sets.extend(hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets());
-        let sorted_hashed_state = hashed_state.clone_into_sorted();
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut input.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
-
-        let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, .. } = input;
-        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets();
-
-        let factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
-            .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
-            .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
-            .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
-
-        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro()?;
+        let provider = overlay_factory.database_provider_ro()?;

        Ok(StateRoot::new(&provider, &provider)
-            .with_prefix_sets(prefix_sets.freeze())
+            .with_prefix_sets(prefix_sets)
            .root_with_updates()?)
    }

@@ -729,6 +877,9 @@ where
    /// - parent header validation
    /// - post-execution consensus validation
    /// - state-root based post-execution validation
+    ///
+    /// If `receipt_root_bloom` is provided, it will be used instead of computing the receipt root
+    /// and logs bloom from the receipts.
    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
    fn validate_post_execution<T: PayloadTypes<BuiltPayload: BuiltPayload<Primitives = N>>>(
        &self,
@@ -736,6 +887,7 @@ where
        parent_block: &SealedHeader<N::BlockHeader>,
        output: &BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>,
        ctx: &mut TreeCtx<'_, N>,
+        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
    ) -> Result<HashedPostState, InsertBlockErrorKind>
    where
        V: PayloadValidator<T, Block = N::Block>,
@@ -762,7 +914,9 @@ where
        let _enter =
            debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "validate_block_post_execution")
                .entered();
-        if let Err(err) = self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(block, output) {
+        if let Err(err) =
+            self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(block, output, receipt_root_bloom)
+        {
            // call post-block hook
            self.on_invalid_block(parent_block, block, output, None, ctx.state_mut());
            return Err(err.into())
@@ -802,6 +956,11 @@ where
    ///
    /// The method handles strategy fallbacks if the preferred approach fails, ensuring
    /// block execution always completes with a valid state root.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `overlay_factory` - Pre-computed overlay factory for multiproof generation
+    ///   (`StateRootTask`)
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    #[instrument(
        level = "debug",
@@ -814,8 +973,7 @@ where
        env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
        txs: T,
        provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
-        parent_hash: B256,
-        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
        strategy: StateRootStrategy,
        block_access_list: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
    ) -> Result<
@@ -828,32 +986,14 @@ where
    > {
        match strategy {
            StateRootStrategy::StateRootTask => {
-                // Compute trie input
-                let trie_input_start = Instant::now();
-                let (trie_input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
-
-                // Create OverlayStateProviderFactory with sorted trie data for multiproofs
-                let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, .. } = trie_input;
-
-                let multiproof_provider_factory =
-                    OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
-                        .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
-                        .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
-                        .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
-
-                // Record trie input duration including OverlayStateProviderFactory setup
-                self.metrics
-                    .block_validation
-                    .trie_input_duration
-                    .record(trie_input_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
-
                let spawn_start = Instant::now();

+                // Use the pre-computed overlay factory for multiproofs
                let handle = self.payload_processor.spawn(
                    env,
                    txs,
                    provider_builder,
-                    multiproof_provider_factory,
+                    overlay_factory,
                    &self.config,
                    block_access_list,
                );
@@ -947,99 +1087,36 @@ where
        self.invalid_block_hook.on_invalid_block(parent_header, block, output, trie_updates);
    }

-    /// Computes [`TrieInputSorted`] for the provided parent hash by combining database state
-    /// with in-memory overlays.
+    /// Creates a [`LazyOverlay`] for the parent block without blocking.
    ///
-    /// The goal of this function is to take in-memory blocks and generate a [`TrieInputSorted`]
-    /// that extends from the highest persisted ancestor up through the parent. This enables state
-    /// root computation and proof generation without requiring all blocks to be persisted
-    /// first.
+    /// Returns a lazy overlay that will compute the trie input on first access, and the anchor
+    /// block hash (the highest persisted ancestor). This allows execution to start immediately
+    /// while the trie input computation is deferred until the overlay is actually needed.
    ///
-    /// It works as follows:
-    /// 1. Collect in-memory overlay blocks using [`crate::tree::TreeState::blocks_by_hash`]. This
-    ///    returns the highest persisted ancestor hash (`block_hash`) and the list of in-memory
-    ///    blocks building on top of it.
-    /// 2. Fast path: If the tip in-memory block's trie input is already anchored to `block_hash`
-    ///    (its `anchor_hash` matches `block_hash`), reuse it directly.
-    /// 3. Slow path: Build a new [`TrieInputSorted`] by aggregating the overlay blocks (from oldest
-    ///    to newest) on top of the database state at `block_hash`.
-    #[instrument(
-        level = "debug",
-        target = "engine::tree::payload_validator",
-        skip_all,
-        fields(parent_hash)
-    )]
-    fn compute_trie_input(
-        &self,
+    /// If parent is on disk (no in-memory blocks), returns `None` for the lazy overlay.
+    fn get_parent_lazy_overlay(
        parent_hash: B256,
        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
-    ) -> ProviderResult<(TrieInputSorted, B256)> {
-        let wait_start = Instant::now();
-        let (block_hash, blocks) =
+    ) -> (Option<LazyOverlay>, B256) {
+        let (anchor_hash, blocks) =
            state.tree_state.blocks_by_hash(parent_hash).unwrap_or_else(|| (parent_hash, vec![]));

-        // Fast path: if the tip block's anchor matches the persisted ancestor hash, reuse its
-        // TrieInput. This means the TrieInputSorted already aggregates all in-memory overlays
-        // from that ancestor, so we can avoid re-aggregation.
-        if let Some(tip_block) = blocks.first() {
-            let data = tip_block.trie_data();
-            if let (Some(anchor_hash), Some(trie_input)) =
-                (data.anchor_hash(), data.trie_input().cloned()) &&
-                anchor_hash == block_hash
-            {
-                trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", %block_hash,"Reusing trie input with matching anchor hash");
-                self.metrics
-                    .block_validation
-                    .deferred_trie_wait_duration
-                    .record(wait_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
-                return Ok(((*trie_input).clone(), block_hash));
-            }
-        }
-
        if blocks.is_empty() {
-            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Parent found on disk");
-        } else {
-            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", historical = ?block_hash, blocks = blocks.len(), "Parent found in memory");
+            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Parent found on disk, no lazy overlay needed");
+            return (None, anchor_hash);
        }

-        // Extend with contents of parent in-memory blocks directly in sorted form.
-        let input = Self::merge_overlay_trie_input(&blocks);
+        debug!(
+            target: "engine::tree::payload_validator",
+            %anchor_hash,
+            num_blocks = blocks.len(),
+            "Creating lazy overlay for in-memory blocks"
+        );

-        self.metrics
-            .block_validation
-            .deferred_trie_wait_duration
-            .record(wait_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
-        Ok((input, block_hash))
-    }
+        // Extract deferred trie data handles (non-blocking)
+        let handles: Vec<DeferredTrieData> = blocks.iter().map(|b| b.trie_data_handle()).collect();

-    /// Aggregates multiple in-memory blocks into a single [`TrieInputSorted`] by combining their
-    /// state changes.
-    ///
-    /// The input `blocks` vector is ordered newest -> oldest (see `TreeState::blocks_by_hash`).
-    /// We iterate it in reverse so we start with the oldest block's trie data and extend forward
-    /// toward the newest, ensuring newer state takes precedence.
-    fn merge_overlay_trie_input(blocks: &[ExecutedBlock<N>]) -> TrieInputSorted {
-        let mut input = TrieInputSorted::default();
-        let mut blocks_iter = blocks.iter().rev().peekable();
-
-        if let Some(first) = blocks_iter.next() {
-            let data = first.trie_data();
-            input.state = data.hashed_state;
-            input.nodes = data.trie_updates;
-
-            // Only clone and mutate if there are more in-memory blocks.
-            if blocks_iter.peek().is_some() {
-                let state_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut input.state);
-                let nodes_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut input.nodes);
-                for block in blocks_iter {
-                    let data = block.trie_data();
-                    state_mut.extend_ref(data.hashed_state.as_ref());
-                    nodes_mut.extend_ref(data.trie_updates.as_ref());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        input
+        (Some(LazyOverlay::new(anchor_hash, handles)), anchor_hash)
    }

    /// Spawns a background task to compute and sort trie data for the executed block.
@@ -1061,10 +1138,11 @@ where
    fn spawn_deferred_trie_task(
        &self,
        block: RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
-        execution_outcome: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+        execution_outcome: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
        ctx: &TreeCtx<'_, N>,
        hashed_state: HashedPostState,
        trie_output: TrieUpdates,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
    ) -> ExecutedBlock<N> {
        // Capture parent hash and ancestor overlays for deferred trie input construction.
        let (anchor_hash, overlay_blocks) = ctx
@@ -1088,9 +1166,21 @@ where
        let deferred_handle_task = deferred_trie_data.clone();
        let block_validation_metrics = self.metrics.block_validation.clone();

+        // Capture block info and cache handle for changeset computation
+        let block_hash = block.hash();
+        let block_number = block.number();
+        let changeset_cache = self.changeset_cache.clone();
+
        // Spawn background task to compute trie data. Calling `wait_cloned` will compute from
        // the stored inputs and cache the result, so subsequent calls return immediately.
        let compute_trie_input_task = move || {
+            let _span = debug_span!(
+                target: "engine::tree::payload_validator",
+                "compute_trie_input_task",
+                block_number
+            )
+            .entered();
+
            let result = panic::catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
                let compute_start = Instant::now();
                let computed = deferred_handle_task.wait_cloned();
@@ -1113,6 +1203,40 @@ where
                        .anchored_overlay_hashed_state_size
                        .record(anchored.trie_input.state.total_len() as f64);
                }
+
+                // Compute and cache changesets using the computed trie_updates
+                let changeset_start = Instant::now();
+
+                // Get a provider from the overlay factory for trie cursor access
+                let changeset_result =
+                    overlay_factory.database_provider_ro().and_then(|provider| {
+                        reth_trie::changesets::compute_trie_changesets(
+                            &provider,
+                            &computed.trie_updates,
+                        )
+                        .map_err(ProviderError::Database)
+                    });
+
+                match changeset_result {
+                    Ok(changesets) => {
+                        debug!(
+                            target: "engine::tree::changeset",
+                            ?block_number,
+                            elapsed = ?changeset_start.elapsed(),
+                            "Computed and caching changesets"
+                        );
+
+                        changeset_cache.insert(block_hash, block_number, Arc::new(changesets));
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn!(
+                            target: "engine::tree::changeset",
+                            ?block_number,
+                            ?e,
+                            "Failed to compute changesets in deferred trie task"
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
            }));

