fix: address review nits

When testing RocksDB with identical data to MDBX, both backends should
return the same results. The MaybeInPlainState fallback (for hybrid
storage safety) was causing test failures because MDBX returns
NotYetWritten when querying before first history entry.

Added assume_history_complete flag to RocksTx that:
- When false (default): returns MaybeInPlainState for hybrid storage
- When true: returns NotYetWritten to match MDBX semantics for tests

This preserves the correct hybrid storage behavior in production while
allowing tests with identical data to verify semantic equivalence.

.config/zepter.yaml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ workflows:
         # Check that `A` activates the features of `B`.
         "propagate-feature",
         # These are the features to check:
-        "--features=std,op,dev,asm-keccak,jemalloc,jemalloc-prof,tracy-allocator,tracy,serde-bincode-compat,serde,test-utils,arbitrary,bench,alloy-compat,min-error-logs,min-warn-logs,min-info-logs,min-debug-logs,min-trace-logs,otlp,js-tracer,portable,keccak-cache-global",
+        "--features=std,op,dev,asm-keccak,jemalloc,jemalloc-prof,tracy-allocator,tracy,serde-bincode-compat,serde,test-utils,arbitrary,bench,alloy-compat,min-error-logs,min-warn-logs,min-info-logs,min-debug-logs,min-trace-logs,otlp,otlp-logs,js-tracer,portable,keccak-cache-global",
         # Do not try to add a new section to `[features]` of `A` only because `B` exposes that feature. There are edge-cases where this is still needed, but we can add them manually.
         "--left-side-feature-missing=ignore",
         # Ignore the case that `A` it outside of the workspace. Otherwise it will report errors in external dependencies that we have no influence on.

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -1,45 +1,52 @@
 *                           @gakonst
-crates/blockchain-tree-api/ @rakita @mattsse @Rjected
-crates/blockchain-tree/     @rakita @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/chain-state/         @fgimenez @mattsse
 crates/chainspec/           @Rjected @joshieDo @mattsse
 crates/cli/                 @mattsse
+crates/config/              @shekhirin @mattsse @Rjected 
 crates/consensus/           @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/e2e-test-utils/      @mattsse @Rjected @klkvr @fgimenez
-crates/engine/              @mattsse @Rjected @fgimenez @mediocregopher @yongkangc
-crates/era/                 @mattsse @RomanHodulak
+crates/engine/              @mattsse @Rjected @mediocregopher @yongkangc
+crates/era/                 @mattsse
+crates/era-downloader/      @mattsse
+crates/era-utils/           @mattsse
 crates/errors/              @mattsse
-crates/ethereum-forks/      @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/ethereum/            @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/etl/                 @joshieDo @shekhirin
-crates/evm/                 @rakita @mattsse @Rjected
+crates/evm/                 @mattsse @Rjected @klkvr
 crates/exex/                @shekhirin
+crates/fs-util/             @mattsse
+crates/metrics/             @mattsse @Rjected 
 crates/net/                 @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/net/downloaders/     @Rjected
 crates/node/                @mattsse @Rjected @klkvr
-crates/optimism/            @mattsse @Rjected @fgimenez
+crates/optimism/            @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/payload/             @mattsse @Rjected
-crates/primitives-traits/   @Rjected @RomanHodulak @mattsse @klkvr
+crates/primitives-traits/   @Rjected @mattsse @klkvr
 crates/primitives/          @Rjected @mattsse @klkvr
 crates/prune/               @shekhirin @joshieDo
-crates/ress                 @shekhirin @Rjected
-crates/revm/                @mattsse @rakita
-crates/rpc/                 @mattsse @Rjected @RomanHodulak
+crates/ress/                @shekhirin @Rjected
+crates/revm/                @mattsse
+crates/rpc/                 @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/stages/              @shekhirin @mediocregopher
 crates/static-file/         @joshieDo @shekhirin
+crates/stateless/           @mattsse
 crates/storage/codecs/      @joshieDo
-crates/storage/db-api/      @joshieDo @rakita
+crates/storage/db-api/      @joshieDo
 crates/storage/db-common/   @Rjected
-crates/storage/db/          @joshieDo @rakita
-crates/storage/errors/      @rakita
-crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/  @rakita @shekhirin
+crates/storage/db/          @joshieDo
+crates/storage/errors/      @joshieDo
+crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/  @shekhirin
 crates/storage/nippy-jar/   @joshieDo @shekhirin
-crates/storage/provider/    @rakita @joshieDo @shekhirin
+crates/storage/provider/    @joshieDo @shekhirin
 crates/storage/storage-api/ @joshieDo
 crates/tasks/               @mattsse
-crates/tokio-util/          @fgimenez
+crates/tokio-util/          @mattsse 
+crates/tracing/             @mattsse @shekhirin
+crates/tracing-otlp/        @mattsse @Rjected 
 crates/transaction-pool/    @mattsse @yongkangc
-crates/trie/                @Rjected @shekhirin @mediocregopher
+crates/trie/                @Rjected @shekhirin @mediocregopher @yongkangc
+bin/reth/                   @mattsse @shekhirin @Rjected 
+bin/reth-bench/             @mattsse @Rjected @shekhirin @yongkangc 
 bin/reth-bench-compare/     @mediocregopher @shekhirin @yongkangc
 etc/                        @Rjected @shekhirin
 .github/                    @gakonst @DaniPopes

.github/scripts/codspeed-build.sh

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -eo pipefail
-
-# TODO: Benchmarks run WAY too slow due to excessive amount of iterations.
-
-cmd=(cargo codspeed build --profile profiling)
-crates=(
-    -p reth-primitives
-    -p reth-trie
-    -p reth-trie-common
-    -p reth-trie-sparse
-)
-
-"${cmd[@]}" --features test-utils "${crates[@]}"

.github/workflows/bench.yml

@@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ name: bench
 jobs:
   codspeed:
     runs-on: depot-ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        partition: [1, 2]
+        total_partitions: [2]
+        include:
+          - partition: 1
+            crates: "-p reth-primitives -p reth-trie-common -p reth-trie-sparse"
+          - partition: 2
+            crates: "-p reth-trie"
+    name: codspeed (${{ matrix.partition }}/${{ matrix.total_partitions }})
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
@@ -32,10 +42,10 @@ jobs:
         with:
           tool: cargo-codspeed
       - name: Build the benchmark target(s)
-        run: ./.github/scripts/codspeed-build.sh
+        run: cargo codspeed build --profile profiling --features test-utils ${{ matrix.crates }}
       - name: Run the benchmarks
         uses: CodSpeedHQ/action@v4
         with:
-          run: cargo codspeed run --workspace
+          run: cargo codspeed run ${{ matrix.crates }}
           mode: instrumentation
           token: ${{ secrets.CODSPEED_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/check-alloy.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Checks reth compilation against alloy branches to detect breaking changes.
+# Run on-demand via workflow_dispatch.
+
+name: Check Alloy Breaking Changes
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      alloy_branch:
+        description: 'Branch/rev for alloy-rs/alloy (leave empty to skip)'
+        required: false
+        type: string
+      alloy_evm_branch:
+        description: 'Branch/rev for alloy-rs/evm (alloy-evm, alloy-op-evm) (leave empty to skip)'
+        required: false
+        type: string
+      op_alloy_branch:
+        description: 'Branch/rev for alloy-rs/op-alloy (leave empty to skip)'
+        required: false
+        type: string
+
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+
+jobs:
+  check:
+    name: Check compilation with patched alloy
+    runs-on: depot-ubuntu-latest-16
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          cache-on-failure: true
+
+      - name: Apply alloy patches
+        run: |
+          ARGS=""
+          if [ -n "${{ inputs.alloy_branch }}" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --alloy ${{ inputs.alloy_branch }}"
+          fi
+          if [ -n "${{ inputs.alloy_evm_branch }}" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --evm ${{ inputs.alloy_evm_branch }}"
+          fi
+          if [ -n "${{ inputs.op_alloy_branch }}" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --op ${{ inputs.op_alloy_branch }}"
+          fi
+          
+          if [ -z "$ARGS" ]; then
+            echo "No branches specified, nothing to patch"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          
+          ./scripts/patch-alloy.sh $ARGS
+          
+          echo "=== Final patch section ==="
+          tail -50 Cargo.toml
+
+      - name: Check workspace
+        run: cargo check --workspace --all-features
+
+      - name: Check Optimism
+        run: cargo check -p reth-optimism-node --all-features

.github/workflows/dependencies.yml

@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ permissions:
 
 jobs:
   update:
-    uses: ithacaxyz/ci/.github/workflows/cargo-update-pr.yml@main
+    uses: tempoxyz/ci/.github/workflows/cargo-update-pr.yml@main
     secrets:
       token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: zepter run check
 
   deny:
-    uses: ithacaxyz/ci/.github/workflows/deny.yml@main
+    uses: tempoxyz/ci/.github/workflows/deny.yml@main
 
   lint-success:
     name: lint success

CLAUDE.md

@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ Write comments that remain valuable after the PR is merged. Future readers won't
 unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for LimitedAllocator { ... }
 
 // Binary search requires sorted input. Panics on unsorted slices.
-fn find_index(items: &[Item], target: &Item) -> Option
+fn find_index(items: &[Item], target: &Item) -> Option<usize>
 
 // Timeout set to 5s to match EVM block processing limits
 const TRACER_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [workspace.package]
-version = "1.9.3"
+version = "1.10.2"
 edition = "2024"
 rust-version = "1.88"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
@@ -473,22 +473,22 @@ reth-ress-protocol = { path = "crates/ress/protocol" }
 reth-ress-provider = { path = "crates/ress/provider" }
 
 # revm
-revm = { version = "33.1.0", default-features = false }
-revm-bytecode = { version = "7.1.1", default-features = false }
-revm-database = { version = "9.0.5", default-features = false }
-revm-state = { version = "8.1.1", default-features = false }
-revm-primitives = { version = "21.0.2", default-features = false }
-revm-interpreter = { version = "31.1.0", default-features = false }
-revm-database-interface = { version = "8.0.5", default-features = false }
-op-revm = { version = "14.1.0", default-features = false }
-revm-inspectors = "0.33.2"
+revm = { version = "34.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-bytecode = { version = "8.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-database = { version = "10.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-state = { version = "9.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-primitives = { version = "22.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-interpreter = { version = "32.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-database-interface = { version = "9.0.0", default-features = false }
+op-revm = { version = "15.0.0", default-features = false }
+revm-inspectors = "0.34.0"
 
 # eth
 alloy-chains = { version = "0.2.5", default-features = false }
-alloy-dyn-abi = "1.4.1"
+alloy-dyn-abi = "1.4.3"
 alloy-eip2124 = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.1.0", default-features = false }
-alloy-evm = { version = "0.25.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-evm = { version = "0.26.3", default-features = false }
 alloy-primitives = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = ["map-foldhash"] }
 alloy-rlp = { version = "0.3.10", default-features = false, features = ["core-net"] }
 alloy-sol-macro = "1.5.0"
@@ -497,36 +497,36 @@ alloy-trie = { version = "0.9.1", default-features = false }
 
 alloy-hardforks = "0.4.5"
 
-alloy-consensus = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-contract = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-eips = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-genesis = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-json-rpc = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-network = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-network-primitives = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-provider = { version = "1.4.1", features = ["reqwest", "debug-api"], default-features = false }
-alloy-pubsub = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-client = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types = { version = "1.4.1", features = ["eth"], default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-admin = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-debug = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-eth = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-mev = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-trace = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-serde = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-signer = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-signer-local = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-transport = { version = "1.4.1" }
-alloy-transport-http = { version = "1.4.1", features = ["reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
-alloy-transport-ipc = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
-alloy-transport-ws = { version = "1.4.1", default-features = false }
+alloy-consensus = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-contract = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-eips = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-genesis = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-json-rpc = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-network = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-network-primitives = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-provider = { version = "1.4.3", features = ["reqwest", "debug-api"], default-features = false }
+alloy-pubsub = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-client = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types = { version = "1.4.3", features = ["eth"], default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-admin = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-debug = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-eth = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-mev = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-trace = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-serde = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-signer = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-signer-local = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-transport = { version = "1.4.3" }
+alloy-transport-http = { version = "1.4.3", features = ["reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
+alloy-transport-ipc = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-transport-ws = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
 
 # op
-alloy-op-evm = { version = "0.25.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-op-evm = { version = "0.26.3", default-features = false }
 alloy-op-hardforks = "0.4.4"
 op-alloy-rpc-types = { version = "0.23.1", default-features = false }
 op-alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "0.23.1", default-features = false }
@@ -665,6 +665,7 @@ opentelemetry_sdk = "0.31"
 opentelemetry = "0.31"
 opentelemetry-otlp = "0.31"
 opentelemetry-semantic-conventions = "0.31"
+opentelemetry-appender-tracing = "0.31"
 tracing-opentelemetry = "0.32"
 
 # misc-testing
@@ -738,15 +739,15 @@ tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", default-features = false }
 tracing-tracy = "0.11"
 triehash = "0.8"
 typenum = "1.15.0"
-vergen = "9.0.4"
+vergen = "9.1.0"
 visibility = "0.1.1"
 walkdir = "2.3.3"
-vergen-git2 = "1.0.5"
+vergen-git2 = "9.1.0"
 
 # networking
 ipnet = "2.11"
 
-# [patch.crates-io]
+[patch.crates-io]
 # alloy-consensus = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
 # alloy-contract = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
 # alloy-eips = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
@@ -791,3 +792,37 @@ ipnet = "2.11"
 
 # alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "a69f0b45a6b0286e16072cb8399e02ce6ceca353" }
 # alloy-op-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "a69f0b45a6b0286e16072cb8399e02ce6ceca353" }
+
+# revm-inspectors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors", rev = "3020ea8" }
+
+# alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "072c248" }
+# alloy-op-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "072c248" }
+
+# Patched by patch-alloy.sh
+alloy-consensus = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-contract = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-eips = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-genesis = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-json-rpc = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-network = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-network-primitives = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-provider = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-pubsub = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-client = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-admin = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-debug = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-engine = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-eth = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-mev = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-trace = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-serde = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-signer = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-signer-local = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-transport = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-transport-http = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-transport-ipc = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }
+alloy-transport-ws = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", branch = "main" }

bin/reth-bench-compare/src/node.rs

@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ impl NodeManager {
             "eth,reth".to_string(),
             "--disable-discovery".to_string(),
             "--trusted-only".to_string(),
+            "--disable-tx-gossip".to_string(),
         ]);
 
         // Add tracing arguments if OTLP endpoint is configured

bin/reth-bench/Cargo.toml

@@ -17,21 +17,26 @@ workspace = true
 reth-cli-runner.workspace = true
 reth-cli-util.workspace = true
 reth-engine-primitives.workspace = true
+reth-ethereum-primitives.workspace = true
 reth-fs-util.workspace = true
 reth-node-api.workspace = true
 reth-node-core.workspace = true
 reth-primitives-traits.workspace = true
+reth-rpc-api.workspace = true
+
 reth-tracing.workspace = true
+reth-chainspec.workspace = true
 
 # alloy
 alloy-eips.workspace = true
 alloy-json-rpc.workspace = true
+alloy-consensus.workspace = true
 alloy-network.workspace = true
 alloy-primitives.workspace = true
 alloy-provider = { workspace = true, features = ["engine-api", "pubsub", "reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
 alloy-pubsub.workspace = true
 alloy-rpc-client = { workspace = true, features = ["pubsub"] }
-alloy-rpc-types-engine.workspace = true
+alloy-rpc-types-engine = { workspace = true, features = ["kzg"] }
 alloy-transport-http.workspace = true
 alloy-transport-ipc.workspace = true
 alloy-transport-ws.workspace = true

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/gas_limit_ramp.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+//! Benchmarks empty block processing by ramping the block gas limit.
+
+use crate::{
+    authenticated_transport::AuthenticatedTransportConnect,
+    bench::{
+        helpers::{build_payload, prepare_payload_request, rpc_block_to_header},
+        output::GasRampPayloadFile,
+    },
+    valid_payload::{call_forkchoice_updated, call_new_payload, payload_to_new_payload},
+};
+use alloy_eips::BlockNumberOrTag;
+use alloy_provider::{network::AnyNetwork, Provider, RootProvider};
+use alloy_rpc_client::ClientBuilder;
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{ExecutionPayload, ForkchoiceState, JwtSecret};
+
+use clap::Parser;
+use reqwest::Url;
+use reth_chainspec::ChainSpec;
+use reth_cli_runner::CliContext;
+use reth_ethereum_primitives::TransactionSigned;
+use reth_primitives_traits::constants::{GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR, MAXIMUM_GAS_LIMIT_BLOCK};
+use std::{path::PathBuf, time::Instant};
+use tracing::info;
+
+/// Parses a gas limit value with optional suffix: K for thousand, M for million, G for billion.
+///
+/// Examples: "30000000", "30M", "1G", "2G"
+fn parse_gas_limit(s: &str) -> eyre::Result<u64> {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    if s.is_empty() {
+        return Err(eyre::eyre!("empty value"));
+    }
+
+    let (num_str, multiplier) = if let Some(prefix) = s.strip_suffix(['G', 'g']) {
+        (prefix, 1_000_000_000u64)
+    } else if let Some(prefix) = s.strip_suffix(['M', 'm']) {
+        (prefix, 1_000_000u64)
+    } else if let Some(prefix) = s.strip_suffix(['K', 'k']) {
+        (prefix, 1_000u64)
+    } else {
+        (s, 1u64)
+    };
+
+    let base: u64 = num_str.trim().parse()?;
+    base.checked_mul(multiplier).ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("value overflow"))
+}
+
+/// `reth benchmark gas-limit-ramp` command.
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+pub struct Command {
+    /// Number of blocks to generate. Mutually exclusive with --target-gas-limit.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "BLOCKS", conflicts_with = "target_gas_limit")]
+    blocks: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Target gas limit to ramp up to. The benchmark will generate blocks until the gas limit
+    /// reaches or exceeds this value. Mutually exclusive with --blocks.
+    /// Accepts short notation: K for thousand, M for million, G for billion (e.g., 2G = 2
+    /// billion).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "TARGET_GAS_LIMIT", conflicts_with = "blocks", value_parser = parse_gas_limit)]
+    target_gas_limit: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// The Engine API RPC URL.
+    #[arg(long = "engine-rpc-url", value_name = "ENGINE_RPC_URL")]
+    engine_rpc_url: String,
+
+    /// Path to the JWT secret for Engine API authentication.
+    #[arg(long = "jwt-secret", value_name = "JWT_SECRET")]
+    jwt_secret: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Output directory for benchmark results and generated payloads.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "OUTPUT")]
+    output: PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// Mode for determining when to stop ramping.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum RampMode {
+    /// Ramp for a fixed number of blocks.
+    Blocks(u64),
+    /// Ramp until reaching or exceeding target gas limit.
+    TargetGasLimit(u64),
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute `benchmark gas-limit-ramp` command.
+    pub async fn execute(self, _ctx: CliContext) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let mode = match (self.blocks, self.target_gas_limit) {
+            (Some(blocks), None) => {
+                if blocks == 0 {
+                    return Err(eyre::eyre!("--blocks must be greater than 0"));
+                }
+                RampMode::Blocks(blocks)
+            }
+            (None, Some(target)) => {
+                if target == 0 {
+                    return Err(eyre::eyre!("--target-gas-limit must be greater than 0"));
+                }
+                RampMode::TargetGasLimit(target)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!(
+                    "Exactly one of --blocks or --target-gas-limit must be specified"
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Ensure output directory exists
+        if self.output.is_file() {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("Output path must be a directory"));
+        }
+        if !self.output.exists() {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(&self.output)?;
+            info!("Created output directory: {:?}", self.output);
+        }
+
+        // Set up authenticated provider (used for both Engine API and eth_ methods)
+        let jwt = std::fs::read_to_string(&self.jwt_secret)?;
+        let jwt = JwtSecret::from_hex(jwt)?;
+        let auth_url = Url::parse(&self.engine_rpc_url)?;
+
+        info!("Connecting to Engine RPC at {}", auth_url);
+        let auth_transport = AuthenticatedTransportConnect::new(auth_url, jwt);
+        let client = ClientBuilder::default().connect_with(auth_transport).await?;
+        let provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(client);
+
+        // Get chain spec - required for fork detection
+        let chain_id = provider.get_chain_id().await?;
+        let chain_spec = ChainSpec::from_chain_id(chain_id)
+            .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Unsupported chain id: {chain_id}"))?;
+
+        // Fetch the current head block as parent
+        let parent_block = provider
+            .get_block_by_number(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)
+            .full()
+            .await?
+            .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Failed to fetch latest block"))?;
+
+        let (mut parent_header, mut parent_hash) = rpc_block_to_header(parent_block);
+
+        let canonical_parent = parent_header.number;
+        let start_block = canonical_parent + 1;
+
+        match mode {
+            RampMode::Blocks(blocks) => {
+                info!(
+                    canonical_parent,
+                    start_block,
+                    end_block = start_block + blocks - 1,
+                    "Starting gas limit ramp benchmark (block count mode)"
+                );
+            }
+            RampMode::TargetGasLimit(target) => {
+                info!(
+                    canonical_parent,
+                    start_block,
+                    current_gas_limit = parent_header.gas_limit,
+                    target_gas_limit = target,
+                    "Starting gas limit ramp benchmark (target gas limit mode)"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut blocks_processed = 0u64;
+        let total_benchmark_duration = Instant::now();
+
+        while !should_stop(mode, blocks_processed, parent_header.gas_limit) {
+            let timestamp = parent_header.timestamp.saturating_add(1);
+
+            let request = prepare_payload_request(&chain_spec, timestamp, parent_hash);
+            let new_payload_version = request.new_payload_version;
+
+            let (payload, sidecar) = build_payload(&provider, request).await?;
+
+            let mut block =
+                payload.clone().try_into_block_with_sidecar::<TransactionSigned>(&sidecar)?;
+
+            let max_increase = max_gas_limit_increase(parent_header.gas_limit);
+            let gas_limit =
+                parent_header.gas_limit.saturating_add(max_increase).min(MAXIMUM_GAS_LIMIT_BLOCK);
+
+            block.header.gas_limit = gas_limit;
+
+            let block_hash = block.header.hash_slow();
+            // Regenerate the payload from the modified block, but keep the original sidecar
+            // which contains the actual execution requests data (not just the hash)
+            let (payload, _) = ExecutionPayload::from_block_unchecked(block_hash, &block);
+            let (version, params) = payload_to_new_payload(
+                payload,
+                sidecar,
+                false,
+                block.header.withdrawals_root,
+                Some(new_payload_version),
+            )?;
+
+            // Save payload to file with version info for replay
+            let payload_path =
+                self.output.join(format!("payload_block_{}.json", block.header.number));
+            let file =
+                GasRampPayloadFile { version: version as u8, block_hash, params: params.clone() };
+            let payload_json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&file)?;
+            std::fs::write(&payload_path, &payload_json)?;
+            info!(block_number = block.header.number, path = %payload_path.display(), "Saved payload");
+
+            call_new_payload(&provider, version, params).await?;
+
+            let forkchoice_state = ForkchoiceState {
+                head_block_hash: block_hash,
+                safe_block_hash: block_hash,
+                finalized_block_hash: block_hash,
+            };
+            call_forkchoice_updated(&provider, version, forkchoice_state, None).await?;
+
+            parent_header = block.header;
+            parent_hash = block_hash;
+            blocks_processed += 1;
+        }
+
+        let final_gas_limit = parent_header.gas_limit;
+        info!(
+            total_duration=?total_benchmark_duration.elapsed(),
+            blocks_processed,
+            final_gas_limit,
+            "Benchmark complete"
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+const fn max_gas_limit_increase(parent_gas_limit: u64) -> u64 {
+    (parent_gas_limit / GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR).saturating_sub(1)
+}
+
+const fn should_stop(mode: RampMode, blocks_processed: u64, current_gas_limit: u64) -> bool {
+    match mode {
+        RampMode::Blocks(target_blocks) => blocks_processed >= target_blocks,
+        RampMode::TargetGasLimit(target) => current_gas_limit >= target,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_plain_number() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("30000000").unwrap(), 30_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1").unwrap(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("0").unwrap(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_k_suffix() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1K").unwrap(), 1_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("30k").unwrap(), 30_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("100K").unwrap(), 100_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_m_suffix() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1M").unwrap(), 1_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("30m").unwrap(), 30_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("100M").unwrap(), 100_000_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_g_suffix() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1G").unwrap(), 1_000_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("2g").unwrap(), 2_000_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("10G").unwrap(), 10_000_000_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_with_whitespace() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit(" 1G ").unwrap(), 1_000_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("2 M").unwrap(), 2_000_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_errors() {
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("abc").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("G").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("-1G").is_err());
+    }
+}