            if result.is_err() {
@@ -1209,7 +1333,6 @@ impl<N, Types, P, Evm, V> EngineValidator<Types> for BasicEngineValidator<P, Evm
 where
    P: DatabaseProviderFactory<
            Provider: BlockReader
-                          + TrieReader
                          + StageCheckpointReader
                          + PruneCheckpointReader
                          + ChangeSetReader
@@ -1262,7 +1385,7 @@ where
    fn on_inserted_executed_block(&self, block: ExecutedBlock<N>) {
        self.payload_processor.on_inserted_executed_block(
            block.recovered_block.block_with_parent(),
-            block.execution_output.state(),
+            &block.execution_output.state,
        );
    }
 }
--- a/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tree/src/tree/tests.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
        PersistTarget, TreeConfig,
    },
 };
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;

 use alloy_eips::eip1898::BlockWithParent;
 use alloy_primitives::{
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ use reth_ethereum_engine_primitives::EthEngineTypes;
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Block, EthPrimitives};
 use reth_evm_ethereum::MockEvmConfig;
 use reth_primitives_traits::Block as _;
-use reth_provider::{test_utils::MockEthProvider, ExecutionOutcome};
+use reth_provider::test_utils::MockEthProvider;
 use std::{
    collections::BTreeMap,
    str::FromStr,
@@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
        let payload_builder = PayloadBuilderHandle::new(to_payload_service);

        let evm_config = MockEvmConfig::default();
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
        let engine_validator = BasicEngineValidator::new(
            provider.clone(),
            consensus.clone(),
@@ -199,6 +201,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
            payload_validator,
            TreeConfig::default(),
            Box::new(NoopInvalidBlockHook::default()),
+            changeset_cache.clone(),
        );

        let tree = EngineApiTreeHandler::new(
@@ -215,6 +218,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
            TreeConfig::default().with_legacy_state_root(false).with_has_enough_parallelism(true),
            EngineApiKind::Ethereum,
            evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
        );

        let block_builder = TestBlockBuilder::default().with_chain_spec((*chain_spec).clone());
@@ -388,6 +392,7 @@ impl ValidatorTestHarness {
        let provider = harness.provider.clone();
        let payload_validator = MockEngineValidator;
        let evm_config = MockEvmConfig::default();
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();

        let validator = BasicEngineValidator::new(
            provider,
@@ -396,6 +401,7 @@ impl ValidatorTestHarness {
            payload_validator,
            TreeConfig::default(),
            Box::new(NoopInvalidBlockHook::default()),
+            changeset_cache,
        );

        Self { harness, validator, metrics: TestMetrics::default() }
@@ -832,7 +838,7 @@ fn test_tree_state_on_new_head_deep_fork() {
    for block in &chain_a {
        test_harness.tree.state.tree_state.insert_executed(ExecutedBlock::new(
            Arc::new(block.clone()),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::default()),
+            Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput::default()),
            empty_trie_data(),
        ));
    }
@@ -841,7 +847,7 @@ fn test_tree_state_on_new_head_deep_fork() {
    for block in &chain_b {
        test_harness.tree.state.tree_state.insert_executed(ExecutedBlock::new(
            Arc::new(block.clone()),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::default()),
+            Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput::default()),
            empty_trie_data(),
        ));
    }
@@ -1002,6 +1008,15 @@ async fn test_engine_tree_live_sync_transition_required_blocks_requested() {
        _ => panic!("Unexpected event: {event:#?}"),
    }

+    // After backfill completes with head not buffered, we also request head download
+    let event = test_harness.from_tree_rx.recv().await.unwrap();
+    match event {
+        EngineApiEvent::Download(DownloadRequest::BlockSet(hash_set)) => {
+            assert_eq!(hash_set, HashSet::from_iter([main_chain_last_hash]));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Unexpected event: {event:#?}"),
+    }
+
    let _ = test_harness
        .tree
        .on_engine_message(FromEngine::DownloadedBlocks(vec![main_chain
--- a/crates/ethereum/consensus/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/consensus/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use alloc::{fmt::Debug, sync::Arc};
 use alloy_consensus::{constants::MAXIMUM_EXTRA_DATA_SIZE, EMPTY_OMMER_ROOT_HASH};
 use alloy_eips::eip7840::BlobParams;
 use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
-use reth_consensus::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator};
+use reth_consensus::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use reth_consensus_common::validation::{
    validate_4844_header_standalone, validate_against_parent_4844,
    validate_against_parent_eip1559_base_fee, validate_against_parent_gas_limit,
@@ -74,8 +74,15 @@ where
        &self,
        block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
    ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
-        validate_block_post_execution(block, &self.chain_spec, &result.receipts, &result.requests)
+        validate_block_post_execution(
+            block,
+            &self.chain_spec,
+            &result.receipts,
+            &result.requests,
+            receipt_root_bloom,
+        )
    }
 }

--- a/crates/ethereum/consensus/src/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/consensus/src/validation.rs
@@ -12,11 +12,15 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{
 ///
 /// - Compares the receipts root in the block header to the block body
 /// - Compares the gas used in the block header to the actual gas usage after execution
+///
+/// If `receipt_root_bloom` is provided, the pre-computed receipt root and logs bloom are used
+/// instead of computing them from the receipts.
 pub fn validate_block_post_execution<B, R, ChainSpec>(
    block: &RecoveredBlock<B>,
    chain_spec: &ChainSpec,
    receipts: &[R],
    requests: &Requests,
+    receipt_root_bloom: Option<(B256, Bloom)>,
 ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError>
 where
    B: Block,
@@ -37,19 +41,26 @@ where
    // operation as hashing that is required for state root got calculated in every
    // transaction This was replaced with is_success flag.
    // See more about EIP here: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-658
-    if chain_spec.is_byzantium_active_at_block(block.header().number()) &&
-        let Err(error) = verify_receipts(
-            block.header().receipts_root(),
-            block.header().logs_bloom(),
-            receipts,
-        )
-    {
-        let receipts = receipts
-            .iter()
-            .map(|r| Bytes::from(r.with_bloom_ref().encoded_2718()))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        tracing::debug!(%error, ?receipts, "receipts verification failed");
-        return Err(error)
+    if chain_spec.is_byzantium_active_at_block(block.header().number()) {
+        let result = if let Some((receipts_root, logs_bloom)) = receipt_root_bloom {
+            compare_receipts_root_and_logs_bloom(
+                receipts_root,
+                logs_bloom,
+                block.header().receipts_root(),
+                block.header().logs_bloom(),
+            )
+        } else {
+            verify_receipts(block.header().receipts_root(), block.header().logs_bloom(), receipts)
+        };
+
+        if let Err(error) = result {
+            let receipts = receipts
+                .iter()
+                .map(|r| Bytes::from(r.with_bloom_ref().encoded_2718()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            tracing::debug!(%error, ?receipts, "receipts verification failed");
+            return Err(error)
+        }
    }

    // Validate that the header requests hash matches the calculated requests hash
--- a/crates/ethereum/evm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/evm/src/lib.rs
@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@ where
        block: &'a SealedBlock<Block>,
    ) -> Result<EthBlockExecutionCtx<'a>, Self::Error> {
        Ok(EthBlockExecutionCtx {
+            tx_count_hint: Some(block.transaction_count()),
            parent_hash: block.header().parent_hash,
            parent_beacon_block_root: block.header().parent_beacon_block_root,
            ommers: &block.body().ommers,
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ where
        attributes: Self::NextBlockEnvCtx,
    ) -> Result<EthBlockExecutionCtx<'_>, Self::Error> {
        Ok(EthBlockExecutionCtx {
+            tx_count_hint: None,
            parent_hash: parent.hash(),
            parent_beacon_block_root: attributes.parent_beacon_block_root,
            ommers: &[],
@@ -238,8 +240,9 @@ where
            revm_spec_by_timestamp_and_block_number(self.chain_spec(), timestamp, block_number);

        // configure evm env based on parent block
-        let mut cfg_env =
-            CfgEnv::new().with_chain_id(self.chain_spec().chain().id()).with_spec(spec);
+        let mut cfg_env = CfgEnv::new()
+            .with_chain_id(self.chain_spec().chain().id())
+            .with_spec_and_mainnet_gas_params(spec);

        if let Some(blob_params) = &blob_params {
            cfg_env.set_max_blobs_per_tx(blob_params.max_blobs_per_tx);
@@ -280,6 +283,7 @@ where
        payload: &'a ExecutionData,
    ) -> Result<ExecutionCtxFor<'a, Self>, Self::Error> {
        Ok(EthBlockExecutionCtx {
+            tx_count_hint: Some(payload.payload.transactions().len()),
            parent_hash: payload.parent_hash(),
            parent_beacon_block_root: payload.sidecar.parent_beacon_block_root(),
            ommers: &[],
@@ -407,7 +411,7 @@ mod tests {
        let db = CacheDB::<EmptyDBTyped<ProviderError>>::default();

        let evm_env = EvmEnv {
-            cfg_env: CfgEnv::new().with_spec(SpecId::CONSTANTINOPLE),
+            cfg_env: CfgEnv::new().with_spec_and_mainnet_gas_params(SpecId::CONSTANTINOPLE),
            ..Default::default()
        };

@@ -474,7 +478,7 @@ mod tests {
        let db = CacheDB::<EmptyDBTyped<ProviderError>>::default();

        let evm_env = EvmEnv {
-            cfg_env: CfgEnv::new().with_spec(SpecId::CONSTANTINOPLE),
+            cfg_env: CfgEnv::new().with_spec_and_mainnet_gas_params(SpecId::CONSTANTINOPLE),
            ..Default::default()
        };

--- a/crates/ethereum/evm/src/test_utils.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/evm/src/test_utils.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,12 @@ impl BlockExecutorFactory for MockEvmConfig {
        DB: Database + 'a,
        I: Inspector<<Self::EvmFactory as EvmFactory>::Context<&'a mut State<DB>>> + 'a,
    {
-        MockExecutor { result: self.exec_results.lock().pop().unwrap(), evm, hook: None }
+        MockExecutor {
+            result: self.exec_results.lock().pop().unwrap(),
+            evm,
+            hook: None,
+            receipts: Vec::new(),
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -76,6 +81,7 @@ pub struct MockExecutor<'a, DB: Database, I> {
    evm: EthEvm<&'a mut State<DB>, I, PrecompilesMap>,
    #[debug(skip)]
    hook: Option<Box<dyn reth_evm::OnStateHook>>,
+    receipts: Vec<Receipt>,
 }

 impl<'a, DB: Database, I: Inspector<EthEvmContext<&'a mut State<DB>>>> BlockExecutor
@@ -89,6 +95,10 @@ impl<'a, DB: Database, I: Inspector<EthEvmContext<&'a mut State<DB>>>> BlockExec
        Ok(())
    }

+    fn receipts(&self) -> &[Self::Receipt] {
+        &self.receipts
+    }
+
    fn execute_transaction_without_commit(
        &mut self,
        _tx: impl ExecutableTx<Self>,
--- a/crates/ethereum/evm/tests/execute.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/evm/tests/execute.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ fn create_database_with_beacon_root_contract() -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
        code_hash: keccak256(BEACON_ROOTS_CODE.clone()),
        nonce: 1,
        code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(BEACON_ROOTS_CODE.clone())),
+        account_id: None,
    };

    db.insert_account_info(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, beacon_root_contract_account);
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ fn create_database_with_withdrawal_requests_contract() -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
        balance: U256::ZERO,
        code_hash: keccak256(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE.clone()),
        code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE.clone())),
+        account_id: None,
    };

    db.insert_account_info(
@@ -339,6 +341,7 @@ fn create_database_with_block_hashes(latest_block: u64) -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
        code_hash: keccak256(HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE.clone()),
        code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE.clone())),
        nonce: 1,
+        account_id: None,
    };

    db.insert_account_info(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, blockhashes_contract_account);
--- a/crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/pool.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/pool.rs
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ async fn maintain_txpool_reorg() -> eyre::Result<()> {
        w1.address(),
    );
    let pooled_tx1 = EthPooledTransaction::new(tx1.clone(), 200);
-    let tx_hash1 = *pooled_tx1.clone().hash();
+    let tx_hash1 = *pooled_tx1.hash();

    // build tx2 from wallet2
    let envelop2 = TransactionTestContext::transfer_tx(1, w2.clone()).await;
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ async fn maintain_txpool_reorg() -> eyre::Result<()> {
        w2.address(),
    );
    let pooled_tx2 = EthPooledTransaction::new(tx2.clone(), 200);
-    let tx_hash2 = *pooled_tx2.clone().hash();
+    let tx_hash2 = *pooled_tx2.hash();

    let block_info = BlockInfo {
        block_gas_limit: ETHEREUM_BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT_30M,
--- a/crates/ethereum/payload/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/ethereum/payload/Cargo.toml
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ reth-payload-validator.workspace = true

 # ethereum
 alloy-rlp.workspace = true
-revm.workspace = true
 alloy-rpc-types-engine.workspace = true
+revm.workspace = true

 # alloy
 alloy-eips.workspace = true
--- a/crates/ethereum/payload/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/payload/src/lib.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ where
    let state_provider = client.state_by_block_hash(parent_header.hash())?;
    let state = StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider.as_ref());
    let mut db =
-        State::builder().with_database_ref(cached_reads.as_db(state)).with_bundle_update().build();
+        State::builder().with_database(cached_reads.as_db_mut(state)).with_bundle_update().build();

    let mut builder = evm_config
        .builder_for_next_block(
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ where
                    limit: MAX_RLP_BLOCK_SIZE,
                },
            );
-            continue;
+            continue
        }

        // There's only limited amount of blob space available per block, so we need to check if
--- a/crates/ethereum/primitives/src/transaction.rs
+++ b/crates/ethereum/primitives/src/transaction.rs
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ impl reth_codecs::Compact for Transaction {
    // # Panics
    //
    // A panic will be triggered if an identifier larger than 3 is passed from the database. For
-    // optimism a identifier with value [`DEPOSIT_TX_TYPE_ID`] is allowed.
+    // optimism an identifier with value [`DEPOSIT_TX_TYPE_ID`] is allowed.
    fn from_compact(buf: &[u8], identifier: usize) -> (Self, &[u8]) {
        let (tx_type, buf) = TxType::from_compact(buf, identifier);

--- a/crates/evm/evm/src/execute.rs
+++ b/crates/evm/evm/src/execute.rs
@@ -148,20 +148,6 @@ pub trait Executor<DB: Database>: Sized {
    fn size_hint(&self) -> usize;
 }

-/// Helper type for the output of executing a block.
-///
-/// Deprecated: this type is unused within reth and will be removed in the next
-/// major release. Use `reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult` or
-/// `reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionOutput`.
-#[deprecated(note = "Use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult or BlockExecutionOutput")]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct ExecuteOutput<R> {
-    /// Receipts obtained after executing a block.
-    pub receipts: Vec<R>,
-    /// Cumulative gas used in the block execution.
-    pub gas_used: u64,
-}
-
 /// Input for block building. Consumed by [`BlockAssembler`].
 ///
 /// This struct contains all the data needed by the [`BlockAssembler`] to create
@@ -741,6 +727,7 @@ mod tests {
            nonce,
            code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
            code: None,
+            account_id: None,
        };
        state.insert_account(addr, account_info);
        state
@@ -777,8 +764,13 @@ mod tests {

        let mut state = setup_state_with_account(addr1, 100, 1);

-        let account2 =
-            AccountInfo { balance: U256::from(200), nonce: 1, code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY, code: None };
+        let account2 = AccountInfo {
+            balance: U256::from(200),
+            nonce: 1,
+            code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
+            code: None,
+            account_id: None,
+        };
        state.insert_account(addr2, account2);

        let mut increments = HashMap::default();
@@ -799,8 +791,13 @@ mod tests {

        let mut state = setup_state_with_account(addr1, 100, 1);

-        let account2 =
-            AccountInfo { balance: U256::from(200), nonce: 1, code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY, code: None };
+        let account2 = AccountInfo {
+            balance: U256::from(200),
+            nonce: 1,
+            code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
+            code: None,
+            account_id: None,
+        };
        state.insert_account(addr2, account2);

        let mut increments = HashMap::default();
--- a/crates/evm/evm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/evm/evm/src/lib.rs
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ pub trait ConfigureEvm: Clone + Debug + Send + Sync + Unpin {
    /// // Complete block building
    /// let outcome = builder.finish(state_provider)?;
    /// ```
-    fn builder_for_next_block<'a, DB: Database>(
+    fn builder_for_next_block<'a, DB: Database + 'a>(
        &'a self,
        db: &'a mut State<DB>,
        parent: &'a SealedHeader<<Self::Primitives as NodePrimitives>::BlockHeader>,
--- a/crates/evm/execution-types/src/chain.rs
+++ b/crates/evm/execution-types/src/chain.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 //! Contains [Chain], a chain of blocks and their final state.

 use crate::ExecutionOutcome;
-use alloc::{borrow::Cow, collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, vec::Vec};
-use alloy_consensus::{transaction::Recovered, BlockHeader};
+use alloc::{borrow::Cow, collections::BTreeMap, vec::Vec};
+use alloy_consensus::{transaction::Recovered, BlockHeader, TxReceipt};
 use alloy_eips::{eip1898::ForkBlock, eip2718::Encodable2718, BlockNumHash};
-use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockHash, BlockNumber, TxHash};
+use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockHash, BlockNumber, Log, TxHash};
 use core::{fmt, ops::RangeInclusive};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
    transaction::signed::SignedTransaction, Block, BlockBody, IndexedTx, NodePrimitives,
    RecoveredBlock, SealedHeader,
 };
-use reth_trie_common::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted};
+use reth_trie_common::LazyTrieData;

 /// A chain of blocks and their final state.
 ///
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ pub struct Chain<N: NodePrimitives = reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives> {
    ///
    /// Additionally, it includes the individual state changes that led to the current state.
    execution_outcome: ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>,
-    /// State trie updates for each block in the chain, keyed by block number.
-    trie_updates: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>>,
-    /// Hashed post state for each block in the chain, keyed by block number.
-    hashed_state: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>>,
+    /// Lazy trie data for each block in the chain, keyed by block number.
+    ///
+    /// Contains handles to lazily-initialized sorted trie updates and hashed state.
+    trie_data: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, LazyTrieData>,
 }

 type ChainTxReceiptMeta<'a, N> = (
@@ -52,8 +52,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Default for Chain<N> {
        Self {
            blocks: Default::default(),
            execution_outcome: Default::default(),
-            trie_updates: Default::default(),
-            hashed_state: Default::default(),
+            trie_data: Default::default(),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -67,27 +66,23 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
    pub fn new(
        blocks: impl IntoIterator<Item = RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
        execution_outcome: ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>,
-        trie_updates: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>>,
-        hashed_state: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>>,
+        trie_data: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, LazyTrieData>,
    ) -> Self {
        let blocks =
            blocks.into_iter().map(|b| (b.header().number(), b)).collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
        debug_assert!(!blocks.is_empty(), "Chain should have at least one block");

-        Self { blocks, execution_outcome, trie_updates, hashed_state }
+        Self { blocks, execution_outcome, trie_data }
    }

    /// Create new Chain from a single block and its state.
    pub fn from_block(
        block: RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        execution_outcome: ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>,
-        trie_updates: Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>,
-        hashed_state: Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>,
+        trie_data: LazyTrieData,
    ) -> Self {
        let block_number = block.header().number();
-        let trie_updates_map = BTreeMap::from([(block_number, trie_updates)]);
-        let hashed_state_map = BTreeMap::from([(block_number, hashed_state)]);
-        Self::new([block], execution_outcome, trie_updates_map, hashed_state_map)
+        Self::new([block], execution_outcome, BTreeMap::from([(block_number, trie_data)]))
    }

    /// Get the blocks in this chain.
@@ -105,37 +100,19 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
        self.blocks.values().map(|block| block.clone_sealed_header())
    }

-    /// Get all trie updates for this chain.
-    pub const fn trie_updates(&self) -> &BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>> {
-        &self.trie_updates
+    /// Get all trie data for this chain.
+    pub const fn trie_data(&self) -> &BTreeMap<BlockNumber, LazyTrieData> {
+        &self.trie_data
    }

-    /// Get trie updates for a specific block number.
-    pub fn trie_updates_at(&self, block_number: BlockNumber) -> Option<&Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>> {
-        self.trie_updates.get(&block_number)
+    /// Get trie data for a specific block number.
+    pub fn trie_data_at(&self, block_number: BlockNumber) -> Option<&LazyTrieData> {
+        self.trie_data.get(&block_number)
    }