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/generate_big_block.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+//! Command for generating large blocks by packing transactions from real blocks.
+//!
+//! This command fetches transactions from existing blocks and packs them into a single
+//! large block using the `testing_buildBlockV1` RPC endpoint.
+
+use crate::authenticated_transport::AuthenticatedTransportConnect;
+use alloy_eips::{BlockNumberOrTag, Typed2718};
+use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, B256};
+use alloy_provider::{ext::EngineApi, network::AnyNetwork, Provider, RootProvider};
+use alloy_rpc_client::ClientBuilder;
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
+    ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV5, ForkchoiceState, JwtSecret,
+    PayloadAttributes,
+};
+use alloy_transport::layers::RetryBackoffLayer;
+use clap::Parser;
+use eyre::Context;
+use reqwest::Url;
+use reth_cli_runner::CliContext;
+use reth_rpc_api::TestingBuildBlockRequestV1;
+use std::future::Future;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+/// A single transaction with its gas used and raw encoded bytes.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RawTransaction {
+    /// The actual gas used by the transaction (from receipt).
+    pub gas_used: u64,
+    /// The transaction type (e.g., 3 for EIP-4844 blob txs).
+    pub tx_type: u8,
+    /// The raw RLP-encoded transaction bytes.
+    pub raw: Bytes,
+}
+
+/// Abstraction over sources of transactions for big block generation.
+///
+/// Implementors provide transactions from different sources (RPC, database, files, etc.)
+pub trait TransactionSource {
+    /// Fetch transactions from a specific block number.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Ok(None)` if the block doesn't exist.
+    /// Returns `Ok(Some((transactions, gas_used)))` with the block's transactions and total gas.
+    fn fetch_block_transactions(
+        &self,
+        block_number: u64,
+    ) -> impl Future<Output = eyre::Result<Option<(Vec<RawTransaction>, u64)>>> + Send;
+}
+
+/// RPC-based transaction source that fetches from a remote node.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RpcTransactionSource {
+    provider: RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+}
+
+impl RpcTransactionSource {
+    /// Create a new RPC transaction source.
+    pub const fn new(provider: RootProvider<AnyNetwork>) -> Self {
+        Self { provider }
+    }
+
+    /// Create from an RPC URL with retry backoff.
+    pub fn from_url(rpc_url: &str) -> eyre::Result<Self> {
+        let client = ClientBuilder::default()
+            .layer(RetryBackoffLayer::new(10, 800, u64::MAX))
+            .http(rpc_url.parse()?);
+        let provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(client);
+        Ok(Self { provider })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TransactionSource for RpcTransactionSource {
+    async fn fetch_block_transactions(
+        &self,
+        block_number: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<Option<(Vec<RawTransaction>, u64)>> {
+        // Fetch block and receipts in parallel
+        let (block, receipts) = tokio::try_join!(
+            self.provider.get_block_by_number(block_number.into()).full(),
+            self.provider.get_block_receipts(block_number.into())
+        )?;
+
+        let Some(block) = block else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let Some(receipts) = receipts else {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("Receipts not found for block {}", block_number));
+        };
+
+        let block_gas_used = block.header.gas_used;
+
+        // Convert cumulative gas from receipts to per-tx gas_used
+        let mut prev_cumulative = 0u64;
+        let transactions: Vec<RawTransaction> = block
+            .transactions
+            .txns()
+            .zip(receipts.iter())
+            .map(|(tx, receipt)| {
+                let cumulative = receipt.inner.inner.inner.receipt.cumulative_gas_used;
+                let gas_used = cumulative - prev_cumulative;
+                prev_cumulative = cumulative;
+
+                let with_encoded = tx.inner.inner.clone().into_encoded();
+                RawTransaction {
+                    gas_used,
+                    tx_type: tx.inner.ty(),
+                    raw: with_encoded.encoded_bytes().clone(),
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        Ok(Some((transactions, block_gas_used)))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Collects transactions from a source up to a target gas usage.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TransactionCollector<S> {
+    source: S,
+    target_gas: u64,
+}
+
+impl<S: TransactionSource> TransactionCollector<S> {
+    /// Create a new transaction collector.
+    pub const fn new(source: S, target_gas: u64) -> Self {
+        Self { source, target_gas }
+    }
+
+    /// Collect transactions starting from the given block number.
+    ///
+    /// Skips blob transactions (type 3) and collects until target gas is reached.
+    /// Returns the collected raw transaction bytes, total gas used, and the next block number.
+    pub async fn collect(&self, start_block: u64) -> eyre::Result<(Vec<Bytes>, u64, u64)> {
+        let mut transactions: Vec<Bytes> = Vec::new();
+        let mut total_gas: u64 = 0;
+        let mut current_block = start_block;
+
+        while total_gas < self.target_gas {
+            let Some((block_txs, _)) = self.source.fetch_block_transactions(current_block).await?
+            else {
+                warn!(block = current_block, "Block not found, stopping");
+                break;
+            };
+
+            for tx in block_txs {
+                // Skip blob transactions (EIP-4844, type 3)
+                if tx.tx_type == 3 {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if total_gas + tx.gas_used <= self.target_gas {
+                    transactions.push(tx.raw);
+                    total_gas += tx.gas_used;
+                }
+
+                if total_gas >= self.target_gas {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            current_block += 1;
+
+            // Stop early if remaining gas is under 1M (close enough to target)
+            let remaining_gas = self.target_gas.saturating_sub(total_gas);
+            if remaining_gas < 1_000_000 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        info!(
+            total_txs = transactions.len(),
+            total_gas,
+            next_block = current_block,
+            "Finished collecting transactions"
+        );
+
+        Ok((transactions, total_gas, current_block))
+    }
+}
+
+/// `reth bench generate-big-block` command
+///
+/// Generates a large block by fetching transactions from existing blocks and packing them
+/// into a single block using the `testing_buildBlockV1` RPC endpoint.
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+pub struct Command {
+    /// The RPC URL to use for fetching blocks (can be an external archive node).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "RPC_URL")]
+    rpc_url: String,
+
+    /// The engine RPC URL (with JWT authentication).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "ENGINE_RPC_URL", default_value = "http://localhost:8551")]
+    engine_rpc_url: String,
+
+    /// The RPC URL for `testing_buildBlockV1` calls (same node as engine, regular RPC port).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "TESTING_RPC_URL", default_value = "http://localhost:8545")]
+    testing_rpc_url: String,
+
+    /// Path to the JWT secret file for engine API authentication.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "JWT_SECRET")]
+    jwt_secret: std::path::PathBuf,
+
+    /// Target gas to pack into the block.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "TARGET_GAS", default_value = "30000000")]
+    target_gas: u64,
+
+    /// Starting block number to fetch transactions from.
+    /// If not specified, starts from the engine's latest block.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FROM_BLOCK")]
+    from_block: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Execute the payload (call newPayload + forkchoiceUpdated).
+    /// If false, only builds the payload and prints it.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "false")]
+    execute: bool,
+
+    /// Number of payloads to generate. Each payload uses the previous as parent.
+    /// When count == 1, the payload is only generated and saved, not executed.
+    /// When count > 1, each payload is executed before building the next.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "1")]
+    count: u64,
+
+    /// Number of transaction batches to prefetch in background when count > 1.
+    /// Higher values reduce latency but use more memory.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "4")]
+    prefetch_buffer: usize,
+
+    /// Output directory for generated payloads. Each payload is saved as `payload_block_N.json`.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "OUTPUT_DIR")]
+    output_dir: std::path::PathBuf,
+}
+
+/// A built payload ready for execution.
+struct BuiltPayload {
+    block_number: u64,
+    envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4,
+    block_hash: B256,
+    timestamp: u64,
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute the `generate-big-block` command
+    pub async fn execute(self, _ctx: CliContext) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        info!(target_gas = self.target_gas, count = self.count, "Generating big block(s)");
+
+        // Set up authenticated engine provider
+        let jwt =
+            std::fs::read_to_string(&self.jwt_secret).wrap_err("Failed to read JWT secret file")?;
+        let jwt = JwtSecret::from_hex(jwt.trim())?;
+        let auth_url = Url::parse(&self.engine_rpc_url)?;
+
+        info!("Connecting to Engine RPC at {}", auth_url);
+        let auth_transport = AuthenticatedTransportConnect::new(auth_url.clone(), jwt);
+        let auth_client = ClientBuilder::default().connect_with(auth_transport).await?;
+        let auth_provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(auth_client);
+
+        // Set up testing RPC provider (for testing_buildBlockV1)
+        info!("Connecting to Testing RPC at {}", self.testing_rpc_url);
+        let testing_client = ClientBuilder::default()
+            .layer(RetryBackoffLayer::new(10, 800, u64::MAX))
+            .http(self.testing_rpc_url.parse()?);
+        let testing_provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(testing_client);
+
+        // Get the parent block (latest canonical block)
+        info!(endpoint = "engine", method = "eth_getBlockByNumber", block = "latest", "RPC call");
+        let parent_block = auth_provider
+            .get_block_by_number(BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)
+            .await?
+            .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Failed to fetch latest block"))?;
+
+        let parent_hash = parent_block.header.hash;
+        let parent_number = parent_block.header.number;
+        let parent_timestamp = parent_block.header.timestamp;
+
+        info!(
+            parent_hash = %parent_hash,
+            parent_number = parent_number,
+            "Using initial parent block"
+        );
+
+        // Create output directory
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&self.output_dir).wrap_err_with(|| {
+            format!("Failed to create output directory: {:?}", self.output_dir)
+        })?;
+
+        let start_block = self.from_block.unwrap_or(parent_number);
+
+        // Use pipelined execution when generating multiple payloads
+        if self.count > 1 {
+            self.execute_pipelined(
+                &auth_provider,
+                &testing_provider,
+                start_block,
+                parent_hash,
+                parent_timestamp,
+            )
+            .await?;
+        } else {
+            // Single payload - collect transactions and build
+            let tx_source = RpcTransactionSource::from_url(&self.rpc_url)?;
+            let collector = TransactionCollector::new(tx_source, self.target_gas);
+            let (transactions, _total_gas, _next_block) = collector.collect(start_block).await?;
+
+            if transactions.is_empty() {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!("No transactions collected"));
+            }
+
+            self.execute_sequential(
+                &auth_provider,
+                &testing_provider,
+                transactions,
+                parent_hash,
+                parent_timestamp,
+            )
+            .await?;
+        }
+
+        info!(count = self.count, output_dir = %self.output_dir.display(), "All payloads generated");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Sequential execution path for single payload or no-execute mode.
+    async fn execute_sequential(
+        &self,
+        auth_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        testing_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        transactions: Vec<Bytes>,
+        mut parent_hash: B256,
+        mut parent_timestamp: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        for i in 0..self.count {
+            info!(
+                payload = i + 1,
+                total = self.count,
+                parent_hash = %parent_hash,
+                parent_timestamp = parent_timestamp,
+                "Building payload via testing_buildBlockV1"
+            );
+
+            let built = self
+                .build_payload(testing_provider, &transactions, i, parent_hash, parent_timestamp)
+                .await?;
+
+            self.save_payload(&built)?;
+
+            if self.execute || self.count > 1 {
+                info!(payload = i + 1, block_hash = %built.block_hash, "Executing payload (newPayload + FCU)");
+                self.execute_payload_v4(auth_provider, built.envelope, parent_hash).await?;
+                info!(payload = i + 1, "Payload executed successfully");
+            }
+
+            parent_hash = built.block_hash;
+            parent_timestamp = built.timestamp;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Pipelined execution - fetches transactions and builds payloads in background.
+    async fn execute_pipelined(
+        &self,
+        auth_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        testing_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        start_block: u64,
+        initial_parent_hash: B256,
+        initial_parent_timestamp: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        // Create channel for transaction batches (one batch per payload)
+        let (tx_sender, mut tx_receiver) = mpsc::channel::<Vec<Bytes>>(self.prefetch_buffer);
+
+        // Spawn background task to continuously fetch transaction batches
+        let rpc_url = self.rpc_url.clone();
+        let target_gas = self.target_gas;
+        let count = self.count;
+
+        let fetcher_handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let tx_source = match RpcTransactionSource::from_url(&rpc_url) {
+                Ok(source) => source,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    warn!(error = %e, "Failed to create transaction source");
+                    return;
+                }
+            };
+
+            let collector = TransactionCollector::new(tx_source, target_gas);
+            let mut current_block = start_block;
+
+            for payload_idx in 0..count {
+                match collector.collect(current_block).await {
+                    Ok((transactions, total_gas, next_block)) => {
+                        info!(
+                            payload = payload_idx + 1,
+                            tx_count = transactions.len(),
+                            total_gas,
+                            blocks = format!("{}..{}", current_block, next_block),
+                            "Fetched transactions"
+                        );
+                        current_block = next_block;
+
+                        if tx_sender.send(transactions).await.is_err() {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn!(payload = payload_idx + 1, error = %e, "Failed to fetch transactions");
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        let mut parent_hash = initial_parent_hash;
+        let mut parent_timestamp = initial_parent_timestamp;
+        let mut pending_build: Option<tokio::task::JoinHandle<eyre::Result<BuiltPayload>>> = None;
+
+        for i in 0..self.count {
+            let is_last = i == self.count - 1;
+
+            // Get current payload (either from pending build or build now)
+            let current_payload = if let Some(handle) = pending_build.take() {
+                handle.await??
+            } else {
+                // First payload - wait for transactions and build synchronously
+                let transactions = tx_receiver
+                    .recv()
+                    .await
+                    .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Transaction fetcher stopped unexpectedly"))?;
+
+                if transactions.is_empty() {
+                    return Err(eyre::eyre!("No transactions collected for payload {}", i + 1));
+                }
+
+                info!(
+                    payload = i + 1,
+                    total = self.count,
+                    parent_hash = %parent_hash,
+                    parent_timestamp = parent_timestamp,
+                    tx_count = transactions.len(),
+                    "Building payload via testing_buildBlockV1"
+                );
+                self.build_payload(
+                    testing_provider,
+                    &transactions,
+                    i,
+                    parent_hash,
+                    parent_timestamp,
+                )
+                .await?
+            };
+
+            self.save_payload(&current_payload)?;
+
+            let current_block_hash = current_payload.block_hash;
+            let current_timestamp = current_payload.timestamp;
+
+            // Execute current payload first
+            info!(payload = i + 1, block_hash = %current_block_hash, "Executing payload (newPayload + FCU)");
+            self.execute_payload_v4(auth_provider, current_payload.envelope, parent_hash).await?;
+            info!(payload = i + 1, "Payload executed successfully");
+
+            // Start building next payload in background (if not last) - AFTER execution
+            if !is_last {
+                // Get transactions for next payload (should already be fetched or fetching)
+                let next_transactions = tx_receiver
+                    .recv()
+                    .await
+                    .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Transaction fetcher stopped unexpectedly"))?;
+
+                if next_transactions.is_empty() {
+                    return Err(eyre::eyre!("No transactions collected for payload {}", i + 2));
+                }
+
+                let testing_provider = testing_provider.clone();
+                let next_index = i + 1;
+                let total = self.count;
+
+                pending_build = Some(tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    info!(
+                        payload = next_index + 1,
+                        total = total,
+                        parent_hash = %current_block_hash,
+                        parent_timestamp = current_timestamp,
+                        tx_count = next_transactions.len(),
+                        "Building payload via testing_buildBlockV1"
+                    );
+
+                    Self::build_payload_static(
+                        &testing_provider,
+                        &next_transactions,
+                        next_index,
+                        current_block_hash,
+                        current_timestamp,
+                    )
+                    .await
+                }));
+            }
+
+            parent_hash = current_block_hash;
+            parent_timestamp = current_timestamp;
+        }
+
+        // Clean up the fetcher task
+        drop(tx_receiver);
+        let _ = fetcher_handle.await;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Build a single payload via `testing_buildBlockV1`.
+    async fn build_payload(
+        &self,
+        testing_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        transactions: &[Bytes],
+        index: u64,
+        parent_hash: B256,
+        parent_timestamp: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<BuiltPayload> {
+        Self::build_payload_static(
+            testing_provider,
+            transactions,
+            index,
+            parent_hash,
+            parent_timestamp,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    /// Static version for use in spawned tasks.
+    async fn build_payload_static(
+        testing_provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        transactions: &[Bytes],
+        index: u64,
+        parent_hash: B256,
+        parent_timestamp: u64,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<BuiltPayload> {
+        let request = TestingBuildBlockRequestV1 {
+            parent_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            payload_attributes: PayloadAttributes {
+                timestamp: parent_timestamp + 12,
+                prev_randao: B256::ZERO,
+                suggested_fee_recipient: alloy_primitives::Address::ZERO,
+                withdrawals: Some(vec![]),
+                parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::ZERO),
+            },
+            transactions: transactions.to_vec(),
+            extra_data: None,
+        };
+
+        let total_tx_bytes: usize = transactions.iter().map(|tx| tx.len()).sum();
+        info!(
+            payload = index + 1,
+            tx_count = transactions.len(),
+            total_tx_bytes = total_tx_bytes,
+            parent_hash = %parent_hash,
+            "Sending to testing_buildBlockV1"
+        );
+        let envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV5 =
+            testing_provider.client().request("testing_buildBlockV1", [request]).await?;
+
+        let v4_envelope = envelope.try_into_v4()?;
+
+        let inner = &v4_envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.payload_inner.payload_inner;
+        let block_hash = inner.block_hash;
+        let block_number = inner.block_number;
+        let timestamp = inner.timestamp;
+
+        Ok(BuiltPayload { block_number, envelope: v4_envelope, block_hash, timestamp })
+    }
+
+    /// Save a payload to disk.
+    fn save_payload(&self, payload: &BuiltPayload) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let filename = format!("payload_block_{}.json", payload.block_number);
+        let filepath = self.output_dir.join(&filename);
+        let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&payload.envelope)?;
+        std::fs::write(&filepath, &json)
+            .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to write payload to {:?}", filepath))?;
+        info!(block_number = payload.block_number, block_hash = %payload.block_hash, path = %filepath.display(), "Payload saved");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn execute_payload_v4(
+        &self,
+        provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4,
+        parent_hash: B256,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let block_hash =
+            envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.payload_inner.payload_inner.block_hash;
+
+        let status = provider
+            .new_payload_v4(
+                envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload,
+                vec![],
+                B256::ZERO,
+                envelope.execution_requests.to_vec(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+        if !status.is_valid() {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("Payload rejected: {:?}", status));
+        }
+
+        let fcu_state = ForkchoiceState {
+            head_block_hash: block_hash,
+            safe_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            finalized_block_hash: parent_hash,
+        };
+
+        let fcu_result = provider.fork_choice_updated_v3(fcu_state, None).await?;
+
+        if !fcu_result.is_valid() {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("FCU rejected: {:?}", fcu_result));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/helpers.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+//! Common helpers for reth-bench commands.
+
+use crate::valid_payload::call_forkchoice_updated;
+use alloy_consensus::Header;
+use alloy_eips::eip4844::kzg_to_versioned_hash;
+use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256};
+use alloy_provider::{ext::EngineApi, network::AnyNetwork, RootProvider};
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
+    CancunPayloadFields, ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadSidecar, ForkchoiceState,
+    PayloadAttributes, PayloadId, PraguePayloadFields,
+};
+use eyre::OptionExt;
+use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
+use reth_node_api::EngineApiMessageVersion;
+use tracing::debug;
+
+/// Prepared payload request data for triggering block building.
+pub(crate) struct PayloadRequest {
+    /// The payload attributes for the new block.
+    pub(crate) attributes: PayloadAttributes,
+    /// The forkchoice state pointing to the parent block.
+    pub(crate) forkchoice_state: ForkchoiceState,
+    /// The engine API version for FCU calls.
+    pub(crate) fcu_version: EngineApiMessageVersion,
+    /// The getPayload version to use (1-5).
+    pub(crate) get_payload_version: u8,
+    /// The newPayload version to use.
+    pub(crate) new_payload_version: EngineApiMessageVersion,
+}
+
+/// Prepare payload attributes and forkchoice state for a new block.
+pub(crate) fn prepare_payload_request(
+    chain_spec: &ChainSpec,
+    timestamp: u64,
+    parent_hash: B256,
+) -> PayloadRequest {
+    let shanghai_active = chain_spec.is_shanghai_active_at_timestamp(timestamp);
+    let cancun_active = chain_spec.is_cancun_active_at_timestamp(timestamp);
+    let prague_active = chain_spec.is_prague_active_at_timestamp(timestamp);
+    let osaka_active = chain_spec.is_osaka_active_at_timestamp(timestamp);
+
+    // FCU version: V3 for Cancun+Prague+Osaka, V2 for Shanghai, V1 otherwise
+    let fcu_version = if cancun_active {
+        EngineApiMessageVersion::V3
+    } else if shanghai_active {
+        EngineApiMessageVersion::V2
+    } else {
+        EngineApiMessageVersion::V1
+    };
+
+    // getPayload version: 5 for Osaka, 4 for Prague, 3 for Cancun, 2 for Shanghai, 1 otherwise
+    // newPayload version: 4 for Prague+Osaka (no V5), 3 for Cancun, 2 for Shanghai, 1 otherwise
+    let (get_payload_version, new_payload_version) = if osaka_active {
+        (5, EngineApiMessageVersion::V4) // Osaka uses getPayloadV5 but newPayloadV4
+    } else if prague_active {
+        (4, EngineApiMessageVersion::V4)
+    } else if cancun_active {
+        (3, EngineApiMessageVersion::V3)
+    } else if shanghai_active {
+        (2, EngineApiMessageVersion::V2)
+    } else {
+        (1, EngineApiMessageVersion::V1)
+    };
+
+    PayloadRequest {
+        attributes: PayloadAttributes {
+            timestamp,
+            prev_randao: B256::ZERO,
+            suggested_fee_recipient: Address::ZERO,
+            withdrawals: shanghai_active.then(Vec::new),
+            parent_beacon_block_root: cancun_active.then_some(B256::ZERO),
+        },
+        forkchoice_state: ForkchoiceState {
+            head_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            safe_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            finalized_block_hash: parent_hash,
+        },
+        fcu_version,
+        get_payload_version,
+        new_payload_version,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Trigger payload building via FCU and retrieve the built payload.
+///
+/// This sends a forkchoiceUpdated with payload attributes to start building,
+/// then calls getPayload to retrieve the result.
+pub(crate) async fn build_payload(
+    provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+    request: PayloadRequest,
+) -> eyre::Result<(ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadSidecar)> {
+    let fcu_result = call_forkchoice_updated(
+        provider,
+        request.fcu_version,
+        request.forkchoice_state,
+        Some(request.attributes.clone()),
+    )
+    .await?;
+
+    let payload_id =
+        fcu_result.payload_id.ok_or_eyre("Payload builder did not return a payload id")?;
+
+    get_payload_with_sidecar(
+        provider,
+        request.get_payload_version,
+        payload_id,
+        request.attributes.parent_beacon_block_root,
+    )
+    .await
+}
+
+/// Convert an RPC block to a consensus header and block hash.
+pub(crate) fn rpc_block_to_header(block: alloy_provider::network::AnyRpcBlock) -> (Header, B256) {
+    let block_hash = block.header.hash;
+    let header = block.header.inner.clone().into_header_with_defaults();
+    (header, block_hash)
+}
+
+/// Compute versioned hashes from KZG commitments.
+fn versioned_hashes_from_commitments(
+    commitments: &[alloy_primitives::FixedBytes<48>],
+) -> Vec<B256> {
+    commitments.iter().map(|c| kzg_to_versioned_hash(c.as_ref())).collect()
+}
+
+/// Fetch an execution payload using the appropriate engine API version.
+pub(crate) async fn get_payload_with_sidecar(
+    provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+    version: u8,
+    payload_id: PayloadId,
+    parent_beacon_block_root: Option<B256>,
+) -> eyre::Result<(ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadSidecar)> {
+    debug!(get_payload_version = ?version, ?payload_id, "Sending getPayload");
+
+    match version {
+        1 => {
+            let payload = provider.get_payload_v1(payload_id).await?;
+            Ok((ExecutionPayload::V1(payload), ExecutionPayloadSidecar::none()))
+        }
+        2 => {
+            let envelope = provider.get_payload_v2(payload_id).await?;
+            let payload = match envelope.execution_payload {
+                alloy_rpc_types_engine::ExecutionPayloadFieldV2::V1(p) => ExecutionPayload::V1(p),
+                alloy_rpc_types_engine::ExecutionPayloadFieldV2::V2(p) => ExecutionPayload::V2(p),
+            };
+            Ok((payload, ExecutionPayloadSidecar::none()))
+        }
+        3 => {
+            let envelope = provider.get_payload_v3(payload_id).await?;
+            let versioned_hashes =
+                versioned_hashes_from_commitments(&envelope.blobs_bundle.commitments);
+            let cancun_fields = CancunPayloadFields {
+                parent_beacon_block_root: parent_beacon_block_root
+                    .ok_or_eyre("parent_beacon_block_root required for V3")?,
+                versioned_hashes,
+            };
+            Ok((
+                ExecutionPayload::V3(envelope.execution_payload),
+                ExecutionPayloadSidecar::v3(cancun_fields),
+            ))
+        }
+        4 => {
+            let envelope = provider.get_payload_v4(payload_id).await?;
+            let versioned_hashes = versioned_hashes_from_commitments(
+                &envelope.envelope_inner.blobs_bundle.commitments,
+            );
+            let cancun_fields = CancunPayloadFields {
+                parent_beacon_block_root: parent_beacon_block_root
+                    .ok_or_eyre("parent_beacon_block_root required for V4")?,
+                versioned_hashes,
+            };
+            let prague_fields = PraguePayloadFields::new(envelope.execution_requests);
+            Ok((
+                ExecutionPayload::V3(envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload),
+                ExecutionPayloadSidecar::v4(cancun_fields, prague_fields),
+            ))
+        }
+        5 => {
+            // V5 (Osaka) - use raw request since alloy doesn't have get_payload_v5 yet
+            let envelope = provider.get_payload_v5(payload_id).await?;
+            let versioned_hashes =
+                versioned_hashes_from_commitments(&envelope.blobs_bundle.commitments);
+            let cancun_fields = CancunPayloadFields {
+                parent_beacon_block_root: parent_beacon_block_root
+                    .ok_or_eyre("parent_beacon_block_root required for V5")?,
+                versioned_hashes,
+            };
+            let prague_fields = PraguePayloadFields::new(envelope.execution_requests);
+            Ok((
+                ExecutionPayload::V3(envelope.execution_payload),
+                ExecutionPayloadSidecar::v4(cancun_fields, prague_fields),
+            ))
+        }
+        _ => panic!("This tool does not support getPayload versions past v5"),
+    }
+}

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/mod.rs

@@ -6,9 +6,16 @@ use reth_node_core::args::LogArgs;
 use reth_tracing::FileWorkerGuard;
 
 mod context;
+mod gas_limit_ramp;
+mod generate_big_block;
+pub(crate) mod helpers;
+pub use generate_big_block::{
+    RawTransaction, RpcTransactionSource, TransactionCollector, TransactionSource,
+};
 mod new_payload_fcu;
 mod new_payload_only;
 mod output;
+mod replay_payloads;
 mod send_payload;
 
 /// `reth bench` command
@@ -27,6 +34,9 @@ pub enum Subcommands {
     /// Benchmark which calls `newPayload`, then `forkchoiceUpdated`.
     NewPayloadFcu(new_payload_fcu::Command),
 
+    /// Benchmark which builds empty blocks with a ramped gas limit.
+    GasLimitRamp(gas_limit_ramp::Command),
+
     /// Benchmark which only calls subsequent `newPayload` calls.
     NewPayloadOnly(new_payload_only::Command),
 
@@ -41,6 +51,29 @@ pub enum Subcommands {
     /// `cast block latest --full --json | reth-bench send-payload --rpc-url localhost:5000
     /// --jwt-secret $(cat ~/.local/share/reth/mainnet/jwt.hex)`
     SendPayload(send_payload::Command),
+
+    /// Generate a large block by packing transactions from existing blocks.
+    ///
+    /// This command fetches transactions from real blocks and packs them into a single
+    /// block using the `testing_buildBlockV1` RPC endpoint.
+    ///
+    /// Example:
+    ///
+    /// `reth-bench generate-big-block --rpc-url http://localhost:8545 --engine-rpc-url
+    /// http://localhost:8551 --jwt-secret ~/.local/share/reth/mainnet/jwt.hex --target-gas
+    /// 30000000`
+    GenerateBigBlock(generate_big_block::Command),
+
+    /// Replay pre-generated payloads from a directory.
+    ///
+    /// This command reads payload files from a previous `generate-big-block` run and replays
+    /// them in sequence using `newPayload` followed by `forkchoiceUpdated`.
+    ///
+    /// Example:
+    ///
+    /// `reth-bench replay-payloads --payload-dir ./payloads --engine-rpc-url
+    /// http://localhost:8551 --jwt-secret ~/.local/share/reth/mainnet/jwt.hex`
+    ReplayPayloads(replay_payloads::Command),
 }
 
 impl BenchmarkCommand {
@@ -51,8 +84,11 @@ impl BenchmarkCommand {
 
         match self.command {
             Subcommands::NewPayloadFcu(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
+            Subcommands::GasLimitRamp(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
             Subcommands::NewPayloadOnly(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
             Subcommands::SendPayload(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
+            Subcommands::GenerateBigBlock(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
+            Subcommands::ReplayPayloads(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
         }
     }
 

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/new_payload_fcu.rs

@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ use crate::{
     bench::{
         context::BenchContext,
         output::{
-            CombinedResult, NewPayloadResult, TotalGasOutput, TotalGasRow, COMBINED_OUTPUT_SUFFIX,
-            GAS_OUTPUT_SUFFIX,
+            write_benchmark_results, CombinedResult, NewPayloadResult, TotalGasOutput, TotalGasRow,
         },
     },
     valid_payload::{block_to_new_payload, call_forkchoice_updated, call_new_payload},
@@ -27,7 +26,6 @@ use alloy_rpc_client::RpcClient;
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::ForkchoiceState;
 use alloy_transport_ws::WsConnect;
 use clap::Parser;
-use csv::Writer;
 use eyre::{Context, OptionExt};
 use futures::StreamExt;
 use humantime::parse_duration;
@@ -123,6 +121,7 @@ impl Command {
             auth_provider,
             mut next_block,
             is_optimism,
+            ..
         } = BenchContext::new(&self.benchmark, self.rpc_url).await?;
 
         let buffer_size = self.rpc_block_buffer_size;
@@ -188,6 +187,7 @@ impl Command {
             result
         } {
             let gas_used = block.header.gas_used;
+            let gas_limit = block.header.gas_limit;
             let block_number = block.header.number;
             let transaction_count = block.transactions.len() as u64;
 
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@ impl Command {
             let fcu_latency = total_latency - new_payload_result.latency;
             let combined_result = CombinedResult {
                 block_number,
+                gas_limit,
                 transaction_count,
                 new_payload_result,
                 fcu_latency,
@@ -240,28 +241,11 @@ impl Command {
         // since the benchmark goal is measuring Ggas/s of newPayload/FCU, not persistence.
         drop(waiter);
 
-        let (gas_output_results, combined_results): (_, Vec<CombinedResult>) =
+        let (gas_output_results, combined_results): (Vec<TotalGasRow>, Vec<CombinedResult>) =
             results.into_iter().unzip();
 
-        // Write CSV output files
         if let Some(ref path) = self.benchmark.output {
-            let output_path = path.join(COMBINED_OUTPUT_SUFFIX);
-            info!("Writing engine api call latency output to file: {:?}", output_path);
-            let mut writer = Writer::from_path(&output_path)?;
-            for result in combined_results {
-                writer.serialize(result)?;
-            }
-            writer.flush()?;
-
-            let output_path = path.join(GAS_OUTPUT_SUFFIX);
-            info!("Writing total gas output to file: {:?}", output_path);
-            let mut writer = Writer::from_path(&output_path)?;
-            for row in &gas_output_results {
-                writer.serialize(row)?;
-            }
-            writer.flush()?;
-
-            info!("Finished writing benchmark output files to {:?}.", path);
+            write_benchmark_results(path, &gas_output_results, combined_results)?;
         }
 
         let gas_output = TotalGasOutput::new(gas_output_results)?;

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/new_payload_only.rs

@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ impl Command {
             auth_provider,
             mut next_block,
             is_optimism,
+            ..
         } = BenchContext::new(&self.benchmark, self.rpc_url).await?;
 
         let buffer_size = self.rpc_block_buffer_size;
@@ -96,11 +97,7 @@ impl Command {
             let transaction_count = block.transactions.len() as u64;
             let gas_used = block.header.gas_used;
 
-            debug!(
-                target: "reth-bench",
-                number=?block.header.number,
-                "Sending payload to engine",
-            );
+            debug!(number=?block.header.number, "Sending payload to engine");
 
             let (version, params) = block_to_new_payload(block, is_optimism)?;
 

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/output.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 //! Contains various benchmark output formats, either for logging or for
 //! serialization to / from files.
 
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use csv::Writer;
 use eyre::OptionExt;
 use reth_primitives_traits::constants::GIGAGAS;
-use serde::{ser::SerializeStruct, Serialize};
-use std::time::Duration;
+use serde::{ser::SerializeStruct, Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::{path::Path, time::Duration};
+use tracing::info;
 
 /// This is the suffix for gas output csv files.
 pub(crate) const GAS_OUTPUT_SUFFIX: &str = "total_gas.csv";
@@ -15,6 +18,17 @@ pub(crate) const COMBINED_OUTPUT_SUFFIX: &str = "combined_latency.csv";
 /// This is the suffix for new payload output csv files.
 pub(crate) const NEW_PAYLOAD_OUTPUT_SUFFIX: &str = "new_payload_latency.csv";
 
+/// Serialized format for gas ramp payloads on disk.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct GasRampPayloadFile {
+    /// Engine API version (1-5).
+    pub(crate) version: u8,
+    /// The block hash for FCU.
+    pub(crate) block_hash: B256,
+    /// The params to pass to newPayload.
+    pub(crate) params: serde_json::Value,
+}
+
 /// This represents the results of a single `newPayload` call in the benchmark, containing the gas
 /// used and the `newPayload` latency.
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -67,6 +81,8 @@ impl Serialize for NewPayloadResult {
 pub(crate) struct CombinedResult {
     /// The block number of the block being processed.
     pub(crate) block_number: u64,
+    /// The gas limit of the block.
+    pub(crate) gas_limit: u64,
     /// The number of transactions in the block.
     pub(crate) transaction_count: u64,
     /// The `newPayload` result.
@@ -88,7 +104,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for CombinedResult {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         write!(
             f,
-            "Payload {} processed at {:.4} Ggas/s, used {} total gas. Combined gas per second: {:.4} Ggas/s. fcu latency: {:?}, newPayload latency: {:?}",
+            "Block {} processed at {:.4} Ggas/s, used {} total gas. Combined: {:.4} Ggas/s. fcu: {:?}, newPayload: {:?}",
             self.block_number,
             self.new_payload_result.gas_per_second() / GIGAGAS as f64,
             self.new_payload_result.gas_used,
@@ -110,10 +126,11 @@ impl Serialize for CombinedResult {
         let fcu_latency = self.fcu_latency.as_micros();
         let new_payload_latency = self.new_payload_result.latency.as_micros();
         let total_latency = self.total_latency.as_micros();
-        let mut state = serializer.serialize_struct("CombinedResult", 6)?;
+        let mut state = serializer.serialize_struct("CombinedResult", 7)?;
 
         // flatten the new payload result because this is meant for CSV writing
         state.serialize_field("block_number", &self.block_number)?;
+        state.serialize_field("gas_limit", &self.gas_limit)?;
         state.serialize_field("transaction_count", &self.transaction_count)?;
         state.serialize_field("gas_used", &self.new_payload_result.gas_used)?;
         state.serialize_field("new_payload_latency", &new_payload_latency)?;
@@ -167,6 +184,36 @@ impl TotalGasOutput {
     }
 }
 
+/// Write benchmark results to CSV files.
+///
+/// Writes two files to the output directory:
+/// - `combined_latency.csv`: Per-block latency results
+/// - `total_gas.csv`: Per-block gas usage over time
+pub(crate) fn write_benchmark_results(
+    output_dir: &Path,
+    gas_results: &[TotalGasRow],
+    combined_results: Vec<CombinedResult>,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    let output_path = output_dir.join(COMBINED_OUTPUT_SUFFIX);
+    info!("Writing engine api call latency output to file: {:?}", output_path);
+    let mut writer = Writer::from_path(&output_path)?;
+    for result in combined_results {
+        writer.serialize(result)?;
+    }
+    writer.flush()?;
+
+    let output_path = output_dir.join(GAS_OUTPUT_SUFFIX);
+    info!("Writing total gas output to file: {:?}", output_path);
+    let mut writer = Writer::from_path(&output_path)?;
+    for row in gas_results {
+        writer.serialize(row)?;
+    }
+    writer.flush()?;
+
+    info!("Finished writing benchmark output files to {:?}.", output_dir);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// This serializes the `time` field of the [`TotalGasRow`] to microseconds.
 ///
 /// This is essentially just for the csv writer, which would have headers

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/replay_payloads.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+//! Command for replaying pre-generated payloads from disk.
+//!
+//! This command reads `ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4` files from a directory and replays them
+//! in sequence using `newPayload` followed by `forkchoiceUpdated`.
+
+use crate::{
+    authenticated_transport::AuthenticatedTransportConnect,
+    bench::output::GasRampPayloadFile,
+    valid_payload::{call_forkchoice_updated, call_new_payload},
+};
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use alloy_provider::{ext::EngineApi, network::AnyNetwork, Provider, RootProvider};
+use alloy_rpc_client::ClientBuilder;
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4, ForkchoiceState, JwtSecret};
+use clap::Parser;
+use eyre::Context;
+use reqwest::Url;
+use reth_cli_runner::CliContext;
+use reth_node_api::EngineApiMessageVersion;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use tracing::{debug, info};
+
+/// `reth bench replay-payloads` command
+///
+/// Replays pre-generated payloads from a directory by calling `newPayload` followed by
+/// `forkchoiceUpdated` for each payload in sequence.
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+pub struct Command {
+    /// The engine RPC URL (with JWT authentication).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "ENGINE_RPC_URL", default_value = "http://localhost:8551")]
+    engine_rpc_url: String,
+
+    /// Path to the JWT secret file for engine API authentication.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "JWT_SECRET")]
+    jwt_secret: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Directory containing payload files (`payload_block_N.json`).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "PAYLOAD_DIR")]
+    payload_dir: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Optional limit on the number of payloads to replay.
+    /// If not specified, replays all payloads in the directory.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "COUNT")]
+    count: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Skip the first N payloads.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "SKIP", default_value = "0")]
+    skip: usize,
+
+    /// Optional directory containing gas ramp payloads to replay first.
+    /// These are replayed before the main payloads to warm up the gas limit.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "GAS_RAMP_DIR")]
+    gas_ramp_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+/// A loaded payload ready for execution.
+struct LoadedPayload {
+    /// The index (from filename).
+    index: u64,
+    /// The payload envelope.
+    envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4,
+    /// The block hash.
+    block_hash: B256,
+}
+
+/// A gas ramp payload loaded from disk.
+struct GasRampPayload {
+    /// Block number from filename.
+    block_number: u64,
+    /// Engine API version for newPayload.
+    version: EngineApiMessageVersion,
+    /// The file contents.
+    file: GasRampPayloadFile,
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute the `replay-payloads` command.
+    pub async fn execute(self, _ctx: CliContext) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        info!(payload_dir = %self.payload_dir.display(), "Replaying payloads");
+
+        // Set up authenticated engine provider
+        let jwt =
+            std::fs::read_to_string(&self.jwt_secret).wrap_err("Failed to read JWT secret file")?;
+        let jwt = JwtSecret::from_hex(jwt.trim())?;
+        let auth_url = Url::parse(&self.engine_rpc_url)?;
+
+        info!("Connecting to Engine RPC at {}", auth_url);
+        let auth_transport = AuthenticatedTransportConnect::new(auth_url.clone(), jwt);
+        let auth_client = ClientBuilder::default().connect_with(auth_transport).await?;
+        let auth_provider = RootProvider::<AnyNetwork>::new(auth_client);
+
+        // Get parent block (latest canonical block) - we need this for the first FCU
+        let parent_block = auth_provider
+            .get_block_by_number(alloy_eips::BlockNumberOrTag::Latest)
+            .await?
+            .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Failed to fetch latest block"))?;
+
+        let initial_parent_hash = parent_block.header.hash;
+        let initial_parent_number = parent_block.header.number;
+
+        info!(
+            parent_hash = %initial_parent_hash,
+            parent_number = initial_parent_number,
+            "Using initial parent block"
+        );
+
+        // Load all payloads upfront to avoid I/O delays between phases
+        let gas_ramp_payloads = if let Some(ref gas_ramp_dir) = self.gas_ramp_dir {
+            let payloads = self.load_gas_ramp_payloads(gas_ramp_dir)?;
+            if payloads.is_empty() {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!("No gas ramp payload files found in {:?}", gas_ramp_dir));
+            }
+            info!(count = payloads.len(), "Loaded gas ramp payloads from disk");
+            payloads
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        };
+
+        let payloads = self.load_payloads()?;
+        if payloads.is_empty() {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("No payload files found in {:?}", self.payload_dir));
+        }
+        info!(count = payloads.len(), "Loaded main payloads from disk");
+
+        let mut parent_hash = initial_parent_hash;
+
+        // Replay gas ramp payloads first
+        for (i, payload) in gas_ramp_payloads.iter().enumerate() {
+            info!(
+                gas_ramp_payload = i + 1,
+                total = gas_ramp_payloads.len(),
+                block_number = payload.block_number,
+                block_hash = %payload.file.block_hash,
+                "Executing gas ramp payload (newPayload + FCU)"
+            );
+
+            call_new_payload(&auth_provider, payload.version, payload.file.params.clone()).await?;
+
+            let fcu_state = ForkchoiceState {
+                head_block_hash: payload.file.block_hash,
+                safe_block_hash: parent_hash,
+                finalized_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            };
+            call_forkchoice_updated(&auth_provider, payload.version, fcu_state, None).await?;
+
+            info!(gas_ramp_payload = i + 1, "Gas ramp payload executed successfully");
+            parent_hash = payload.file.block_hash;
+        }
+
+        if !gas_ramp_payloads.is_empty() {
+            info!(count = gas_ramp_payloads.len(), "All gas ramp payloads replayed");
+        }
+
+        for (i, payload) in payloads.iter().enumerate() {
+            info!(
+                payload = i + 1,
+                total = payloads.len(),
+                index = payload.index,
+                block_hash = %payload.block_hash,
+                "Executing payload (newPayload + FCU)"
+            );
+
+            self.execute_payload_v4(&auth_provider, &payload.envelope, parent_hash).await?;
+
+            info!(payload = i + 1, "Payload executed successfully");
+            parent_hash = payload.block_hash;
+        }
+
+        info!(count = payloads.len(), "All payloads replayed successfully");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Load and parse all payload files from the directory.
+    fn load_payloads(&self) -> eyre::Result<Vec<LoadedPayload>> {
+        let mut payloads = Vec::new();
+
+        // Read directory entries
+        let entries: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(&self.payload_dir)
+            .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to read directory {:?}", self.payload_dir))?
+            .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
+            .filter(|e| {
+                e.path().extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("json") &&
+                    e.file_name().to_string_lossy().starts_with("payload_block_")
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Parse filenames to get indices and sort
+        let mut indexed_paths: Vec<(u64, PathBuf)> = entries
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                let name = e.file_name();
+                let name_str = name.to_string_lossy();
+                // Extract index from "payload_NNN.json"
+                let index_str = name_str.strip_prefix("payload_block_")?.strip_suffix(".json")?;
+                let index: u64 = index_str.parse().ok()?;
+                Some((index, e.path()))
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        indexed_paths.sort_by_key(|(idx, _)| *idx);
+
+        // Apply skip and count
+        let indexed_paths: Vec<_> = indexed_paths.into_iter().skip(self.skip).collect();
+        let indexed_paths: Vec<_> = match self.count {
+            Some(count) => indexed_paths.into_iter().take(count).collect(),
+            None => indexed_paths,
+        };
+
+        // Load each payload
+        for (index, path) in indexed_paths {
+            let content = std::fs::read_to_string(&path)
+                .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to read {:?}", path))?;
+            let envelope: ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4 = serde_json::from_str(&content)
+                .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to parse {:?}", path))?;
+
+            let block_hash =
+                envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.payload_inner.payload_inner.block_hash;
+
+            info!(
+                index = index,
+                block_hash = %block_hash,
+                path = %path.display(),
+                "Loaded payload"
+            );
+
+            payloads.push(LoadedPayload { index, envelope, block_hash });
+        }
+
+        Ok(payloads)
+    }
+
+    /// Load and parse gas ramp payload files from a directory.
+    fn load_gas_ramp_payloads(&self, dir: &PathBuf) -> eyre::Result<Vec<GasRampPayload>> {
+        let mut payloads = Vec::new();
+
+        let entries: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(dir)
+            .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to read directory {:?}", dir))?
+            .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
+            .filter(|e| {
+                e.path().extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("json") &&
+                    e.file_name().to_string_lossy().starts_with("payload_block_")
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        // Parse filenames to get block numbers and sort
+        let mut indexed_paths: Vec<(u64, PathBuf)> = entries
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| {
+                let name = e.file_name();
+                let name_str = name.to_string_lossy();
+                // Extract block number from "payload_block_NNN.json"
+                let block_str = name_str.strip_prefix("payload_block_")?.strip_suffix(".json")?;
+                let block_number: u64 = block_str.parse().ok()?;
+                Some((block_number, e.path()))
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        indexed_paths.sort_by_key(|(num, _)| *num);
+
+        for (block_number, path) in indexed_paths {
+            let content = std::fs::read_to_string(&path)
+                .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to read {:?}", path))?;
+            let file: GasRampPayloadFile = serde_json::from_str(&content)
+                .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to parse {:?}", path))?;
+
+            let version = match file.version {
+                1 => EngineApiMessageVersion::V1,
+                2 => EngineApiMessageVersion::V2,
+                3 => EngineApiMessageVersion::V3,
+                4 => EngineApiMessageVersion::V4,
+                5 => EngineApiMessageVersion::V5,
+                v => return Err(eyre::eyre!("Invalid version {} in {:?}", v, path)),
+            };
+
+            info!(
+                block_number,
+                block_hash = %file.block_hash,
+                path = %path.display(),
+                "Loaded gas ramp payload"
+            );
+
+            payloads.push(GasRampPayload { block_number, version, file });
+        }
+
+        Ok(payloads)
+    }
+
+    async fn execute_payload_v4(
+        &self,
+        provider: &RootProvider<AnyNetwork>,
+        envelope: &ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4,
+        parent_hash: B256,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let block_hash =
+            envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.payload_inner.payload_inner.block_hash;
+
+        debug!(
+            method = "engine_newPayloadV4",
+            block_hash = %block_hash,
+            "Sending newPayload"
+        );
+
+        let status = provider
+            .new_payload_v4(
+                envelope.envelope_inner.execution_payload.clone(),
+                vec![],
+                B256::ZERO,
+                envelope.execution_requests.to_vec(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+        info!(?status, "newPayloadV4 response");
+
+        if !status.is_valid() {
+            return Err(eyre::eyre!("Payload rejected: {:?}", status));
+        }
+
+        let fcu_state = ForkchoiceState {
+            head_block_hash: block_hash,
+            safe_block_hash: parent_hash,
+            finalized_block_hash: parent_hash,
+        };
+
+        debug!(method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV3", ?fcu_state, "Sending forkchoiceUpdated");
+
+        let fcu_result = provider.fork_choice_updated_v3(fcu_state, None).await?;
+
+        info!(?fcu_result, "forkchoiceUpdatedV3 response");
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

bin/reth-bench/src/valid_payload.rs

@@ -3,15 +3,16 @@
 //! before sending additional calls.
 
 use alloy_eips::eip7685::Requests;
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use alloy_provider::{ext::EngineApi, network::AnyRpcBlock, Network, Provider};
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
-    ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadInputV2, ForkchoiceState, ForkchoiceUpdated,
-    PayloadAttributes, PayloadStatus,
+    ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadInputV2, ExecutionPayloadSidecar, ForkchoiceState,
+    ForkchoiceUpdated, PayloadAttributes, PayloadStatus,
 };
 use alloy_transport::TransportResult;
 use op_alloy_rpc_types_engine::OpExecutionPayloadV4;
 use reth_node_api::EngineApiMessageVersion;
-use tracing::error;
+use tracing::{debug, error};
 
 /// An extension trait for providers that implement the engine API, to wait for a VALID response.
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
@@ -52,6 +53,13 @@ where
         fork_choice_state: ForkchoiceState,
         payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
     ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
+        debug!(
+            method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV1",
+            ?fork_choice_state,
+            ?payload_attributes,
+            "Sending forkchoiceUpdated"
+        );
+
         let mut status =
             self.fork_choice_updated_v1(fork_choice_state, payload_attributes.clone()).await?;
 
@@ -82,6 +90,13 @@ where
         fork_choice_state: ForkchoiceState,
         payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
     ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
+        debug!(
+            method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV2",
+            ?fork_choice_state,
+            ?payload_attributes,
+            "Sending forkchoiceUpdated"
+        );
+
         let mut status =
             self.fork_choice_updated_v2(fork_choice_state, payload_attributes.clone()).await?;
 
@@ -112,6 +127,13 @@ where
         fork_choice_state: ForkchoiceState,
         payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
     ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
+        debug!(
+            method = "engine_forkchoiceUpdatedV3",
+            ?fork_choice_state,
+            ?payload_attributes,
+            "Sending forkchoiceUpdated"
+        );
+
         let mut status =
             self.fork_choice_updated_v3(fork_choice_state, payload_attributes.clone()).await?;
 
@@ -148,33 +170,47 @@ pub(crate) fn block_to_new_payload(
 
     // Convert to execution payload
     let (payload, sidecar) = ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow(&block);
+    payload_to_new_payload(payload, sidecar, is_optimism, block.withdrawals_root, None)
+}
 
+pub(crate) fn payload_to_new_payload(
+    payload: ExecutionPayload,
+    sidecar: ExecutionPayloadSidecar,
+    is_optimism: bool,
+    withdrawals_root: Option<B256>,
+    target_version: Option<EngineApiMessageVersion>,
+) -> eyre::Result<(EngineApiMessageVersion, serde_json::Value)> {
     let (version, params) = match payload {
         ExecutionPayload::V3(payload) => {
             let cancun = sidecar.cancun().unwrap();
 
             if let Some(prague) = sidecar.prague() {
+                // Use target version if provided (for Osaka), otherwise default to V4
+                let version = target_version.unwrap_or(EngineApiMessageVersion::V4);
+
                 if is_optimism {
+                    let withdrawals_root = withdrawals_root.ok_or_else(|| {
+                        eyre::eyre!("Missing withdrawals root for Optimism payload")
+                    })?;
                     (
-                        EngineApiMessageVersion::V4,
+                        version,
                         serde_json::to_value((
-                            OpExecutionPayloadV4 {
-                                payload_inner: payload,
-                                withdrawals_root: block.withdrawals_root.unwrap(),
-                            },
+                            OpExecutionPayloadV4 { payload_inner: payload, withdrawals_root },
                             cancun.versioned_hashes.clone(),
                             cancun.parent_beacon_block_root,
                             Requests::default(),
                         ))?,
                     )
                 } else {
+                    // Extract actual Requests from RequestsOrHash
+                    let requests = prague.requests.requests_hash();
                     (
-                        EngineApiMessageVersion::V4,
+                        version,
                         serde_json::to_value((
                             payload,
                             cancun.versioned_hashes.clone(),
                             cancun.parent_beacon_block_root,
-                            prague.requests.requests_hash(),
+                            requests,
                         ))?,
                     )
                 }
@@ -217,6 +253,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn call_new_payload<N: Network, P: Provider<N>>(
 ) -> TransportResult<()> {
     let method = version.method_name();
 
+    debug!(method, "Sending newPayload");
+
     let mut status: PayloadStatus = provider.client().request(method, &params).await?;
 
     while !status.is_valid() {
@@ -237,12 +275,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn call_new_payload<N: Network, P: Provider<N>>(
 /// Calls the correct `engine_forkchoiceUpdated` method depending on the given
 /// `EngineApiMessageVersion`, using the provided forkchoice state and payload attributes for the
 /// actual engine api message call.
+///
+/// Note: For Prague (V4), we still use forkchoiceUpdatedV3 as there is no V4.
 pub(crate) async fn call_forkchoice_updated<N, P: EngineApiValidWaitExt<N>>(
     provider: P,
     message_version: EngineApiMessageVersion,
     forkchoice_state: ForkchoiceState,
     payload_attributes: Option<PayloadAttributes>,
 ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
+    // FCU V3 is used for both Cancun and Prague (there is no FCU V4)
     match message_version {
         EngineApiMessageVersion::V3 | EngineApiMessageVersion::V4 | EngineApiMessageVersion::V5 => {
             provider.fork_choice_updated_v3_wait(forkchoice_state, payload_attributes).await

bin/reth/Cargo.toml

@@ -81,12 +81,16 @@ backon.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true
 
 [features]
-default = ["jemalloc", "otlp", "reth-revm/portable", "js-tracer", "keccak-cache-global", "asm-keccak"]
+default = ["jemalloc", "otlp", "otlp-logs", "reth-revm/portable", "js-tracer", "keccak-cache-global", "asm-keccak"]
 
 otlp = [
     "reth-ethereum-cli/otlp",
     "reth-node-core/otlp",
 ]
+otlp-logs = [
+    "reth-ethereum-cli/otlp-logs",
+    "reth-node-core/otlp-logs",
+]
 js-tracer = [
     "reth-node-builder/js-tracer",
     "reth-node-ethereum/js-tracer",

crates/chain-state/Cargo.toml

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ derive_more.workspace = true
 metrics.workspace = true
 parking_lot.workspace = true
 pin-project.workspace = true
+rayon = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
 # optional deps for test-utils
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ test-utils = [
     "reth-trie/test-utils",
     "reth-ethereum-primitives/test-utils",
 ]
+rayon = ["dep:rayon"]
 
 [[bench]]
 name = "canonical_hashes_range"

crates/chain-state/src/deferred_trie.rs

@@ -163,14 +163,29 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
         anchor_hash: B256,
         ancestors: &[Self],
     ) -> ComputedTrieData {
-        let sorted_hashed_state = match Arc::try_unwrap(hashed_state) {
-            Ok(state) => state.into_sorted(),
-            Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
-        };
-        let sorted_trie_updates = match Arc::try_unwrap(trie_updates) {
-            Ok(updates) => updates.into_sorted(),
-            Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
-        };
+        #[cfg(feature = "rayon")]
+        let (sorted_hashed_state, sorted_trie_updates) = rayon::join(
+            || match Arc::try_unwrap(hashed_state) {
+                Ok(state) => state.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+            || match Arc::try_unwrap(trie_updates) {
+                Ok(updates) => updates.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "rayon"))]
+        let (sorted_hashed_state, sorted_trie_updates) = (
+            match Arc::try_unwrap(hashed_state) {
+                Ok(state) => state.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+            match Arc::try_unwrap(trie_updates) {
+                Ok(updates) => updates.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+        );
 
         // Reuse parent's overlay if available and anchors match.
         // We can only reuse the parent's overlay if it was built on top of the same
@@ -192,10 +207,10 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
                     );
                     // Only trigger COW clone if there's actually data to add.
                     if !sorted_hashed_state.is_empty() {
-                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
+                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref_and_sort(&sorted_hashed_state);
                     }
                     if !sorted_trie_updates.is_empty() {
-                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.nodes).extend_ref(&sorted_trie_updates);
+                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.nodes).extend_ref_and_sort(&sorted_trie_updates);
                     }
                     overlay
                 }
@@ -228,8 +243,53 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
     /// In normal operation, the parent always has a cached overlay and this
     /// function is never called.
     ///
-    /// Iterates ancestors oldest -> newest, then extends with current block's data,
-    /// so later state takes precedence.
+    /// When the `rayon` feature is enabled, uses parallel collection and merge:
+    /// 1. Collects ancestor data in parallel (each `wait_cloned()` may compute)
+    /// 2. Merges hashed state and trie updates in parallel with each other
+    /// 3. Uses tree reduction within each merge for O(log n) depth
+    #[cfg(feature = "rayon")]
+    fn merge_ancestors_into_overlay(
+        ancestors: &[Self],
+        sorted_hashed_state: &HashedPostStateSorted,
+        sorted_trie_updates: &TrieUpdatesSorted,
+    ) -> TrieInputSorted {
+        // Early exit: no ancestors means just wrap current block's data
+        if ancestors.is_empty() {
+            return TrieInputSorted::new(
+                Arc::new(sorted_trie_updates.clone()),
+                Arc::new(sorted_hashed_state.clone()),
+                Default::default(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Collect ancestor data, unzipping states and updates into Arc slices
+        let (states, updates): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = ancestors
+            .iter()
+            .map(|a| {
+                let data = a.wait_cloned();
+                (data.hashed_state, data.trie_updates)
+            })
+            .unzip();
+
+        // Merge state and nodes in parallel with each other using tree reduction
+        let (state, nodes) = rayon::join(
+            || {
+                let mut merged = HashedPostStateSorted::merge_parallel(&states);
+                merged.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_hashed_state);
+                merged
+            },
+            || {
+                let mut merged = TrieUpdatesSorted::merge_parallel(&updates);
+                merged.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_trie_updates);
+                merged
+            },
+        );
+
+        TrieInputSorted::new(Arc::new(nodes), Arc::new(state), Default::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Merge all ancestors and current block's data into a single overlay (sequential fallback).
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "rayon"))]
     fn merge_ancestors_into_overlay(
         ancestors: &[Self],
         sorted_hashed_state: &HashedPostStateSorted,
@@ -242,13 +302,13 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
 
         for ancestor in ancestors {
             let ancestor_data = ancestor.wait_cloned();
-            state_mut.extend_ref(ancestor_data.hashed_state.as_ref());
-            nodes_mut.extend_ref(ancestor_data.trie_updates.as_ref());
+            state_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(ancestor_data.hashed_state.as_ref());
+            nodes_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(ancestor_data.trie_updates.as_ref());
         }
 
         // Extend with current block's sorted data last (takes precedence)
-        state_mut.extend_ref(sorted_hashed_state);
-        nodes_mut.extend_ref(sorted_trie_updates);
+        state_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_hashed_state);
+        nodes_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_trie_updates);
 
         overlay
     }
@@ -287,6 +347,11 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
                     &inputs.ancestors,
                 );
                 *state = DeferredState::Ready(computed.clone());
+
+                // Release lock before inputs (and its ancestors) drop to avoid holding it
+                // while their potential last Arc refs drop (which could trigger recursive locking)
+                drop(state);
+
                 computed
             }
         }
@@ -516,7 +581,7 @@ mod tests {
         let hashed_state = Arc::new(HashedPostStateSorted::new(accounts, B256Map::default()));
         let trie_updates = Arc::default();
         let mut overlay = TrieInputSorted::default();
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref(hashed_state.as_ref());
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref_and_sort(hashed_state.as_ref());
 
         DeferredTrieData::ready(ComputedTrieData {
             hashed_state,

crates/chain-state/src/in_memory.rs

@@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ use alloy_primitives::{map::HashMap, BlockNumber, TxHash, B256};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use reth_chainspec::ChainInfo;
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives;
-use reth_execution_types::{Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
+use reth_execution_types::{BlockExecutionOutput, BlockExecutionResult, Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
 use reth_metrics::{metrics::Gauge, Metrics};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
     BlockBody as _, IndexedTx, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader,
     SignedTransaction,
 };
 use reth_storage_api::StateProviderBox;
-use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted, TrieInputSorted};
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, ops::Deref, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted, LazyTrieData, TrieInputSorted};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
 use tokio::sync::{broadcast, watch};
 
 /// Size of the broadcast channel used to notify canonical state events.
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
     }
 
     /// Returns the `Receipts` of executed block that determines the state.
-    pub fn receipts(&self) -> &Vec<Vec<N::Receipt>> {
+    pub fn receipts(&self) -> &Vec<N::Receipt> {
         &self.block.execution_outcome().receipts
     }
 
@@ -659,15 +659,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
     ///
     /// This clones the vector of receipts. To avoid it, use [`Self::executed_block_receipts_ref`].
     pub fn executed_block_receipts(&self) -> Vec<N::Receipt> {
-        let receipts = self.receipts();
-
-        debug_assert!(
-            receipts.len() <= 1,
-            "Expected at most one block's worth of receipts, found {}",
-            receipts.len()
-        );
-
-        receipts.first().cloned().unwrap_or_default()
+        self.receipts().clone()
     }
 
     /// Returns a slice of `Receipt` of executed block that determines the state.
@@ -675,15 +667,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
     /// has only one element corresponding to the executed block associated to
     /// the state.
     pub fn executed_block_receipts_ref(&self) -> &[N::Receipt] {
-        let receipts = self.receipts();
-
-        debug_assert!(
-            receipts.len() <= 1,
-            "Expected at most one block's worth of receipts, found {}",
-            receipts.len()
-        );
-
-        receipts.first().map(|receipts| receipts.deref()).unwrap_or_default()
+        self.receipts()
     }
 
     /// Returns an iterator over __parent__ `BlockStates`.
@@ -767,7 +751,7 @@ pub struct ExecutedBlock<N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
     /// Recovered Block
     pub recovered_block: Arc<RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
     /// Block's execution outcome.
-    pub execution_output: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+    pub execution_output: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
     /// Deferred trie data produced by execution.
     ///
     /// This allows deferring the computation of the trie data which can be expensive.
@@ -779,7 +763,15 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Default for ExecutedBlock<N> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             recovered_block: Default::default(),
-            execution_output: Default::default(),
+            execution_output: Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput {
+                result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                    receipts: Default::default(),
+                    requests: Default::default(),
+                    gas_used: 0,
+                    blob_gas_used: 0,
+                },
+                state: Default::default(),
+            }),
             trie_data: DeferredTrieData::ready(ComputedTrieData::default()),
         }
     }
@@ -800,7 +792,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> ExecutedBlock<N> {
     /// payload builders). This is the safe default path.
     pub fn new(
         recovered_block: Arc<RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
-        execution_output: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+        execution_output: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
         trie_data: ComputedTrieData,
     ) -> Self {
         Self { recovered_block, execution_output, trie_data: DeferredTrieData::ready(trie_data) }
@@ -822,7 +814,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> ExecutedBlock<N> {
     /// Use [`Self::new()`] instead when trie data is already computed and available immediately.
     pub const fn with_deferred_trie_data(
         recovered_block: Arc<RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
-        execution_output: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+        execution_output: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
         trie_data: DeferredTrieData,
     ) -> Self {
         Self { recovered_block, execution_output, trie_data }
@@ -842,7 +834,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> ExecutedBlock<N> {
 
     /// Returns a reference to the block's execution outcome
     #[inline]
-    pub fn execution_outcome(&self) -> &ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt> {
+    pub fn execution_outcome(&self) -> &BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt> {
         &self.execution_output
     }
 
@@ -942,37 +934,39 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives<SignedTx: SignedTransaction>> NewCanonicalChain<N> {
     pub fn to_chain_notification(&self) -> CanonStateNotification<N> {
         match self {
             Self::Commit { new } => {
-                let new = Arc::new(new.iter().fold(Chain::default(), |mut chain, exec| {
-                    chain.append_block(
-                        exec.recovered_block().clone(),
-                        exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
-                        exec.trie_updates(),
-                        exec.hashed_state(),
-                    );
-                    chain
-                }));
-                CanonStateNotification::Commit { new }
+                CanonStateNotification::Commit { new: Arc::new(Self::blocks_to_chain(new)) }
             }
-            Self::Reorg { new, old } => {
-                let new = Arc::new(new.iter().fold(Chain::default(), |mut chain, exec| {
+            Self::Reorg { new, old } => CanonStateNotification::Reorg {
+                new: Arc::new(Self::blocks_to_chain(new)),
+                old: Arc::new(Self::blocks_to_chain(old)),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts a slice of executed blocks into a [`Chain`].
+    fn blocks_to_chain(blocks: &[ExecutedBlock<N>]) -> Chain<N> {
+        match blocks {
+            [] => Chain::default(),
+            [first, rest @ ..] => {
+                let mut chain = Chain::from_block(
+                    first.recovered_block().clone(),
+                    ExecutionOutcome::from((
+                        first.execution_outcome().clone(),
+                        first.block_number(),
+                    )),
+                    LazyTrieData::ready(first.hashed_state(), first.trie_updates()),
+                );
+                for exec in rest {
                     chain.append_block(
                         exec.recovered_block().clone(),
-                        exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
-                        exec.trie_updates(),
-                        exec.hashed_state(),
+                        ExecutionOutcome::from((
+                            exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
+                            exec.block_number(),
+                        )),
+                        LazyTrieData::ready(exec.hashed_state(), exec.trie_updates()),
                     );
-                    chain
-                }));
-                let old = Arc::new(old.iter().fold(Chain::default(), |mut chain, exec| {
-                    chain.append_block(
-                        exec.recovered_block().clone(),
-                        exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
-                        exec.trie_updates(),
-                        exec.hashed_state(),
-                    );
-                    chain
-                }));
-                CanonStateNotification::Reorg { new, old }
+                }
+                chain
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1266,7 +1260,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let state = BlockState::new(block);
 
-        assert_eq!(state.receipts(), &receipts);
+        assert_eq!(state.receipts(), receipts.first().unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1543,33 +1537,31 @@ mod tests {
         let block2a =
             test_block_builder.get_executed_block_with_number(2, block1.recovered_block.hash());
 
-        let sample_execution_outcome = ExecutionOutcome {
-            receipts: vec![vec![], vec![]],
-            requests: vec![Requests::default(), Requests::default()],
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-
         // Test commit notification
         let chain_commit = NewCanonicalChain::Commit { new: vec![block0.clone(), block1.clone()] };
 
-        // Build expected trie updates map
-        let mut expected_trie_updates = BTreeMap::new();
-        expected_trie_updates.insert(0, block0.trie_updates());
-        expected_trie_updates.insert(1, block1.trie_updates());
+        // Build expected trie data map
+        let mut expected_trie_data = BTreeMap::new();
+        expected_trie_data
+            .insert(0, LazyTrieData::ready(block0.hashed_state(), block0.trie_updates()));
+        expected_trie_data
+            .insert(1, LazyTrieData::ready(block1.hashed_state(), block1.trie_updates()));
 
-        // Build expected hashed state map
-        let mut expected_hashed_state = BTreeMap::new();
-        expected_hashed_state.insert(0, block0.hashed_state());
-        expected_hashed_state.insert(1, block1.hashed_state());
+        // Build expected execution outcome (first_block matches first block number)
+        let commit_execution_outcome = ExecutionOutcome {
+            receipts: vec![vec![], vec![]],
+            requests: vec![Requests::default(), Requests::default()],
+            first_block: 0,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
 
         assert_eq!(
             chain_commit.to_chain_notification(),
             CanonStateNotification::Commit {
                 new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                     vec![block0.recovered_block().clone(), block1.recovered_block().clone()],
-                    sample_execution_outcome.clone(),
-                    expected_trie_updates,
-                    expected_hashed_state
+                    commit_execution_outcome,
+                    expected_trie_data,
                 ))
             }
         );
@@ -1580,40 +1572,39 @@ mod tests {
             old: vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
         };
 
-        // Build expected trie updates for old chain
-        let mut old_trie_updates = BTreeMap::new();
-        old_trie_updates.insert(1, block1.trie_updates());
-        old_trie_updates.insert(2, block2.trie_updates());
+        // Build expected trie data for old chain
+        let mut old_trie_data = BTreeMap::new();
+        old_trie_data.insert(1, LazyTrieData::ready(block1.hashed_state(), block1.trie_updates()));
+        old_trie_data.insert(2, LazyTrieData::ready(block2.hashed_state(), block2.trie_updates()));
 
-        // Build expected trie updates for new chain
-        let mut new_trie_updates = BTreeMap::new();
-        new_trie_updates.insert(1, block1a.trie_updates());
-        new_trie_updates.insert(2, block2a.trie_updates());
+        // Build expected trie data for new chain
+        let mut new_trie_data = BTreeMap::new();
+        new_trie_data
+            .insert(1, LazyTrieData::ready(block1a.hashed_state(), block1a.trie_updates()));
+        new_trie_data
+            .insert(2, LazyTrieData::ready(block2a.hashed_state(), block2a.trie_updates()));
 
-        // Build expected hashed state for old chain
-        let mut old_hashed_state = BTreeMap::new();
-        old_hashed_state.insert(1, block1.hashed_state());
-        old_hashed_state.insert(2, block2.hashed_state());
-
-        // Build expected hashed state for new chain
-        let mut new_hashed_state = BTreeMap::new();
-        new_hashed_state.insert(1, block1a.hashed_state());
-        new_hashed_state.insert(2, block2a.hashed_state());
+        // Build expected execution outcome for reorg chains (first_block matches first block
+        // number)
+        let reorg_execution_outcome = ExecutionOutcome {
+            receipts: vec![vec![], vec![]],
+            requests: vec![Requests::default(), Requests::default()],
+            first_block: 1,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
 
         assert_eq!(
             chain_reorg.to_chain_notification(),
             CanonStateNotification::Reorg {
                 old: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                     vec![block1.recovered_block().clone(), block2.recovered_block().clone()],
-                    sample_execution_outcome.clone(),
-                    old_trie_updates,
-                    old_hashed_state
+                    reorg_execution_outcome.clone(),
+                    old_trie_data,
                 )),
                 new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                     vec![block1a.recovered_block().clone(), block2a.recovered_block().clone()],
-                    sample_execution_outcome,
-                    new_trie_updates,
-                    new_hashed_state
+                    reorg_execution_outcome,
+                    new_trie_data,
                 ))
             }
         );

crates/chain-state/src/lazy_overlay.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+//! Lazy overlay computation for trie input.
+//!
+//! This module provides [`LazyOverlay`], a type that computes the [`TrieInputSorted`]
+//! lazily on first access. This allows execution to start before the trie overlay
+//! is fully computed.
+
+use crate::DeferredTrieData;
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted, TrieInputSorted};
+use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
+use tracing::{debug, trace};
+
+/// Inputs captured for lazy overlay computation.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct LazyOverlayInputs {
+    /// The persisted ancestor hash (anchor) this overlay should be built on.
+    anchor_hash: B256,
+    /// Deferred trie data handles for all in-memory blocks (newest to oldest).
+    blocks: Vec<DeferredTrieData>,
+}
+
+/// Lazily computed trie overlay.
+///
+/// Captures the inputs needed to compute a [`TrieInputSorted`] and defers the actual
+/// computation until first access. This is conceptually similar to [`DeferredTrieData`]
+/// but for overlay computation.
+///
+/// # Fast Path vs Slow Path
+///
+/// - **Fast path**: If the tip block's cached `anchored_trie_input` is ready and its `anchor_hash`
+///   matches our expected anchor, we can reuse it directly (O(1)).
+/// - **Slow path**: Otherwise, we merge all ancestor blocks' trie data into a new overlay.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct LazyOverlay {
+    /// Computed result, cached after first access.
+    inner: Arc<OnceLock<TrieInputSorted>>,
+    /// Inputs for lazy computation.
+    inputs: LazyOverlayInputs,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for LazyOverlay {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("LazyOverlay")
+            .field("anchor_hash", &self.inputs.anchor_hash)
+            .field("num_blocks", &self.inputs.blocks.len())
+            .field("computed", &self.inner.get().is_some())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl LazyOverlay {
+    /// Create a new lazy overlay with the given anchor hash and block handles.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `anchor_hash` - The persisted ancestor hash this overlay is built on top of
+    /// * `blocks` - Deferred trie data handles for in-memory blocks (newest to oldest)
+    pub fn new(anchor_hash: B256, blocks: Vec<DeferredTrieData>) -> Self {
+        Self { inner: Arc::new(OnceLock::new()), inputs: LazyOverlayInputs { anchor_hash, blocks } }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the anchor hash this overlay is built on.
+    pub const fn anchor_hash(&self) -> B256 {
+        self.inputs.anchor_hash
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of in-memory blocks this overlay covers.
+    pub const fn num_blocks(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inputs.blocks.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the overlay has already been computed.
+    pub fn is_computed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.get().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the computed trie input, computing it if necessary.
+    ///
+    /// The first call triggers computation (which may block waiting for deferred data).
+    /// Subsequent calls return the cached result immediately.
+    pub fn get(&self) -> &TrieInputSorted {
+        self.inner.get_or_init(|| self.compute())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the overlay as (nodes, state) tuple for use with `OverlayStateProviderFactory`.
+    pub fn as_overlay(&self) -> (Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>) {
+        let input = self.get();
+        (Arc::clone(&input.nodes), Arc::clone(&input.state))
+    }
+
+    /// Compute the trie input overlay.
+    fn compute(&self) -> TrieInputSorted {
+        let anchor_hash = self.inputs.anchor_hash;
+        let blocks = &self.inputs.blocks;
+
+        if blocks.is_empty() {
+            debug!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", "No in-memory blocks, returning empty overlay");
+            return TrieInputSorted::default();
+        }
+
+        // Fast path: Check if tip block's overlay is ready and anchor matches.
+        // The tip block (first in list) has the cumulative overlay from all ancestors.
+        if let Some(tip) = blocks.first() {
+            let data = tip.wait_cloned();
+            if let Some(anchored) = &data.anchored_trie_input {
+                if anchored.anchor_hash == anchor_hash {
+                    trace!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", %anchor_hash, "Reusing tip block's cached overlay (fast path)");
+                    return (*anchored.trie_input).clone();
+                }
+                debug!(
+                    target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay",
+                    computed_anchor = %anchored.anchor_hash,
+                    %anchor_hash,
+                    "Anchor mismatch, falling back to merge"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Slow path: Merge all blocks' trie data into a new overlay.
+        debug!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", num_blocks = blocks.len(), "Merging blocks (slow path)");
+        Self::merge_blocks(blocks)
+    }
+
+    /// Merge all blocks' trie data into a single [`TrieInputSorted`].
+    ///
+    /// Blocks are ordered newest to oldest.
+    fn merge_blocks(blocks: &[DeferredTrieData]) -> TrieInputSorted {
+        if blocks.is_empty() {
+            return TrieInputSorted::default();
+        }
+
+        let state =
+            HashedPostStateSorted::merge_batch(blocks.iter().map(|b| b.wait_cloned().hashed_state));
+        let nodes =
+            TrieUpdatesSorted::merge_batch(blocks.iter().map(|b| b.wait_cloned().trie_updates));
+
+        TrieInputSorted { state, nodes, prefix_sets: Default::default() }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState};
+
+    fn empty_deferred(anchor: B256) -> DeferredTrieData {
+        DeferredTrieData::pending(
+            Arc::new(HashedPostState::default()),
+            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+            anchor,
+            Vec::new(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_blocks_returns_default() {
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(B256::ZERO, vec![]);
+        let result = overlay.get();
+        assert!(result.state.is_empty());
+        assert!(result.nodes.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn single_block_uses_data_directly() {
+        let anchor = B256::random();
+        let deferred = empty_deferred(anchor);
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(anchor, vec![deferred]);
+
+        assert!(!overlay.is_computed());
+        let _ = overlay.get();
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cached_after_first_access() {
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(B256::ZERO, vec![]);
+
+        // First access computes
+        let _ = overlay.get();
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+
+        // Second access uses cache
+        let _ = overlay.get();
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+    }
+}

crates/chain-state/src/lib.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ pub use in_memory::*;
 mod deferred_trie;
 pub use deferred_trie::*;
 
+mod lazy_overlay;
+pub use lazy_overlay::*;
+
 mod noop;
 
 mod chain_info;

crates/chain-state/src/notifications.rs

@@ -280,7 +280,6 @@ mod tests {
             vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
             ExecutionOutcome::default(),
             BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
         ));
 
         // Create a commit notification
@@ -319,13 +318,11 @@ mod tests {
             vec![block1.clone()],
             ExecutionOutcome::default(),
             BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
         ));
         let new_chain = Arc::new(Chain::new(
             vec![block2.clone(), block3.clone()],
             ExecutionOutcome::default(),
             BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
         ));
 
         // Create a reorg notification
@@ -391,7 +388,6 @@ mod tests {
             vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
             execution_outcome,
             BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
         ));
 
         // Create a commit notification containing the new chain segment.
@@ -449,12 +445,8 @@ mod tests {
             ExecutionOutcome { receipts: old_receipts, ..Default::default() };
 
         // Create an old chain segment to be reverted, containing `old_block1`.
-        let old_chain: Arc<Chain> = Arc::new(Chain::new(
-            vec![old_block1.clone()],
-            old_execution_outcome,
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        ));
+        let old_chain: Arc<Chain> =
+            Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![old_block1.clone()], old_execution_outcome, BTreeMap::new()));
 
         // Define block2 for the new chain segment, which will be committed.
         let mut body = BlockBody::<TransactionSigned>::default();
@@ -482,12 +474,8 @@ mod tests {
             ExecutionOutcome { receipts: new_receipts, ..Default::default() };
 
         // Create a new chain segment to be committed, containing `new_block1`.
-        let new_chain = Arc::new(Chain::new(
-            vec![new_block1.clone()],
-            new_execution_outcome,
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        ));
+        let new_chain =
+            Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![new_block1.clone()], new_execution_outcome, BTreeMap::new()));
 
         // Create a reorg notification with both reverted (old) and committed (new) chain segments.
         let notification = CanonStateNotification::Reorg { old: old_chain, new: new_chain };

crates/chain-state/src/test_utils.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,7 @@ use crate::{
     CanonStateSubscriptions, ComputedTrieData,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::{Header, SignableTransaction, TxEip1559, TxReceipt, EMPTY_ROOT_HASH};
-use alloy_eips::{
-    eip1559::{ETHEREUM_BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT_30M, INITIAL_BASE_FEE},
-    eip7685::Requests,
-};
+use alloy_eips::eip1559::{ETHEREUM_BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT_30M, INITIAL_BASE_FEE};
 use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockNumber, B256, U256};
 use alloy_signer::SignerSync;
 use alloy_signer_local::PrivateKeySigner;
@@ -16,7 +13,7 @@ use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpec, EthereumHardfork, MIN_TRANSACTION_GAS};
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{
     Block, BlockBody, EthPrimitives, Receipt, Transaction, TransactionSigned,
 };
-use reth_execution_types::{Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
+use reth_execution_types::{BlockExecutionOutput, BlockExecutionResult, Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
     proofs::{calculate_receipt_root, calculate_transaction_root, calculate_withdrawals_root},
     Account, NodePrimitives, Recovered, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader,
@@ -201,7 +198,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TestBlockBuilder<N> {
     fn get_executed_block(
         &mut self,
         block_number: BlockNumber,
-        receipts: Vec<Vec<Receipt>>,
+        mut receipts: Vec<Vec<Receipt>>,
         parent_hash: B256,
     ) -> ExecutedBlock {
         let block = self.generate_random_block(block_number, parent_hash);
@@ -209,12 +206,15 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TestBlockBuilder<N> {
         let trie_data = ComputedTrieData::default();
         ExecutedBlock::new(
             Arc::new(RecoveredBlock::new_sealed(block, senders)),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::new(
-                BundleState::default(),
-                receipts,
-                block_number,
-                vec![Requests::default()],
-            )),
+            Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput {
+                result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                    receipts: receipts.pop().unwrap_or_default(),
+                    requests: Default::default(),
+                    gas_used: 0,
+                    blob_gas_used: 0,
+                },
+                state: BundleState::default(),
+            }),
             trie_data,
         )
     }

crates/chainspec/src/spec.rs

@@ -278,6 +278,7 @@ pub fn create_chain_config(
     // Check if DAO fork is supported (it has an activation block)
     let dao_fork_support = hardforks.fork(EthereumHardfork::Dao) != ForkCondition::Never;
 
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_update)]
     ChainConfig {
         chain_id: chain.map(|c| c.id()).unwrap_or(0),
         homestead_block: block_num(EthereumHardfork::Homestead),
@@ -313,6 +314,7 @@ pub fn create_chain_config(
         extra_fields: Default::default(),
         deposit_contract_address,
         blob_schedule,
+        ..Default::default()
     }
 }
 
@@ -460,6 +462,18 @@ impl ChainSpec {
     pub fn builder() -> ChainSpecBuilder {
         ChainSpecBuilder::default()
     }
+
+    /// Map a chain ID to a known chain spec, if available.
+    pub fn from_chain_id(chain_id: u64) -> Option<Arc<Self>> {
+        match NamedChain::try_from(chain_id).ok()? {
+            NamedChain::Mainnet => Some(MAINNET.clone()),
+            NamedChain::Sepolia => Some(SEPOLIA.clone()),
+            NamedChain::Holesky => Some(HOLESKY.clone()),
+            NamedChain::Hoodi => Some(HOODI.clone()),
+            NamedChain::Dev => Some(DEV.clone()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<H: BlockHeader> ChainSpec<H> {

crates/cli/commands/Cargo.toml

@@ -131,4 +131,4 @@ arbitrary = [
     "reth-ethereum-primitives/arbitrary",
 ]
 
-edge = ["reth-db-common/edge", "reth-stages/rocksdb"]
+edge = ["reth-db-common/edge", "reth-stages/rocksdb", "reth-provider/rocksdb"]

crates/cli/commands/src/common.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use reth_node_builder::{
     Node, NodeComponents, NodeComponentsBuilder, NodeTypes, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter,
 };
 use reth_node_core::{
-    args::{DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs, StaticFilesArgs},
+    args::{DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs, RocksDbArgs, StaticFilesArgs},
     dirs::{ChainPath, DataDirPath},
 };
 use reth_provider::{
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use reth_provider::{
         BlockchainProvider, NodeTypesForProvider, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider,
         StaticFileProviderBuilder,
     },
-    ProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory,
+    ProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory, StorageSettings,
 };
 use reth_stages::{sets::DefaultStages, Pipeline, PipelineTarget};
 use reth_static_file::StaticFileProducer;
@@ -66,9 +66,24 @@ pub struct EnvironmentArgs<C: ChainSpecParser> {
     /// All static files related arguments
     #[command(flatten)]
     pub static_files: StaticFilesArgs,
+
+    /// All `RocksDB` related arguments
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub rocksdb: RocksDbArgs,
 }
 
 impl<C: ChainSpecParser> EnvironmentArgs<C> {
+    /// Returns the effective storage settings derived from static-file and `RocksDB` CLI args.
+    pub fn storage_settings(&self) -> StorageSettings {
+        StorageSettings::base()
+            .with_receipts_in_static_files(self.static_files.receipts)
+            .with_transaction_senders_in_static_files(self.static_files.transaction_senders)
+            .with_account_changesets_in_static_files(self.static_files.account_changesets)
+            .with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.tx_hash)
+            .with_storages_history_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.storages_history)
+            .with_account_history_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.account_history)
+    }
+
     /// Initializes environment according to [`AccessRights`] and returns an instance of
     /// [`Environment`].
     pub fn init<N: CliNodeTypes>(&self, access: AccessRights) -> eyre::Result<Environment<N>>
@@ -121,17 +136,17 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> EnvironmentArgs<C> {
                 })
             }
         };
-        // TransactionDB only support read-write mode
         let rocksdb_provider = RocksDBProvider::builder(data_dir.rocksdb())
             .with_default_tables()
             .with_database_log_level(self.db.log_level)
+            .with_read_only(!access.is_read_write())
             .build()?;
 
         let provider_factory =
             self.create_provider_factory(&config, db, sfp, rocksdb_provider, access)?;
         if access.is_read_write() {
             debug!(target: "reth::cli", chain=%self.chain.chain(), genesis=?self.chain.genesis_hash(), "Initializing genesis");
-            init_genesis_with_settings(&provider_factory, self.static_files.to_settings())?;
+            init_genesis_with_settings(&provider_factory, self.storage_settings())?;
         }
 