-    /// Remove all trie updates for this chain.
-    pub fn clear_trie_updates(&mut self) {
-        self.trie_updates.clear();
-    }
-
-    /// Get all hashed states for this chain.
-    pub const fn hashed_state(&self) -> &BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>> {
-        &self.hashed_state
-    }
-
-    /// Get hashed state for a specific block number.
-    pub fn hashed_state_at(
-        &self,
-        block_number: BlockNumber,
-    ) -> Option<&Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>> {
-        self.hashed_state.get(&block_number)
-    }
-
-    /// Remove all hashed states for this chain.
-    pub fn clear_hashed_state(&mut self) {
-        self.hashed_state.clear();
+    /// Remove all trie data for this chain.
+    pub fn clear_trie_data(&mut self) {
+        self.trie_data.clear();
    }

    /// Get execution outcome of this chain
@@ -183,23 +160,16 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
    /// Destructure the chain into its inner components:
    /// 1. The blocks contained in the chain.
    /// 2. The execution outcome representing the final state.
-    /// 3. The trie updates map.
-    /// 4. The hashed state map.
+    /// 3. The trie data map.
    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub fn into_inner(
        self,
    ) -> (
        ChainBlocks<'static, N::Block>,
        ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>,
-        BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>>,
-        BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>>,
+        BTreeMap<BlockNumber, LazyTrieData>,
    ) {
-        (
-            ChainBlocks { blocks: Cow::Owned(self.blocks) },
-            self.execution_outcome,
-            self.trie_updates,
-            self.hashed_state,
-        )
+        (ChainBlocks { blocks: Cow::Owned(self.blocks) }, self.execution_outcome, self.trie_data)
    }

    /// Destructure the chain into its inner components:
@@ -214,6 +184,19 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
        self.execution_outcome.receipts().iter()
    }

+    /// Returns an iterator over all receipts in the chain.
+    pub fn receipts_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &N::Receipt> + '_ {
+        self.block_receipts_iter().flatten()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over all logs in the chain.
+    pub fn logs_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Log> + '_
+    where
+        N::Receipt: TxReceipt<Log = Log>,
+    {
+        self.receipts_iter().flat_map(|receipt| receipt.logs())
+    }
+
    /// Returns an iterator over all blocks in the chain with increasing block number.
    pub fn blocks_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>> + '_ {
        self.blocks().iter().map(|block| block.1)
@@ -329,14 +312,12 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
        &mut self,
        block: RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        execution_outcome: ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>,
-        trie_updates: Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>,
-        hashed_state: Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>,
+        trie_data: LazyTrieData,
    ) {
        let block_number = block.header().number();
        self.blocks.insert(block_number, block);
        self.execution_outcome.extend(execution_outcome);
-        self.trie_updates.insert(block_number, trie_updates);
-        self.hashed_state.insert(block_number, hashed_state);
+        self.trie_data.insert(block_number, trie_data);
    }

    /// Merge two chains by appending the given chain into the current one.
@@ -355,8 +336,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
        // Insert blocks from other chain
        self.blocks.extend(other.blocks);
        self.execution_outcome.extend(other.execution_outcome);
-        self.trie_updates.extend(other.trie_updates);
-        self.hashed_state.extend(other.hashed_state);
+        self.trie_data.extend(other.trie_data);

        Ok(())
    }
@@ -583,14 +563,14 @@ pub(super) mod serde_bincode_compat {
                execution_outcome: value.execution_outcome.as_repr(),
                _trie_updates_legacy: None,
                trie_updates: value
-                    .trie_updates
+                    .trie_data
                    .iter()
-                    .map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.as_ref().into()))
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.get().trie_updates.as_ref().into()))
                    .collect(),
                hashed_state: value
-                    .hashed_state
+                    .trie_data
                    .iter()
-                    .map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.as_ref().into()))
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.get().hashed_state.as_ref().into()))
                    .collect(),
            }
        }
@@ -603,19 +583,24 @@ pub(super) mod serde_bincode_compat {
        >,
    {
        fn from(value: Chain<'a, N>) -> Self {
+            use reth_trie_common::LazyTrieData;
+
+            let hashed_state_map: BTreeMap<_, _> =
+                value.hashed_state.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k, Arc::new(v.into()))).collect();
+
+            let trie_data: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, LazyTrieData> = value
+                .trie_updates
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| {
+                    let hashed_state = hashed_state_map.get(&k).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+                    (k, LazyTrieData::ready(hashed_state, Arc::new(v.into())))
+                })
+                .collect();
+
            Self {
                blocks: value.blocks.0.into_owned(),
                execution_outcome: ExecutionOutcome::from_repr(value.execution_outcome),
-                trie_updates: value
-                    .trie_updates
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|(k, v)| (k, Arc::new(v.into())))
-                    .collect(),
-                hashed_state: value
-                    .hashed_state
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|(k, v)| (k, Arc::new(v.into())))
-                    .collect(),
+                trie_data,
            }
        }
    }
@@ -676,7 +661,6 @@ pub(super) mod serde_bincode_compat {
                        .unwrap()],
                    Default::default(),
                    BTreeMap::new(),
-                    BTreeMap::new(),
                ),
            };

@@ -776,12 +760,8 @@ mod tests {
        let mut block_state_extended = execution_outcome1;
        block_state_extended.extend(execution_outcome2);

-        let chain: Chain = Chain::new(
-            vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
-            block_state_extended,
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        );
+        let chain: Chain =
+            Chain::new(vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()], block_state_extended, BTreeMap::new());

        // return tip state
        assert_eq!(
--- a/crates/evm/execution-types/src/execute.rs
+++ b/crates/evm/execution-types/src/execute.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256, U256};
+use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, Bytecode};
 use revm::database::BundleState;

 pub use alloy_evm::block::BlockExecutionResult;
@@ -23,3 +25,36 @@ pub struct BlockExecutionOutput<T> {
    /// The changed state of the block after execution.
    pub state: BundleState,
 }
+
+impl<T> BlockExecutionOutput<T> {
+    /// Return bytecode if known.
+    pub fn bytecode(&self, code_hash: &B256) -> Option<Bytecode> {
+        self.state.bytecode(code_hash).map(Bytecode)
+    }
+
+    /// Get account if account is known.
+    pub fn account(&self, address: &Address) -> Option<Option<Account>> {
+        self.state.account(address).map(|a| a.info.as_ref().map(Into::into))
+    }
+
+    /// Get storage if value is known.
+    ///
+    /// This means that depending on status we can potentially return `U256::ZERO`.
+    pub fn storage(&self, address: &Address, storage_key: U256) -> Option<U256> {
+        self.state.account(address).and_then(|a| a.storage_slot(storage_key))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for BlockExecutionOutput<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                receipts: Default::default(),
+                requests: Default::default(),
+                gas_used: 0,
+                blob_gas_used: 0,
+            },
+            state: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/crates/evm/execution-types/src/execution_outcome.rs
+++ b/crates/evm/execution-types/src/execution_outcome.rs
@@ -249,6 +249,14 @@ impl<T> ExecutionOutcome<T> {
        &self.receipts[index]
    }

+    /// Returns an iterator over receipt slices, one per block.
+    ///
+    /// This is a more ergonomic alternative to `receipts()` that yields slices
+    /// instead of requiring indexing into a nested `Vec<Vec<T>>`.
+    pub fn receipts_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &[T]> + '_ {
+        self.receipts.iter().map(|v| v.as_slice())
+    }
+
    /// Is execution outcome empty.
    pub const fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.len() == 0
@@ -934,10 +942,20 @@ mod tests {
        let address3 = Address::random();

        // Set up account info with some changes
-        let account_info1 =
-            AccountInfo { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(100), code_hash: B256::ZERO, code: None };
-        let account_info2 =
-            AccountInfo { nonce: 2, balance: U256::from(200), code_hash: B256::ZERO, code: None };
+        let account_info1 = AccountInfo {
+            nonce: 1,
+            balance: U256::from(100),
+            code_hash: B256::ZERO,
+            code: None,
+            account_id: None,
+        };
+        let account_info2 = AccountInfo {
+            nonce: 2,
+            balance: U256::from(200),
+            code_hash: B256::ZERO,
+            code: None,
+            account_id: None,
+        };

        // Set up the bundle state with these accounts
        let mut bundle_state = BundleState::default();
--- a/crates/exex/exex/src/backfill/job.rs
+++ b/crates/exex/exex/src/backfill/job.rs
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ where
            executor.into_state().take_bundle(),
            results,
        );
-        let chain = Chain::new(blocks, outcome, BTreeMap::new(), BTreeMap::new());
+        let chain = Chain::new(blocks, outcome, BTreeMap::new());
        Ok(chain)
    }
 }
--- a/crates/exex/exex/src/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/exex/exex/src/manager.rs
@@ -503,6 +503,7 @@ where
            }
            break
        }
+        let buffer_full = this.buffer.len() >= this.max_capacity;

        // Update capacity
        this.update_capacity();
@@ -536,6 +537,12 @@ where
        // Update capacity
        this.update_capacity();

+        // If the buffer was full and we made space, we need to wake up to accept new notifications
+        if buffer_full && this.buffer.len() < this.max_capacity {
+            debug!(target: "exex::manager", "Buffer has space again, waking up senders");
+            cx.waker().wake_by_ref();
+        }
+
        // Update watch channel block number
        let finished_height = this.exex_handles.iter_mut().try_fold(u64::MAX, |curr, exex| {
            exex.finished_height.map_or(Err(()), |height| Ok(height.number.min(curr)))
@@ -687,7 +694,6 @@ mod tests {
        BlockWriter, Chain, DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, TransactionVariant,
    };
    use reth_testing_utils::generators::{self, random_block, BlockParams};
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;

    fn empty_finalized_header_stream() -> ForkChoiceStream<SealedHeader> {
        let (tx, rx) = watch::channel(None);
@@ -789,12 +795,7 @@ mod tests {
        block1.set_block_number(10);

        let notification1 = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![block1.clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block1.clone()], Default::default(), Default::default())),
        };

        // Push the first notification
@@ -812,12 +813,7 @@ mod tests {
        block2.set_block_number(20);

        let notification2 = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![block2.clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block2.clone()], Default::default(), Default::default())),
        };

        exex_manager.push_notification(notification2.clone());
@@ -860,12 +856,7 @@ mod tests {
        block1.set_block_number(10);

        let notification1 = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![block1.clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block1.clone()], Default::default(), Default::default())),
        };

        exex_manager.push_notification(notification1.clone());
@@ -1093,7 +1084,6 @@ mod tests {
                vec![Default::default()],
                Default::default(),
                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
            )),
        };