         Ok(Environment { config, provider_factory, data_dir })

crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum.rs

@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    common::CliNodeTypes,
-    db::get::{maybe_json_value_parser, table_key},
-};
-use alloy_primitives::map::foldhash::fast::FixedState;
-use clap::Parser;
-use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
-use reth_db::DatabaseEnv;
-use reth_db_api::{
-    cursor::DbCursorRO, table::Table, transaction::DbTx, RawKey, RawTable, RawValue, TableViewer,
-    Tables,
-};
-use reth_db_common::DbTool;
-use reth_node_builder::{NodeTypesWithDB, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter};
-use reth_provider::{providers::ProviderNodeTypes, DBProvider};
-use std::{
-    hash::{BuildHasher, Hasher},
-    sync::Arc,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-use tracing::{info, warn};
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-/// The arguments for the `reth db checksum` command
-pub struct Command {
-    /// The table name
-    table: Tables,
-
-    /// The start of the range to checksum.
-    #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
-    start_key: Option<String>,
-
-    /// The end of the range to checksum.
-    #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
-    end_key: Option<String>,
-
-    /// The maximum number of records that are queried and used to compute the
-    /// checksum.
-    #[arg(long)]
-    limit: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-impl Command {
-    /// Execute `db checksum` command
-    pub fn execute<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
-        self,
-        tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
-    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
-        warn!("This command should be run without the node running!");
-        self.table.view(&ChecksumViewer {
-            tool,
-            start_key: self.start_key,
-            end_key: self.end_key,
-            limit: self.limit,
-        })?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct ChecksumViewer<'a, N: NodeTypesWithDB> {
-    tool: &'a DbTool<N>,
-    start_key: Option<String>,
-    end_key: Option<String>,
-    limit: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-impl<N: NodeTypesWithDB> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
-    pub(crate) const fn new(tool: &'_ DbTool<N>) -> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
-        ChecksumViewer { tool, start_key: None, end_key: None, limit: None }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> TableViewer<(u64, Duration)> for ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
-    type Error = eyre::Report;
-
-    fn view<T: Table>(&self) -> Result<(u64, Duration), Self::Error> {
-        let provider =
-            self.tool.provider_factory.provider()?.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
-        let tx = provider.tx_ref();
-        info!(
-            "Start computing checksum, start={:?}, end={:?}, limit={:?}",
-            self.start_key, self.end_key, self.limit
-        );
-
-        let mut cursor = tx.cursor_read::<RawTable<T>>()?;
-        let walker = match (self.start_key.as_deref(), self.end_key.as_deref()) {
-            (Some(start), Some(end)) => {
-                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
-                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
-                cursor.walk_range(start_key..=end_key)?
-            }
-            (None, Some(end)) => {
-                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
-
-                cursor.walk_range(..=end_key)?
-            }
-            (Some(start), None) => {
-                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
-                cursor.walk_range(start_key..)?
-            }
-            (None, None) => cursor.walk_range(..)?,
-        };
-
-        let start_time = Instant::now();
-        let mut hasher = FixedState::with_seed(u64::from_be_bytes(*b"RETHRETH")).build_hasher();
-        let mut total = 0;
-
-        let limit = self.limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-        let mut enumerate_start_key = None;
-        let mut enumerate_end_key = None;
-        for (index, entry) in walker.enumerate() {
-            let (k, v): (RawKey<T::Key>, RawValue<T::Value>) = entry?;
-
-            if index.is_multiple_of(100_000) {
-                info!("Hashed {index} entries.");
-            }
-
-            hasher.write(k.raw_key());
-            hasher.write(v.raw_value());
-
-            if enumerate_start_key.is_none() {
-                enumerate_start_key = Some(k.clone());
-            }
-            enumerate_end_key = Some(k);
-
-            total = index + 1;
-            if total >= limit {
-                break
-            }
-        }
-
-        info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
-        if let (Some(s), Some(e)) = (enumerate_start_key, enumerate_end_key) {
-            info!("start-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&s.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
-            info!("end-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&e.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
-        }
-
-        let checksum = hasher.finish();
-        let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
-
-        info!("Checksum for table `{}`: {:#x} (elapsed: {:?})", T::NAME, checksum, elapsed);
-
-        Ok((checksum, elapsed))
-    }
-}

crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+use crate::{
+    common::CliNodeTypes,
+    db::get::{maybe_json_value_parser, table_key},
+};
+use alloy_primitives::map::foldhash::fast::FixedState;
+use clap::Parser;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
+use reth_db::{static_file::iter_static_files, DatabaseEnv};
+use reth_db_api::{
+    cursor::DbCursorRO, table::Table, transaction::DbTx, RawKey, RawTable, RawValue, TableViewer,
+    Tables,
+};
+use reth_db_common::DbTool;
+use reth_node_builder::{NodeTypesWithDB, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter};
+use reth_provider::{providers::ProviderNodeTypes, DBProvider, StaticFileProviderFactory};
+use reth_static_file_types::StaticFileSegment;
+use std::{
+    hash::{BuildHasher, Hasher},
+    sync::Arc,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+#[cfg(all(unix, feature = "edge"))]
+mod rocksdb;
+
+/// Interval for logging progress during checksum computation.
+const PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL: usize = 100_000;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+/// The arguments for the `reth db checksum` command
+pub struct Command {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    subcommand: Subcommand,
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Subcommand, Debug)]
+enum Subcommand {
+    /// Calculates the checksum of a database table
+    Mdbx {
+        /// The table name
+        table: Tables,
+
+        /// The start of the range to checksum.
+        #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
+        start_key: Option<String>,
+
+        /// The end of the range to checksum.
+        #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
+        end_key: Option<String>,
+
+        /// The maximum number of records that are queried and used to compute the
+        /// checksum.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        limit: Option<usize>,
+    },
+    /// Calculates the checksum of a static file segment
+    StaticFile {
+        /// The static file segment
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
+        segment: StaticFileSegment,
+
+        /// The block number to start from (inclusive).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        start_block: Option<u64>,
+
+        /// The block number to end at (inclusive).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        end_block: Option<u64>,
+
+        /// The maximum number of rows to checksum.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        limit: Option<usize>,
+    },
+    /// Calculates the checksum of a RocksDB table
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "edge"))]
+    Rocksdb {
+        /// The RocksDB table
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
+        table: rocksdb::RocksDbTable,
+
+        /// The maximum number of records to checksum.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        limit: Option<usize>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute `db checksum` command
+    pub fn execute<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
+        self,
+        tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        warn!("This command should be run without the node running!");
+
+        match self.subcommand {
+            Subcommand::Mdbx { table, start_key, end_key, limit } => {
+                table.view(&ChecksumViewer { tool, start_key, end_key, limit })?;
+            }
+            Subcommand::StaticFile { segment, start_block, end_block, limit } => {
+                checksum_static_file(tool, segment, start_block, end_block, limit)?;
+            }
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "edge"))]
+            Subcommand::Rocksdb { table, limit } => {
+                rocksdb::checksum_rocksdb(tool, table, limit)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a new hasher with the standard seed used for checksum computation.
+fn checksum_hasher() -> impl Hasher {
+    FixedState::with_seed(u64::from_be_bytes(*b"RETHRETH")).build_hasher()
+}
+
+fn checksum_static_file<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
+    tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
+    segment: StaticFileSegment,
+    start_block: Option<u64>,
+    end_block: Option<u64>,
+    limit: Option<usize>,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    let static_file_provider = tool.provider_factory.static_file_provider();
+    if let Err(err) = static_file_provider.check_consistency(&tool.provider_factory.provider()?) {
+        warn!("Error checking consistency of static files: {err}");
+    }
+
+    let static_files = iter_static_files(static_file_provider.directory())?;
+
+    let ranges = static_files
+        .get(segment)
+        .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("No static files found for segment: {}", segment))?;
+
+    let start_time = Instant::now();
+    let mut hasher = checksum_hasher();
+    let mut total = 0usize;
+    let limit = limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+
+    let start_block = start_block.unwrap_or(0);
+    let end_block = end_block.unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+
+    info!(
+        "Computing checksum for {} static files, start_block={}, end_block={}, limit={:?}",
+        segment,
+        start_block,
+        end_block,
+        if limit == usize::MAX { None } else { Some(limit) }
+    );
+
+    'outer: for (block_range, _header) in ranges.iter().sorted_by_key(|(range, _)| range.start()) {
+        if block_range.end() < start_block || block_range.start() > end_block {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let fixed_block_range = static_file_provider.find_fixed_range(segment, block_range.start());
+        let jar_provider = static_file_provider
+            .get_segment_provider_for_range(segment, || Some(fixed_block_range), None)?
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                eyre::eyre!(
+                    "Failed to get segment provider for segment {} at range {}",
+                    segment,
+                    block_range
+                )
+            })?;
+
+        let mut cursor = jar_provider.cursor()?;
+
+        while let Ok(Some(row)) = cursor.next_row() {
+            for col_data in row.iter() {
+                hasher.write(col_data);
+            }
+
+            total += 1;
+
+            if total.is_multiple_of(PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL) {
+                info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
+            }
+
+            if total >= limit {
+                break 'outer;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Explicitly drop provider before removing from cache to avoid deadlock
+        drop(jar_provider);
+        static_file_provider.remove_cached_provider(segment, fixed_block_range.end());
+    }
+
+    let checksum = hasher.finish();
+    let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+
+    info!(
+        "Checksum for static file segment `{}`: {:#x} ({} entries, elapsed: {:?})",
+        segment, checksum, total, elapsed
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct ChecksumViewer<'a, N: NodeTypesWithDB> {
+    tool: &'a DbTool<N>,
+    start_key: Option<String>,
+    end_key: Option<String>,
+    limit: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+impl<N: NodeTypesWithDB> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
+    pub(crate) const fn new(tool: &'_ DbTool<N>) -> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
+        ChecksumViewer { tool, start_key: None, end_key: None, limit: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> TableViewer<(u64, Duration)> for ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
+    type Error = eyre::Report;
+
+    fn view<T: Table>(&self) -> Result<(u64, Duration), Self::Error> {
+        let provider =
+            self.tool.provider_factory.provider()?.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
+        let tx = provider.tx_ref();
+        info!(
+            "Start computing checksum, start={:?}, end={:?}, limit={:?}",
+            self.start_key, self.end_key, self.limit
+        );
+
+        let mut cursor = tx.cursor_read::<RawTable<T>>()?;
+        let walker = match (self.start_key.as_deref(), self.end_key.as_deref()) {
+            (Some(start), Some(end)) => {
+                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
+                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
+                cursor.walk_range(start_key..=end_key)?
+            }
+            (None, Some(end)) => {
+                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
+
+                cursor.walk_range(..=end_key)?
+            }
+            (Some(start), None) => {
+                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
+                cursor.walk_range(start_key..)?
+            }
+            (None, None) => cursor.walk_range(..)?,
+        };
+
+        let start_time = Instant::now();
+        let mut hasher = checksum_hasher();
+        let mut total = 0;
+
+        let limit = self.limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+        let mut enumerate_start_key = None;
+        let mut enumerate_end_key = None;
+        for (index, entry) in walker.enumerate() {
+            let (k, v): (RawKey<T::Key>, RawValue<T::Value>) = entry?;
+
+            if index.is_multiple_of(PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL) {
+                info!("Hashed {index} entries.");
+            }
+
+            hasher.write(k.raw_key());
+            hasher.write(v.raw_value());
+
+            if enumerate_start_key.is_none() {
+                enumerate_start_key = Some(k.clone());
+            }
+            enumerate_end_key = Some(k);
+
+            total = index + 1;
+            if total >= limit {
+                break
+            }
+        }
+
+        info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
+        if let (Some(s), Some(e)) = (enumerate_start_key, enumerate_end_key) {
+            info!("start-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&s.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
+            info!("end-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&e.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
+        }
+
+        let checksum = hasher.finish();
+        let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+
+        info!("Checksum for table `{}`: {:#x} (elapsed: {:?})", T::NAME, checksum, elapsed);
+
+        Ok((checksum, elapsed))
+    }
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum/rocksdb.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+//! RocksDB checksum implementation.
+
+use super::{checksum_hasher, PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL};
+use crate::common::CliNodeTypes;
+use clap::ValueEnum;
+use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
+use reth_db::{tables, DatabaseEnv};
+use reth_db_api::table::Table;
+use reth_db_common::DbTool;
+use reth_node_builder::NodeTypesWithDBAdapter;
+use reth_provider::RocksDBProviderFactory;
+use std::{hash::Hasher, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use tracing::info;
+
+/// RocksDB tables that can be checksummed.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, ValueEnum)]
+pub enum RocksDbTable {
+    /// Transaction hash to transaction number mapping
+    TransactionHashNumbers,
+    /// Account history indices
+    AccountsHistory,
+    /// Storage history indices
+    StoragesHistory,
+}
+
+impl RocksDbTable {
+    /// Returns the table name as a string
+    const fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::TransactionHashNumbers => tables::TransactionHashNumbers::NAME,
+            Self::AccountsHistory => tables::AccountsHistory::NAME,
+            Self::StoragesHistory => tables::StoragesHistory::NAME,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Computes a checksum for a RocksDB table.
+pub fn checksum_rocksdb<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
+    tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
+    table: RocksDbTable,
+    limit: Option<usize>,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    let rocksdb = tool.provider_factory.rocksdb_provider();
+
+    let start_time = Instant::now();
+    let limit = limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+
+    info!(
+        "Computing checksum for RocksDB table `{}`, limit={:?}",
+        table.name(),
+        if limit == usize::MAX { None } else { Some(limit) }
+    );
+
+    let (checksum, total) = match table {
+        RocksDbTable::TransactionHashNumbers => {
+            checksum_rocksdb_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(&rocksdb, limit)?
+        }
+        RocksDbTable::AccountsHistory => {
+            checksum_rocksdb_table::<tables::AccountsHistory>(&rocksdb, limit)?
+        }
+        RocksDbTable::StoragesHistory => {
+            checksum_rocksdb_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>(&rocksdb, limit)?
+        }
+    };
+
+    let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+
+    info!(
+        "Checksum for RocksDB table `{}`: {:#x} ({} entries, elapsed: {:?})",
+        table.name(),
+        checksum,
+        total,
+        elapsed
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Computes checksum for a specific RocksDB table by iterating over rows.
+fn checksum_rocksdb_table<T: Table>(
+    rocksdb: &reth_provider::providers::RocksDBProvider,
+    limit: usize,
+) -> eyre::Result<(u64, usize)> {
+    let iter = rocksdb.raw_iter::<T>()?;
+    let mut hasher = checksum_hasher();
+    let mut total = 0usize;
+
+    for entry in iter {
+        let (key_bytes, value_bytes) = entry?;
+
+        hasher.write(&key_bytes);
+        hasher.write(&value_bytes);
+
+        total += 1;
+
+        if total.is_multiple_of(PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL) {
+            info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
+        }
+
+        if total >= limit {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((hasher.finish(), total))
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/db/list.rs

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl<N: NodeTypes> TableViewer<()> for ListTableViewer<'_, N> {
             tx.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
 
             let table_db = tx.inner.open_db(Some(self.args.table.name())).wrap_err("Could not open db.")?;
-            let stats = tx.inner.db_stat(&table_db).wrap_err(format!("Could not find table: {}", self.args.table.name()))?;
+            let stats = tx.inner.db_stat(table_db.dbi()).wrap_err(format!("Could not find table: {}", self.args.table.name()))?;
             let total_entries = stats.entries();
             let final_entry_idx = total_entries.saturating_sub(1);
             if self.args.skip > final_entry_idx {

crates/cli/commands/src/db/mod.rs

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub enum Subcommands {
     Stats(stats::Command),
     /// Lists the contents of a table
     List(list::Command),
-    /// Calculates the content checksum of a table
+    /// Calculates the content checksum of a table or static file segment
     Checksum(checksum::Command),
     /// Create a diff between two database tables or two entire databases.
     Diff(diff::Command),

crates/cli/commands/src/db/settings.rs

@@ -54,6 +54,21 @@ pub enum SetCommand {
         #[clap(action(ArgAction::Set))]
         value: bool,
     },
+    /// Store storage history in rocksdb instead of MDBX
+    StoragesHistory {
+        #[clap(action(ArgAction::Set))]
+        value: bool,
+    },
+    /// Store transaction hash to number mapping in rocksdb instead of MDBX
+    TransactionHashNumbers {
+        #[clap(action(ArgAction::Set))]
+        value: bool,
+    },
+    /// Store account history in rocksdb instead of MDBX
+    AccountHistory {
+        #[clap(action(ArgAction::Set))]
+        value: bool,
+    },
 }
 
 impl Command {
@@ -128,6 +143,30 @@ impl Command {
                 settings.account_changesets_in_static_files = value;
                 println!("Set account_changesets_in_static_files = {}", value);
             }
+            SetCommand::StoragesHistory { value } => {
+                if settings.storages_history_in_rocksdb == value {
+                    println!("storages_history_in_rocksdb is already set to {}", value);
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                settings.storages_history_in_rocksdb = value;
+                println!("Set storages_history_in_rocksdb = {}", value);
+            }
+            SetCommand::TransactionHashNumbers { value } => {
+                if settings.transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb == value {
+                    println!("transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb is already set to {}", value);
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                settings.transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb = value;
+                println!("Set transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb = {}", value);
+            }
+            SetCommand::AccountHistory { value } => {
+                if settings.account_history_in_rocksdb == value {
+                    println!("account_history_in_rocksdb is already set to {}", value);
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                settings.account_history_in_rocksdb = value;
+                println!("Set account_history_in_rocksdb = {}", value);
+            }
         }
 
         // Write updated settings

crates/cli/commands/src/db/stats.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ use reth_db_common::DbTool;
 use reth_fs_util as fs;
 use reth_node_builder::{NodePrimitives, NodeTypesWithDB, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter};
 use reth_node_core::dirs::{ChainPath, DataDirPath};
-use reth_provider::providers::{ProviderNodeTypes, StaticFileProvider};
+use reth_provider::{
+    providers::{ProviderNodeTypes, StaticFileProvider},
+    RocksDBProviderFactory,
+};
 use reth_static_file_types::SegmentRangeInclusive;
 use std::{sync::Arc, time::Duration};
 
@@ -61,6 +64,11 @@ impl Command {
         let db_stats_table = self.db_stats_table(tool)?;
         println!("{db_stats_table}");
 
+        println!("\n");
+
+        let rocksdb_stats_table = self.rocksdb_stats_table(tool);
+        println!("{rocksdb_stats_table}");
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -88,7 +96,7 @@ impl Command {
 
                 let stats = tx
                     .inner
-                    .db_stat(&table_db)
+                    .db_stat(table_db.dbi())
                     .wrap_err(format!("Could not find table: {db_table}"))?;
 
                 // Defaults to 16KB right now but we should
@@ -129,7 +137,8 @@ impl Command {
             table.add_row(row);
 
             let freelist = tx.inner.env().freelist()?;
-            let pagesize = tx.inner.db_stat(&mdbx::Database::freelist_db())?.page_size() as usize;
+            let pagesize =
+                tx.inner.db_stat(mdbx::Database::freelist_db().dbi())?.page_size() as usize;
             let freelist_size = freelist * pagesize;
 
             let mut row = Row::new();
@@ -147,6 +156,60 @@ impl Command {
         Ok(table)
     }
 
+    fn rocksdb_stats_table<N: NodeTypesWithDB>(&self, tool: &DbTool<N>) -> ComfyTable {
+        let mut table = ComfyTable::new();
+        table.load_preset(comfy_table::presets::ASCII_MARKDOWN);
+        table.set_header([
+            "RocksDB Table Name",
+            "# Entries",
+            "SST Size",
+            "Memtable Size",
+            "Total Size",
+            "Pending Compaction",
+        ]);
+
+        let stats = tool.provider_factory.rocksdb_provider().table_stats();
+        let mut total_sst: u64 = 0;
+        let mut total_memtable: u64 = 0;
+        let mut total_size: u64 = 0;
+        let mut total_pending: u64 = 0;
+
+        for stat in &stats {
+            total_sst += stat.sst_size_bytes;
+            total_memtable += stat.memtable_size_bytes;
+            total_size += stat.estimated_size_bytes;
+            total_pending += stat.pending_compaction_bytes;
+            let mut row = Row::new();
+            row.add_cell(Cell::new(&stat.name))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(stat.estimated_num_keys))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.sst_size_bytes as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.memtable_size_bytes as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.estimated_size_bytes as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.pending_compaction_bytes as f64)));
+            table.add_row(row);
+        }
+
+        if !stats.is_empty() {
+            let max_widths = table.column_max_content_widths();
+            let mut separator = Row::new();
+            for width in max_widths {
+                separator.add_cell(Cell::new("-".repeat(width as usize)));
+            }
+            table.add_row(separator);
+
+            let mut row = Row::new();
+            row.add_cell(Cell::new("RocksDB Total"))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(""))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_sst as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_memtable as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_size as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_pending as f64)));
+            table.add_row(row);
+        }
+
+        table
+    }
+
     fn static_files_stats_table<N: NodePrimitives>(
         &self,
         data_dir: ChainPath<DataDirPath>,

crates/cli/commands/src/download.rs

@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@ use crate::common::EnvironmentArgs;
 use clap::Parser;
 use eyre::Result;
 use lz4::Decoder;
-use reqwest::Client;
+use reqwest::{blocking::Client as BlockingClient, header::RANGE, Client, StatusCode};
 use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
 use reth_cli::chainspec::ChainSpecParser;
 use reth_fs_util as fs;
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
-    io::{self, Read, Write},
-    path::Path,
+    fs::OpenOptions,
+    io::{self, BufWriter, Read, Write},
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
     sync::{Arc, OnceLock},
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
@@ -86,6 +87,9 @@ impl DownloadDefaults {
             "\nIf no URL is provided, the latest mainnet archive snapshot\nwill be proposed for download from ",
         );
         help.push_str(self.default_base_url.as_ref());
+        help.push_str(
+            ".\n\nLocal file:// URLs are also supported for extracting snapshots from disk.",
+        );
         help
     }
 
@@ -293,19 +297,14 @@ impl CompressionFormat {
     }
 }
 
-/// Downloads and extracts a snapshot, blocking until finished.
-fn blocking_download_and_extract(url: &str, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
-    let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::builder().build()?;
-    let response = client.get(url).send()?.error_for_status()?;
-
-    let total_size = response.content_length().ok_or_else(|| {
-        eyre::eyre!(
-            "Server did not provide Content-Length header. This is required for snapshot downloads"
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    let progress_reader = ProgressReader::new(response, total_size);
-    let format = CompressionFormat::from_url(url)?;
+/// Extracts a compressed tar archive to the target directory with progress tracking.
+fn extract_archive<R: Read>(
+    reader: R,
+    total_size: u64,
+    format: CompressionFormat,
+    target_dir: &Path,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let progress_reader = ProgressReader::new(reader, total_size);
 
     match format {
         CompressionFormat::Lz4 => {
@@ -322,6 +321,185 @@ fn blocking_download_and_extract(url: &str, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// Extracts a snapshot from a local file.
+fn extract_from_file(path: &Path, format: CompressionFormat, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let file = std::fs::File::open(path)?;
+    let total_size = file.metadata()?.len();
+    extract_archive(file, total_size, format, target_dir)
+}
+
+const MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES: u32 = 10;
+const RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS: u64 = 5;
+
+/// Wrapper that tracks download progress while writing data.
+/// Used with [`io::copy`] to display progress during downloads.
+struct ProgressWriter<W> {
+    inner: W,
+    progress: DownloadProgress,
+}
+
+impl<W: Write> Write for ProgressWriter<W> {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        let n = self.inner.write(buf)?;
+        let _ = self.progress.update(n as u64);
+        Ok(n)
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.inner.flush()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downloads a file with resume support using HTTP Range requests.
+/// Automatically retries on failure, resuming from where it left off.
+/// Returns the path to the downloaded file and its total size.
+fn resumable_download(url: &str, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<(PathBuf, u64)> {
+    let file_name = Url::parse(url)
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|u| u.path_segments()?.next_back().map(|s| s.to_string()))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "snapshot.tar".to_string());
+
+    let final_path = target_dir.join(&file_name);
+    let part_path = target_dir.join(format!("{file_name}.part"));
+
+    let client = BlockingClient::builder().timeout(Duration::from_secs(30)).build()?;
+
+    let mut total_size: Option<u64> = None;
+    let mut last_error: Option<eyre::Error> = None;
+
+    for attempt in 1..=MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+        let existing_size = fs::metadata(&part_path).map(|m| m.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+
+        if let Some(total) = total_size &&
+            existing_size >= total
+        {
+            fs::rename(&part_path, &final_path)?;
+            info!(target: "reth::cli", "Download complete: {}", final_path.display());
+            return Ok((final_path, total));
+        }
+
+        if attempt > 1 {
+            info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                "Retry attempt {}/{} - resuming from {} bytes",
+                attempt, MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES, existing_size
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut request = client.get(url);
+        if existing_size > 0 {
+            request = request.header(RANGE, format!("bytes={existing_size}-"));
+            if attempt == 1 {
+                info!(target: "reth::cli", "Resuming download from {} bytes", existing_size);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let response = match request.send().and_then(|r| r.error_for_status()) {
+            Ok(r) => r,
+            Err(e) => {
+                last_error = Some(e.into());
+                if attempt < MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                    info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                        "Download failed, retrying in {} seconds...", RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS
+                    );
+                    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS));
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let is_partial = response.status() == StatusCode::PARTIAL_CONTENT;
+
+        let size = if is_partial {
+            response
+                .headers()
+                .get("Content-Range")
+                .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+                .and_then(|v| v.split('/').next_back())
+                .and_then(|v| v.parse().ok())
+        } else {
+            response.content_length()
+        };
+
+        if total_size.is_none() {
+            total_size = size;
+        }
+
+        let current_total = total_size.ok_or_else(|| {
+            eyre::eyre!("Server did not provide Content-Length or Content-Range header")
+        })?;
+
+        let file = if is_partial && existing_size > 0 {
+            OpenOptions::new()
+                .append(true)
+                .open(&part_path)
+                .map_err(|e| fs::FsPathError::open(e, &part_path))?
+        } else {
+            fs::create_file(&part_path)?
+        };
+
+        let start_offset = if is_partial { existing_size } else { 0 };
+        let mut progress = DownloadProgress::new(current_total);
+        progress.downloaded = start_offset;
+
+        let mut writer = ProgressWriter { inner: BufWriter::new(file), progress };
+        let mut reader = response;
+
+        let copy_result = io::copy(&mut reader, &mut writer);
+        let flush_result = writer.inner.flush();
+        println!();
+
+        if let Err(e) = copy_result.and(flush_result) {
+            last_error = Some(e.into());
+            if attempt < MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                    "Download interrupted, retrying in {} seconds...", RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS
+                );
+                std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS));
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        fs::rename(&part_path, &final_path)?;
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Download complete: {}", final_path.display());
+        return Ok((final_path, current_total));
+    }
+
+    Err(last_error
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Download failed after {} attempts", MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES)))
+}
+
+/// Fetches the snapshot from a remote URL with resume support, then extracts it.
+fn download_and_extract(url: &str, format: CompressionFormat, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let (downloaded_path, total_size) = resumable_download(url, target_dir)?;
+
+    info!(target: "reth::cli", "Extracting snapshot...");
+    let file = fs::open(&downloaded_path)?;
+    extract_archive(file, total_size, format, target_dir)?;
+
+    fs::remove_file(&downloaded_path)?;
+    info!(target: "reth::cli", "Removed downloaded archive");
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Downloads and extracts a snapshot, blocking until finished.
+///
+/// Supports both `file://` URLs for local files and HTTP(S) URLs for remote downloads.
+fn blocking_download_and_extract(url: &str, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let format = CompressionFormat::from_url(url)?;
+
+    if let Ok(parsed_url) = Url::parse(url) &&
+        parsed_url.scheme() == "file"
+    {
+        let file_path = parsed_url
+            .to_file_path()
+            .map_err(|_| eyre::eyre!("Invalid file:// URL path: {}", url))?;
+        extract_from_file(&file_path, format, target_dir)
+    } else {
+        download_and_extract(url, format, target_dir)
+    }
+}
+
 async fn stream_and_extract(url: &str, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     let target_dir = target_dir.to_path_buf();
     let url = url.to_string();
@@ -380,6 +558,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(help.contains("Available snapshot sources:"));
         assert!(help.contains("merkle.io"));
         assert!(help.contains("publicnode.com"));
+        assert!(help.contains("file://"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -404,4 +583,25 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(defaults.available_snapshots.len(), 4); // 2 defaults + 2 added
         assert_eq!(defaults.long_help, Some("Custom help for snapshots".to_string()));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_compression_format_detection() {
+        assert!(matches!(
+            CompressionFormat::from_url("https://example.com/snapshot.tar.lz4"),
+            Ok(CompressionFormat::Lz4)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            CompressionFormat::from_url("https://example.com/snapshot.tar.zst"),
+            Ok(CompressionFormat::Zstd)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            CompressionFormat::from_url("file:///path/to/snapshot.tar.lz4"),
+            Ok(CompressionFormat::Lz4)
+        ));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            CompressionFormat::from_url("file:///path/to/snapshot.tar.zst"),
+            Ok(CompressionFormat::Zstd)
+        ));
+        assert!(CompressionFormat::from_url("https://example.com/snapshot.tar.gz").is_err());
+    }
 }

crates/cli/commands/src/node.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ use reth_node_builder::NodeBuilder;
 use reth_node_core::{
     args::{
         DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs, DebugArgs, DevArgs, EngineArgs, EraArgs, MetricArgs,
-        NetworkArgs, PayloadBuilderArgs, PruningArgs, RpcServerArgs, StaticFilesArgs, TxPoolArgs,
+        NetworkArgs, PayloadBuilderArgs, PruningArgs, RocksDbArgs, RpcServerArgs, StaticFilesArgs,
+        TxPoolArgs,
     },
     node_config::NodeConfig,
     version,
@@ -102,6 +103,10 @@ pub struct NodeCommand<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug = NoArgs
     #[command(flatten)]
     pub pruning: PruningArgs,
 
+    /// All `RocksDB` table routing arguments
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub rocksdb: RocksDbArgs,
+
     /// Engine cli arguments
     #[command(flatten, next_help_heading = "Engine")]
     pub engine: EngineArgs,
@@ -166,12 +171,16 @@ where
             db,
             dev,
             pruning,
+            rocksdb,
             engine,
             era,
             static_files,
             ext,
         } = self;
 
+        // Validate RocksDB arguments
+        rocksdb.validate()?;
+
         // set up node config
         let mut node_config = NodeConfig {
             datadir,
@@ -187,6 +196,7 @@ where
             db,
             dev,
             pruning,
+            rocksdb,
             engine,
             era,
             static_files,

crates/cli/commands/src/re_execute.rs

@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ pub struct Command<C: ChainSpecParser> {
     #[arg(long)]
     to: Option<u64>,
 
-    /// Number of tasks to run in parallel
-    #[arg(long, default_value = "10")]
-    num_tasks: u64,
+    /// Number of tasks to run in parallel. Defaults to the number of available CPUs.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    num_tasks: Option<u64>,
 
     /// Continues with execution when an invalid block is encountered and collects these blocks.
     #[arg(long)]
@@ -84,12 +84,16 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
             }
         };
 
+        let num_tasks = self.num_tasks.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            std::thread::available_parallelism().map(|n| n.get() as u64).unwrap_or(10)
+        });
+
         let total_blocks = max_block - min_block;
         let total_gas = calculate_gas_used_from_headers(
             &provider_factory.static_file_provider(),
             min_block..=max_block,
         )?;
-        let blocks_per_task = total_blocks / self.num_tasks;
+        let blocks_per_task = total_blocks / num_tasks;
 
         let db_at = {
             let provider_factory = provider_factory.clone();
@@ -107,10 +111,10 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
         let _guard = cancellation.drop_guard();
 
         let mut tasks = JoinSet::new();
-        for i in 0..self.num_tasks {
+        for i in 0..num_tasks {
             let start_block = min_block + i * blocks_per_task;
             let end_block =
-                if i == self.num_tasks - 1 { max_block } else { start_block + blocks_per_task };
+                if i == num_tasks - 1 { max_block } else { start_block + blocks_per_task };
 
             // Spawn thread executing blocks
             let provider_factory = provider_factory.clone();
@@ -148,7 +152,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
                     };
 
                     if let Err(err) = consensus
-                        .validate_block_post_execution(&block, &result)
+                        .validate_block_post_execution(&block, &result, None)
                         .wrap_err_with(|| {
                             format!("Failed to validate block {} {}", block.number(), block.hash())
                         })

crates/cli/commands/src/stage/drop.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use reth_db_common::{
 use reth_node_api::{HeaderTy, ReceiptTy, TxTy};
 use reth_node_core::args::StageEnum;
 use reth_provider::{
-    DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory, StaticFileWriter, TrieWriter,
+    DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory, StaticFileWriter,
 };
 use reth_prune::PruneSegment;
 use reth_stages::StageId;
@@ -167,10 +167,6 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> Command<C> {
                     None,
                 )?;
             }
-            StageEnum::MerkleChangeSets => {
-                provider_rw.clear_trie_changesets()?;
-                reset_stage_checkpoint(tx, StageId::MerkleChangeSets)?;
-            }
             StageEnum::AccountHistory | StageEnum::StorageHistory => {
                 tx.clear::<tables::AccountsHistory>()?;
                 tx.clear::<tables::StoragesHistory>()?;

crates/cli/util/src/sigsegv_handler.rs

@@ -121,7 +121,16 @@ pub fn install() {
     unsafe {
         let alt_stack_size: usize = min_sigstack_size() + 64 * 1024;
         let mut alt_stack: libc::stack_t = mem::zeroed();
-        alt_stack.ss_sp = alloc(Layout::from_size_align(alt_stack_size, 1).unwrap()).cast();
+        // Both SysV AMD64 ABI and aarch64 ABI require 16 bytes alignment. We are going to be
+        // generous here and just use a size of a page.
+        let raw_page_sz = libc::sysconf(libc::_SC_PAGESIZE);
+        let page_sz = if raw_page_sz == -1 {
+            // Fallback alignment in case sysconf fails.
+            4096_usize
+        } else {
+            raw_page_sz as usize
+        };
+        alt_stack.ss_sp = alloc(Layout::from_size_align(alt_stack_size, page_sz).unwrap()).cast();
         alt_stack.ss_size = alt_stack_size;
         libc::sigaltstack(&raw const alt_stack, ptr::null_mut());
 

crates/config/src/config.rs

@@ -550,7 +550,6 @@ impl PruneConfig {
     /// - `Option<PruneMode>` fields: set from `other` only if `self` is `None`.
     /// - `block_interval`: set from `other` only if `self.block_interval ==
     ///   DEFAULT_BLOCK_INTERVAL`.
-    /// - `merkle_changesets`: always set from `other`.
     /// - `receipts_log_filter`: set from `other` only if `self` is empty and `other` is non-empty.
     pub fn merge(&mut self, other: Self) {
         let Self {
@@ -563,7 +562,6 @@ impl PruneConfig {
                     account_history,
                     storage_history,
                     bodies_history,
-                    merkle_changesets,
                     receipts_log_filter,
                 },
         } = other;
@@ -580,8 +578,6 @@ impl PruneConfig {
         self.segments.account_history = self.segments.account_history.or(account_history);
         self.segments.storage_history = self.segments.storage_history.or(storage_history);
         self.segments.bodies_history = self.segments.bodies_history.or(bodies_history);
-        // Merkle changesets is not optional; always take the value from `other`
-        self.segments.merkle_changesets = merkle_changesets;
 
         if self.segments.receipts_log_filter.0.is_empty() && !receipts_log_filter.0.is_empty() {
             self.segments.receipts_log_filter = receipts_log_filter;
@@ -1091,7 +1087,6 @@ receipts = { distance = 16384 }
                 account_history: None,
                 storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Before(5000)),
                 bodies_history: None,
-                merkle_changesets: PruneMode::Before(0),
                 receipts_log_filter: ReceiptsLogPruneConfig(BTreeMap::from([(
                     Address::random(),
                     PruneMode::Full,
@@ -1108,7 +1103,6 @@ receipts = { distance = 16384 }
                 account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(2000)),
                 storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(3000)),
                 bodies_history: None,
-                merkle_changesets: PruneMode::Distance(10000),
                 receipts_log_filter: ReceiptsLogPruneConfig(BTreeMap::from([
                     (Address::random(), PruneMode::Distance(1000)),
                     (Address::random(), PruneMode::Before(2000)),
@@ -1127,7 +1121,6 @@ receipts = { distance = 16384 }
         assert_eq!(config1.segments.receipts, Some(PruneMode::Distance(1000)));
         assert_eq!(config1.segments.account_history, Some(PruneMode::Distance(2000)));
         assert_eq!(config1.segments.storage_history, Some(PruneMode::Before(5000)));
-        assert_eq!(config1.segments.merkle_changesets, PruneMode::Distance(10000));
         assert_eq!(config1.segments.receipts_log_filter, original_filter);
     }
 

crates/consensus/consensus/src/lib.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ use alloc::{boxed::Box, fmt::Debug, string::String, sync::Arc, vec::Vec};
 use alloy_consensus::Header;
 use alloy_primitives::{BlockHash, BlockNumber, Bloom, B256};
 use core::error::Error;
+
+/// Pre-computed receipt root and logs bloom.
+///
+/// When provided to [`FullConsensus::validate_block_post_execution`], this allows skipping
+/// the receipt root computation and using the pre-computed values instead.
+pub type ReceiptRootBloom = (B256, Bloom);
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
     constants::{GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR, MAXIMUM_GAS_LIMIT_BLOCK, MINIMUM_GAS_LIMIT},
@@ -39,11 +45,15 @@ pub trait FullConsensus<N: NodePrimitives>: Consensus<N::Block> {
     ///
     /// See the Yellow Paper sections 4.3.2 "Holistic Validity".
     ///
+    /// If `receipt_root_bloom` is provided, the implementation should use the pre-computed
+    /// receipt root and logs bloom instead of computing them from the receipts.
+    ///
     /// Note: validating blocks does not include other validations of the Consensus
     fn validate_block_post_execution(
         &self,
         block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
         result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError>;
 }
 

crates/consensus/consensus/src/noop.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 //!
 //! **Not for production use** - provides no security guarantees or consensus validation.
 