@@ -1164,7 +1154,6 @@ mod tests {
                vec![Default::default()],
                Default::default(),
                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
            )),
        };

@@ -1209,12 +1198,7 @@ mod tests {
        block1.set_block_number(10);

        let notification = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![block1.clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block1.clone()], Default::default(), Default::default())),
        };

        let mut cx = Context::from_waker(futures::task::noop_waker_ref());
@@ -1363,17 +1347,11 @@ mod tests {
            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                vec![genesis_block.clone()],
                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
+                Default::default(),
            )),
        };
        let notification = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![block.clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block.clone()], Default::default(), Default::default())),
        };

        let (finalized_headers_tx, rx) = watch::channel(None);
@@ -1443,4 +1421,78 @@ mod tests {

        Ok(())
    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_deadlock_manager_wakes_after_buffer_clears() {
+        // This test simulates the scenario where the buffer fills up, ingestion pauses,
+        // and then space clears. We verify the manager wakes up to process pending items.
+
+        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let wal = Wal::new(temp_dir.path()).unwrap();
+        let provider_factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        init_genesis(&provider_factory).unwrap();
+        let provider = BlockchainProvider::new(provider_factory.clone()).unwrap();
+
+        // 1. Setup Manager with Capacity = 1
+        let (exex_handle, _, mut notifications) = ExExHandle::new(
+            "test_exex".to_string(),
+            Default::default(),
+            provider,
+            EthEvmConfig::mainnet(),
+            wal.handle(),
+        );
+
+        let max_capacity = 2;
+        let exex_manager = ExExManager::new(
+            provider_factory,
+            vec![exex_handle],
+            max_capacity,
+            wal,
+            empty_finalized_header_stream(),
+        );
+
+        let manager_handle = exex_manager.handle();
+
+        // Spawn manager in background so it runs continuously
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            exex_manager.await.ok();
+        });
+
+        // Helper to create notifications
+        let mut rng = generators::rng();
+        let mut make_notif = |id: u64| {
+            let block = random_block(&mut rng, id, BlockParams::default()).try_recover().unwrap();
+            ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
+                new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block], Default::default(), Default::default())),
+            }
+        };
+
+        manager_handle.send(ExExNotificationSource::Pipeline, make_notif(1)).unwrap();
+
+        // Send the "Stuck" Item (Notification #100).
+        // At this point, the Manager loop has skipped the ingestion logic because buffer is full
+        // (buffer_full=true). This item sits in the unbounded 'handle_rx' channel waiting.
+        manager_handle.send(ExExNotificationSource::Pipeline, make_notif(100)).unwrap();
+
+        // 3. Relieve Pressure
+        // We consume items from the ExEx.
+        // As we pull items out, the ExEx frees space -> Manager sends buffered item -> Manager
+        // frees space. Once Manager frees space, the FIX (wake_by_ref) should trigger,
+        // causing it to read Notif #100.
+
+        // Consume the jam
+        let _ = notifications.next().await.unwrap();
+
+        // 4. Assert No Deadlock
+        // We expect Notification #100 next.
+        // If the wake_by_ref fix is missing, this will Time Out because the manager is sleeping
+        // despite having empty buffer.
+        let result =
+            tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1), notifications.next()).await;
+
+        assert!(
+            result.is_ok(),
+            "Deadlock detected! Manager failed to wake up and process Pending Item #100."
+        );
+    }
 }
--- a/crates/exex/exex/src/notifications.rs
+++ b/crates/exex/exex/src/notifications.rs
@@ -501,7 +501,6 @@ mod tests {
                .try_recover()?],
                Default::default(),
                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
            )),
        };

@@ -570,7 +569,6 @@ mod tests {
                .try_recover()?],
                Default::default(),
                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
            )),
        };

@@ -638,7 +636,6 @@ mod tests {
                vec![exex_head_block.clone().try_recover()?],
                Default::default(),
                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
            )),
        };
        wal.commit(&exex_head_notification)?;
@@ -653,7 +650,6 @@ mod tests {
                .try_recover()?],
                Default::default(),
                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
            )),
        };

@@ -711,7 +707,6 @@ mod tests {
                vec![exex_head_block.clone().try_recover()?],
                Default::default(),
                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
            )),
        };
        wal.commit(&exex_head_notification)?;
@@ -731,7 +726,6 @@ mod tests {
                .try_recover()?],
                Default::default(),
                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
            )),
        };

--- a/crates/exex/exex/src/wal/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/exex/exex/src/wal/mod.rs
@@ -304,37 +304,24 @@ mod tests {
                vec![blocks[0].clone(), blocks[1].clone()],
                Default::default(),
                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
            )),
        };
        let reverted_notification = ExExNotification::ChainReverted {
-            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![blocks[1].clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-            )),
+            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![blocks[1].clone()], Default::default(), BTreeMap::new())),
        };
        let committed_notification_2 = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                vec![block_1_reorged.clone(), blocks[2].clone()],
                Default::default(),
                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
            )),
        };
        let reorged_notification = ExExNotification::ChainReorged {
-            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![blocks[2].clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-            )),
+            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![blocks[2].clone()], Default::default(), BTreeMap::new())),
            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                vec![block_2_reorged.clone(), blocks[3].clone()],
                Default::default(),
                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
            )),
        };

--- a/crates/exex/exex/src/wal/storage.rs
+++ b/crates/exex/exex/src/wal/storage.rs
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ mod tests {
    use reth_testing_utils::generators::{self, random_block};
    use reth_trie_common::{
        updates::{StorageTrieUpdates, TrieUpdates},
-        BranchNodeCompact, HashedPostState, HashedStorage, Nibbles,
+        BranchNodeCompact, HashedPostState, HashedStorage, LazyTrieData, Nibbles,
    };
    use std::{collections::BTreeMap, fs::File, sync::Arc};

@@ -241,18 +241,8 @@ mod tests {
        let new_block = random_block(&mut rng, 0, Default::default()).try_recover()?;

        let notification = ExExNotification::ChainReorged {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![new_block],
-                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-            )),
-            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![old_block],
-                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![new_block], Default::default(), BTreeMap::new())),
+            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![old_block], Default::default(), BTreeMap::new())),
        };

        // Do a round trip serialization and deserialization
@@ -346,13 +336,17 @@ mod tests {
            )]),
        };

+        let trie_data = LazyTrieData::ready(
+            Arc::new(hashed_state.into_sorted()),
+            Arc::new(trie_updates.into_sorted()),
+        );
+
        let notification: ExExNotification<reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives> =
            ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
                new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                    vec![block],
                    Default::default(),
-                    BTreeMap::from([(block_number, Arc::new(trie_updates.into_sorted()))]),
-                    BTreeMap::from([(block_number, Arc::new(hashed_state.into_sorted()))]),
+                    BTreeMap::from([(block_number, trie_data)]),
                )),
            };
        Ok(notification)
--- a/crates/exex/types/src/notification.rs
+++ b/crates/exex/types/src/notification.rs
@@ -223,14 +223,12 @@ pub(super) mod serde_bincode_compat {
                            .unwrap()],
                        Default::default(),
                        BTreeMap::new(),
-                        BTreeMap::new(),
                    )),
                    new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                        vec![RecoveredBlock::arbitrary(&mut arbitrary::Unstructured::new(&bytes))
                            .unwrap()],
                        Default::default(),
                        BTreeMap::new(),
-                        BTreeMap::new(),
                    )),
                },
            };
--- a/crates/net/banlist/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/net/banlist/src/lib.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ impl BanList {
        self.banned_ips.contains_key(ip)
    }

-    /// checks the ban list to see if it contains the given ip
+    /// checks the ban list to see if it contains the given peer
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_banned_peer(&self, peer_id: &PeerId) -> bool {
        self.banned_peers.contains_key(peer_id)
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl BanList {
        self.banned_ips.remove(ip);
    }

-    /// Unbans the ip address
+    /// Unbans the peer
    pub fn unban_peer(&mut self, peer_id: &PeerId) {
        self.banned_peers.remove(peer_id);
    }
--- a/crates/node/builder/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/node/builder/Cargo.toml
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ reth-tasks.workspace = true
 reth-tokio-util.workspace = true
 reth-tracing.workspace = true
 reth-transaction-pool.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db = { workspace = true, features = ["metrics"] }
 reth-basic-payload-builder.workspace = true
 reth-node-ethstats.workspace = true

@@ -115,6 +116,7 @@ test-utils = [
    "reth-db-api/test-utils",
    "reth-provider/test-utils",
    "reth-transaction-pool/test-utils",
+    "reth-trie-db/test-utils",
    "reth-evm-ethereum/test-utils",
    "reth-node-ethereum/test-utils",
    "reth-primitives-traits/test-utils",
--- a/crates/node/builder/src/launch/common.rs
+++ b/crates/node/builder/src/launch/common.rs
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ use reth_tracing::{
    tracing::{debug, error, info, warn},
 };
 use reth_transaction_pool::TransactionPool;
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use std::{sync::Arc, thread::available_parallelism, time::Duration};
 use tokio::sync::{
    mpsc::{unbounded_channel, UnboundedSender},
@@ -470,7 +471,10 @@ where
    /// Returns the [`ProviderFactory`] for the attached storage after executing a consistent check
    /// between the database and static files. **It may execute a pipeline unwind if it fails this
    /// check.**
-    pub async fn create_provider_factory<N, Evm>(&self) -> eyre::Result<ProviderFactory<N>>
+    pub async fn create_provider_factory<N, Evm>(
+        &self,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<ProviderFactory<N>>
    where
        N: ProviderNodeTypes<DB = DB, ChainSpec = ChainSpec>,
        Evm: ConfigureEvm<Primitives = N::Primitives> + 'static,
@@ -500,7 +504,8 @@ where
            static_file_provider,
            rocksdb_provider,
        )?
-        .with_prune_modes(self.prune_modes());
+        .with_prune_modes(self.prune_modes())
+        .with_changeset_cache(changeset_cache);