-use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator};
+use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> FullConsensus<N> for NoopConsensus {
         &self,
         _block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
         _result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        _receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
         Ok(())
     }

crates/consensus/consensus/src/test_utils.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator};
+use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> FullConsensus<N> for TestConsensus {
         &self,
         _block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
         _result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        _receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
         if self.fail_validation() {
             Err(ConsensusError::BaseFeeMissing)

crates/engine/invalid-block-hooks/src/witness.rs

@@ -448,12 +448,14 @@ mod tests {
                     nonce: account.nonce,
                     code_hash: account.bytecode_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
                     code: None,
+                    account_id: None,
                 }),
                 original_info: (i == 0).then(|| AccountInfo {
                     balance: account.balance.checked_div(U256::from(2)).unwrap_or(U256::ZERO),
                     nonce: 0,
                     code_hash: account.bytecode_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
                     code: None,
+                    account_id: None,
                 }),
                 storage,
                 status: AccountStatus::default(),

crates/engine/primitives/src/config.rs

@@ -137,6 +137,8 @@ pub struct TreeConfig {
     account_worker_count: usize,
     /// Whether to enable V2 storage proofs.
     enable_proof_v2: bool,
+    /// Whether to disable cache metrics recording (can be expensive with large cached state).
+    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for TreeConfig {
@@ -166,6 +168,7 @@ impl Default for TreeConfig {
             storage_worker_count: default_storage_worker_count(),
             account_worker_count: default_account_worker_count(),
             enable_proof_v2: false,
+            disable_cache_metrics: false,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -198,6 +201,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         storage_worker_count: usize,
         account_worker_count: usize,
         enable_proof_v2: bool,
+        disable_cache_metrics: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             persistence_threshold,
@@ -224,6 +228,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
             storage_worker_count,
             account_worker_count,
             enable_proof_v2,
+            disable_cache_metrics,
         }
     }
 
@@ -516,4 +521,15 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         self.enable_proof_v2 = enable_proof_v2;
         self
     }
+
+    /// Returns whether cache metrics recording is disabled.
+    pub const fn disable_cache_metrics(&self) -> bool {
+        self.disable_cache_metrics
+    }
+
+    /// Setter for whether to disable cache metrics recording.
+    pub const fn without_cache_metrics(mut self, disable_cache_metrics: bool) -> Self {
+        self.disable_cache_metrics = disable_cache_metrics;
+        self
+    }
 }

crates/engine/service/Cargo.toml

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ reth-tasks.workspace = true
 reth-node-types.workspace = true
 reth-chainspec.workspace = true
 reth-engine-primitives.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db.workspace = true
 
 # async
 futures.workspace = true
@@ -40,6 +41,8 @@ reth-evm-ethereum.workspace = true
 reth-exex-types.workspace = true
 reth-primitives-traits.workspace = true
 reth-node-ethereum.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db.workspace = true
 
+alloy-eips.workspace = true
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
 tokio-stream.workspace = true

crates/engine/service/src/service.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use reth_provider::{
 use reth_prune::PrunerWithFactory;
 use reth_stages_api::{MetricEventsSender, Pipeline};
 use reth_tasks::TaskSpawner;
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use std::{
     pin::Pin,
     sync::Arc,
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ where
         tree_config: TreeConfig,
         sync_metrics_tx: MetricEventsSender,
         evm_config: C,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> Self
     where
         V: EngineValidator<N::Payload>,
@@ -109,6 +111,7 @@ where
             tree_config,
             engine_kind,
             evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
         );
 
         let engine_handler = EngineApiRequestHandler::new(to_tree_tx, from_tree);
@@ -156,6 +159,7 @@ mod tests {
     };
     use reth_prune::Pruner;
     use reth_tasks::TokioTaskExecutor;
+    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
     use std::sync::Arc;
     use tokio::sync::{mpsc::unbounded_channel, watch};
     use tokio_stream::wrappers::UnboundedReceiverStream;
@@ -188,6 +192,8 @@ mod tests {
         let pruner = Pruner::new_with_factory(provider_factory.clone(), vec![], 0, 0, None, rx);
         let evm_config = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec.clone());
 
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
+
         let engine_validator = BasicEngineValidator::new(
             blockchain_db.clone(),
             consensus.clone(),
@@ -195,6 +201,7 @@ mod tests {
             engine_payload_validator,
             TreeConfig::default(),
             Box::new(NoopInvalidBlockHook::default()),
+            changeset_cache.clone(),
         );
 
         let (sync_metrics_tx, _sync_metrics_rx) = unbounded_channel();
@@ -214,6 +221,7 @@ mod tests {
             TreeConfig::default(),
             sync_metrics_tx,
             evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
         );
     }
 }

crates/engine/tree/Cargo.toml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 # reth
-reth-chain-state.workspace = true
+reth-chain-state = { workspace = true, features = ["rayon"] }
 reth-chainspec = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 reth-consensus.workspace = true
 reth-db.workspace = true
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ reth-trie-parallel.workspace = true
 reth-trie-sparse = { workspace = true, features = ["std", "metrics"] }
 reth-trie-sparse-parallel = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
 reth-trie.workspace = true
+reth-trie-common.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db.workspace = true
 
 # alloy
 alloy-evm.workspace = true
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ reth-tracing.workspace = true
 reth-node-ethereum.workspace = true
 reth-e2e-test-utils.workspace = true
 
-# alloy
+# revm
 revm-state.workspace = true
 
 assert_matches.workspace = true
@@ -133,6 +135,8 @@ test-utils = [
     "reth-static-file",
     "reth-tracing",
     "reth-trie/test-utils",
+    "reth-trie-common/test-utils",
+    "reth-trie-db/test-utils",
     "reth-trie-sparse/test-utils",
     "reth-prune-types?/test-utils",
     "reth-trie-parallel/test-utils",

crates/engine/tree/benches/channel_perf.rs

@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@ fn create_bench_state(num_accounts: usize) -> EvmState {
                 nonce: 10,
                 code_hash: B256::from_slice(&rng.random::<[u8; 32]>()),
                 code: Default::default(),
+                account_id: None,
             },
+            original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
             storage,
             status: AccountStatus::empty(),
             transaction_id: 0,

crates/engine/tree/benches/state_root_task.rs

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ fn create_bench_state_updates(params: &BenchParams) -> Vec<EvmState> {
                     storage: HashMap::default(),
                     status: AccountStatus::SelfDestructed,
                     transaction_id: 0,
+                    original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
                 }
             } else {
                 RevmAccount {
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ fn create_bench_state_updates(params: &BenchParams) -> Vec<EvmState> {
                         nonce: rng.random::<u64>(),
                         code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
                         code: Some(Default::default()),
+                        account_id: None,
                     },
                     storage: (0..rng.random_range(0..=params.storage_slots_per_account))
                         .map(|_| {
@@ -84,6 +86,7 @@ fn create_bench_state_updates(params: &BenchParams) -> Vec<EvmState> {
                         })
                         .collect(),
                     status: AccountStatus::Touched,
+                    original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
                     transaction_id: 0,
                 }
             };
@@ -239,7 +242,10 @@ fn bench_state_root(c: &mut Criterion) {
                                     std::convert::identity,
                                 ),
                                 StateProviderBuilder::new(provider.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
-                                OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider),
+                                OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
+                                    provider,
+                                    reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache::new(),
+                                ),
                                 &TreeConfig::default(),
                                 None,
                             );

crates/engine/tree/src/persistence.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_provider::{
     providers::ProviderNodeTypes, BlockExecutionWriter, BlockHashReader, ChainStateBlockWriter,
-    DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, ProviderFactory,
+    DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, ProviderFactory, SaveBlocksMode,
 };
 use reth_prune::{PrunerError, PrunerOutput, PrunerWithFactory};
 use reth_stages_api::{MetricEvent, MetricEventsSender};
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ where
         if last_block.is_some() {
             let provider_rw = self.provider.database_provider_rw()?;
 
-            provider_rw.save_blocks(blocks)?;
+            provider_rw.save_blocks(blocks, SaveBlocksMode::Full)?;
             provider_rw.commit()?;
         }
 
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ where
 
         self.metrics.save_blocks_block_count.record(block_count as f64);
         self.metrics.save_blocks_duration_seconds.record(start_time.elapsed());
+
         Ok(last_block)
     }
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/cached_state.rs

@@ -606,12 +606,21 @@ pub(crate) struct SavedCache {
     /// A guard to track in-flight usage of this cache.
     /// The cache is considered available if the strong count is 1.
     usage_guard: Arc<()>,
+
+    /// Whether to skip cache metrics recording (can be expensive with large cached state).
+    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
 }
 
 impl SavedCache {
     /// Creates a new instance with the internals
     pub(super) fn new(hash: B256, caches: ExecutionCache, metrics: CachedStateMetrics) -> Self {
-        Self { hash, caches, metrics, usage_guard: Arc::new(()) }
+        Self { hash, caches, metrics, usage_guard: Arc::new(()), disable_cache_metrics: false }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets whether to disable cache metrics recording.
+    pub(super) const fn with_disable_cache_metrics(mut self, disable: bool) -> Self {
+        self.disable_cache_metrics = disable;
+        self
     }
 
     /// Returns the hash for this cache
@@ -619,9 +628,9 @@ impl SavedCache {
         self.hash
     }
 
-    /// Splits the cache into its caches and metrics, consuming it.
-    pub(crate) fn split(self) -> (ExecutionCache, CachedStateMetrics) {
-        (self.caches, self.metrics)
+    /// Splits the cache into its caches, metrics, and `disable_cache_metrics` flag, consuming it.
+    pub(crate) fn split(self) -> (ExecutionCache, CachedStateMetrics, bool) {
+        (self.caches, self.metrics, self.disable_cache_metrics)
     }
 
     /// Returns true if the cache is available for use (no other tasks are currently using it).
@@ -645,7 +654,13 @@ impl SavedCache {
     }
 
     /// Updates the metrics for the [`ExecutionCache`].
+    ///
+    /// Note: This can be expensive with large cached state as it iterates over
+    /// all storage entries. Use `with_disable_cache_metrics(true)` to skip.
     pub(crate) fn update_metrics(&self) {
+        if self.disable_cache_metrics {
+            return;
+        }
         self.metrics.storage_cache_size.set(self.caches.total_storage_slots() as f64);
         self.metrics.account_cache_size.set(self.caches.account_cache.entry_count() as f64);
         self.metrics.code_cache_size.set(self.caches.code_cache.entry_count() as f64);

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/metrics.rs

@@ -1,25 +1,15 @@
-use crate::tree::{error::InsertBlockFatalError, MeteredStateHook, TreeOutcome};
-use alloy_consensus::transaction::TxHashRef;
-use alloy_evm::{
-    block::{BlockExecutor, ExecutableTx},
-    Evm,
-};
+use crate::tree::{error::InsertBlockFatalError, TreeOutcome};
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{PayloadStatus, PayloadStatusEnum};
-use core::borrow::BorrowMut;
 use reth_engine_primitives::{ForkchoiceStatus, OnForkChoiceUpdated};
-use reth_errors::{BlockExecutionError, ProviderError};
-use reth_evm::{metrics::ExecutorMetrics, OnStateHook};
+use reth_errors::ProviderError;
+use reth_evm::metrics::ExecutorMetrics;
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionOutput;
 use reth_metrics::{
     metrics::{Counter, Gauge, Histogram},
     Metrics,
 };
-use reth_primitives_traits::SignedTransaction;
 use reth_trie::updates::TrieUpdates;
-use revm::database::{states::bundle_state::BundleRetention, State};
-use revm_primitives::Address;
-use std::time::Instant;
-use tracing::{debug_span, trace};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 /// Metrics for the `EngineApi`.
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -35,101 +25,24 @@ pub(crate) struct EngineApiMetrics {
 }
 
 impl EngineApiMetrics {
-    /// Helper function for metered execution
-    fn metered<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> R
-    where
-        F: FnOnce() -> (u64, R),
-    {
-        // Execute the block and record the elapsed time.
-        let execute_start = Instant::now();
-        let (gas_used, output) = f();
-        let execution_duration = execute_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
-
-        // Update gas metrics.
-        self.executor.gas_processed_total.increment(gas_used);
-        self.executor.gas_per_second.set(gas_used as f64 / execution_duration);
-        self.executor.gas_used_histogram.record(gas_used as f64);
-        self.executor.execution_histogram.record(execution_duration);
-        self.executor.execution_duration.set(execution_duration);
-
-        output
-    }
-
-    /// Execute the given block using the provided [`BlockExecutor`] and update metrics for the
-    /// execution.
+    /// Records metrics for block execution.
     ///
     /// This method updates metrics for execution time, gas usage, and the number
-    /// of accounts, storage slots and bytecodes loaded and updated.
-    pub(crate) fn execute_metered<E, DB>(
+    /// of accounts, storage slots and bytecodes updated.
+    pub(crate) fn record_block_execution<R>(
         &self,
-        executor: E,
-        mut transactions: impl Iterator<Item = Result<impl ExecutableTx<E>, BlockExecutionError>>,
-        transaction_count: usize,
-        state_hook: Box<dyn OnStateHook>,
-    ) -> Result<(BlockExecutionOutput<E::Receipt>, Vec<Address>), BlockExecutionError>
-    where
-        DB: alloy_evm::Database,
-        E: BlockExecutor<Evm: Evm<DB: BorrowMut<State<DB>>>, Transaction: SignedTransaction>,
-    {
-        // clone here is cheap, all the metrics are Option<Arc<_>>. additionally
-        // they are globally registered so that the data recorded in the hook will
-        // be accessible.
-        let wrapper = MeteredStateHook { metrics: self.executor.clone(), inner_hook: state_hook };
+        output: &BlockExecutionOutput<R>,
+        execution_duration: Duration,
+    ) {
+        let execution_secs = execution_duration.as_secs_f64();
+        let gas_used = output.result.gas_used;
 
-        let mut senders = Vec::with_capacity(transaction_count);
-        let mut executor = executor.with_state_hook(Some(Box::new(wrapper)));
-
-        let f = || {
-            let start = Instant::now();
-            debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "pre execution")
-                .entered()
-                .in_scope(|| executor.apply_pre_execution_changes())?;
-            self.executor.pre_execution_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-            let exec_span = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "execution").entered();
-            loop {
-                let start = Instant::now();
-                let Some(tx) = transactions.next() else { break };
-                self.executor.transaction_wait_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-                let tx = tx?;
-                senders.push(*tx.signer());
-
-                let span =
-                    debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "execute tx", tx_hash=?tx.tx().tx_hash());
-                let enter = span.entered();
-                trace!(target: "engine::tree", "Executing transaction");
-                let start = Instant::now();
-                let gas_used = executor.execute_transaction(tx)?;
-                self.executor.transaction_execution_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-                // record the tx gas used
-                enter.record("gas_used", gas_used);
-            }
-            drop(exec_span);
-
-            let start = Instant::now();
-            let result = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "finish")
-                .entered()
-                .in_scope(|| executor.finish())
-                .map(|(evm, result)| (evm.into_db(), result));
-            self.executor.post_execution_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-            result
-        };
-
-        // Use metered to execute and track timing/gas metrics
-        let (mut db, result) = self.metered(|| {
-            let res = f();
-            let gas_used = res.as_ref().map(|r| r.1.gas_used).unwrap_or(0);
-            (gas_used, res)
-        })?;
-
-        // merge transitions into bundle state
-        debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "merge transitions")
-            .entered()
-            .in_scope(|| db.borrow_mut().merge_transitions(BundleRetention::Reverts));
-        let output = BlockExecutionOutput { result, state: db.borrow_mut().take_bundle() };
+        // Update gas metrics
+        self.executor.gas_processed_total.increment(gas_used);
+        self.executor.gas_per_second.set(gas_used as f64 / execution_secs);
+        self.executor.gas_used_histogram.record(gas_used as f64);
+        self.executor.execution_histogram.record(execution_secs);
+        self.executor.execution_duration.set(execution_secs);
 
         // Update the metrics for the number of accounts, storage slots and bytecodes updated
         let accounts = output.state.state.len();
@@ -140,8 +53,31 @@ impl EngineApiMetrics {
         self.executor.accounts_updated_histogram.record(accounts as f64);
         self.executor.storage_slots_updated_histogram.record(storage_slots as f64);
         self.executor.bytecodes_updated_histogram.record(bytecodes as f64);
+    }
 
-        Ok((output, senders))
+    /// Returns a reference to the executor metrics for use in state hooks.
+    pub(crate) const fn executor_metrics(&self) -> &ExecutorMetrics {
+        &self.executor
+    }
+
+    /// Records the duration of block pre-execution changes (e.g., beacon root update).
+    pub(crate) fn record_pre_execution(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.pre_execution_histogram.record(elapsed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records the duration of block post-execution changes (e.g., finalization).
+    pub(crate) fn record_post_execution(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.post_execution_histogram.record(elapsed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records the time spent waiting for the next transaction from the iterator.
+    pub(crate) fn record_transaction_wait(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.transaction_wait_histogram.record(elapsed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records the duration of a single transaction execution.
+    pub(crate) fn record_transaction_execution(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.transaction_execution_histogram.record(elapsed);
     }
 }
 
@@ -197,6 +133,12 @@ pub(crate) struct EngineMetrics {
 #[derive(Metrics)]
 #[metrics(scope = "consensus.engine.beacon")]
 pub(crate) struct ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
+    /// Finish time of the latest forkchoice updated call.
+    #[metric(skip)]
+    pub(crate) latest_finish_at: Option<Instant>,
+    /// Start time of the latest forkchoice updated call.
+    #[metric(skip)]
+    pub(crate) latest_start_at: Option<Instant>,
     /// The total count of forkchoice updated messages received.
     pub(crate) forkchoice_updated_messages: Counter,
     /// The total count of forkchoice updated messages with payload received.
@@ -219,18 +161,35 @@ pub(crate) struct ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
     pub(crate) forkchoice_updated_last: Gauge,
     /// Time diff between new payload call response and the next forkchoice updated call request.
     pub(crate) new_payload_forkchoice_updated_time_diff: Histogram,
+    /// Time from previous forkchoice updated finish to current forkchoice updated start (idle
+    /// time).
+    pub(crate) time_between_forkchoice_updated: Histogram,
+    /// Time from previous forkchoice updated start to current forkchoice updated start (total
+    /// interval).
+    pub(crate) forkchoice_updated_interval: Histogram,
 }
 
 impl ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
     /// Increment the forkchoiceUpdated counter based on the given result
     pub(crate) fn update_response_metrics(
-        &self,
+        &mut self,
         start: Instant,
         latest_new_payload_at: &mut Option<Instant>,
         has_attrs: bool,
         result: &Result<TreeOutcome<OnForkChoiceUpdated>, ProviderError>,
     ) {
-        let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+        let finish = Instant::now();
+        let elapsed = finish - start;
+
+        if let Some(prev_finish) = self.latest_finish_at {
+            self.time_between_forkchoice_updated.record(start - prev_finish);
+        }
+        if let Some(prev_start) = self.latest_start_at {
+            self.forkchoice_updated_interval.record(start - prev_start);
+        }
+        self.latest_finish_at = Some(finish);
+        self.latest_start_at = Some(start);
+
         match result {
             Ok(outcome) => match outcome.outcome.forkchoice_status() {
                 ForkchoiceStatus::Valid => self.forkchoice_updated_valid.increment(1),
@@ -257,7 +216,10 @@ impl ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
 pub(crate) struct NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
     /// Finish time of the latest new payload call.
     #[metric(skip)]
-    pub(crate) latest_at: Option<Instant>,
+    pub(crate) latest_finish_at: Option<Instant>,
+    /// Start time of the latest new payload call.
+    #[metric(skip)]
+    pub(crate) latest_start_at: Option<Instant>,
     /// The total count of new payload messages received.
     pub(crate) new_payload_messages: Counter,
     /// The total count of new payload messages that we responded to with
@@ -285,6 +247,10 @@ pub(crate) struct NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
     pub(crate) new_payload_latency: Histogram,
     /// Latency for the last new payload call.
     pub(crate) new_payload_last: Gauge,
+    /// Time from previous payload finish to current payload start (idle time).
+    pub(crate) time_between_new_payloads: Histogram,
+    /// Time from previous payload start to current payload start (total interval).
+    pub(crate) new_payload_interval: Histogram,
 }
 
 impl NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
@@ -298,7 +264,14 @@ impl NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
         let finish = Instant::now();
         let elapsed = finish - start;
 
-        self.latest_at = Some(finish);
+        if let Some(prev_finish) = self.latest_finish_at {
+            self.time_between_new_payloads.record(start - prev_finish);
+        }
+        if let Some(prev_start) = self.latest_start_at {
+            self.new_payload_interval.record(start - prev_start);
+        }
+        self.latest_finish_at = Some(finish);
+        self.latest_start_at = Some(start);
         match result {
             Ok(outcome) => match outcome.outcome.status {
                 PayloadStatusEnum::Valid => {
@@ -334,10 +307,6 @@ pub(crate) struct BlockValidationMetrics {
     pub(crate) state_root_histogram: Histogram,
     /// Histogram of deferred trie computation duration.
     pub(crate) deferred_trie_compute_duration: Histogram,
-    /// Histogram of time spent waiting for deferred trie data to become available.
-    pub(crate) deferred_trie_wait_duration: Histogram,
-    /// Trie input computation duration
-    pub(crate) trie_input_duration: Histogram,
     /// Payload conversion and validation latency
     pub(crate) payload_validation_duration: Gauge,
     /// Histogram of payload validation latency
@@ -387,133 +356,10 @@ pub(crate) struct BlockBufferMetrics {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use alloy_eips::eip7685::Requests;
-    use alloy_evm::block::StateChangeSource;
-    use alloy_primitives::{B256, U256};
     use metrics_util::debugging::{DebuggingRecorder, Snapshotter};
-    use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Receipt, TransactionSigned};
-    use reth_evm_ethereum::EthEvm;
+    use reth_ethereum_primitives::Receipt;
     use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
-    use reth_primitives_traits::RecoveredBlock;
-    use revm::{
-        context::result::{ExecutionResult, Output, ResultAndState, SuccessReason},
-        database::State,
-        database_interface::EmptyDB,
-        inspector::NoOpInspector,
-        state::{Account, AccountInfo, AccountStatus, EvmState, EvmStorage, EvmStorageSlot},
-        Context, MainBuilder, MainContext,
-    };
-    use revm_primitives::Bytes;
-    use std::sync::mpsc;
-
-    /// A simple mock executor for testing that doesn't require complex EVM setup
-    struct MockExecutor {
-        state: EvmState,
-        hook: Option<Box<dyn OnStateHook>>,
-    }
-
-    impl MockExecutor {
-        fn new(state: EvmState) -> Self {
-            Self { state, hook: None }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Mock Evm type for testing
-    type MockEvm = EthEvm<State<EmptyDB>, NoOpInspector>;
-
-    impl BlockExecutor for MockExecutor {
-        type Transaction = TransactionSigned;
-        type Receipt = Receipt;
-        type Evm = MockEvm;
-
-        fn apply_pre_execution_changes(&mut self) -> Result<(), BlockExecutionError> {
-            Ok(())
-        }
-
-        fn execute_transaction_without_commit(
-            &mut self,
-            _tx: impl ExecutableTx<Self>,
-        ) -> Result<ResultAndState<<Self::Evm as Evm>::HaltReason>, BlockExecutionError> {
-            // Call hook with our mock state for each transaction
-            if let Some(hook) = self.hook.as_mut() {
-                hook.on_state(StateChangeSource::Transaction(0), &self.state);
-            }
-
-            Ok(ResultAndState::new(
-                ExecutionResult::Success {
-                    reason: SuccessReason::Return,
-                    gas_used: 1000, // Mock gas used
-                    gas_refunded: 0,
-                    logs: vec![],
-                    output: Output::Call(Bytes::from(vec![])),
-                },
-                Default::default(),
-            ))
-        }
-
-        fn commit_transaction(
-            &mut self,
-            _output: ResultAndState<<Self::Evm as Evm>::HaltReason>,
-            _tx: impl ExecutableTx<Self>,
-        ) -> Result<u64, BlockExecutionError> {
-            Ok(1000)
-        }
-
-        fn finish(
-            self,
-        ) -> Result<(Self::Evm, BlockExecutionResult<Self::Receipt>), BlockExecutionError> {
-            let Self { hook, state, .. } = self;
-
-            // Call hook with our mock state
-            if let Some(mut hook) = hook {
-                hook.on_state(StateChangeSource::Transaction(0), &state);
-            }
-
-            // Create a mock EVM
-            let db = State::builder()
-                .with_database(EmptyDB::default())
-                .with_bundle_update()
-                .without_state_clear()
-                .build();
-            let evm = EthEvm::new(
-                Context::mainnet().with_db(db).build_mainnet_with_inspector(NoOpInspector {}),
-                false,
-            );
-
-            // Return successful result like the original tests
-            Ok((
-                evm,
-                BlockExecutionResult {
-                    receipts: vec![],
-                    requests: Requests::default(),
-                    gas_used: 1000,
-                    blob_gas_used: 0,
-                },
-            ))
-        }
-
-        fn set_state_hook(&mut self, hook: Option<Box<dyn OnStateHook>>) {
-            self.hook = hook;
-        }
-
-        fn evm(&self) -> &Self::Evm {
-            panic!("Mock executor evm() not implemented")
-        }
-
-        fn evm_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Evm {
-            panic!("Mock executor evm_mut() not implemented")
-        }
-    }
-
-    struct ChannelStateHook {
-        output: i32,
-        sender: mpsc::Sender<i32>,
-    }
-
-    impl OnStateHook for ChannelStateHook {
-        fn on_state(&mut self, _source: StateChangeSource, _state: &EvmState) {
-            let _ = self.sender.send(self.output);
-        }
-    }
+    use reth_revm::db::BundleState;
 
     fn setup_test_recorder() -> Snapshotter {
         let recorder = DebuggingRecorder::new();
@@ -523,37 +369,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_executor_metrics_hook_called() {
-        let metrics = EngineApiMetrics::default();
-        let input = RecoveredBlock::<reth_ethereum_primitives::Block>::default();
-
-        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
-        let expected_output = 42;
-        let state_hook = Box::new(ChannelStateHook { sender: tx, output: expected_output });
-
-        let state = EvmState::default();
-        let executor = MockExecutor::new(state);
-
-        // This will fail to create the EVM but should still call the hook
-        let _result = metrics.execute_metered::<_, EmptyDB>(
-            executor,
-            input.clone_transactions_recovered().map(Ok::<_, BlockExecutionError>),
-            input.transaction_count(),
-            state_hook,
-        );
-
-        // Check if hook was called (it might not be if finish() fails early)
-        match rx.try_recv() {
-            Ok(actual_output) => assert_eq!(actual_output, expected_output),
-            Err(_) => {
-                // Hook wasn't called, which is expected if the mock fails early
-                // The test still validates that the code compiles and runs
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_executor_metrics_hook_metrics_recorded() {
+    fn test_record_block_execution_metrics() {
         let snapshotter = setup_test_recorder();
         let metrics = EngineApiMetrics::default();
 
@@ -562,42 +378,17 @@ mod tests {
         metrics.executor.gas_per_second.set(0.0);
         metrics.executor.gas_used_histogram.record(0.0);
 
-        let input = RecoveredBlock::<reth_ethereum_primitives::Block>::default();
-
-        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel();
-        let state_hook = Box::new(ChannelStateHook { sender: tx, output: 42 });
-
-        // Create a state with some data
-        let state = {
-            let mut state = EvmState::default();
-            let storage =
-                EvmStorage::from_iter([(U256::from(1), EvmStorageSlot::new(U256::from(2), 0))]);
-            state.insert(
-                Default::default(),
-                Account {
-                    info: AccountInfo {
-                        balance: U256::from(100),
-                        nonce: 10,
-                        code_hash: B256::random(),
-                        code: Default::default(),
-                    },
-                    storage,
-                    status: AccountStatus::default(),
-                    transaction_id: 0,
-                },
-            );
-            state
+        let output = BlockExecutionOutput::<Receipt> {
+            state: BundleState::default(),
+            result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                receipts: vec![],
+                requests: Requests::default(),
+                gas_used: 21000,
+                blob_gas_used: 0,
+            },
         };
 
-        let executor = MockExecutor::new(state);
-
-        // Execute (will fail but should still update some metrics)
-        let _result = metrics.execute_metered::<_, EmptyDB>(
-            executor,
-            input.clone_transactions_recovered().map(Ok::<_, BlockExecutionError>),
-            input.transaction_count(),
-            state_hook,
-        );
+        metrics.record_block_execution(&output, Duration::from_millis(100));
 
         let snapshot = snapshotter.snapshot().into_vec();
 

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs

@@ -30,11 +30,13 @@ use reth_payload_primitives::{
 };
 use reth_primitives_traits::{NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
 use reth_provider::{
-    BlockReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError, StateProviderBox,
-    StateProviderFactory, StateReader, TransactionVariant, TrieReader,
+    BlockExecutionOutput, BlockExecutionResult, BlockNumReader, BlockReader, ChangeSetReader,
+    DatabaseProviderFactory, HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError, StageCheckpointReader,
+    StateProviderBox, StateProviderFactory, StateReader, TransactionVariant,
 };
 use reth_revm::database::StateProviderDatabase;
 use reth_stages_api::ControlFlow;
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use revm::state::EvmState;
 use state::TreeState;
 use std::{fmt::Debug, ops, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
@@ -271,6 +273,8 @@ where
     engine_kind: EngineApiKind,
     /// The EVM configuration.
     evm_config: C,
+    /// Changeset cache for in-memory trie changesets
+    changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
 }
 
 impl<N, P: Debug, T: PayloadTypes + Debug, V: Debug, C> std::fmt::Debug
@@ -295,6 +299,7 @@ where
             .field("metrics", &self.metrics)
             .field("engine_kind", &self.engine_kind)
             .field("evm_config", &self.evm_config)
+            .field("changeset_cache", &self.changeset_cache)
             .finish()
     }
 }
@@ -307,11 +312,12 @@ where
         + StateProviderFactory
         + StateReader<Receipt = N::Receipt>
         + HashedPostStateProvider
-        + TrieReader
         + Clone
         + 'static,
-    <P as DatabaseProviderFactory>::Provider:
-        BlockReader<Block = N::Block, Header = N::BlockHeader>,
+    <P as DatabaseProviderFactory>::Provider: BlockReader<Block = N::Block, Header = N::BlockHeader>
+        + StageCheckpointReader
+        + ChangeSetReader
+        + BlockNumReader,
     C: ConfigureEvm<Primitives = N> + 'static,
     T: PayloadTypes<BuiltPayload: BuiltPayload<Primitives = N>>,
     V: EngineValidator<T>,
@@ -331,6 +337,7 @@ where
         config: TreeConfig,
         engine_kind: EngineApiKind,
         evm_config: C,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> Self {
         let (incoming_tx, incoming) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
 
@@ -351,6 +358,7 @@ where
             incoming_tx,
             engine_kind,
             evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
         }
     }
 
@@ -370,6 +378,7 @@ where
         config: TreeConfig,
         kind: EngineApiKind,
         evm_config: C,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> (Sender<FromEngine<EngineApiRequest<T, N>, N::Block>>, UnboundedReceiver<EngineApiEvent<N>>)
     {
         let best_block_number = provider.best_block_number().unwrap_or(0);
@@ -401,6 +410,7 @@ where
             config,
             kind,
             evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
         );
         let incoming = task.incoming_tx.clone();
         std::thread::Builder::new().name("Engine Task".to_string()).spawn(|| task.run()).unwrap();
@@ -1365,6 +1375,21 @@ where
 
         debug!(target: "engine::tree", ?last_persisted_block_hash, ?last_persisted_block_number, elapsed=?start_time.elapsed(), "Finished persisting, calling finish");
         self.persistence_state.finish(last_persisted_block_hash, last_persisted_block_number);
+
+        // Evict trie changesets for blocks below the finalized block, but keep at least 64 blocks
+        if let Some(finalized) = self.canonical_in_memory_state.get_finalized_num_hash() {
+            let min_threshold = last_persisted_block_number.saturating_sub(64);
+            let eviction_threshold = finalized.number.min(min_threshold);
+            debug!(
+                target: "engine::tree",
+                last_persisted = last_persisted_block_number,
+                finalized_number = finalized.number,
+                eviction_threshold,
+                "Evicting changesets below threshold"
+            );
+            self.changeset_cache.evict(eviction_threshold);
+        }
+
         self.on_new_persisted_block()?;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1453,7 +1478,7 @@ where
 
                                 self.metrics.engine.forkchoice_updated.update_response_metrics(
                                     start,
-                                    &mut self.metrics.engine.new_payload.latest_at,
+                                    &mut self.metrics.engine.new_payload.latest_finish_at,
                                     has_attrs,
                                     &output,
                                 );
@@ -1651,6 +1676,18 @@ where
                 )));
                 return Ok(());
             }
+        } else {
+            // We don't have the head block or any of its ancestors buffered. Request
+            // a download for the head block which will then trigger further sync.
+            debug!(
+                target: "engine::tree",
+                head_hash = %sync_target_state.head_block_hash,
+                "Backfill complete but head block not buffered, requesting download"
+            );
+            self.emit_event(EngineApiEvent::Download(DownloadRequest::single_block(
+                sync_target_state.head_block_hash,
+            )));
+            return Ok(());
         }
 
         // try to close the gap by executing buffered blocks that are child blocks of the new head
@@ -1818,6 +1855,7 @@ where
     /// or the database. If the required historical data (such as trie change sets) has been
     /// pruned for a given block, this operation will return an error. On archive nodes, it
     /// can retrieve any block.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree", skip(self))]
     fn canonical_block_by_hash(&self, hash: B256) -> ProviderResult<Option<ExecutedBlock<N>>> {
         trace!(target: "engine::tree", ?hash, "Fetching executed block by hash");
         // check memory first
@@ -1830,12 +1868,23 @@ where
             .sealed_block_with_senders(hash.into(), TransactionVariant::WithHash)?
             .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::HeaderNotFound(hash.into()))?
             .split_sealed();
-        let execution_output = self
+        let mut execution_output = self
             .provider
             .get_state(block.header().number())?
             .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::StateForNumberNotFound(block.header().number()))?;
         let hashed_state = self.provider.hashed_post_state(execution_output.state());
-        let trie_updates = self.provider.get_block_trie_updates(block.number())?;
+
+        debug!(
+            target: "engine::tree",
+            number = ?block.number(),
+            "computing block trie updates",
+        );
+        let db_provider = self.provider.database_provider_ro()?;
+        let trie_updates = reth_trie_db::compute_block_trie_updates(
+            &self.changeset_cache,
+            &db_provider,
+            block.number(),
+        )?;
 
         let sorted_hashed_state = Arc::new(hashed_state.into_sorted());
         let sorted_trie_updates = Arc::new(trie_updates);
@@ -1843,9 +1892,19 @@ where
         let trie_data =
             ComputedTrieData::without_trie_input(sorted_hashed_state, sorted_trie_updates);
 
+        let execution_output = Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput {
+            state: execution_output.bundle,
+            result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                receipts: execution_output.receipts.pop().unwrap_or_default(),
+                requests: execution_output.requests.pop().unwrap_or_default(),
+                gas_used: block.gas_used(),
+                blob_gas_used: block.blob_gas_used().unwrap_or_default(),
+            },
+        });
+
         Ok(Some(ExecutedBlock::new(
             Arc::new(RecoveredBlock::new_sealed(block, senders)),
-            Arc::new(execution_output),
+            execution_output,
             trie_data,
         )))
     }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/bal.rs

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for BALSlotIter<'a> {
                     return None;
                 }
 
-                return Some((address, slot));
+                return Some((address, StorageKey::from(slot)));
             }
 
             // Move to next account
@@ -177,13 +177,11 @@ where
             let mut storage_map = HashedStorage::new(false);
 
             for slot_changes in &account_changes.storage_changes {
-                let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot_changes.slot);
+                let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot_changes.slot.to_be_bytes::<32>());
 
                 // Get the last change for this slot
                 if let Some(last_change) = slot_changes.changes.last() {
-                    storage_map
-                        .storage
-                        .insert(hashed_slot, U256::from_be_bytes(last_change.new_value.0));
+                    storage_map.storage.insert(hashed_slot, last_change.new_value);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -237,8 +235,8 @@ mod tests {
         let provider = StateProviderTest::default();
 
         let address = Address::random();
-        let slot = StorageKey::random();
-        let value = B256::random();
+        let slot = U256::random();
+        let value = U256::random();
 
         let slot_changes = SlotChanges { slot, changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, value)] };
 
@@ -258,10 +256,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(result.storages.contains_key(&hashed_address));
 
         let storage = result.storages.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
-        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot);
+        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot.to_be_bytes::<32>());
 
         let stored_value = storage.storage.get(&hashed_slot).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(*stored_value, U256::from_be_bytes(value.0));
+        assert_eq!(*stored_value, value);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -392,15 +390,15 @@ mod tests {
         let provider = StateProviderTest::default();
 
         let address = Address::random();
-        let slot = StorageKey::random();
+        let slot = U256::random();
 
         // Multiple changes to the same slot - should take the last one
         let slot_changes = SlotChanges {
             slot,
             changes: vec![
-                StorageChange::new(0, B256::from(U256::from(100).to_be_bytes::<32>())),
-                StorageChange::new(1, B256::from(U256::from(200).to_be_bytes::<32>())),
-                StorageChange::new(2, B256::from(U256::from(300).to_be_bytes::<32>())),
+                StorageChange::new(0, U256::from(100)),
+                StorageChange::new(1, U256::from(200)),
+                StorageChange::new(2, U256::from(300)),
             ],
         };
 
@@ -418,7 +416,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
         let storage = result.storages.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
-        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot);
+        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot.to_be_bytes::<32>());
 
         let stored_value = storage.storage.get(&hashed_slot).unwrap();
 
@@ -438,15 +436,15 @@ mod tests {
             address: addr1,
             storage_changes: vec![
                 SlotChanges {
-                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(100)),
-                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                    slot: U256::from(100),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::ZERO)],
                 },
                 SlotChanges {
-                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(101)),
-                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                    slot: U256::from(101),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::ZERO)],
                 },
             ],
-            storage_reads: vec![StorageKey::from(U256::from(102))],
+            storage_reads: vec![U256::from(102)],
             balance_changes: vec![],
             nonce_changes: vec![],
             code_changes: vec![],
@@ -456,10 +454,10 @@ mod tests {
         let account2 = AccountChanges {
             address: addr2,
             storage_changes: vec![SlotChanges {
-                slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(200)),
-                changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                slot: U256::from(200),
+                changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::ZERO)],
             }],
-            storage_reads: vec![StorageKey::from(U256::from(201))],
+            storage_reads: vec![U256::from(201)],
             balance_changes: vec![],
             nonce_changes: vec![],
             code_changes: vec![],
@@ -470,15 +468,15 @@ mod tests {
             address: addr3,
             storage_changes: vec![
                 SlotChanges {
-                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(300)),
-                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                    slot: U256::from(300),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::ZERO)],
                 },
                 SlotChanges {
-                    slot: StorageKey::from(U256::from(301)),
-                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, B256::ZERO)],
+                    slot: U256::from(301),
+                    changes: vec![StorageChange::new(0, U256::ZERO)],
                 },
             ],
-            storage_reads: vec![StorageKey::from(U256::from(302))],
+            storage_reads: vec![U256::from(302)],
             balance_changes: vec![],
             nonce_changes: vec![],
             code_changes: vec![],

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use alloy_evm::{block::StateChangeSource, ToTxEnv};
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
 use executor::WorkloadExecutor;
+use metrics::Counter;
 use multiproof::{SparseTrieUpdate, *};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use prewarm::PrewarmMetrics;
@@ -28,10 +29,11 @@ use reth_evm::{
     ConfigureEvm, EvmEnvFor, ExecutableTxIterator, ExecutableTxTuple, OnStateHook, SpecFor,
     TxEnvFor,
 };
-use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
+use reth_metrics::Metrics;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_provider::{
-    BlockReader, DatabaseProviderROFactory, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
+    BlockExecutionOutput, BlockReader, DatabaseProviderROFactory, StateProvider,
+    StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
 };
 use reth_revm::{db::BundleState, state::EvmState};
 use reth_trie::{hashed_cursor::HashedCursorFactory, trie_cursor::TrieCursorFactory};
@@ -61,6 +63,7 @@ mod configured_sparse_trie;
 pub mod executor;
 pub mod multiproof;
 pub mod prewarm;
+pub mod receipt_root_task;
 pub mod sparse_trie;
 
 use configured_sparse_trie::ConfiguredSparseTrie;
@@ -138,6 +141,8 @@ where
     disable_parallel_sparse_trie: bool,
     /// Maximum concurrency for prewarm task.
     prewarm_max_concurrency: usize,
+    /// Whether to disable cache metrics recording.
+    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
 }
 
 impl<N, Evm> PayloadProcessor<Evm>
@@ -170,6 +175,7 @@ where
             sparse_state_trie: Arc::default(),
             disable_parallel_sparse_trie: config.disable_parallel_sparse_trie(),
             prewarm_max_concurrency: config.prewarm_max_concurrency(),
+            disable_cache_metrics: config.disable_cache_metrics(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -299,7 +305,7 @@ where
             // Build a state provider for the multiproof task
             let provider = provider_builder.build().expect("failed to build provider");
             let provider = if let Some(saved_cache) = saved_cache {
-                let (cache, metrics) = saved_cache.split();
+                let (cache, metrics, _) = saved_cache.split();
                 Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new(provider, cache, metrics))
                     as Box<dyn StateProvider>
             } else {
@@ -476,6 +482,7 @@ where
             debug!("creating new execution cache on cache miss");
             let cache = ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(self.cross_block_cache_size);
             SavedCache::new(parent_hash, cache, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed())
+                .with_disable_cache_metrics(self.disable_cache_metrics)
         }
     }
 
@@ -557,6 +564,7 @@ where
         block_with_parent: BlockWithParent,
         bundle_state: &BundleState,
     ) {
+        let disable_cache_metrics = self.disable_cache_metrics;
         self.execution_cache.update_with_guard(|cached| {
             if cached.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| c.executed_block_hash() != block_with_parent.parent) {
                 debug!(
@@ -570,7 +578,8 @@ where
             // Take existing cache (if any) or create fresh caches
             let (caches, cache_metrics) = match cached.take() {
                 Some(existing) => {
-                    existing.split()
+                    let (c, m, _) = existing.split();
+                    (c, m)
                 }
                 None => (
                     ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(self.cross_block_cache_size),
@@ -579,7 +588,8 @@ where
             };
 
             // Insert the block's bundle state into cache
-            let new_cache = SavedCache::new(block_with_parent.block.hash, caches, cache_metrics);
+            let new_cache = SavedCache::new(block_with_parent.block.hash, caches, cache_metrics)
+                .with_disable_cache_metrics(disable_cache_metrics);
             if new_cache.cache().insert_state(bundle_state).is_err() {
                 *cached = None;
                 debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on update error");
@@ -665,13 +675,15 @@ impl<Tx, Err, R: Send + Sync + 'static> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err, R> {
 
     /// Terminates the entire caching task.
     ///
-    /// If the [`ExecutionOutcome`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
+    /// If the [`BlockExecutionOutput`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
     /// bundle state. Using `Arc<ExecutionOutcome>` allows sharing with the main execution
     /// path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a sender for the channel that should be notified on block validation success.
     pub(super) fn terminate_caching(
         &mut self,
-        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
-    ) {
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<R>>>,
+    ) -> Option<mpsc::Sender<()>> {
         self.prewarm_handle.terminate_caching(execution_outcome)
     }
 
@@ -707,15 +719,21 @@ impl<R: Send + Sync + 'static> CacheTaskHandle<R> {
 
     /// Terminates the entire pre-warming task.
     ///
-    /// If the [`ExecutionOutcome`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
+    /// If the [`BlockExecutionOutput`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
     /// bundle state. Using `Arc<ExecutionOutcome>` avoids cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+    #[must_use = "sender must be used and notified on block validation success"]
     pub(super) fn terminate_caching(
         &mut self,
-        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
-    ) {
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<R>>>,
+    ) -> Option<mpsc::Sender<()>> {
         if let Some(tx) = self.to_prewarm_task.take() {
-            let event = PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome };
+            let (valid_block_tx, valid_block_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+            let event = PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome, valid_block_rx };
             let _ = tx.send(event);
+
+            Some(valid_block_tx)
+        } else {
+            None
         }
     }
 }
@@ -724,7 +742,10 @@ impl<R> Drop for CacheTaskHandle<R> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         // Ensure we always terminate on drop - send None without needing Send + Sync bounds
         if let Some(tx) = self.to_prewarm_task.take() {
-            let _ = tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome: None });
+            let _ = tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate {
+                execution_outcome: None,
+                valid_block_rx: mpsc::channel().1,
+            });
         }
     }
 }
@@ -758,6 +779,8 @@ impl<R> Drop for CacheTaskHandle<R> {
 struct ExecutionCache {
     /// Guarded cloneable cache identified by a block hash.
     inner: Arc<RwLock<Option<SavedCache>>>,
+    /// Metrics for cache operations.
+    metrics: ExecutionCacheMetrics,
 }
 
 impl ExecutionCache {
@@ -799,6 +822,10 @@ impl ExecutionCache {
             if hash_matches && available {
                 return Some(c.clone());
             }
+
+            if hash_matches && !available {
+                self.metrics.execution_cache_in_use.increment(1);
+            }
         } else {
             debug!(target: "engine::caching", %parent_hash, "No cache found");
         }
@@ -834,6 +861,15 @@ impl ExecutionCache {
     }
 }
 
+/// Metrics for execution cache operations.
+#[derive(Metrics, Clone)]
+#[metrics(scope = "consensus.engine.beacon")]
+pub(crate) struct ExecutionCacheMetrics {
+    /// Counter for when the execution cache was unavailable because other threads
+    /// (e.g., prewarming) are still using it.
+    pub(crate) execution_cache_in_use: Counter,
+}
+
 /// EVM context required to execute a block.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ExecutionEnv<Evm: ConfigureEvm> {
@@ -886,6 +922,7 @@ mod tests {
     use reth_revm::db::BundleState;
     use reth_testing_utils::generators;
     use reth_trie::{test_utils::state_root, HashedPostState};
+    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
     use revm_primitives::{Address, HashMap, B256, KECCAK_EMPTY, U256};
     use revm_state::{AccountInfo, AccountStatus, EvmState, EvmStorageSlot};
     use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -1058,7 +1095,9 @@ mod tests {
                         nonce: rng.random::<u64>(),
                         code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
                         code: Some(Default::default()),
+                        account_id: None,
                     },
+                    original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
                     storage,
                     status: AccountStatus::Touched,
                     transaction_id: 0,
@@ -1141,7 +1180,7 @@ mod tests {
                 std::convert::identity,
             ),
             StateProviderBuilder::new(provider_factory.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
-            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory),
+            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory, ChangesetCache::new()),
             &TreeConfig::default(),
             None, // No BAL for test
         );

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/multiproof.rs

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use reth_trie_parallel::{
         AccountMultiproofInput, ProofResultContext, ProofResultMessage, ProofWorkerHandle,
     },
 };
+use revm_primitives::map::{hash_map, B256Map};
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
 use tracing::{debug, error, instrument, trace};
 
@@ -140,22 +141,27 @@ impl ProofSequencer {
     /// Adds a proof with the corresponding state update and returns all sequential proofs and state
     /// updates if we have a continuous sequence
     fn add_proof(&mut self, sequence: u64, update: SparseTrieUpdate) -> Vec<SparseTrieUpdate> {
-        if sequence >= self.next_to_deliver {
+        // Optimization: fast path for in-order delivery to avoid BTreeMap overhead.
+        // If this is the expected sequence, return it immediately without buffering.
+        if sequence == self.next_to_deliver {
+            let mut consecutive_proofs = Vec::with_capacity(1);
+            consecutive_proofs.push(update);
+            self.next_to_deliver += 1;
+
+            // Check if we have subsequent proofs in the pending buffer
+            while let Some(pending) = self.pending_proofs.remove(&self.next_to_deliver) {
+                consecutive_proofs.push(pending);
+                self.next_to_deliver += 1;
+            }
+
+            return consecutive_proofs;
+        }
+
+        if sequence > self.next_to_deliver {
             self.pending_proofs.insert(sequence, update);
         }
 
-        let mut consecutive_proofs = Vec::with_capacity(self.pending_proofs.len());
-        let mut current_sequence = self.next_to_deliver;
-
-        // keep collecting proofs and state updates as long as we have consecutive sequence numbers
-        while let Some(pending) = self.pending_proofs.remove(&current_sequence) {
-            consecutive_proofs.push(pending);
-            current_sequence += 1;
-        }
-
-        self.next_to_deliver += consecutive_proofs.len() as u64;
-
-        consecutive_proofs
+        Vec::new()
     }
 
     /// Returns true if we still have pending proofs
@@ -609,7 +615,19 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
         self.multi_added_removed_keys.touch_accounts(targets.keys().copied());
 
         // Clone+Arc MultiAddedRemovedKeys for sharing with the dispatched multiproof tasks
-        let multi_added_removed_keys = Arc::new(self.multi_added_removed_keys.clone());
+        let multi_added_removed_keys = Arc::new(MultiAddedRemovedKeys {
+            account: self.multi_added_removed_keys.account.clone(),
+            storages: targets
+                .keys()
+                .filter_map(|account| {
+                    self.multi_added_removed_keys
+                        .storages
+                        .get(account)
+                        .cloned()
+                        .map(|keys| (*account, keys))
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        });
 
         self.metrics.prefetch_proof_targets_accounts_histogram.record(targets.len() as f64);
         self.metrics
@@ -705,7 +723,33 @@ impl MultiProofTask {
         }
 
         // Clone+Arc MultiAddedRemovedKeys for sharing with the dispatched multiproof tasks
-        let multi_added_removed_keys = Arc::new(self.multi_added_removed_keys.clone());
+        let multi_added_removed_keys = Arc::new(MultiAddedRemovedKeys {
+            account: self.multi_added_removed_keys.account.clone(),
+            storages: {
+                let mut storages = B256Map::with_capacity_and_hasher(
+                    not_fetched_state_update.storages.len(),
+                    Default::default(),
+                );
+
+                for account in not_fetched_state_update
+                    .storages
+                    .keys()
+                    .chain(not_fetched_state_update.accounts.keys())
+                {
+                    if let hash_map::Entry::Vacant(entry) = storages.entry(*account) {
+                        entry.insert(
+                            self.multi_added_removed_keys
+                                .storages
+                                .get(account)
+                                .cloned()
+                                .unwrap_or_default(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                storages
+            },
+        });
 
         let chunking_len = not_fetched_state_update.chunking_length();
         let mut spawned_proof_targets = MultiProofTargets::default();
@@ -1279,9 +1323,10 @@ mod tests {
     use reth_provider::{
         providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, test_utils::create_test_provider_factory,
         BlockNumReader, BlockReader, ChangeSetReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, LatestStateProvider,
-        PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProviderBox, TrieReader,
+        PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProviderBox,
     };
     use reth_trie::MultiProof;
+    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
     use reth_trie_parallel::proof_task::{ProofTaskCtx, ProofWorkerHandle};
     use revm_primitives::{B256, U256};
     use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
@@ -1302,7 +1347,6 @@ mod tests {
     where
         F: DatabaseProviderFactory<
                 Provider: BlockReader
-                              + TrieReader
                               + StageCheckpointReader
                               + PruneCheckpointReader
                               + ChangeSetReader
@@ -1312,7 +1356,8 @@ mod tests {
             + 'static,
     {
         let rt_handle = get_test_runtime_handle();
-        let overlay_factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(factory);
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
+        let overlay_factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(factory, changeset_cache);
         let task_ctx = ProofTaskCtx::new(overlay_factory);
         let proof_handle = ProofWorkerHandle::new(rt_handle, task_ctx, 1, 1, false);
         let (to_sparse_trie, _receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
@@ -1324,7 +1369,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn create_cached_provider<F>(factory: F) -> CachedStateProvider<StateProviderBox>
     where
         F: DatabaseProviderFactory<
-                Provider: BlockReader + TrieReader + StageCheckpointReader + PruneCheckpointReader,
+                Provider: BlockReader + StageCheckpointReader + PruneCheckpointReader,
             > + Clone
             + Send
             + 'static,
@@ -1771,7 +1816,9 @@ mod tests {
                     nonce: 1,
                     code_hash: Default::default(),
                     code: Default::default(),
+                    account_id: None,
                 },
+                original_info: Box::new(revm_state::AccountInfo::default()),
                 transaction_id: Default::default(),
                 storage: Default::default(),
                 status: revm_state::AccountStatus::Touched,
@@ -1788,7 +1835,9 @@ mod tests {
                     nonce: 2,
                     code_hash: Default::default(),
                     code: Default::default(),
+                    account_id: None,
                 },
+                original_info: Box::new(revm_state::AccountInfo::default()),
                 transaction_id: Default::default(),
                 storage: Default::default(),
                 status: revm_state::AccountStatus::Touched,
@@ -1890,7 +1939,9 @@ mod tests {
                     nonce: 1,
                     code_hash: Default::default(),
                     code: Default::default(),
+                    account_id: None,
                 },
+                original_info: Box::new(revm_state::AccountInfo::default()),
                 transaction_id: Default::default(),
                 storage: Default::default(),
                 status: revm_state::AccountStatus::Touched,

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs

@@ -30,10 +30,12 @@ use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, map::B256Set, B256};
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
 use metrics::{Counter, Gauge, Histogram};
 use reth_evm::{execute::ExecutableTxFor, ConfigureEvm, Evm, EvmFor, SpecFor};
-use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
 use reth_metrics::Metrics;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
-use reth_provider::{AccountReader, BlockReader, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader};
+use reth_provider::{
+    AccountReader, BlockExecutionOutput, BlockReader, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory,
+    StateReader,
+};
 use reth_revm::{database::StateProviderDatabase, state::EvmState};
 use reth_trie::MultiProofTargets;
 use std::{
@@ -259,7 +261,11 @@ where
     ///
     /// This method is called from `run()` only after all execution tasks are complete.
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", skip_all)]
-    fn save_cache(self, execution_outcome: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>) {
+    fn save_cache(
+        self,
+        execution_outcome: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
+        valid_block_rx: mpsc::Receiver<()>,
+    ) {
         let start = Instant::now();
 
         let Self { execution_cache, ctx: PrewarmContext { env, metrics, saved_cache, .. }, .. } =
@@ -272,12 +278,13 @@ where
             execution_cache.update_with_guard(|cached| {
                 // consumes the `SavedCache` held by the prewarming task, which releases its usage
                 // guard
-                let (caches, cache_metrics) = saved_cache.split();
-                let new_cache = SavedCache::new(hash, caches, cache_metrics);
+                let (caches, cache_metrics, disable_cache_metrics) = saved_cache.split();
+                let new_cache = SavedCache::new(hash, caches, cache_metrics)
+                    .with_disable_cache_metrics(disable_cache_metrics);
 
                 // Insert state into cache while holding the lock
                 // Access the BundleState through the shared ExecutionOutcome
-                if new_cache.cache().insert_state(execution_outcome.state()).is_err() {
+                if new_cache.cache().insert_state(&execution_outcome.state).is_err() {
                     // Clear the cache on error to prevent having a polluted cache
                     *cached = None;
                     debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on update error");
@@ -286,9 +293,16 @@ where
 
                 new_cache.update_metrics();
 
-                // Replace the shared cache with the new one; the previous cache (if any) is
-                // dropped.
-                *cached = Some(new_cache);
+                if valid_block_rx.recv().is_ok() {
+                    // Replace the shared cache with the new one; the previous cache (if any) is
+                    // dropped.
+                    *cached = Some(new_cache);
+                } else {
+                    // Block was invalid; caches were already mutated by insert_state above,
+                    // so we must clear to prevent using polluted state
+                    *cached = None;
+                    debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on invalid block");
+                }
             });
 
             let elapsed = start.elapsed();
@@ -419,9 +433,10 @@ where
                     // completed executing a set of transactions
                     self.send_multi_proof_targets(proof_targets);
                 }
-                PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome } => {
+                PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome, valid_block_rx } => {
                     trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "Received termination signal");
-                    final_execution_outcome = Some(execution_outcome);
+                    final_execution_outcome =
+                        Some(execution_outcome.map(|outcome| (outcome, valid_block_rx)));
 
                     if finished_execution {
                         // all tasks are done, we can exit, which will save caches and exit
@@ -446,8 +461,8 @@ where
         debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "Completed prewarm execution");
 
         // save caches and finish using the shared ExecutionOutcome
-        if let Some(Some(execution_outcome)) = final_execution_outcome {
-            self.save_cache(execution_outcome);
+        if let Some(Some((execution_outcome, valid_block_rx))) = final_execution_outcome {
+            self.save_cache(execution_outcome, valid_block_rx);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -567,9 +582,14 @@ where
                 .entered();
             txs.recv()
         } {
-            let enter =
-                debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "prewarm tx", index, tx_hash=%tx.tx().tx_hash())
-                    .entered();
+            let enter = debug_span!(
+                target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
+                "prewarm tx",
+                index,
+                tx_hash = %tx.tx().tx_hash(),
+                is_success = tracing::field::Empty,
+            )
+            .entered();
 
             // create the tx env
             let start = Instant::now();
@@ -810,7 +830,12 @@ pub(super) enum PrewarmTaskEvent<R> {
     Terminate {
         /// The final execution outcome. Using `Arc` allows sharing with the main execution
         /// path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
-        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<R>>>,
+        /// Receiver for the block validation result.
+        ///
+        /// Cache saving is racing the state root validation. We optimistically construct the
+        /// updated cache but only save it once we know the block is valid.
+        valid_block_rx: mpsc::Receiver<()>,
     },
     /// The outcome of a pre-warm task
     Outcome {

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/receipt_root_task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+//! Receipt root computation in a background task.
+//!
+//! This module provides a streaming receipt root builder that computes the receipt trie root
+//! in a background thread. Receipts are sent via a channel with their index, and for each
+//! receipt received, the builder incrementally flushes leaves to the underlying
+//! [`OrderedTrieRootEncodedBuilder`] when possible. When the channel closes, the task returns the
+//! computed root.
+
+use alloy_eips::Encodable2718;
+use alloy_primitives::{Bloom, B256};
+use crossbeam_channel::Receiver;
+use reth_primitives_traits::Receipt;
+use reth_trie_common::ordered_root::OrderedTrieRootEncodedBuilder;
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+
+/// Receipt with index, ready to be sent to the background task for encoding and trie building.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct IndexedReceipt<R> {
+    /// The transaction index within the block.
+    pub index: usize,
+    /// The receipt.
+    pub receipt: R,
+}
+
+impl<R> IndexedReceipt<R> {
+    /// Creates a new indexed receipt.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new(index: usize, receipt: R) -> Self {
+        Self { index, receipt }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle for running the receipt root computation in a background task.
+///
+/// This struct holds the channels needed to receive receipts and send the result.
+/// Use [`Self::run`] to execute the computation (typically in a spawned blocking task).
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ReceiptRootTaskHandle<R> {
+    /// Receiver for indexed receipts.
+    receipt_rx: Receiver<IndexedReceipt<R>>,
+    /// Sender for the computed result.
+    result_tx: oneshot::Sender<(B256, Bloom)>,
+}
+
+impl<R: Receipt> ReceiptRootTaskHandle<R> {
+    /// Creates a new handle from the receipt receiver and result sender channels.
+    pub const fn new(
+        receipt_rx: Receiver<IndexedReceipt<R>>,
+        result_tx: oneshot::Sender<(B256, Bloom)>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { receipt_rx, result_tx }
+    }
+
+    /// Runs the receipt root computation, consuming the handle.
+    ///
+    /// This method receives indexed receipts from the channel, encodes them,
+    /// and builds the trie incrementally. When all receipts have been received
+    /// (channel closed), it sends the result through the oneshot channel.
+    ///
+    /// This is designed to be called inside a blocking task (e.g., via
+    /// `executor.spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len))`).
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `receipts_len` - The total number of receipts expected. This is needed to correctly order
+    ///   the trie keys according to RLP encoding rules.
+    pub fn run(self, receipts_len: usize) {
+        let mut builder = OrderedTrieRootEncodedBuilder::new(receipts_len);
+        let mut aggregated_bloom = Bloom::ZERO;
+        let mut encode_buf = Vec::new();
+        let mut received_count = 0usize;
+
+        for indexed_receipt in self.receipt_rx {
+            let receipt_with_bloom = indexed_receipt.receipt.with_bloom_ref();
+
+            encode_buf.clear();
+            receipt_with_bloom.encode_2718(&mut encode_buf);
+
+            aggregated_bloom |= *receipt_with_bloom.bloom_ref();
+            builder.push_unchecked(indexed_receipt.index, &encode_buf);
+            received_count += 1;
+        }
+
+        let Ok(root) = builder.finalize() else {
+            // Finalize fails if we didn't receive exactly `receipts_len` receipts. This can
+            // happen if execution was aborted early (e.g., invalid transaction encountered).
+            // We return without sending a result, allowing the caller to handle the abort.
+            tracing::error!(
+                target: "engine::tree::payload_processor",
+                expected = receipts_len,
+                received = received_count,
+                "Receipt root task received incomplete receipts, execution likely aborted"
+            );
+            return;
+        };
+        let _ = self.result_tx.send((root, aggregated_bloom));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use alloy_consensus::{proofs::calculate_receipt_root, TxReceipt};
+    use alloy_primitives::{b256, hex, Address, Bytes, Log};
+    use crossbeam_channel::bounded;
+    use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Receipt, TxType};
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_empty() {
+        let (_tx, rx) = bounded::<IndexedReceipt<Receipt>>(1);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        drop(_tx);
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(0)).await.unwrap();
+
+        let (root, bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        // Empty trie root
+        assert_eq!(root, reth_trie_common::EMPTY_ROOT_HASH);
+        assert_eq!(bloom, Bloom::ZERO);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_single_receipt() {
+        let receipts: Vec<Receipt> = vec![Receipt::default()];
+
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(1);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.clone().into_iter().enumerate() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (root, _bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        // Verify against the standard calculation
+        let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> = receipts.iter().map(|r| r.with_bloom_ref()).collect();
+        let expected_root = calculate_receipt_root(&receipts_with_bloom);
+
+        assert_eq!(root, expected_root);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_multiple_receipts() {
+        let receipts: Vec<Receipt> = vec![Receipt::default(); 5];
+
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(4);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (root, bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        // Verify against expected values from existing test
+        assert_eq!(
+            root,
+            b256!("0x61353b4fb714dc1fccacbf7eafc4273e62f3d1eed716fe41b2a0cd2e12c63ebc")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            bloom,
+            Bloom::from(hex!("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_matches_standard_calculation() {
+        // Create some receipts with actual data
+        let receipts = vec![
+            Receipt {
+                tx_type: TxType::Legacy,
+                cumulative_gas_used: 21000,
+                success: true,
+                logs: vec![],
+            },
+            Receipt {
+                tx_type: TxType::Eip1559,
+                cumulative_gas_used: 42000,
+                success: true,
+                logs: vec![Log {
+                    address: Address::ZERO,
+                    data: alloy_primitives::LogData::new_unchecked(vec![B256::ZERO], Bytes::new()),
+                }],
+            },
+            Receipt {
+                tx_type: TxType::Eip2930,
+                cumulative_gas_used: 63000,
+                success: false,
+                logs: vec![],
+            },
+        ];
+
+        // Calculate expected values first (before we move receipts)
+        let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> = receipts.iter().map(|r| r.with_bloom_ref()).collect();
+        let expected_root = calculate_receipt_root(&receipts_with_bloom);
+        let expected_bloom =
+            receipts_with_bloom.iter().fold(Bloom::ZERO, |bloom, r| bloom | r.bloom_ref());
+
+        // Calculate using the task
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(4);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (task_root, task_bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(task_root, expected_root);
+        assert_eq!(task_bloom, expected_bloom);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_out_of_order() {
+        let receipts: Vec<Receipt> = vec![Receipt::default(); 5];
+
+        // Calculate expected values first (before we move receipts)
+        let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> = receipts.iter().map(|r| r.with_bloom_ref()).collect();
+        let expected_root = calculate_receipt_root(&receipts_with_bloom);
+
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(4);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        // Send in reverse order to test out-of-order handling
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.into_iter().enumerate().rev() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (root, _bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(root, expected_root);
+    }
+}

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs

@@ -7,17 +7,19 @@ use crate::tree::{
     payload_processor::{executor::WorkloadExecutor, PayloadProcessor},
     precompile_cache::{CachedPrecompile, CachedPrecompileMetrics, PrecompileCacheMap},
     sparse_trie::StateRootComputeOutcome,
-    EngineApiMetrics, EngineApiTreeState, ExecutionEnv, PayloadHandle, StateProviderBuilder,
-    StateProviderDatabase, TreeConfig,
+    EngineApiMetrics, EngineApiTreeState, ExecutionEnv, MeteredStateHook, PayloadHandle,
+    StateProviderBuilder, StateProviderDatabase, TreeConfig,
 };
-use alloy_consensus::transaction::Either;
+use alloy_consensus::transaction::{Either, TxHashRef};
 use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use alloy_eips::{eip1898::BlockWithParent, NumHash};
 use alloy_evm::Evm;
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
+
+use crate::tree::payload_processor::receipt_root_task::{IndexedReceipt, ReceiptRootTaskHandle};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
-use reth_chain_state::{CanonicalInMemoryState, DeferredTrieData, ExecutedBlock};
-use reth_consensus::{ConsensusError, FullConsensus};
+use reth_chain_state::{CanonicalInMemoryState, DeferredTrieData, ExecutedBlock, LazyOverlay};
+use reth_consensus::{ConsensusError, FullConsensus, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use reth_engine_primitives::{
     ConfigureEngineEvm, ExecutableTxIterator, ExecutionPayload, InvalidBlockHook, PayloadValidator,
 };
@@ -35,12 +37,13 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{
 };
 use reth_provider::{
     providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, BlockExecutionOutput, BlockNumReader, BlockReader,
-    ChangeSetReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, DatabaseProviderROFactory, ExecutionOutcome,
-    HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader,
-    StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader, TrieReader,
+    ChangeSetReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, DatabaseProviderROFactory, HashedPostStateProvider,
+    ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProvider,
+    StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
 };
-use reth_revm::db::State;
-use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState, StateRoot, TrieInputSorted};
+use reth_revm::db::{states::bundle_state::BundleRetention, State};
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState, StateRoot};
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use reth_trie_parallel::root::{ParallelStateRoot, ParallelStateRootError};
 use revm_primitives::Address;
 use std::{
@@ -129,6 +132,8 @@ where
     metrics: EngineApiMetrics,
     /// Validator for the payload.
     validator: V,
+    /// Changeset cache for in-memory trie changesets
+    changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
 }
 
 impl<N, P, Evm, V> BasicEngineValidator<P, Evm, V>
@@ -136,7 +141,6 @@ where
     N: NodePrimitives,
     P: DatabaseProviderFactory<
             Provider: BlockReader
-                          + TrieReader
                           + StageCheckpointReader
                           + PruneCheckpointReader
                           + ChangeSetReader
@@ -160,6 +164,7 @@ where
         validator: V,
         config: TreeConfig,
         invalid_block_hook: Box<dyn InvalidBlockHook<N>>,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> Self {
         let precompile_cache_map = PrecompileCacheMap::default();
         let payload_processor = PayloadProcessor::new(
@@ -179,6 +184,7 @@ where
             invalid_block_hook,
             metrics: EngineApiMetrics::default(),
             validator,
+            changeset_cache,
         }
     }
 
@@ -363,7 +369,6 @@ where
         }
 
         let parent_hash = input.parent_hash();
-        let block_num_hash = input.num_hash();
 
         trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Fetching block state provider");
         let _enter =
@@ -418,13 +423,23 @@ where
             .map_err(Box::<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>::from))
         .map(Arc::new);
 
+        // Create lazy overlay from ancestors - this doesn't block, allowing execution to start
+        // before the trie data is ready. The overlay will be computed on first access.
+        let (lazy_overlay, anchor_hash) = Self::get_parent_lazy_overlay(parent_hash, ctx.state());
+
+        // Create overlay factory for payload processor (StateRootTask path needs it for
+        // multiproofs)
+        let overlay_factory =
+            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone(), self.changeset_cache.clone())
+                .with_block_hash(Some(anchor_hash))
+                .with_lazy_overlay(lazy_overlay);
+
         // Spawn the appropriate processor based on strategy
         let mut handle = ensure_ok!(self.spawn_payload_processor(
             env.clone(),
             txs,
             provider_builder,
-            parent_hash,
-            ctx.state(),
+            overlay_factory.clone(),
             strategy,
             block_access_list,
         ));
@@ -440,19 +455,48 @@ where
             state_provider = Box::new(InstrumentedStateProvider::new(state_provider, "engine"));
         }
 
-        // Execute the block and handle any execution errors
-        let (output, senders) = match self.execute_block(state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle) {
-            Ok(output) => output,
-            Err(err) => return self.handle_execution_error(input, err, &parent_block),
-        };
+        // Execute the block and handle any execution errors.
+        // The receipt root task is spawned before execution and receives receipts incrementally
+        // as transactions complete, allowing parallel computation during execution.
+        let (output, senders, receipt_root_rx) =
+            match self.execute_block(state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle) {
+                Ok(output) => output,
+                Err(err) => return self.handle_execution_error(input, err, &parent_block),
+            };
 
         // After executing the block we can stop prewarming transactions
         handle.stop_prewarming_execution();
 
+        // Create ExecutionOutcome early so we can terminate caching before validation and state
+        // root computation. Using Arc allows sharing with both the caching task and the deferred
+        // trie task without cloning the expensive BundleState.
+        let output = Arc::new(output);
+
+        // Terminate caching task early since execution is complete and caching is no longer
+        // needed. This frees up resources while state root computation continues.
+        let valid_block_tx = handle.terminate_caching(Some(output.clone()));
+
         let block = self.convert_to_block(input)?.with_senders(senders);
 
+        // Wait for the receipt root computation to complete.
+        let receipt_root_bloom = receipt_root_rx
+            .blocking_recv()
+            .inspect_err(|_| {
+                tracing::error!(
+                    target: "engine::tree::payload_validator",
+                    "Receipt root task dropped sender without result, receipt root calculation likely aborted"
+                );
+            })
+            .ok();
+
         let hashed_state = ensure_ok_post_block!(
-            self.validate_post_execution(&block, &parent_block, &output, &mut ctx),
+            self.validate_post_execution(
+                &block,
+                &parent_block,
+                &output,
+                &mut ctx,
+                receipt_root_bloom
+            ),
             block
         );
 
@@ -485,11 +529,7 @@ where
             }
             StateRootStrategy::Parallel => {
                 debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Using parallel state root algorithm");
-                match self.compute_state_root_parallel(
-                    block.parent_hash(),
-                    &hashed_state,
-                    ctx.state(),
-                ) {
+                match self.compute_state_root_parallel(overlay_factory.clone(), &hashed_state) {
                     Ok(result) => {
                         let elapsed = root_time.elapsed();
                         info!(
@@ -525,7 +565,7 @@ where
             }
 
             let (root, updates) = ensure_ok_post_block!(
-                self.compute_state_root_serial(block.parent_hash(), &hashed_state, ctx.state()),
+                self.compute_state_root_serial(overlay_factory.clone(), &hashed_state),
                 block
             );
             (root, updates, root_time.elapsed())
@@ -555,14 +595,18 @@ where
             .into())
         }
 
-        // Create ExecutionOutcome and wrap in Arc for sharing with both the caching task
-        // and the deferred trie task. This avoids cloning the expensive BundleState.
-        let execution_outcome = Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::from((output, block_num_hash.number)));
+        if let Some(valid_block_tx) = valid_block_tx {
+            let _ = valid_block_tx.send(());
+        }
 
-        // Terminate prewarming task with the shared execution outcome
-        handle.terminate_caching(Some(Arc::clone(&execution_outcome)));
-
-        Ok(self.spawn_deferred_trie_task(block, execution_outcome, &ctx, hashed_state, trie_output))
+        Ok(self.spawn_deferred_trie_task(
+            block,
+            output,
+            &ctx,
+            hashed_state,
+            trie_output,
+            overlay_factory,
+        ))
     }
 
     /// Return sealed block header from database or in-memory state by hash.
@@ -598,15 +642,29 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Executes a block with the given state provider
+    /// Executes a block with the given state provider.
+    ///
+    /// This method orchestrates block execution:
+    /// 1. Sets up the EVM with state database and precompile caching
+    /// 2. Spawns a background task for incremental receipt root computation
+    /// 3. Executes transactions with metrics collection via state hooks
+    /// 4. Merges state transitions and records execution metrics
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
+    #[expect(clippy::type_complexity)]
     fn execute_block<S, Err, T>(
         &mut self,
         state_provider: S,
         env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
         input: &BlockOrPayload<T>,
         handle: &mut PayloadHandle<impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm>, Err, N::Receipt>,
-    ) -> Result<(BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>, Vec<Address>), InsertBlockErrorKind>
+    ) -> Result<
+        (
+            BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>,
+            Vec<Address>,
+            tokio::sync::oneshot::Receiver<(B256, alloy_primitives::Bloom)>,
+        ),
+        InsertBlockErrorKind,
+    >
     where
         S: StateProvider + Send,
         Err: core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
@@ -645,22 +703,131 @@ where
             });
         }
 
+        // Spawn background task to compute receipt root and logs bloom incrementally.
+        // Unbounded channel is used since tx count bounds capacity anyway (max ~30k txs per block).
+        let receipts_len = input.transaction_count();
+        let (receipt_tx, receipt_rx) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+        let task_handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(receipt_rx, result_tx);
+        self.payload_processor.executor().spawn_blocking(move || task_handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        // Wrap the state hook with metrics collection
+        let inner_hook = Box::new(handle.state_hook());
+        let state_hook =
+            MeteredStateHook { metrics: self.metrics.executor_metrics().clone(), inner_hook };
+
+        let transaction_count = input.transaction_count();
+        let executor = executor.with_state_hook(Some(Box::new(state_hook)));
+
         let execution_start = Instant::now();
-        let state_hook = Box::new(handle.state_hook());
-        let (output, senders) = self.metrics.execute_metered(
+
+        // Execute all transactions and finalize
+        let (executor, senders) = self.execute_transactions(
             executor,
-            handle.iter_transactions().map(|res| res.map_err(BlockExecutionError::other)),
-            input.transaction_count(),
-            state_hook,
+            transaction_count,
+            handle.iter_transactions(),
+            &receipt_tx,
         )?;
-        let execution_finish = Instant::now();
-        let execution_time = execution_finish.duration_since(execution_start);
-        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", elapsed = ?execution_time, "Executed block");
-        Ok((output, senders))
+        drop(receipt_tx);
+
+        // Finish execution and get the result
+        let post_exec_start = Instant::now();
+        let (_evm, result) = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "finish")
+            .in_scope(|| executor.finish())
+            .map(|(evm, result)| (evm.into_db(), result))?;
+        self.metrics.record_post_execution(post_exec_start.elapsed());
+
+        // Merge transitions into bundle state
+        debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "merge transitions")
+            .in_scope(|| db.merge_transitions(BundleRetention::Reverts));
+
+        let output = BlockExecutionOutput { result, state: db.take_bundle() };
+
+        let execution_duration = execution_start.elapsed();
+        self.metrics.record_block_execution(&output, execution_duration);
+
+        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", elapsed = ?execution_duration, "Executed block");
+        Ok((output, senders, result_rx))
+    }
+
+    /// Executes transactions and collects senders, streaming receipts to a background task.
+    ///
+    /// This method handles:
+    /// - Applying pre-execution changes (e.g., beacon root updates)
+    /// - Executing each transaction with timing metrics
+    /// - Streaming receipts to the receipt root computation task
+    /// - Collecting transaction senders for later use
+    ///
+    /// Returns the executor (for finalization) and the collected senders.
+    fn execute_transactions<E, Tx, InnerTx, Err>(
+        &self,
+        mut executor: E,
+        transaction_count: usize,
+        transactions: impl Iterator<Item = Result<Tx, Err>>,
+        receipt_tx: &crossbeam_channel::Sender<IndexedReceipt<N::Receipt>>,
+    ) -> Result<(E, Vec<Address>), BlockExecutionError>
+    where
+        E: BlockExecutor<Receipt = N::Receipt>,
+        Tx: alloy_evm::block::ExecutableTx<E> + alloy_evm::RecoveredTx<InnerTx>,
+        InnerTx: TxHashRef,
+        Err: core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let mut senders = Vec::with_capacity(transaction_count);
+
+        // Apply pre-execution changes (e.g., beacon root update)
+        let pre_exec_start = Instant::now();
+        debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "pre execution")
+            .in_scope(|| executor.apply_pre_execution_changes())?;
+        self.metrics.record_pre_execution(pre_exec_start.elapsed());
+
+        // Execute transactions
+        let exec_span = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "execution").entered();
+        let mut transactions = transactions.into_iter();
+        loop {
+            // Measure time spent waiting for next transaction from iterator
+            // (e.g., parallel signature recovery)
+            let wait_start = Instant::now();
+            let Some(tx_result) = transactions.next() else { break };
+            self.metrics.record_transaction_wait(wait_start.elapsed());
+
+            let tx = tx_result.map_err(BlockExecutionError::other)?;
+            let tx_signer = *<Tx as alloy_evm::RecoveredTx<InnerTx>>::signer(&tx);
+            let tx_hash = <Tx as alloy_evm::RecoveredTx<InnerTx>>::tx(&tx).tx_hash();
+
+            senders.push(tx_signer);
+
+            let span = debug_span!(
+                target: "engine::tree",
+                "execute tx",
+                ?tx_hash,
+                gas_used = tracing::field::Empty,
+            );
+            let enter = span.entered();
+            trace!(target: "engine::tree", "Executing transaction");
+
+            let tx_start = Instant::now();
+            let gas_used = executor.execute_transaction(tx)?;
+            self.metrics.record_transaction_execution(tx_start.elapsed());
+
+            // Send the latest receipt to the background task for incremental root computation
+            if let Some(receipt) = executor.receipts().last() {
+                let tx_index = executor.receipts().len() - 1;
+                let _ = receipt_tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(tx_index, receipt.clone()));
+            }
+
+            enter.record("gas_used", gas_used);
+        }
+        drop(exec_span);
+
+        Ok((executor, senders))
     }
 