        // Keep MDBX, static files, and RocksDB aligned. If any check fails, unwind to the
        // earliest consistent block.
@@ -593,12 +598,13 @@ where
    /// Creates a new [`ProviderFactory`] and attaches it to the launch context.
    pub async fn with_provider_factory<N, Evm>(
        self,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
    ) -> eyre::Result<LaunchContextWith<Attached<WithConfigs<ChainSpec>, ProviderFactory<N>>>>
    where
        N: ProviderNodeTypes<DB = DB, ChainSpec = ChainSpec>,
        Evm: ConfigureEvm<Primitives = N::Primitives> + 'static,
    {
-        let factory = self.create_provider_factory::<N, Evm>().await?;
+        let factory = self.create_provider_factory::<N, Evm>(changeset_cache).await?;
        let ctx = LaunchContextWith {
            inner: self.inner,
            attachment: self.attachment.map_right(|_| factory),
@@ -670,19 +676,13 @@ where

    /// Convenience function to [`Self::init_genesis`]
    pub fn with_genesis(self) -> Result<Self, InitStorageError> {
-        init_genesis_with_settings(
-            self.provider_factory(),
-            self.node_config().static_files.to_settings(),
-        )?;
+        init_genesis_with_settings(self.provider_factory(), self.node_config().storage_settings())?;
        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Write the genesis block and state if it has not already been written
    pub fn init_genesis(&self) -> Result<B256, InitStorageError> {
-        init_genesis_with_settings(
-            self.provider_factory(),
-            self.node_config().static_files.to_settings(),
-        )
+        init_genesis_with_settings(self.provider_factory(), self.node_config().storage_settings())
    }

    /// Creates a new `WithMeteredProvider` container and attaches it to the
@@ -1277,6 +1277,10 @@ pub fn metrics_hooks<N: NodeTypesWithDB>(provider_factory: &ProviderFactory<N>)
                })
            }
        })
+        .with_hook({
+            let rocksdb = provider_factory.rocksdb_provider();
+            move || throttle!(Duration::from_secs(5 * 60), || rocksdb.report_metrics())
+        })
        .build()
 }

--- a/crates/node/builder/src/launch/engine.rs
+++ b/crates/node/builder/src/launch/engine.rs
@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ use reth_node_core::{
 use reth_node_events::node;
 use reth_provider::{
    providers::{BlockchainProvider, NodeTypesForProvider},
-    BlockNumReader, MetadataProvider,
+    BlockNumReader, StorageSettingsCache,
 };
 use reth_tasks::TaskExecutor;
 use reth_tokio_util::EventSender;
 use reth_tracing::tracing::{debug, error, info};
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use std::{future::Future, pin::Pin, sync::Arc};
 use tokio::sync::{mpsc::unbounded_channel, oneshot};
 use tokio_stream::wrappers::UnboundedReceiverStream;
-use tracing::warn;

 /// The engine node launcher.
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
        } = target;
        let NodeHooks { on_component_initialized, on_node_started, .. } = hooks;

+        // Create changeset cache that will be shared across the engine
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
+
        // setup the launch context
        let ctx = ctx
            .with_configured_globals(engine_tree_config.reserved_cpu_cores())
@@ -98,26 +101,10 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
            .attach(database.clone())
            // ensure certain settings take effect
            .with_adjusted_configs()
-            // Create the provider factory
-            .with_provider_factory::<_, <CB::Components as NodeComponents<T>>::Evm>().await?
-            .inspect(|ctx| {
+            // Create the provider factory with changeset cache
+            .with_provider_factory::<_, <CB::Components as NodeComponents<T>>::Evm>(changeset_cache.clone()).await?
+            .inspect(|_| {
                info!(target: "reth::cli", "Database opened");
-                match ctx.provider_factory().storage_settings() {
-                    Ok(settings) => {
-                        info!(
-                            target: "reth::cli",
-                            ?settings,
-                            "Storage settings"
-                        );
-                    },
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        warn!(
-                            target: "reth::cli",
-                            ?err,
-                            "Failed to get storage settings"
-                        );
-                    },
-                }
            })
            .with_prometheus_server().await?
            .inspect(|this| {
@@ -126,6 +113,8 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
            .with_genesis()?
            .inspect(|this: &LaunchContextWith<Attached<WithConfigs<<T::Types as NodeTypes>::ChainSpec>, _>>| {
                info!(target: "reth::cli", "\n{}", this.chain_spec().display_hardforks());
+                let settings = this.provider_factory().cached_storage_settings();
+                info!(target: "reth::cli", ?settings, "Loaded storage settings");
            })
            .with_metrics_task()
            // passing FullNodeTypes as type parameter here so that we can build
@@ -204,7 +193,7 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
        // Build the engine validator with all required components
        let engine_validator = validator_builder
            .clone()
-            .build_tree_validator(&add_ons_ctx, engine_tree_config.clone())
+            .build_tree_validator(&add_ons_ctx, engine_tree_config.clone(), changeset_cache.clone())
            .await?;

        // Create the consensus engine stream with optional reorg
@@ -214,7 +203,13 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
            .maybe_reorg(
                ctx.blockchain_db().clone(),
                ctx.components().evm_config().clone(),
-                || validator_builder.build_tree_validator(&add_ons_ctx, engine_tree_config.clone()),
+                || async {
+                    // Create a separate cache for reorg validator (not shared with main engine)
+                    let reorg_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
+                    validator_builder
+                        .build_tree_validator(&add_ons_ctx, engine_tree_config.clone(), reorg_cache)
+                        .await
+                },
                node_config.debug.reorg_frequency,
                node_config.debug.reorg_depth,
            )
@@ -239,6 +234,7 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
            engine_tree_config,
            ctx.sync_metrics_tx(),
            ctx.components().evm_config().clone(),
+            changeset_cache,
        );

        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Consensus engine initialized");
--- a/crates/node/builder/src/rpc.rs
+++ b/crates/node/builder/src/rpc.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 pub use jsonrpsee::server::middleware::rpc::{RpcService, RpcServiceBuilder};
 pub use reth_engine_tree::tree::{BasicEngineValidator, EngineValidator};
 pub use reth_rpc_builder::{middleware::RethRpcMiddleware, Identity, Stack};
+pub use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;

 use crate::{
    invalid_block_hook::InvalidBlockHookExt, ConfigureEngineEvm, ConsensusEngineEvent,
@@ -1288,6 +1289,7 @@ pub trait EngineValidatorBuilder<Node: FullNodeComponents>: Send + Sync + Clone
        self,
        ctx: &AddOnsContext<'_, Node>,
        tree_config: TreeConfig,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
    ) -> impl Future<Output = eyre::Result<Self::EngineValidator>> + Send;
 }

@@ -1335,10 +1337,12 @@ where
        self,
        ctx: &AddOnsContext<'_, Node>,
        tree_config: TreeConfig,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
    ) -> eyre::Result<Self::EngineValidator> {
        let validator = self.payload_validator_builder.build(ctx).await?;
        let data_dir = ctx.config.datadir.clone().resolve_datadir(ctx.config.chain.chain());
        let invalid_block_hook = ctx.create_invalid_block_hook(&data_dir).await?;
+
        Ok(BasicEngineValidator::new(
            ctx.node.provider().clone(),
            std::sync::Arc::new(ctx.node.consensus().clone()),
@@ -1346,6 +1350,7 @@ where
            validator,
            tree_config,
            invalid_block_hook,
+            changeset_cache,
        ))
    }
 }
--- a/crates/node/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/node/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ reth-cli-util.workspace = true
 reth-db = { workspace = true, features = ["mdbx"] }
 reth-storage-errors.workspace = true
 reth-storage-api = { workspace = true, features = ["std", "db-api"] }
-reth-provider.workspace = true
 reth-network = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
 reth-network-p2p.workspace = true
 reth-rpc-eth-types.workspace = true
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ min-debug-logs = ["tracing/release_max_level_debug"]
 min-trace-logs = ["tracing/release_max_level_trace"]

 # Marker feature for edge/unstable builds - captured by vergen in build.rs
-edge = []
+edge = ["reth-storage-api/edge"]

 [build-dependencies]
 vergen = { workspace = true, features = ["build", "cargo", "emit_and_set"] }
--- a/crates/node/core/src/args/engine.rs
+++ b/crates/node/core/src/args/engine.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ pub struct DefaultEngineValues {
    storage_worker_count: Option<usize>,
    account_worker_count: Option<usize>,
    enable_proof_v2: bool,
+    cache_metrics_disabled: bool,
 }

 impl DefaultEngineValues {
@@ -172,6 +173,12 @@ impl DefaultEngineValues {
        self.enable_proof_v2 = v;
        self
    }
+
+    /// Set whether to disable cache metrics by default
+    pub const fn with_cache_metrics_disabled(mut self, v: bool) -> Self {
+        self.cache_metrics_disabled = v;
+        self
+    }
 }

 impl Default for DefaultEngineValues {
@@ -197,6 +204,7 @@ impl Default for DefaultEngineValues {
            storage_worker_count: None,
            account_worker_count: None,
            enable_proof_v2: false,
+            cache_metrics_disabled: false,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -320,6 +328,10 @@ pub struct EngineArgs {
    /// Enable V2 storage proofs for state root calculations
    #[arg(long = "engine.enable-proof-v2", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().enable_proof_v2)]
    pub enable_proof_v2: bool,
+
+    /// Disable cache metrics recording, which can take up to 50ms with large cached state.
+    #[arg(long = "engine.disable-cache-metrics", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().cache_metrics_disabled)]
+    pub cache_metrics_disabled: bool,
 }

 #[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -346,6 +358,7 @@ impl Default for EngineArgs {
            storage_worker_count,
            account_worker_count,
            enable_proof_v2,
+            cache_metrics_disabled,
        } = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().clone();
        Self {
            persistence_threshold,
@@ -371,6 +384,7 @@ impl Default for EngineArgs {
            storage_worker_count,
            account_worker_count,
            enable_proof_v2,
+            cache_metrics_disabled,
        }
    }
 }
@@ -407,6 +421,7 @@ impl EngineArgs {
        }

        config = config.with_enable_proof_v2(self.enable_proof_v2);
+        config = config.without_cache_metrics(self.cache_metrics_disabled);

        config
    }
@@ -458,6 +473,7 @@ mod tests {
            storage_worker_count: Some(16),
            account_worker_count: Some(8),
            enable_proof_v2: false,
+            cache_metrics_disabled: true,
        };

        let parsed_args = CommandParser::<EngineArgs>::parse_from([
@@ -488,6 +504,7 @@ mod tests {
            "16",
            "--engine.account-worker-count",
            "8",
+            "--engine.disable-cache-metrics",
        ])
        .args;

--- a/crates/node/core/src/args/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/node/core/src/args/mod.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub use dev::DevArgs;

 /// PruneArgs for configuring the pruning and full node
 mod pruning;
-pub use pruning::PruningArgs;
+pub use pruning::{DefaultPruningValues, PruningArgs};