     /// Compute state root for the given hashed post state in parallel.
     ///
+    /// Uses an overlay factory which provides the state of the parent block, along with the
+    /// [`HashedPostState`] containing the changes of this block, to compute the state root and
+    /// trie updates for this block.
+    ///
     /// # Returns
     ///
     /// Returns `Ok(_)` if computed successfully.
@@ -668,58 +835,39 @@ where
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
     fn compute_state_root_parallel(
         &self,
-        parent_hash: B256,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
         hashed_state: &HashedPostState,
-        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
     ) -> Result<(B256, TrieUpdates), ParallelStateRootError> {
-        let (mut input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
-
-        // Extend state overlay with current block's sorted state.
-        input.prefix_sets.extend(hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets());
-        let sorted_hashed_state = hashed_state.clone_into_sorted();
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut input.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
-
-        let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, prefix_sets: prefix_sets_mut } = input;
-
-        let factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
-            .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
-            .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
-            .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
-
-        // The `hashed_state` argument is already taken into account as part of the overlay, but we
+        // The `hashed_state` argument will be taken into account as part of the overlay, but we
         // need to use the prefix sets which were generated from it to indicate to the
         // ParallelStateRoot which parts of the trie need to be recomputed.
-        let prefix_sets = prefix_sets_mut.freeze();
-
-        ParallelStateRoot::new(factory, prefix_sets).incremental_root_with_updates()
+        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets().freeze();
+        let overlay_factory =
+            overlay_factory.with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(hashed_state.clone_into_sorted());
+        ParallelStateRoot::new(overlay_factory, prefix_sets).incremental_root_with_updates()
     }
 
     /// Compute state root for the given hashed post state in serial.
+    ///
+    /// Uses an overlay factory which provides the state of the parent block, along with the
+    /// [`HashedPostState`] containing the changes of this block, to compute the state root and
+    /// trie updates for this block.
     fn compute_state_root_serial(
         &self,
-        parent_hash: B256,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
         hashed_state: &HashedPostState,
-        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
     ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
-        let (mut input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
+        // The `hashed_state` argument will be taken into account as part of the overlay, but we
+        // need to use the prefix sets which were generated from it to indicate to the
+        // StateRoot which parts of the trie need to be recomputed.
+        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets().freeze();
+        let overlay_factory =
+            overlay_factory.with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(hashed_state.clone_into_sorted());
 
-        // Extend state overlay with current block's sorted state.
-        input.prefix_sets.extend(hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets());
-        let sorted_hashed_state = hashed_state.clone_into_sorted();
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut input.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
-
-        let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, .. } = input;
-        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets();
-
-        let factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
-            .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
-            .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
-            .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
-
-        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro()?;
+        let provider = overlay_factory.database_provider_ro()?;
 
         Ok(StateRoot::new(&provider, &provider)
-            .with_prefix_sets(prefix_sets.freeze())
+            .with_prefix_sets(prefix_sets)
             .root_with_updates()?)
     }
 
@@ -729,6 +877,9 @@ where
     /// - parent header validation
     /// - post-execution consensus validation
     /// - state-root based post-execution validation
+    ///
+    /// If `receipt_root_bloom` is provided, it will be used instead of computing the receipt root
+    /// and logs bloom from the receipts.
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
     fn validate_post_execution<T: PayloadTypes<BuiltPayload: BuiltPayload<Primitives = N>>>(
         &self,
@@ -736,6 +887,7 @@ where
         parent_block: &SealedHeader<N::BlockHeader>,
         output: &BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>,
         ctx: &mut TreeCtx<'_, N>,
+        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<HashedPostState, InsertBlockErrorKind>
     where
         V: PayloadValidator<T, Block = N::Block>,
@@ -762,7 +914,9 @@ where
         let _enter =
             debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "validate_block_post_execution")
                 .entered();
-        if let Err(err) = self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(block, output) {
+        if let Err(err) =
+            self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(block, output, receipt_root_bloom)
+        {
             // call post-block hook
             self.on_invalid_block(parent_block, block, output, None, ctx.state_mut());
             return Err(err.into())
@@ -802,6 +956,11 @@ where
     ///
     /// The method handles strategy fallbacks if the preferred approach fails, ensuring
     /// block execution always completes with a valid state root.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `overlay_factory` - Pre-computed overlay factory for multiproof generation
+    ///   (`StateRootTask`)
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     #[instrument(
         level = "debug",
@@ -814,8 +973,7 @@ where
         env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
         txs: T,
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
-        parent_hash: B256,
-        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
         strategy: StateRootStrategy,
         block_access_list: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
     ) -> Result<
@@ -828,32 +986,14 @@ where
     > {
         match strategy {
             StateRootStrategy::StateRootTask => {
-                // Compute trie input
-                let trie_input_start = Instant::now();
-                let (trie_input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
-
-                // Create OverlayStateProviderFactory with sorted trie data for multiproofs
-                let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, .. } = trie_input;
-
-                let multiproof_provider_factory =
-                    OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
-                        .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
-                        .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
-                        .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
-
-                // Record trie input duration including OverlayStateProviderFactory setup
-                self.metrics
-                    .block_validation
-                    .trie_input_duration
-                    .record(trie_input_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
-
                 let spawn_start = Instant::now();
 
+                // Use the pre-computed overlay factory for multiproofs
                 let handle = self.payload_processor.spawn(
                     env,
                     txs,
                     provider_builder,
-                    multiproof_provider_factory,
+                    overlay_factory,
                     &self.config,
                     block_access_list,
                 );
@@ -947,99 +1087,36 @@ where
         self.invalid_block_hook.on_invalid_block(parent_header, block, output, trie_updates);
     }
 
-    /// Computes [`TrieInputSorted`] for the provided parent hash by combining database state
-    /// with in-memory overlays.
+    /// Creates a [`LazyOverlay`] for the parent block without blocking.
     ///
-    /// The goal of this function is to take in-memory blocks and generate a [`TrieInputSorted`]
-    /// that extends from the highest persisted ancestor up through the parent. This enables state
-    /// root computation and proof generation without requiring all blocks to be persisted
-    /// first.
+    /// Returns a lazy overlay that will compute the trie input on first access, and the anchor
+    /// block hash (the highest persisted ancestor). This allows execution to start immediately
+    /// while the trie input computation is deferred until the overlay is actually needed.
     ///
-    /// It works as follows:
-    /// 1. Collect in-memory overlay blocks using [`crate::tree::TreeState::blocks_by_hash`]. This
-    ///    returns the highest persisted ancestor hash (`block_hash`) and the list of in-memory
-    ///    blocks building on top of it.
-    /// 2. Fast path: If the tip in-memory block's trie input is already anchored to `block_hash`
-    ///    (its `anchor_hash` matches `block_hash`), reuse it directly.
-    /// 3. Slow path: Build a new [`TrieInputSorted`] by aggregating the overlay blocks (from oldest
-    ///    to newest) on top of the database state at `block_hash`.
-    #[instrument(
-        level = "debug",
-        target = "engine::tree::payload_validator",
-        skip_all,
-        fields(parent_hash)
-    )]
-    fn compute_trie_input(
-        &self,
+    /// If parent is on disk (no in-memory blocks), returns `None` for the lazy overlay.
+    fn get_parent_lazy_overlay(
         parent_hash: B256,
         state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
-    ) -> ProviderResult<(TrieInputSorted, B256)> {
-        let wait_start = Instant::now();
-        let (block_hash, blocks) =
+    ) -> (Option<LazyOverlay>, B256) {
+        let (anchor_hash, blocks) =
             state.tree_state.blocks_by_hash(parent_hash).unwrap_or_else(|| (parent_hash, vec![]));
 
-        // Fast path: if the tip block's anchor matches the persisted ancestor hash, reuse its
-        // TrieInput. This means the TrieInputSorted already aggregates all in-memory overlays
-        // from that ancestor, so we can avoid re-aggregation.
-        if let Some(tip_block) = blocks.first() {
-            let data = tip_block.trie_data();
-            if let (Some(anchor_hash), Some(trie_input)) =
-                (data.anchor_hash(), data.trie_input().cloned()) &&
-                anchor_hash == block_hash
-            {
-                trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", %block_hash,"Reusing trie input with matching anchor hash");
-                self.metrics
-                    .block_validation
-                    .deferred_trie_wait_duration
-                    .record(wait_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
-                return Ok(((*trie_input).clone(), block_hash));
-            }
-        }
-
         if blocks.is_empty() {
-            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Parent found on disk");
-        } else {
-            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", historical = ?block_hash, blocks = blocks.len(), "Parent found in memory");
+            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Parent found on disk, no lazy overlay needed");
+            return (None, anchor_hash);
         }
 
-        // Extend with contents of parent in-memory blocks directly in sorted form.
-        let input = Self::merge_overlay_trie_input(&blocks);
+        debug!(
+            target: "engine::tree::payload_validator",
+            %anchor_hash,
+            num_blocks = blocks.len(),
+            "Creating lazy overlay for in-memory blocks"
+        );
 
-        self.metrics
-            .block_validation
-            .deferred_trie_wait_duration
-            .record(wait_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
-        Ok((input, block_hash))
-    }
+        // Extract deferred trie data handles (non-blocking)
+        let handles: Vec<DeferredTrieData> = blocks.iter().map(|b| b.trie_data_handle()).collect();
 
-    /// Aggregates multiple in-memory blocks into a single [`TrieInputSorted`] by combining their
-    /// state changes.
-    ///
-    /// The input `blocks` vector is ordered newest -> oldest (see `TreeState::blocks_by_hash`).
-    /// We iterate it in reverse so we start with the oldest block's trie data and extend forward
-    /// toward the newest, ensuring newer state takes precedence.
-    fn merge_overlay_trie_input(blocks: &[ExecutedBlock<N>]) -> TrieInputSorted {
-        let mut input = TrieInputSorted::default();
-        let mut blocks_iter = blocks.iter().rev().peekable();
-
-        if let Some(first) = blocks_iter.next() {
-            let data = first.trie_data();
-            input.state = data.hashed_state;
-            input.nodes = data.trie_updates;
-
-            // Only clone and mutate if there are more in-memory blocks.
-            if blocks_iter.peek().is_some() {
-                let state_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut input.state);
-                let nodes_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut input.nodes);
-                for block in blocks_iter {
-                    let data = block.trie_data();
-                    state_mut.extend_ref(data.hashed_state.as_ref());
-                    nodes_mut.extend_ref(data.trie_updates.as_ref());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        input
+        (Some(LazyOverlay::new(anchor_hash, handles)), anchor_hash)
     }
 
     /// Spawns a background task to compute and sort trie data for the executed block.
@@ -1061,10 +1138,11 @@ where
     fn spawn_deferred_trie_task(
         &self,
         block: RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
-        execution_outcome: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+        execution_outcome: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
         ctx: &TreeCtx<'_, N>,
         hashed_state: HashedPostState,
         trie_output: TrieUpdates,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
     ) -> ExecutedBlock<N> {
         // Capture parent hash and ancestor overlays for deferred trie input construction.
         let (anchor_hash, overlay_blocks) = ctx
@@ -1088,9 +1166,21 @@ where
         let deferred_handle_task = deferred_trie_data.clone();
         let block_validation_metrics = self.metrics.block_validation.clone();
 
+        // Capture block info and cache handle for changeset computation
+        let block_hash = block.hash();
+        let block_number = block.number();
+        let changeset_cache = self.changeset_cache.clone();
+
         // Spawn background task to compute trie data. Calling `wait_cloned` will compute from
         // the stored inputs and cache the result, so subsequent calls return immediately.
         let compute_trie_input_task = move || {
+            let _span = debug_span!(
+                target: "engine::tree::payload_validator",
+                "compute_trie_input_task",
+                block_number
+            )
+            .entered();
+
             let result = panic::catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
                 let compute_start = Instant::now();
                 let computed = deferred_handle_task.wait_cloned();
@@ -1113,6 +1203,40 @@ where
                         .anchored_overlay_hashed_state_size
                         .record(anchored.trie_input.state.total_len() as f64);
                 }
+
+                // Compute and cache changesets using the computed trie_updates
+                let changeset_start = Instant::now();
+
+                // Get a provider from the overlay factory for trie cursor access
+                let changeset_result =
+                    overlay_factory.database_provider_ro().and_then(|provider| {
+                        reth_trie::changesets::compute_trie_changesets(
+                            &provider,
+                            &computed.trie_updates,
+                        )
+                        .map_err(ProviderError::Database)
+                    });
+
+                match changeset_result {
+                    Ok(changesets) => {
+                        debug!(
+                            target: "engine::tree::changeset",
+                            ?block_number,
+                            elapsed = ?changeset_start.elapsed(),
+                            "Computed and caching changesets"
+                        );
+
+                        changeset_cache.insert(block_hash, block_number, Arc::new(changesets));
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn!(
+                            target: "engine::tree::changeset",
+                            ?block_number,
+                            ?e,
+                            "Failed to compute changesets in deferred trie task"
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
             }));
 
             if result.is_err() {
@@ -1209,7 +1333,6 @@ impl<N, Types, P, Evm, V> EngineValidator<Types> for BasicEngineValidator<P, Evm
 where
     P: DatabaseProviderFactory<
             Provider: BlockReader
-                          + TrieReader
                           + StageCheckpointReader
                           + PruneCheckpointReader
                           + ChangeSetReader
@@ -1262,7 +1385,7 @@ where
     fn on_inserted_executed_block(&self, block: ExecutedBlock<N>) {
         self.payload_processor.on_inserted_executed_block(
             block.recovered_block.block_with_parent(),
-            block.execution_output.state(),
+            &block.execution_output.state,
         );
     }
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/tests.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
         PersistTarget, TreeConfig,
     },
 };
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 
 use alloy_eips::eip1898::BlockWithParent;
 use alloy_primitives::{
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ use reth_ethereum_engine_primitives::EthEngineTypes;
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Block, EthPrimitives};
 use reth_evm_ethereum::MockEvmConfig;
 use reth_primitives_traits::Block as _;
-use reth_provider::{test_utils::MockEthProvider, ExecutionOutcome};
+use reth_provider::test_utils::MockEthProvider;
 use std::{
     collections::BTreeMap,
     str::FromStr,
@@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
         let payload_builder = PayloadBuilderHandle::new(to_payload_service);
 
         let evm_config = MockEvmConfig::default();
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
         let engine_validator = BasicEngineValidator::new(
             provider.clone(),
             consensus.clone(),
@@ -199,6 +201,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
             payload_validator,
             TreeConfig::default(),
             Box::new(NoopInvalidBlockHook::default()),
+            changeset_cache.clone(),
         );
 
         let tree = EngineApiTreeHandler::new(
@@ -215,6 +218,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
             TreeConfig::default().with_legacy_state_root(false).with_has_enough_parallelism(true),
             EngineApiKind::Ethereum,
             evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
         );
 
         let block_builder = TestBlockBuilder::default().with_chain_spec((*chain_spec).clone());
@@ -388,6 +392,7 @@ impl ValidatorTestHarness {
         let provider = harness.provider.clone();
         let payload_validator = MockEngineValidator;
         let evm_config = MockEvmConfig::default();
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
 
         let validator = BasicEngineValidator::new(
             provider,
@@ -396,6 +401,7 @@ impl ValidatorTestHarness {
             payload_validator,
             TreeConfig::default(),
             Box::new(NoopInvalidBlockHook::default()),
+            changeset_cache,
         );
 
         Self { harness, validator, metrics: TestMetrics::default() }
@@ -832,7 +838,7 @@ fn test_tree_state_on_new_head_deep_fork() {
     for block in &chain_a {
         test_harness.tree.state.tree_state.insert_executed(ExecutedBlock::new(
             Arc::new(block.clone()),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::default()),
+            Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput::default()),
             empty_trie_data(),
         ));
     }
@@ -841,7 +847,7 @@ fn test_tree_state_on_new_head_deep_fork() {
     for block in &chain_b {
         test_harness.tree.state.tree_state.insert_executed(ExecutedBlock::new(
             Arc::new(block.clone()),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::default()),
+            Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput::default()),
             empty_trie_data(),
         ));
     }
@@ -1002,6 +1008,15 @@ async fn test_engine_tree_live_sync_transition_required_blocks_requested() {
         _ => panic!("Unexpected event: {event:#?}"),
     }
 
+    // After backfill completes with head not buffered, we also request head download
+    let event = test_harness.from_tree_rx.recv().await.unwrap();
+    match event {
+        EngineApiEvent::Download(DownloadRequest::BlockSet(hash_set)) => {
+            assert_eq!(hash_set, HashSet::from_iter([main_chain_last_hash]));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Unexpected event: {event:#?}"),
+    }
+
     let _ = test_harness
         .tree
         .on_engine_message(FromEngine::DownloadedBlocks(vec![main_chain

crates/ethereum/cli/Cargo.toml

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ tempfile.workspace = true
 default = []
 
 otlp = ["reth-tracing/otlp", "reth-node-core/otlp"]
+otlp-logs = ["reth-tracing/otlp-logs", "reth-node-core/otlp-logs"]
 
 dev = ["reth-cli-commands/arbitrary"]
 

crates/ethereum/cli/src/interface.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use reth_db::DatabaseEnv;
 use reth_node_api::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_node_builder::{NodeBuilder, WithLaunchContext};
 use reth_node_core::{
-    args::{LogArgs, OtlpInitStatus, TraceArgs},
+    args::{LogArgs, OtlpInitStatus, OtlpLogsStatus, TraceArgs},
     version::version_metadata,
 };
 use reth_node_metrics::recorder::install_prometheus_recorder;
@@ -223,16 +223,19 @@ impl<
     /// If file logging is enabled, this function returns a guard that must be kept alive to ensure
     /// that all logs are flushed to disk.
     ///
-    /// If an OTLP endpoint is specified, it will export metrics to the configured collector.
+    /// If an OTLP endpoint is specified, it will export traces and logs to the configured
+    /// collector.
     pub fn init_tracing(
         &mut self,
         runner: &CliRunner,
         mut layers: Layers,
     ) -> eyre::Result<Option<FileWorkerGuard>> {
         let otlp_status = runner.block_on(self.traces.init_otlp_tracing(&mut layers))?;
+        let otlp_logs_status = runner.block_on(self.traces.init_otlp_logs(&mut layers))?;
 
         let guard = self.logs.init_tracing_with_layers(layers)?;
         info!(target: "reth::cli", "Initialized tracing, debug log directory: {}", self.logs.log_file_directory);
+
         match otlp_status {
             OtlpInitStatus::Started(endpoint) => {
                 info!(target: "reth::cli", "Started OTLP {:?} tracing export to {endpoint}", self.traces.protocol);
@@ -243,6 +246,16 @@ impl<
             OtlpInitStatus::Disabled => {}
         }
 
+        match otlp_logs_status {
+            OtlpLogsStatus::Started(endpoint) => {
+                info!(target: "reth::cli", "Started OTLP {:?} logs export to {endpoint}", self.traces.protocol);
+            }
+            OtlpLogsStatus::NoFeature => {
+                warn!(target: "reth::cli", "Provided OTLP logs arguments do not have effect, compile with the `otlp-logs` feature")
+            }
+            OtlpLogsStatus::Disabled => {}
+        }
+
         Ok(guard)
     }
 }

crates/ethereum/consensus/src/lib.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use alloc::{fmt::Debug, sync::Arc};
 use alloy_consensus::{constants::MAXIMUM_EXTRA_DATA_SIZE, EMPTY_OMMER_ROOT_HASH};
 use alloy_eips::eip7840::BlobParams;
 use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
-use reth_consensus::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator};
+use reth_consensus::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use reth_consensus_common::validation::{
     validate_4844_header_standalone, validate_against_parent_4844,
     validate_against_parent_eip1559_base_fee, validate_against_parent_gas_limit,
@@ -74,8 +74,15 @@ where
         &self,
         block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
         result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
-        validate_block_post_execution(block, &self.chain_spec, &result.receipts, &result.requests)
+        validate_block_post_execution(
+            block,
+            &self.chain_spec,
+            &result.receipts,
+            &result.requests,
+            receipt_root_bloom,
+        )
     }
 }
 

crates/ethereum/consensus/src/validation.rs

@@ -12,11 +12,15 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{
 ///
 /// - Compares the receipts root in the block header to the block body
 /// - Compares the gas used in the block header to the actual gas usage after execution
+///
+/// If `receipt_root_bloom` is provided, the pre-computed receipt root and logs bloom are used
+/// instead of computing them from the receipts.
 pub fn validate_block_post_execution<B, R, ChainSpec>(
     block: &RecoveredBlock<B>,
     chain_spec: &ChainSpec,
     receipts: &[R],
     requests: &Requests,
+    receipt_root_bloom: Option<(B256, Bloom)>,
 ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError>
 where
     B: Block,
@@ -37,19 +41,26 @@ where
     // operation as hashing that is required for state root got calculated in every
     // transaction This was replaced with is_success flag.
     // See more about EIP here: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-658
-    if chain_spec.is_byzantium_active_at_block(block.header().number()) &&
-        let Err(error) = verify_receipts(
-            block.header().receipts_root(),
-            block.header().logs_bloom(),
-            receipts,
-        )
-    {
-        let receipts = receipts
-            .iter()
-            .map(|r| Bytes::from(r.with_bloom_ref().encoded_2718()))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        tracing::debug!(%error, ?receipts, "receipts verification failed");
-        return Err(error)
+    if chain_spec.is_byzantium_active_at_block(block.header().number()) {
+        let result = if let Some((receipts_root, logs_bloom)) = receipt_root_bloom {
+            compare_receipts_root_and_logs_bloom(
+                receipts_root,
+                logs_bloom,
+                block.header().receipts_root(),
+                block.header().logs_bloom(),
+            )
+        } else {
+            verify_receipts(block.header().receipts_root(), block.header().logs_bloom(), receipts)
+        };
+
+        if let Err(error) = result {
+            let receipts = receipts
+                .iter()
+                .map(|r| Bytes::from(r.with_bloom_ref().encoded_2718()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            tracing::debug!(%error, ?receipts, "receipts verification failed");
+            return Err(error)
+        }
     }
 
     // Validate that the header requests hash matches the calculated requests hash

crates/ethereum/evm/src/lib.rs

@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@ where
         block: &'a SealedBlock<Block>,
     ) -> Result<EthBlockExecutionCtx<'a>, Self::Error> {
         Ok(EthBlockExecutionCtx {
+            tx_count_hint: Some(block.transaction_count()),
             parent_hash: block.header().parent_hash,
             parent_beacon_block_root: block.header().parent_beacon_block_root,
             ommers: &block.body().ommers,
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ where
         attributes: Self::NextBlockEnvCtx,
     ) -> Result<EthBlockExecutionCtx<'_>, Self::Error> {
         Ok(EthBlockExecutionCtx {
+            tx_count_hint: None,
             parent_hash: parent.hash(),
             parent_beacon_block_root: attributes.parent_beacon_block_root,
             ommers: &[],
@@ -238,8 +240,9 @@ where
             revm_spec_by_timestamp_and_block_number(self.chain_spec(), timestamp, block_number);
 
         // configure evm env based on parent block
-        let mut cfg_env =
-            CfgEnv::new().with_chain_id(self.chain_spec().chain().id()).with_spec(spec);
+        let mut cfg_env = CfgEnv::new()
+            .with_chain_id(self.chain_spec().chain().id())
+            .with_spec_and_mainnet_gas_params(spec);
 
         if let Some(blob_params) = &blob_params {
             cfg_env.set_max_blobs_per_tx(blob_params.max_blobs_per_tx);
@@ -280,6 +283,7 @@ where
         payload: &'a ExecutionData,
     ) -> Result<ExecutionCtxFor<'a, Self>, Self::Error> {
         Ok(EthBlockExecutionCtx {
+            tx_count_hint: Some(payload.payload.transactions().len()),
             parent_hash: payload.parent_hash(),
             parent_beacon_block_root: payload.sidecar.parent_beacon_block_root(),
             ommers: &[],
@@ -407,7 +411,7 @@ mod tests {
         let db = CacheDB::<EmptyDBTyped<ProviderError>>::default();
 
         let evm_env = EvmEnv {
-            cfg_env: CfgEnv::new().with_spec(SpecId::CONSTANTINOPLE),
+            cfg_env: CfgEnv::new().with_spec_and_mainnet_gas_params(SpecId::CONSTANTINOPLE),
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
@@ -474,7 +478,7 @@ mod tests {
         let db = CacheDB::<EmptyDBTyped<ProviderError>>::default();
 
         let evm_env = EvmEnv {
-            cfg_env: CfgEnv::new().with_spec(SpecId::CONSTANTINOPLE),
+            cfg_env: CfgEnv::new().with_spec_and_mainnet_gas_params(SpecId::CONSTANTINOPLE),
             ..Default::default()
         };
 

crates/ethereum/evm/src/test_utils.rs

@@ -65,7 +65,12 @@ impl BlockExecutorFactory for MockEvmConfig {
         DB: Database + 'a,
         I: Inspector<<Self::EvmFactory as EvmFactory>::Context<&'a mut State<DB>>> + 'a,
     {
-        MockExecutor { result: self.exec_results.lock().pop().unwrap(), evm, hook: None }
+        MockExecutor {
+            result: self.exec_results.lock().pop().unwrap(),
+            evm,
+            hook: None,
+            receipts: Vec::new(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -76,6 +81,7 @@ pub struct MockExecutor<'a, DB: Database, I> {
     evm: EthEvm<&'a mut State<DB>, I, PrecompilesMap>,
     #[debug(skip)]
     hook: Option<Box<dyn reth_evm::OnStateHook>>,
+    receipts: Vec<Receipt>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, DB: Database, I: Inspector<EthEvmContext<&'a mut State<DB>>>> BlockExecutor
@@ -89,6 +95,10 @@ impl<'a, DB: Database, I: Inspector<EthEvmContext<&'a mut State<DB>>>> BlockExec
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn receipts(&self) -> &[Self::Receipt] {
+        &self.receipts
+    }
+
     fn execute_transaction_without_commit(
         &mut self,
         _tx: impl ExecutableTx<Self>,

crates/ethereum/evm/tests/execute.rs

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ fn create_database_with_beacon_root_contract() -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
         code_hash: keccak256(BEACON_ROOTS_CODE.clone()),
         nonce: 1,
         code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(BEACON_ROOTS_CODE.clone())),
+        account_id: None,
     };
 
     db.insert_account_info(BEACON_ROOTS_ADDRESS, beacon_root_contract_account);
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ fn create_database_with_withdrawal_requests_contract() -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
         balance: U256::ZERO,
         code_hash: keccak256(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE.clone()),
         code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(WITHDRAWAL_REQUEST_PREDEPLOY_CODE.clone())),
+        account_id: None,
     };
 
     db.insert_account_info(
@@ -339,6 +341,7 @@ fn create_database_with_block_hashes(latest_block: u64) -> CacheDB<EmptyDB> {
         code_hash: keccak256(HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE.clone()),
         code: Some(Bytecode::new_raw(HISTORY_STORAGE_CODE.clone())),
         nonce: 1,
+        account_id: None,
     };
 
     db.insert_account_info(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, blockhashes_contract_account);

crates/ethereum/node/src/node.rs

@@ -303,6 +303,8 @@ where
         let eth_config =
             EthConfigHandler::new(ctx.node.provider().clone(), ctx.node.evm_config().clone());
 
+        let testing_skip_invalid_transactions = ctx.config.rpc.testing_skip_invalid_transactions;
+
         self.inner
             .launch_add_ons_with(ctx, move |container| {
                 container.modules.merge_if_module_configured(
@@ -316,14 +318,16 @@ where
 
                 // testing_buildBlockV1: only wire when the hidden testing module is explicitly
                 // requested on any transport. Default stays disabled to honor security guidance.
-                let testing_api = TestingApi::new(
+                let mut testing_api = TestingApi::new(
                     container.registry.eth_api().clone(),
                     container.registry.evm_config().clone(),
-                )
-                .into_rpc();
+                );
+                if testing_skip_invalid_transactions {
+                    testing_api = testing_api.with_skip_invalid_transactions();
+                }
                 container
                     .modules
-                    .merge_if_module_configured(RethRpcModule::Testing, testing_api)?;
+                    .merge_if_module_configured(RethRpcModule::Testing, testing_api.into_rpc())?;
 
                 Ok(())
             })

crates/ethereum/node/tests/e2e/pool.rs

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ async fn maintain_txpool_reorg() -> eyre::Result<()> {
         w1.address(),
     );
     let pooled_tx1 = EthPooledTransaction::new(tx1.clone(), 200);
-    let tx_hash1 = *pooled_tx1.clone().hash();
+    let tx_hash1 = *pooled_tx1.hash();
 
     // build tx2 from wallet2
     let envelop2 = TransactionTestContext::transfer_tx(1, w2.clone()).await;
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ async fn maintain_txpool_reorg() -> eyre::Result<()> {
         w2.address(),
     );
     let pooled_tx2 = EthPooledTransaction::new(tx2.clone(), 200);
-    let tx_hash2 = *pooled_tx2.clone().hash();
+    let tx_hash2 = *pooled_tx2.hash();
 
     let block_info = BlockInfo {
         block_gas_limit: ETHEREUM_BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT_30M,

crates/ethereum/payload/Cargo.toml

@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ reth-payload-validator.workspace = true
 
 # ethereum
 alloy-rlp.workspace = true
-revm.workspace = true
 alloy-rpc-types-engine.workspace = true
+revm.workspace = true
 
 # alloy
 alloy-eips.workspace = true

crates/ethereum/payload/src/lib.rs

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ where
     let state_provider = client.state_by_block_hash(parent_header.hash())?;
     let state = StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider.as_ref());
     let mut db =
-        State::builder().with_database_ref(cached_reads.as_db(state)).with_bundle_update().build();
+        State::builder().with_database(cached_reads.as_db_mut(state)).with_bundle_update().build();
 
     let mut builder = evm_config
         .builder_for_next_block(
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ where
                     limit: MAX_RLP_BLOCK_SIZE,
                 },
             );
-            continue;
+            continue
         }
 
         // There's only limited amount of blob space available per block, so we need to check if

crates/ethereum/primitives/src/transaction.rs

@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ impl reth_codecs::Compact for Transaction {
     // # Panics
     //
     // A panic will be triggered if an identifier larger than 3 is passed from the database. For
-    // optimism a identifier with value [`DEPOSIT_TX_TYPE_ID`] is allowed.
+    // optimism an identifier with value [`DEPOSIT_TX_TYPE_ID`] is allowed.
     fn from_compact(buf: &[u8], identifier: usize) -> (Self, &[u8]) {
         let (tx_type, buf) = TxType::from_compact(buf, identifier);
 

crates/evm/evm/src/execute.rs

@@ -148,20 +148,6 @@ pub trait Executor<DB: Database>: Sized {
     fn size_hint(&self) -> usize;
 }
 
-/// Helper type for the output of executing a block.
-///
-/// Deprecated: this type is unused within reth and will be removed in the next
-/// major release. Use `reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult` or
-/// `reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionOutput`.
-#[deprecated(note = "Use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult or BlockExecutionOutput")]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct ExecuteOutput<R> {
-    /// Receipts obtained after executing a block.
-    pub receipts: Vec<R>,
-    /// Cumulative gas used in the block execution.
-    pub gas_used: u64,
-}
-
 /// Input for block building. Consumed by [`BlockAssembler`].
 ///
 /// This struct contains all the data needed by the [`BlockAssembler`] to create
@@ -741,6 +727,7 @@ mod tests {
             nonce,
             code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
             code: None,
+            account_id: None,
         };
         state.insert_account(addr, account_info);
         state
@@ -777,8 +764,13 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut state = setup_state_with_account(addr1, 100, 1);
 
-        let account2 =
-            AccountInfo { balance: U256::from(200), nonce: 1, code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY, code: None };
+        let account2 = AccountInfo {
+            balance: U256::from(200),
+            nonce: 1,
+            code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
+            code: None,
+            account_id: None,
+        };
         state.insert_account(addr2, account2);
 
         let mut increments = HashMap::default();
@@ -799,8 +791,13 @@ mod tests {
 
         let mut state = setup_state_with_account(addr1, 100, 1);
 
-        let account2 =
-            AccountInfo { balance: U256::from(200), nonce: 1, code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY, code: None };
+        let account2 = AccountInfo {
+            balance: U256::from(200),
+            nonce: 1,
+            code_hash: KECCAK_EMPTY,
+            code: None,
+            account_id: None,
+        };
         state.insert_account(addr2, account2);
 
         let mut increments = HashMap::default();

crates/evm/evm/src/lib.rs

@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ pub trait ConfigureEvm: Clone + Debug + Send + Sync + Unpin {
     /// // Complete block building
     /// let outcome = builder.finish(state_provider)?;
     /// ```
-    fn builder_for_next_block<'a, DB: Database>(
+    fn builder_for_next_block<'a, DB: Database + 'a>(
         &'a self,
         db: &'a mut State<DB>,
         parent: &'a SealedHeader<<Self::Primitives as NodePrimitives>::BlockHeader>,

crates/evm/execution-types/src/chain.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 //! Contains [Chain], a chain of blocks and their final state.
 
 use crate::ExecutionOutcome;
-use alloc::{borrow::Cow, collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, vec::Vec};
-use alloy_consensus::{transaction::Recovered, BlockHeader};
+use alloc::{borrow::Cow, collections::BTreeMap, vec::Vec};
+use alloy_consensus::{transaction::Recovered, BlockHeader, TxReceipt};
 use alloy_eips::{eip1898::ForkBlock, eip2718::Encodable2718, BlockNumHash};
-use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockHash, BlockNumber, TxHash};
+use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockHash, BlockNumber, Log, TxHash};
 use core::{fmt, ops::RangeInclusive};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
     transaction::signed::SignedTransaction, Block, BlockBody, IndexedTx, NodePrimitives,
     RecoveredBlock, SealedHeader,
 };
-use reth_trie_common::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted};
+use reth_trie_common::LazyTrieData;
 
 /// A chain of blocks and their final state.
 ///
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ pub struct Chain<N: NodePrimitives = reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives> {
     ///
     /// Additionally, it includes the individual state changes that led to the current state.
     execution_outcome: ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>,
-    /// State trie updates for each block in the chain, keyed by block number.
-    trie_updates: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>>,
-    /// Hashed post state for each block in the chain, keyed by block number.
-    hashed_state: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>>,
+    /// Lazy trie data for each block in the chain, keyed by block number.
+    ///
+    /// Contains handles to lazily-initialized sorted trie updates and hashed state.
+    trie_data: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, LazyTrieData>,
 }
 
 type ChainTxReceiptMeta<'a, N> = (
@@ -52,8 +52,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Default for Chain<N> {
         Self {
             blocks: Default::default(),
             execution_outcome: Default::default(),
-            trie_updates: Default::default(),
-            hashed_state: Default::default(),
+            trie_data: Default::default(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -67,27 +66,23 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
     pub fn new(
         blocks: impl IntoIterator<Item = RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
         execution_outcome: ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>,
-        trie_updates: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>>,
-        hashed_state: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>>,
+        trie_data: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, LazyTrieData>,
     ) -> Self {
         let blocks =
             blocks.into_iter().map(|b| (b.header().number(), b)).collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
         debug_assert!(!blocks.is_empty(), "Chain should have at least one block");
 
-        Self { blocks, execution_outcome, trie_updates, hashed_state }
+        Self { blocks, execution_outcome, trie_data }
     }
 
     /// Create new Chain from a single block and its state.
     pub fn from_block(
         block: RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
         execution_outcome: ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>,
-        trie_updates: Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>,
-        hashed_state: Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>,
+        trie_data: LazyTrieData,
     ) -> Self {
         let block_number = block.header().number();
-        let trie_updates_map = BTreeMap::from([(block_number, trie_updates)]);
-        let hashed_state_map = BTreeMap::from([(block_number, hashed_state)]);
-        Self::new([block], execution_outcome, trie_updates_map, hashed_state_map)
+        Self::new([block], execution_outcome, BTreeMap::from([(block_number, trie_data)]))
     }
 
     /// Get the blocks in this chain.
@@ -105,37 +100,19 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
         self.blocks.values().map(|block| block.clone_sealed_header())
     }
 
-    /// Get all trie updates for this chain.
-    pub const fn trie_updates(&self) -> &BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>> {
-        &self.trie_updates
+    /// Get all trie data for this chain.
+    pub const fn trie_data(&self) -> &BTreeMap<BlockNumber, LazyTrieData> {
+        &self.trie_data
     }
 
-    /// Get trie updates for a specific block number.
-    pub fn trie_updates_at(&self, block_number: BlockNumber) -> Option<&Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>> {
-        self.trie_updates.get(&block_number)
+    /// Get trie data for a specific block number.
+    pub fn trie_data_at(&self, block_number: BlockNumber) -> Option<&LazyTrieData> {
+        self.trie_data.get(&block_number)
     }
 