 /// DatadirArgs for configuring data storage paths
 mod datadir_args;
@@ -80,5 +80,9 @@ pub use era::{DefaultEraHost, EraArgs, EraSourceArgs};
 mod static_files;
 pub use static_files::{StaticFilesArgs, MINIMAL_BLOCKS_PER_FILE};

+/// `RocksDbArgs` for configuring RocksDB table routing.
+mod rocksdb;
+pub use rocksdb::{RocksDbArgs, RocksDbArgsError};
+
 mod error;
 pub mod types;
--- a/crates/node/core/src/args/pruning.rs
+++ b/crates/node/core/src/args/pruning.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,89 @@ use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockNumber};
 use clap::{builder::RangedU64ValueParser, Args};
 use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
 use reth_config::config::PruneConfig;
-use reth_prune_types::{
-    PruneMode, PruneModes, ReceiptsLogPruneConfig, MERKLE_CHANGESETS_RETENTION_BLOCKS,
-    MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE,
-};
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, ops::Not};
+use reth_prune_types::{PruneMode, PruneModes, ReceiptsLogPruneConfig, MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, ops::Not, sync::OnceLock};
+
+/// Global static pruning defaults
+static PRUNING_DEFAULTS: OnceLock<DefaultPruningValues> = OnceLock::new();
+
+/// Default values for `--full` and `--minimal` pruning modes that can be customized.
+///
+/// Global defaults can be set via [`DefaultPruningValues::try_init`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct DefaultPruningValues {
+    /// Prune modes for `--full` flag.
+    ///
+    /// Note: `bodies_history` is ignored when `full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge` is `true`.
+    pub full_prune_modes: PruneModes,
+    /// If `true`, `--full` will set `bodies_history` to prune everything before the merge block
+    /// (Paris hardfork). If `false`, uses `full_prune_modes.bodies_history` directly.
+    pub full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge: bool,
+    /// Prune modes for `--minimal` flag.
+    pub minimal_prune_modes: PruneModes,
+}
+
+impl DefaultPruningValues {
+    /// Initialize the global pruning defaults with this configuration.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Err(self)` if already initialized.
+    pub fn try_init(self) -> Result<(), Self> {
+        PRUNING_DEFAULTS.set(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a reference to the global pruning defaults.
+    pub fn get_global() -> &'static Self {
+        PRUNING_DEFAULTS.get_or_init(Self::default)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the prune modes for `--full` flag.
+    pub fn with_full_prune_modes(mut self, modes: PruneModes) -> Self {
+        self.full_prune_modes = modes;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set whether `--full` should use pre-merge pruning for bodies history.
+    ///
+    /// When `true` (default), bodies are pruned before the Paris hardfork block.
+    /// When `false`, uses `full_prune_modes.bodies_history` directly.
+    pub const fn with_full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge(mut self, use_pre_merge: bool) -> Self {
+        self.full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge = use_pre_merge;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the prune modes for `--minimal` flag.
+    pub fn with_minimal_prune_modes(mut self, modes: PruneModes) -> Self {
+        self.minimal_prune_modes = modes;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for DefaultPruningValues {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            full_prune_modes: PruneModes {
+                sender_recovery: Some(PruneMode::Full),
+                transaction_lookup: None,
+                receipts: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                // This field is ignored when full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge is true
+                bodies_history: None,
+                receipts_log_filter: Default::default(),
+            },
+            full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge: true,
+            minimal_prune_modes: PruneModes {
+                sender_recovery: Some(PruneMode::Full),
+                transaction_lookup: Some(PruneMode::Full),
+                receipts: Some(PruneMode::Full),
+                account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                bodies_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                receipts_log_filter: Default::default(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}

 /// Parameters for pruning and full node
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
@@ -131,38 +209,22 @@ impl PruningArgs {

        // If --full is set, use full node defaults.
        if self.full {
-            config = PruneConfig {
-                block_interval: config.block_interval,
-                segments: PruneModes {
-                    sender_recovery: Some(PruneMode::Full),
-                    transaction_lookup: None,
-                    receipts: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
-                    account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
-                    storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
-                    bodies_history: chain_spec
-                        .ethereum_fork_activation(EthereumHardfork::Paris)
-                        .block_number()
-                        .map(PruneMode::Before),
-                    merkle_changesets: PruneMode::Distance(MERKLE_CHANGESETS_RETENTION_BLOCKS),
-                    receipts_log_filter: Default::default(),
-                },
+            let defaults = DefaultPruningValues::get_global();
+            let mut segments = defaults.full_prune_modes.clone();
+            if defaults.full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge {
+                segments.bodies_history = chain_spec
+                    .ethereum_fork_activation(EthereumHardfork::Paris)
+                    .block_number()
+                    .map(PruneMode::Before);
            }
+            config = PruneConfig { block_interval: config.block_interval, segments }
        }

        // If --minimal is set, use minimal storage mode with aggressive pruning.
        if self.minimal {
            config = PruneConfig {
                block_interval: config.block_interval,
-                segments: PruneModes {
-                    sender_recovery: Some(PruneMode::Full),
-                    transaction_lookup: Some(PruneMode::Full),
-                    receipts: Some(PruneMode::Full),
-                    account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(10064)),
-                    storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(10064)),
-                    bodies_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(10064)),
-                    merkle_changesets: PruneMode::Distance(MERKLE_CHANGESETS_RETENTION_BLOCKS),
-                    receipts_log_filter: Default::default(),
-                },
+                segments: DefaultPruningValues::get_global().minimal_prune_modes.clone(),
            }
        }

--- a/crates/node/core/src/args/rocksdb.rs
+++ b/crates/node/core/src/args/rocksdb.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+//! clap [Args](clap::Args) for `RocksDB` table routing configuration
+
+use clap::{ArgAction, Args};
+
+/// Default value for `RocksDB` routing flags.
+///
+/// When the `edge` feature is enabled, defaults to `true` to enable edge storage features.
+/// Otherwise defaults to `false` for legacy behavior.
+const fn default_rocksdb_flag() -> bool {
+    cfg!(feature = "edge")
+}
+
+/// Parameters for `RocksDB` table routing configuration.
+///
+/// These flags control which database tables are stored in `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+/// All flags are genesis-initialization-only: changing them after genesis requires a re-sync.
+#[derive(Debug, Args, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+#[command(next_help_heading = "RocksDB")]
+pub struct RocksDbArgs {
+    /// Route all supported tables to `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+    ///
+    /// This enables `RocksDB` for `tx-hash`, `storages-history`, and `account-history` tables.
+    /// Cannot be combined with individual flags set to false.
+    #[arg(long = "rocksdb.all", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+    pub all: bool,
+
+    /// Route tx hash -> number table to `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+    ///
+    /// This is a genesis-initialization-only flag: changing it after genesis requires a re-sync.
+    /// Defaults to `true` when the `edge` feature is enabled, `false` otherwise.
+    #[arg(long = "rocksdb.tx-hash", default_value_t = default_rocksdb_flag(), action = ArgAction::Set)]
+    pub tx_hash: bool,
+
+    /// Route storages history tables to `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+    ///
+    /// This is a genesis-initialization-only flag: changing it after genesis requires a re-sync.
+    /// Defaults to `true` when the `edge` feature is enabled, `false` otherwise.
+    #[arg(long = "rocksdb.storages-history", default_value_t = default_rocksdb_flag(), action = ArgAction::Set)]
+    pub storages_history: bool,
+
+    /// Route account history tables to `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+    ///
+    /// This is a genesis-initialization-only flag: changing it after genesis requires a re-sync.
+    /// Defaults to `true` when the `edge` feature is enabled, `false` otherwise.
+    #[arg(long = "rocksdb.account-history", default_value_t = default_rocksdb_flag(), action = ArgAction::Set)]
+    pub account_history: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for RocksDbArgs {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            all: false,
+            tx_hash: default_rocksdb_flag(),
+            storages_history: default_rocksdb_flag(),
+            account_history: default_rocksdb_flag(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RocksDbArgs {
+    /// Validates the `RocksDB` arguments.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if `--rocksdb.all` is used with any individual flag set to `false`.
+    pub const fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), RocksDbArgsError> {
+        if self.all {
+            if !self.tx_hash {
+                return Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("tx-hash"));
+            }
+            if !self.storages_history {
+                return Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("storages-history"));
+            }
+            if !self.account_history {
+                return Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("account-history"));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error type for `RocksDB` argument validation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum RocksDbArgsError {
+    /// `--rocksdb.all` cannot be combined with an individual flag set to false.
+    #[error("--rocksdb.all cannot be combined with --rocksdb.{0}=false")]
+    ConflictingFlags(&'static str),
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use clap::Parser;
+
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    struct CommandParser<T: Args> {
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        args: T,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_rocksdb_args() {
+        let args = CommandParser::<RocksDbArgs>::parse_from(["reth"]).args;
+        assert_eq!(args, RocksDbArgs::default());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_all_flag() {
+        let args = CommandParser::<RocksDbArgs>::parse_from(["reth", "--rocksdb.all"]).args;
+        assert!(args.all);
+        assert_eq!(args.tx_hash, default_rocksdb_flag());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_individual_flags() {
+        let args = CommandParser::<RocksDbArgs>::parse_from([
+            "reth",
+            "--rocksdb.tx-hash=true",
+            "--rocksdb.storages-history=false",
+            "--rocksdb.account-history=true",
+        ])
+        .args;
+        assert!(!args.all);
+        assert!(args.tx_hash);
+        assert!(!args.storages_history);
+        assert!(args.account_history);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_all_with_true_ok() {
+        let args =
+            RocksDbArgs { all: true, tx_hash: true, storages_history: true, account_history: true };
+        assert!(args.validate().is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_all_with_false_errors() {
+        let args = RocksDbArgs {
+            all: true,
+            tx_hash: false,
+            storages_history: true,
+            account_history: true,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(args.validate(), Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("tx-hash")));
+
+        let args = RocksDbArgs {
+            all: true,
+            tx_hash: true,
+            storages_history: false,
+            account_history: true,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(args.validate(), Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("storages-history")));
+
+        let args = RocksDbArgs {
+            all: true,
+            tx_hash: true,
+            storages_history: true,
+            account_history: false,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(args.validate(), Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("account-history")));
+    }
+}
--- a/crates/node/core/src/args/stage.rs
+++ b/crates/node/core/src/args/stage.rs
@@ -38,11 +38,6 @@ pub enum StageEnum {
    ///
    /// Handles Merkle tree-related computations and data processing.
    Merkle,
-    /// The merkle changesets stage within the pipeline.
-    ///
-    /// Handles Merkle trie changesets for storage and accounts.
-    #[value(name = "merkle-changesets")]
-    MerkleChangeSets,
    /// The transaction lookup stage within the pipeline.
    ///
    /// Deals with the retrieval and processing of transactions.
--- a/crates/node/core/src/args/static_files.rs
+++ b/crates/node/core/src/args/static_files.rs
@@ -2,15 +2,22 @@

 use clap::Args;
 use reth_config::config::{BlocksPerFileConfig, StaticFilesConfig};
-use reth_provider::StorageSettings;

 /// Blocks per static file when running in `--minimal` node.
 ///
 /// 10000 blocks per static file allows us to prune all history every 10k blocks.
 pub const MINIMAL_BLOCKS_PER_FILE: u64 = 10000;

+/// Default value for static file storage flags.
+///
+/// When the `edge` feature is enabled, defaults to `true` to enable edge storage features.
+/// Otherwise defaults to `false` for legacy behavior.
+const fn default_static_file_flag() -> bool {
+    cfg!(feature = "edge")
+}
+
 /// Parameters for static files configuration
-#[derive(Debug, Args, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Debug, Args, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
 #[command(next_help_heading = "Static Files")]
 pub struct StaticFilesArgs {
    /// Number of blocks per file for the headers segment.
@@ -39,7 +46,7 @@ pub struct StaticFilesArgs {
    ///
    /// Note: This setting can only be configured at genesis initialization. Once
    /// the node has been initialized, changing this flag requires re-syncing from scratch.
-    #[arg(long = "static-files.receipts")]
+    #[arg(long = "static-files.receipts", default_value_t = default_static_file_flag(), action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
    pub receipts: bool,

    /// Store transaction senders in static files instead of the database.
@@ -49,7 +56,7 @@ pub struct StaticFilesArgs {
    ///
    /// Note: This setting can only be configured at genesis initialization. Once
    /// the node has been initialized, changing this flag requires re-syncing from scratch.
-    #[arg(long = "static-files.transaction-senders")]
+    #[arg(long = "static-files.transaction-senders", default_value_t = default_static_file_flag(), action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
    pub transaction_senders: bool,

    /// Store account changesets in static files.
@@ -59,7 +66,7 @@ pub struct StaticFilesArgs {
    ///
    /// Note: This setting can only be configured at genesis initialization. Once
    /// the node has been initialized, changing this flag requires re-syncing from scratch.
-    #[arg(long = "static-files.account-change-sets")]
+    #[arg(long = "static-files.account-change-sets", default_value_t = default_static_file_flag(), action = clap::ArgAction::Set)]
    pub account_changesets: bool,
 }

@@ -94,12 +101,19 @@ impl StaticFilesArgs {
            },
        }
    }
+}

-    /// Converts the static files arguments into [`StorageSettings`].
-    pub const fn to_settings(&self) -> StorageSettings {
-        StorageSettings::legacy()
-            .with_receipts_in_static_files(self.receipts)
-            .with_transaction_senders_in_static_files(self.transaction_senders)
-            .with_account_changesets_in_static_files(self.account_changesets)
+impl Default for StaticFilesArgs {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            blocks_per_file_headers: None,
+            blocks_per_file_transactions: None,
+            blocks_per_file_receipts: None,
+            blocks_per_file_transaction_senders: None,
+            blocks_per_file_account_change_sets: None,
+            receipts: default_static_file_flag(),
+            transaction_senders: default_static_file_flag(),
+            account_changesets: default_static_file_flag(),
+        }
    }
 }
--- a/crates/node/core/src/node_config.rs
+++ b/crates/node/core/src/node_config.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use crate::{
    args::{
        DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs, DebugArgs, DevArgs, EngineArgs, NetworkArgs, PayloadBuilderArgs,
-        PruningArgs, RpcServerArgs, StaticFilesArgs, TxPoolArgs,
+        PruningArgs, RocksDbArgs, RpcServerArgs, StaticFilesArgs, TxPoolArgs,
    },
    dirs::{ChainPath, DataDirPath},
    utils::get_single_header,
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::SealedHeader;
 use reth_stages_types::StageId;
 use reth_storage_api::{
    BlockHashReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, HeaderProvider, StageCheckpointReader,
+    StorageSettings,
 };
 use reth_storage_errors::provider::ProviderResult;
 use reth_transaction_pool::TransactionPool;
@@ -150,6 +151,9 @@ pub struct NodeConfig<ChainSpec> {

    /// All static files related arguments
    pub static_files: StaticFilesArgs,
+
+    /// All `RocksDB` table routing arguments
+    pub rocksdb: RocksDbArgs,
 }

 impl NodeConfig<ChainSpec> {
@@ -181,6 +185,7 @@ impl<ChainSpec> NodeConfig<ChainSpec> {
            engine: EngineArgs::default(),
            era: EraArgs::default(),
            static_files: StaticFilesArgs::default(),
+            rocksdb: RocksDbArgs::default(),
        }
    }

@@ -255,6 +260,7 @@ impl<ChainSpec> NodeConfig<ChainSpec> {
            engine,
            era,
            static_files,
+            rocksdb,
            ..
        } = self;
        NodeConfig {
@@ -274,6 +280,7 @@ impl<ChainSpec> NodeConfig<ChainSpec> {
            engine,
            era,
            static_files,
+            rocksdb,
        }
    }

@@ -350,6 +357,17 @@ impl<ChainSpec> NodeConfig<ChainSpec> {
        self.pruning.prune_config(&self.chain)
    }

+    /// Returns the effective storage settings derived from static-file and `RocksDB` CLI args.
+    pub const fn storage_settings(&self) -> StorageSettings {
+        StorageSettings::base()
+            .with_receipts_in_static_files(self.static_files.receipts)
+            .with_transaction_senders_in_static_files(self.static_files.transaction_senders)
+            .with_account_changesets_in_static_files(self.static_files.account_changesets)
+            .with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.tx_hash)
+            .with_storages_history_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.storages_history)
+            .with_account_history_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.account_history)
+    }
+
    /// Returns the max block that the node should run to, looking it up from the network if
    /// necessary
    pub async fn max_block<Provider, Client>(
@@ -544,6 +562,7 @@ impl<ChainSpec> NodeConfig<ChainSpec> {
            engine: self.engine,
            era: self.era,
            static_files: self.static_files,
+            rocksdb: self.rocksdb,
        }
    }

@@ -585,6 +604,7 @@ impl<ChainSpec> Clone for NodeConfig<ChainSpec> {
            engine: self.engine.clone(),
            era: self.era.clone(),
            static_files: self.static_files,
+            rocksdb: self.rocksdb,
        }
    }
 }
--- a/crates/node/metrics/src/server.rs
+++ b/crates/node/metrics/src/server.rs
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ impl MetricServer {
        // Describe metrics after recorder installation
        describe_db_metrics();
        describe_static_file_metrics();
+        describe_rocksdb_metrics();
        Collector::default().describe();
        describe_memory_stats();
        describe_io_stats();
@@ -238,6 +239,26 @@ fn describe_static_file_metrics() {
    );
 }

+fn describe_rocksdb_metrics() {
+    describe_gauge!(
+        "rocksdb.table_size",
+        Unit::Bytes,
+        "The estimated size of a RocksDB table (SST + memtable)"
+    );
+    describe_gauge!("rocksdb.table_entries", "The estimated number of keys in a RocksDB table");
+    describe_gauge!(
+        "rocksdb.pending_compaction_bytes",
+        Unit::Bytes,
+        "Bytes pending compaction for a RocksDB table"
+    );
+    describe_gauge!("rocksdb.sst_size", Unit::Bytes, "The size of SST files for a RocksDB table");
+    describe_gauge!(
+        "rocksdb.memtable_size",
+        Unit::Bytes,
+        "The size of memtables for a RocksDB table"
+    );
+}
+
 #[cfg(all(feature = "jemalloc", unix))]
 fn describe_memory_stats() {
    describe_gauge!(
--- a/crates/optimism/cli/src/commands/import_receipts.rs
+++ b/crates/optimism/cli/src/commands/import_receipts.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use reth_optimism_primitives::{bedrock::is_dup_tx, OpPrimitives, OpReceipt};
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_provider::{
    providers::ProviderNodeTypes, DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, OriginalValuesKnown,
-    ProviderFactory, StageCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointWriter, StateWriter,
+    ProviderFactory, StageCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointWriter, StateWriteConfig, StateWriter,
    StaticFileProviderFactory, StatsReader,
 };
 use reth_stages::{StageCheckpoint, StageId};
@@ -228,7 +228,11 @@ where
            ExecutionOutcome::new(Default::default(), receipts, first_block, Default::default());

        // finally, write the receipts
-        provider.write_state(&execution_outcome, OriginalValuesKnown::Yes)?;
+        provider.write_state(
+            &execution_outcome,
+            OriginalValuesKnown::Yes,
+            StateWriteConfig::default(),
+        )?;
    }

    // Only commit if we have imported as many receipts as the number of transactions.
--- a/crates/optimism/consensus/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/optimism/consensus/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use alloy_consensus::{
 use alloy_primitives::B64;
 use core::fmt::Debug;
 use reth_chainspec::EthChainSpec;
-use reth_consensus::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator};
+use reth_consensus::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use reth_consensus_common::validation::{
    validate_against_parent_eip1559_base_fee, validate_against_parent_hash_number,
    validate_against_parent_timestamp, validate_cancun_gas, validate_header_base_fee,
@@ -79,8 +79,9 @@ where
        &self,
        block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
        result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
    ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
-        validate_block_post_execution(block.header(), &self.chain_spec, result)
+        validate_block_post_execution(block.header(), &self.chain_spec, result, receipt_root_bloom)
    }
 }

@@ -410,7 +411,8 @@ mod tests {
        let post_execution = <OpBeaconConsensus<OpChainSpec> as FullConsensus<OpPrimitives>>::validate_block_post_execution(
            &beacon_consensus,
            &block,
-            &result
+            &result,
+            None,
        );

        // validate blob, it should pass blob gas used validation
@@ -479,7 +481,8 @@ mod tests {
        let post_execution = <OpBeaconConsensus<OpChainSpec> as FullConsensus<OpPrimitives>>::validate_block_post_execution(
            &beacon_consensus,
            &block,
-            &result
+            &result,
+            None,
        );

        // validate blob, it should fail blob gas used validation post execution.
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More