-    /// Remove all trie updates for this chain.
-    pub fn clear_trie_updates(&mut self) {
-        self.trie_updates.clear();
-    }
-
-    /// Get all hashed states for this chain.
-    pub const fn hashed_state(&self) -> &BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>> {
-        &self.hashed_state
-    }
-
-    /// Get hashed state for a specific block number.
-    pub fn hashed_state_at(
-        &self,
-        block_number: BlockNumber,
-    ) -> Option<&Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>> {
-        self.hashed_state.get(&block_number)
-    }
-
-    /// Remove all hashed states for this chain.
-    pub fn clear_hashed_state(&mut self) {
-        self.hashed_state.clear();
+    /// Remove all trie data for this chain.
+    pub fn clear_trie_data(&mut self) {
+        self.trie_data.clear();
     }
 
     /// Get execution outcome of this chain
@@ -183,23 +160,16 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
     /// Destructure the chain into its inner components:
     /// 1. The blocks contained in the chain.
     /// 2. The execution outcome representing the final state.
-    /// 3. The trie updates map.
-    /// 4. The hashed state map.
+    /// 3. The trie data map.
     #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
     pub fn into_inner(
         self,
     ) -> (
         ChainBlocks<'static, N::Block>,
         ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>,
-        BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>>,
-        BTreeMap<BlockNumber, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>>,
+        BTreeMap<BlockNumber, LazyTrieData>,
     ) {
-        (
-            ChainBlocks { blocks: Cow::Owned(self.blocks) },
-            self.execution_outcome,
-            self.trie_updates,
-            self.hashed_state,
-        )
+        (ChainBlocks { blocks: Cow::Owned(self.blocks) }, self.execution_outcome, self.trie_data)
     }
 
     /// Destructure the chain into its inner components:
@@ -214,6 +184,19 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
         self.execution_outcome.receipts().iter()
     }
 
+    /// Returns an iterator over all receipts in the chain.
+    pub fn receipts_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &N::Receipt> + '_ {
+        self.block_receipts_iter().flatten()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over all logs in the chain.
+    pub fn logs_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Log> + '_
+    where
+        N::Receipt: TxReceipt<Log = Log>,
+    {
+        self.receipts_iter().flat_map(|receipt| receipt.logs())
+    }
+
     /// Returns an iterator over all blocks in the chain with increasing block number.
     pub fn blocks_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>> + '_ {
         self.blocks().iter().map(|block| block.1)
@@ -329,14 +312,12 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
         &mut self,
         block: RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
         execution_outcome: ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>,
-        trie_updates: Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>,
-        hashed_state: Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>,
+        trie_data: LazyTrieData,
     ) {
         let block_number = block.header().number();
         self.blocks.insert(block_number, block);
         self.execution_outcome.extend(execution_outcome);
-        self.trie_updates.insert(block_number, trie_updates);
-        self.hashed_state.insert(block_number, hashed_state);
+        self.trie_data.insert(block_number, trie_data);
     }
 
     /// Merge two chains by appending the given chain into the current one.
@@ -355,8 +336,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Chain<N> {
         // Insert blocks from other chain
         self.blocks.extend(other.blocks);
         self.execution_outcome.extend(other.execution_outcome);
-        self.trie_updates.extend(other.trie_updates);
-        self.hashed_state.extend(other.hashed_state);
+        self.trie_data.extend(other.trie_data);
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -583,14 +563,14 @@ pub(super) mod serde_bincode_compat {
                 execution_outcome: value.execution_outcome.as_repr(),
                 _trie_updates_legacy: None,
                 trie_updates: value
-                    .trie_updates
+                    .trie_data
                     .iter()
-                    .map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.as_ref().into()))
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.get().trie_updates.as_ref().into()))
                     .collect(),
                 hashed_state: value
-                    .hashed_state
+                    .trie_data
                     .iter()
-                    .map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.as_ref().into()))
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (*k, v.get().hashed_state.as_ref().into()))
                     .collect(),
             }
         }
@@ -603,19 +583,24 @@ pub(super) mod serde_bincode_compat {
         >,
     {
         fn from(value: Chain<'a, N>) -> Self {
+            use reth_trie_common::LazyTrieData;
+
+            let hashed_state_map: BTreeMap<_, _> =
+                value.hashed_state.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k, Arc::new(v.into()))).collect();
+
+            let trie_data: BTreeMap<BlockNumber, LazyTrieData> = value
+                .trie_updates
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| {
+                    let hashed_state = hashed_state_map.get(&k).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+                    (k, LazyTrieData::ready(hashed_state, Arc::new(v.into())))
+                })
+                .collect();
+
             Self {
                 blocks: value.blocks.0.into_owned(),
                 execution_outcome: ExecutionOutcome::from_repr(value.execution_outcome),
-                trie_updates: value
-                    .trie_updates
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|(k, v)| (k, Arc::new(v.into())))
-                    .collect(),
-                hashed_state: value
-                    .hashed_state
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|(k, v)| (k, Arc::new(v.into())))
-                    .collect(),
+                trie_data,
             }
         }
     }
@@ -676,7 +661,6 @@ pub(super) mod serde_bincode_compat {
                         .unwrap()],
                     Default::default(),
                     BTreeMap::new(),
-                    BTreeMap::new(),
                 ),
             };
 
@@ -776,12 +760,8 @@ mod tests {
         let mut block_state_extended = execution_outcome1;
         block_state_extended.extend(execution_outcome2);
 
-        let chain: Chain = Chain::new(
-            vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
-            block_state_extended,
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        );
+        let chain: Chain =
+            Chain::new(vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()], block_state_extended, BTreeMap::new());
 
         // return tip state
         assert_eq!(

crates/evm/execution-types/src/execute.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256, U256};
+use reth_primitives_traits::{Account, Bytecode};
 use revm::database::BundleState;
 
 pub use alloy_evm::block::BlockExecutionResult;
@@ -23,3 +25,36 @@ pub struct BlockExecutionOutput<T> {
     /// The changed state of the block after execution.
     pub state: BundleState,
 }
+
+impl<T> BlockExecutionOutput<T> {
+    /// Return bytecode if known.
+    pub fn bytecode(&self, code_hash: &B256) -> Option<Bytecode> {
+        self.state.bytecode(code_hash).map(Bytecode)
+    }
+
+    /// Get account if account is known.
+    pub fn account(&self, address: &Address) -> Option<Option<Account>> {
+        self.state.account(address).map(|a| a.info.as_ref().map(Into::into))
+    }
+
+    /// Get storage if value is known.
+    ///
+    /// This means that depending on status we can potentially return `U256::ZERO`.
+    pub fn storage(&self, address: &Address, storage_key: U256) -> Option<U256> {
+        self.state.account(address).and_then(|a| a.storage_slot(storage_key))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Default for BlockExecutionOutput<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                receipts: Default::default(),
+                requests: Default::default(),
+                gas_used: 0,
+                blob_gas_used: 0,
+            },
+            state: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/evm/execution-types/src/execution_outcome.rs

@@ -249,6 +249,14 @@ impl<T> ExecutionOutcome<T> {
         &self.receipts[index]
     }
 
+    /// Returns an iterator over receipt slices, one per block.
+    ///
+    /// This is a more ergonomic alternative to `receipts()` that yields slices
+    /// instead of requiring indexing into a nested `Vec<Vec<T>>`.
+    pub fn receipts_iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &[T]> + '_ {
+        self.receipts.iter().map(|v| v.as_slice())
+    }
+
     /// Is execution outcome empty.
     pub const fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.len() == 0
@@ -934,10 +942,20 @@ mod tests {
         let address3 = Address::random();
 
         // Set up account info with some changes
-        let account_info1 =
-            AccountInfo { nonce: 1, balance: U256::from(100), code_hash: B256::ZERO, code: None };
-        let account_info2 =
-            AccountInfo { nonce: 2, balance: U256::from(200), code_hash: B256::ZERO, code: None };
+        let account_info1 = AccountInfo {
+            nonce: 1,
+            balance: U256::from(100),
+            code_hash: B256::ZERO,
+            code: None,
+            account_id: None,
+        };
+        let account_info2 = AccountInfo {
+            nonce: 2,
+            balance: U256::from(200),
+            code_hash: B256::ZERO,
+            code: None,
+            account_id: None,
+        };
 
         // Set up the bundle state with these accounts
         let mut bundle_state = BundleState::default();

crates/exex/exex/src/backfill/job.rs

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ where
             executor.into_state().take_bundle(),
             results,
         );
-        let chain = Chain::new(blocks, outcome, BTreeMap::new(), BTreeMap::new());
+        let chain = Chain::new(blocks, outcome, BTreeMap::new());
         Ok(chain)
     }
 }

crates/exex/exex/src/manager.rs

@@ -503,6 +503,7 @@ where
             }
             break
         }
+        let buffer_full = this.buffer.len() >= this.max_capacity;
 
         // Update capacity
         this.update_capacity();
@@ -536,6 +537,12 @@ where
         // Update capacity
         this.update_capacity();
 
+        // If the buffer was full and we made space, we need to wake up to accept new notifications
+        if buffer_full && this.buffer.len() < this.max_capacity {
+            debug!(target: "exex::manager", "Buffer has space again, waking up senders");
+            cx.waker().wake_by_ref();
+        }
+
         // Update watch channel block number
         let finished_height = this.exex_handles.iter_mut().try_fold(u64::MAX, |curr, exex| {
             exex.finished_height.map_or(Err(()), |height| Ok(height.number.min(curr)))
@@ -687,7 +694,6 @@ mod tests {
         BlockWriter, Chain, DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, TransactionVariant,
     };
     use reth_testing_utils::generators::{self, random_block, BlockParams};
-    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
     fn empty_finalized_header_stream() -> ForkChoiceStream<SealedHeader> {
         let (tx, rx) = watch::channel(None);
@@ -789,12 +795,7 @@ mod tests {
         block1.set_block_number(10);
 
         let notification1 = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![block1.clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block1.clone()], Default::default(), Default::default())),
         };
 
         // Push the first notification
@@ -812,12 +813,7 @@ mod tests {
         block2.set_block_number(20);
 
         let notification2 = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![block2.clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block2.clone()], Default::default(), Default::default())),
         };
 
         exex_manager.push_notification(notification2.clone());
@@ -860,12 +856,7 @@ mod tests {
         block1.set_block_number(10);
 
         let notification1 = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![block1.clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block1.clone()], Default::default(), Default::default())),
         };
 
         exex_manager.push_notification(notification1.clone());
@@ -1093,7 +1084,6 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![Default::default()],
                 Default::default(),
                 Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
             )),
         };
 
@@ -1164,7 +1154,6 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![Default::default()],
                 Default::default(),
                 Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
             )),
         };
 
@@ -1209,12 +1198,7 @@ mod tests {
         block1.set_block_number(10);
 
         let notification = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![block1.clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-                Default::default(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block1.clone()], Default::default(), Default::default())),
         };
 
         let mut cx = Context::from_waker(futures::task::noop_waker_ref());
@@ -1363,17 +1347,11 @@ mod tests {
             new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                 vec![genesis_block.clone()],
                 Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
+                Default::default(),
             )),
         };
         let notification = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![block.clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block.clone()], Default::default(), Default::default())),
         };
 
         let (finalized_headers_tx, rx) = watch::channel(None);
@@ -1443,4 +1421,78 @@ mod tests {
 
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_deadlock_manager_wakes_after_buffer_clears() {
+        // This test simulates the scenario where the buffer fills up, ingestion pauses,
+        // and then space clears. We verify the manager wakes up to process pending items.
+
+        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let wal = Wal::new(temp_dir.path()).unwrap();
+        let provider_factory = create_test_provider_factory();
+        init_genesis(&provider_factory).unwrap();
+        let provider = BlockchainProvider::new(provider_factory.clone()).unwrap();
+
+        // 1. Setup Manager with Capacity = 1
+        let (exex_handle, _, mut notifications) = ExExHandle::new(
+            "test_exex".to_string(),
+            Default::default(),
+            provider,
+            EthEvmConfig::mainnet(),
+            wal.handle(),
+        );
+
+        let max_capacity = 2;
+        let exex_manager = ExExManager::new(
+            provider_factory,
+            vec![exex_handle],
+            max_capacity,
+            wal,
+            empty_finalized_header_stream(),
+        );
+
+        let manager_handle = exex_manager.handle();
+
+        // Spawn manager in background so it runs continuously
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            exex_manager.await.ok();
+        });
+
+        // Helper to create notifications
+        let mut rng = generators::rng();
+        let mut make_notif = |id: u64| {
+            let block = random_block(&mut rng, id, BlockParams::default()).try_recover().unwrap();
+            ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
+                new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![block], Default::default(), Default::default())),
+            }
+        };
+
+        manager_handle.send(ExExNotificationSource::Pipeline, make_notif(1)).unwrap();
+
+        // Send the "Stuck" Item (Notification #100).
+        // At this point, the Manager loop has skipped the ingestion logic because buffer is full
+        // (buffer_full=true). This item sits in the unbounded 'handle_rx' channel waiting.
+        manager_handle.send(ExExNotificationSource::Pipeline, make_notif(100)).unwrap();
+
+        // 3. Relieve Pressure
+        // We consume items from the ExEx.
+        // As we pull items out, the ExEx frees space -> Manager sends buffered item -> Manager
+        // frees space. Once Manager frees space, the FIX (wake_by_ref) should trigger,
+        // causing it to read Notif #100.
+
+        // Consume the jam
+        let _ = notifications.next().await.unwrap();
+
+        // 4. Assert No Deadlock
+        // We expect Notification #100 next.
+        // If the wake_by_ref fix is missing, this will Time Out because the manager is sleeping
+        // despite having empty buffer.
+        let result =
+            tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1), notifications.next()).await;
+
+        assert!(
+            result.is_ok(),
+            "Deadlock detected! Manager failed to wake up and process Pending Item #100."
+        );
+    }
 }

crates/exex/exex/src/notifications.rs

@@ -501,7 +501,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .try_recover()?],
                 Default::default(),
                 BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
             )),
         };
 
@@ -570,7 +569,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .try_recover()?],
                 Default::default(),
                 BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
             )),
         };
 
@@ -638,7 +636,6 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![exex_head_block.clone().try_recover()?],
                 Default::default(),
                 BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
             )),
         };
         wal.commit(&exex_head_notification)?;
@@ -653,7 +650,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .try_recover()?],
                 Default::default(),
                 BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
             )),
         };
 
@@ -711,7 +707,6 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![exex_head_block.clone().try_recover()?],
                 Default::default(),
                 BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
             )),
         };
         wal.commit(&exex_head_notification)?;
@@ -731,7 +726,6 @@ mod tests {
                 .try_recover()?],
                 Default::default(),
                 BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
             )),
         };
 

crates/exex/exex/src/wal/mod.rs

@@ -304,37 +304,24 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![blocks[0].clone(), blocks[1].clone()],
                 Default::default(),
                 BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
             )),
         };
         let reverted_notification = ExExNotification::ChainReverted {
-            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![blocks[1].clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-            )),
+            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![blocks[1].clone()], Default::default(), BTreeMap::new())),
         };
         let committed_notification_2 = ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
             new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                 vec![block_1_reorged.clone(), blocks[2].clone()],
                 Default::default(),
                 BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
             )),
         };
         let reorged_notification = ExExNotification::ChainReorged {
-            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![blocks[2].clone()],
-                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-            )),
+            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![blocks[2].clone()], Default::default(), BTreeMap::new())),
             new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                 vec![block_2_reorged.clone(), blocks[3].clone()],
                 Default::default(),
                 BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
             )),
         };
 

crates/exex/exex/src/wal/storage.rs

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ mod tests {
     use reth_testing_utils::generators::{self, random_block};
     use reth_trie_common::{
         updates::{StorageTrieUpdates, TrieUpdates},
-        BranchNodeCompact, HashedPostState, HashedStorage, Nibbles,
+        BranchNodeCompact, HashedPostState, HashedStorage, LazyTrieData, Nibbles,
     };
     use std::{collections::BTreeMap, fs::File, sync::Arc};
 
@@ -241,18 +241,8 @@ mod tests {
         let new_block = random_block(&mut rng, 0, Default::default()).try_recover()?;
 
         let notification = ExExNotification::ChainReorged {
-            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![new_block],
-                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-            )),
-            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(
-                vec![old_block],
-                Default::default(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-                BTreeMap::new(),
-            )),
+            new: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![new_block], Default::default(), BTreeMap::new())),
+            old: Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![old_block], Default::default(), BTreeMap::new())),
         };
 
         // Do a round trip serialization and deserialization
@@ -346,13 +336,17 @@ mod tests {
             )]),
         };
 
+        let trie_data = LazyTrieData::ready(
+            Arc::new(hashed_state.into_sorted()),
+            Arc::new(trie_updates.into_sorted()),
+        );
+
         let notification: ExExNotification<reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives> =
             ExExNotification::ChainCommitted {
                 new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                     vec![block],
                     Default::default(),
-                    BTreeMap::from([(block_number, Arc::new(trie_updates.into_sorted()))]),
-                    BTreeMap::from([(block_number, Arc::new(hashed_state.into_sorted()))]),
+                    BTreeMap::from([(block_number, trie_data)]),
                 )),
             };
         Ok(notification)

crates/exex/types/src/notification.rs

@@ -223,14 +223,12 @@ pub(super) mod serde_bincode_compat {
                             .unwrap()],
                         Default::default(),
                         BTreeMap::new(),
-                        BTreeMap::new(),
                     )),
                     new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                         vec![RecoveredBlock::arbitrary(&mut arbitrary::Unstructured::new(&bytes))
                             .unwrap()],
                         Default::default(),
                         BTreeMap::new(),
-                        BTreeMap::new(),
                     )),
                 },
             };

crates/net/banlist/src/lib.rs

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ impl BanList {
         self.banned_ips.contains_key(ip)
     }
 
-    /// checks the ban list to see if it contains the given ip
+    /// checks the ban list to see if it contains the given peer
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_banned_peer(&self, peer_id: &PeerId) -> bool {
         self.banned_peers.contains_key(peer_id)
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl BanList {
         self.banned_ips.remove(ip);
     }
 
-    /// Unbans the ip address
+    /// Unbans the peer
     pub fn unban_peer(&mut self, peer_id: &PeerId) {
         self.banned_peers.remove(peer_id);
     }

crates/node/builder/Cargo.toml

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ reth-tasks.workspace = true
 reth-tokio-util.workspace = true
 reth-tracing.workspace = true
 reth-transaction-pool.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db = { workspace = true, features = ["metrics"] }
 reth-basic-payload-builder.workspace = true
 reth-node-ethstats.workspace = true
 
@@ -115,6 +116,7 @@ test-utils = [
     "reth-db-api/test-utils",
     "reth-provider/test-utils",
     "reth-transaction-pool/test-utils",
+    "reth-trie-db/test-utils",
     "reth-evm-ethereum/test-utils",
     "reth-node-ethereum/test-utils",
     "reth-primitives-traits/test-utils",

crates/node/builder/src/launch/common.rs

@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ use reth_tracing::{
     tracing::{debug, error, info, warn},
 };
 use reth_transaction_pool::TransactionPool;
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use std::{sync::Arc, thread::available_parallelism, time::Duration};
 use tokio::sync::{
     mpsc::{unbounded_channel, UnboundedSender},
@@ -470,7 +471,10 @@ where
     /// Returns the [`ProviderFactory`] for the attached storage after executing a consistent check
     /// between the database and static files. **It may execute a pipeline unwind if it fails this
     /// check.**
-    pub async fn create_provider_factory<N, Evm>(&self) -> eyre::Result<ProviderFactory<N>>
+    pub async fn create_provider_factory<N, Evm>(
+        &self,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<ProviderFactory<N>>
     where
         N: ProviderNodeTypes<DB = DB, ChainSpec = ChainSpec>,
         Evm: ConfigureEvm<Primitives = N::Primitives> + 'static,
@@ -500,7 +504,8 @@ where
             static_file_provider,
             rocksdb_provider,
         )?
-        .with_prune_modes(self.prune_modes());
+        .with_prune_modes(self.prune_modes())
+        .with_changeset_cache(changeset_cache);
 
         // Keep MDBX, static files, and RocksDB aligned. If any check fails, unwind to the
         // earliest consistent block.
@@ -593,12 +598,13 @@ where
     /// Creates a new [`ProviderFactory`] and attaches it to the launch context.
     pub async fn with_provider_factory<N, Evm>(
         self,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> eyre::Result<LaunchContextWith<Attached<WithConfigs<ChainSpec>, ProviderFactory<N>>>>
     where
         N: ProviderNodeTypes<DB = DB, ChainSpec = ChainSpec>,
         Evm: ConfigureEvm<Primitives = N::Primitives> + 'static,
     {
-        let factory = self.create_provider_factory::<N, Evm>().await?;
+        let factory = self.create_provider_factory::<N, Evm>(changeset_cache).await?;
         let ctx = LaunchContextWith {
             inner: self.inner,
             attachment: self.attachment.map_right(|_| factory),
@@ -670,19 +676,13 @@ where
 
     /// Convenience function to [`Self::init_genesis`]
     pub fn with_genesis(self) -> Result<Self, InitStorageError> {
-        init_genesis_with_settings(
-            self.provider_factory(),
-            self.node_config().static_files.to_settings(),
-        )?;
+        init_genesis_with_settings(self.provider_factory(), self.node_config().storage_settings())?;
         Ok(self)
     }
 
     /// Write the genesis block and state if it has not already been written
     pub fn init_genesis(&self) -> Result<B256, InitStorageError> {
-        init_genesis_with_settings(
-            self.provider_factory(),
-            self.node_config().static_files.to_settings(),
-        )
+        init_genesis_with_settings(self.provider_factory(), self.node_config().storage_settings())
     }
 
     /// Creates a new `WithMeteredProvider` container and attaches it to the
@@ -1277,6 +1277,10 @@ pub fn metrics_hooks<N: NodeTypesWithDB>(provider_factory: &ProviderFactory<N>)
                 })
             }
         })
+        .with_hook({
+            let rocksdb = provider_factory.rocksdb_provider();
+            move || throttle!(Duration::from_secs(5 * 60), || rocksdb.report_metrics())
+        })
         .build()
 }
 

crates/node/builder/src/launch/engine.rs

@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ use reth_node_core::{
 use reth_node_events::node;
 use reth_provider::{
     providers::{BlockchainProvider, NodeTypesForProvider},
-    BlockNumReader, MetadataProvider,
+    BlockNumReader, StorageSettingsCache,
 };
 use reth_tasks::TaskExecutor;
 use reth_tokio_util::EventSender;
 use reth_tracing::tracing::{debug, error, info};
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use std::{future::Future, pin::Pin, sync::Arc};
 use tokio::sync::{mpsc::unbounded_channel, oneshot};
 use tokio_stream::wrappers::UnboundedReceiverStream;
-use tracing::warn;
 
 /// The engine node launcher.
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -87,6 +87,9 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
         } = target;
         let NodeHooks { on_component_initialized, on_node_started, .. } = hooks;
 
+        // Create changeset cache that will be shared across the engine
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
+
         // setup the launch context
         let ctx = ctx
             .with_configured_globals(engine_tree_config.reserved_cpu_cores())
@@ -98,26 +101,10 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
             .attach(database.clone())
             // ensure certain settings take effect
             .with_adjusted_configs()
-            // Create the provider factory
-            .with_provider_factory::<_, <CB::Components as NodeComponents<T>>::Evm>().await?
-            .inspect(|ctx| {
+            // Create the provider factory with changeset cache
+            .with_provider_factory::<_, <CB::Components as NodeComponents<T>>::Evm>(changeset_cache.clone()).await?
+            .inspect(|_| {
                 info!(target: "reth::cli", "Database opened");
-                match ctx.provider_factory().storage_settings() {
-                    Ok(settings) => {
-                        info!(
-                            target: "reth::cli",
-                            ?settings,
-                            "Storage settings"
-                        );
-                    },
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        warn!(
-                            target: "reth::cli",
-                            ?err,
-                            "Failed to get storage settings"
-                        );
-                    },
-                }
             })
             .with_prometheus_server().await?
             .inspect(|this| {
@@ -126,6 +113,8 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
             .with_genesis()?
             .inspect(|this: &LaunchContextWith<Attached<WithConfigs<<T::Types as NodeTypes>::ChainSpec>, _>>| {
                 info!(target: "reth::cli", "\n{}", this.chain_spec().display_hardforks());
+                let settings = this.provider_factory().cached_storage_settings();
+                info!(target: "reth::cli", ?settings, "Loaded storage settings");
             })
             .with_metrics_task()
             // passing FullNodeTypes as type parameter here so that we can build
@@ -204,7 +193,7 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
         // Build the engine validator with all required components
         let engine_validator = validator_builder
             .clone()
-            .build_tree_validator(&add_ons_ctx, engine_tree_config.clone())
+            .build_tree_validator(&add_ons_ctx, engine_tree_config.clone(), changeset_cache.clone())
             .await?;
 
         // Create the consensus engine stream with optional reorg
@@ -214,7 +203,13 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
             .maybe_reorg(
                 ctx.blockchain_db().clone(),
                 ctx.components().evm_config().clone(),
-                || validator_builder.build_tree_validator(&add_ons_ctx, engine_tree_config.clone()),
+                || async {
+                    // Create a separate cache for reorg validator (not shared with main engine)
+                    let reorg_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
+                    validator_builder
+                        .build_tree_validator(&add_ons_ctx, engine_tree_config.clone(), reorg_cache)
+                        .await
+                },
                 node_config.debug.reorg_frequency,
                 node_config.debug.reorg_depth,
             )
@@ -239,6 +234,7 @@ impl EngineNodeLauncher {
             engine_tree_config,
             ctx.sync_metrics_tx(),
             ctx.components().evm_config().clone(),
+            changeset_cache,
         );
 
         info!(target: "reth::cli", "Consensus engine initialized");

crates/node/builder/src/rpc.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 pub use jsonrpsee::server::middleware::rpc::{RpcService, RpcServiceBuilder};
 pub use reth_engine_tree::tree::{BasicEngineValidator, EngineValidator};
 pub use reth_rpc_builder::{middleware::RethRpcMiddleware, Identity, Stack};
+pub use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 
 use crate::{
     invalid_block_hook::InvalidBlockHookExt, ConfigureEngineEvm, ConsensusEngineEvent,
@@ -1288,6 +1289,7 @@ pub trait EngineValidatorBuilder<Node: FullNodeComponents>: Send + Sync + Clone
         self,
         ctx: &AddOnsContext<'_, Node>,
         tree_config: TreeConfig,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> impl Future<Output = eyre::Result<Self::EngineValidator>> + Send;
 }
 
@@ -1335,10 +1337,12 @@ where
         self,
         ctx: &AddOnsContext<'_, Node>,
         tree_config: TreeConfig,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> eyre::Result<Self::EngineValidator> {
         let validator = self.payload_validator_builder.build(ctx).await?;
         let data_dir = ctx.config.datadir.clone().resolve_datadir(ctx.config.chain.chain());
         let invalid_block_hook = ctx.create_invalid_block_hook(&data_dir).await?;
+
         Ok(BasicEngineValidator::new(
             ctx.node.provider().clone(),
             std::sync::Arc::new(ctx.node.consensus().clone()),
@@ -1346,6 +1350,7 @@ where
             validator,
             tree_config,
             invalid_block_hook,
+            changeset_cache,
         ))
     }
 }

crates/node/core/Cargo.toml

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ reth-cli-util.workspace = true
 reth-db = { workspace = true, features = ["mdbx"] }
 reth-storage-errors.workspace = true
 reth-storage-api = { workspace = true, features = ["std", "db-api"] }
-reth-provider.workspace = true
 reth-network = { workspace = true, features = ["serde"] }
 reth-network-p2p.workspace = true
 reth-rpc-eth-types.workspace = true
@@ -81,7 +80,8 @@ tokio.workspace = true
 jemalloc = ["reth-cli-util/jemalloc"]
 asm-keccak = ["alloy-primitives/asm-keccak"]
 keccak-cache-global = ["alloy-primitives/keccak-cache-global"]
-otlp = ["reth-tracing/otlp"]
+otlp = ["reth-tracing/otlp", "reth-tracing-otlp/otlp"]
+otlp-logs = ["reth-tracing/otlp-logs", "reth-tracing-otlp/otlp-logs"]
 tracy = ["reth-tracing/tracy"]
 
 min-error-logs = ["tracing/release_max_level_error"]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ min-debug-logs = ["tracing/release_max_level_debug"]
 min-trace-logs = ["tracing/release_max_level_trace"]
 
 # Marker feature for edge/unstable builds - captured by vergen in build.rs
-edge = []
+edge = ["reth-storage-api/edge"]
 
 [build-dependencies]
 vergen = { workspace = true, features = ["build", "cargo", "emit_and_set"] }

crates/node/core/src/args/engine.rs

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ pub struct DefaultEngineValues {
     storage_worker_count: Option<usize>,
     account_worker_count: Option<usize>,
     enable_proof_v2: bool,
+    cache_metrics_disabled: bool,
 }
 
 impl DefaultEngineValues {
@@ -172,6 +173,12 @@ impl DefaultEngineValues {
         self.enable_proof_v2 = v;
         self
     }
+
+    /// Set whether to disable cache metrics by default
+    pub const fn with_cache_metrics_disabled(mut self, v: bool) -> Self {
+        self.cache_metrics_disabled = v;
+        self
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for DefaultEngineValues {
@@ -197,6 +204,7 @@ impl Default for DefaultEngineValues {
             storage_worker_count: None,
             account_worker_count: None,
             enable_proof_v2: false,
+            cache_metrics_disabled: false,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -320,6 +328,10 @@ pub struct EngineArgs {
     /// Enable V2 storage proofs for state root calculations
     #[arg(long = "engine.enable-proof-v2", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().enable_proof_v2)]
     pub enable_proof_v2: bool,
+
+    /// Disable cache metrics recording, which can take up to 50ms with large cached state.
+    #[arg(long = "engine.disable-cache-metrics", default_value_t = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().cache_metrics_disabled)]
+    pub cache_metrics_disabled: bool,
 }
 
 #[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -346,6 +358,7 @@ impl Default for EngineArgs {
             storage_worker_count,
             account_worker_count,
             enable_proof_v2,
+            cache_metrics_disabled,
         } = DefaultEngineValues::get_global().clone();
         Self {
             persistence_threshold,
@@ -371,6 +384,7 @@ impl Default for EngineArgs {
             storage_worker_count,
             account_worker_count,
             enable_proof_v2,
+            cache_metrics_disabled,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -407,6 +421,7 @@ impl EngineArgs {
         }
 
         config = config.with_enable_proof_v2(self.enable_proof_v2);
+        config = config.without_cache_metrics(self.cache_metrics_disabled);
 
         config
     }
@@ -458,6 +473,7 @@ mod tests {
             storage_worker_count: Some(16),
             account_worker_count: Some(8),
             enable_proof_v2: false,
+            cache_metrics_disabled: true,
         };
 
         let parsed_args = CommandParser::<EngineArgs>::parse_from([
@@ -488,6 +504,7 @@ mod tests {
             "16",
             "--engine.account-worker-count",
             "8",
+            "--engine.disable-cache-metrics",
         ])
         .args;
 

crates/node/core/src/args/mod.rs

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub use log::{ColorMode, LogArgs, Verbosity};
 
 /// `TraceArgs` for tracing and spans support
 mod trace;
-pub use trace::{OtlpInitStatus, TraceArgs};
+pub use trace::{OtlpInitStatus, OtlpLogsStatus, TraceArgs};
 
 /// `MetricArgs` to configure metrics.
 mod metric;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub use dev::DevArgs;
 
 /// PruneArgs for configuring the pruning and full node
 mod pruning;
-pub use pruning::PruningArgs;
+pub use pruning::{DefaultPruningValues, PruningArgs};
 
 /// DatadirArgs for configuring data storage paths
 mod datadir_args;
@@ -80,5 +80,9 @@ pub use era::{DefaultEraHost, EraArgs, EraSourceArgs};
 mod static_files;
 pub use static_files::{StaticFilesArgs, MINIMAL_BLOCKS_PER_FILE};
 
+/// `RocksDbArgs` for configuring RocksDB table routing.
+mod rocksdb;
+pub use rocksdb::{RocksDbArgs, RocksDbArgsError};
+
 mod error;
 pub mod types;

crates/node/core/src/args/pruning.rs

@@ -5,11 +5,89 @@ use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockNumber};
 use clap::{builder::RangedU64ValueParser, Args};
 use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
 use reth_config::config::PruneConfig;
-use reth_prune_types::{
-    PruneMode, PruneModes, ReceiptsLogPruneConfig, MERKLE_CHANGESETS_RETENTION_BLOCKS,
-    MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE,
-};
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, ops::Not};
+use reth_prune_types::{PruneMode, PruneModes, ReceiptsLogPruneConfig, MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, ops::Not, sync::OnceLock};
+
+/// Global static pruning defaults
+static PRUNING_DEFAULTS: OnceLock<DefaultPruningValues> = OnceLock::new();
+
+/// Default values for `--full` and `--minimal` pruning modes that can be customized.
+///
+/// Global defaults can be set via [`DefaultPruningValues::try_init`].
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct DefaultPruningValues {
+    /// Prune modes for `--full` flag.
+    ///
+    /// Note: `bodies_history` is ignored when `full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge` is `true`.
+    pub full_prune_modes: PruneModes,
+    /// If `true`, `--full` will set `bodies_history` to prune everything before the merge block
+    /// (Paris hardfork). If `false`, uses `full_prune_modes.bodies_history` directly.
+    pub full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge: bool,
+    /// Prune modes for `--minimal` flag.
+    pub minimal_prune_modes: PruneModes,
+}
+
+impl DefaultPruningValues {
+    /// Initialize the global pruning defaults with this configuration.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Err(self)` if already initialized.
+    pub fn try_init(self) -> Result<(), Self> {
+        PRUNING_DEFAULTS.set(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a reference to the global pruning defaults.
+    pub fn get_global() -> &'static Self {
+        PRUNING_DEFAULTS.get_or_init(Self::default)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the prune modes for `--full` flag.
+    pub fn with_full_prune_modes(mut self, modes: PruneModes) -> Self {
+        self.full_prune_modes = modes;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set whether `--full` should use pre-merge pruning for bodies history.
+    ///
+    /// When `true` (default), bodies are pruned before the Paris hardfork block.
+    /// When `false`, uses `full_prune_modes.bodies_history` directly.
+    pub const fn with_full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge(mut self, use_pre_merge: bool) -> Self {
+        self.full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge = use_pre_merge;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the prune modes for `--minimal` flag.
+    pub fn with_minimal_prune_modes(mut self, modes: PruneModes) -> Self {
+        self.minimal_prune_modes = modes;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for DefaultPruningValues {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            full_prune_modes: PruneModes {
+                sender_recovery: Some(PruneMode::Full),
+                transaction_lookup: None,
+                receipts: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                // This field is ignored when full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge is true
+                bodies_history: None,
+                receipts_log_filter: Default::default(),
+            },
+            full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge: true,
+            minimal_prune_modes: PruneModes {
+                sender_recovery: Some(PruneMode::Full),
+                transaction_lookup: Some(PruneMode::Full),
+                receipts: Some(PruneMode::Full),
+                account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                bodies_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
+                receipts_log_filter: Default::default(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 /// Parameters for pruning and full node
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Args, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
@@ -131,38 +209,22 @@ impl PruningArgs {
 
         // If --full is set, use full node defaults.
         if self.full {
-            config = PruneConfig {
-                block_interval: config.block_interval,
-                segments: PruneModes {
-                    sender_recovery: Some(PruneMode::Full),
-                    transaction_lookup: None,
-                    receipts: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
-                    account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
-                    storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(MINIMUM_PRUNING_DISTANCE)),
-                    bodies_history: chain_spec
-                        .ethereum_fork_activation(EthereumHardfork::Paris)
-                        .block_number()
-                        .map(PruneMode::Before),
-                    merkle_changesets: PruneMode::Distance(MERKLE_CHANGESETS_RETENTION_BLOCKS),
-                    receipts_log_filter: Default::default(),
-                },
+            let defaults = DefaultPruningValues::get_global();
+            let mut segments = defaults.full_prune_modes.clone();
+            if defaults.full_bodies_history_use_pre_merge {
+                segments.bodies_history = chain_spec
+                    .ethereum_fork_activation(EthereumHardfork::Paris)
+                    .block_number()
+                    .map(PruneMode::Before);
             }
+            config = PruneConfig { block_interval: config.block_interval, segments }
         }
 
         // If --minimal is set, use minimal storage mode with aggressive pruning.
         if self.minimal {
             config = PruneConfig {
                 block_interval: config.block_interval,
-                segments: PruneModes {
-                    sender_recovery: Some(PruneMode::Full),
-                    transaction_lookup: Some(PruneMode::Full),
-                    receipts: Some(PruneMode::Full),
-                    account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(10064)),
-                    storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(10064)),
-                    bodies_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(10064)),
-                    merkle_changesets: PruneMode::Distance(MERKLE_CHANGESETS_RETENTION_BLOCKS),
-                    receipts_log_filter: Default::default(),
-                },
+                segments: DefaultPruningValues::get_global().minimal_prune_modes.clone(),
             }
         }
 

crates/node/core/src/args/rocksdb.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+//! clap [Args](clap::Args) for `RocksDB` table routing configuration
+
+use clap::{ArgAction, Args};
+
+/// Default value for `RocksDB` routing flags.
+///
+/// When the `edge` feature is enabled, defaults to `true` to enable edge storage features.
+/// Otherwise defaults to `false` for legacy behavior.
+const fn default_rocksdb_flag() -> bool {
+    cfg!(feature = "edge")
+}
+
+/// Parameters for `RocksDB` table routing configuration.
+///
+/// These flags control which database tables are stored in `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+/// All flags are genesis-initialization-only: changing them after genesis requires a re-sync.
+#[derive(Debug, Args, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+#[command(next_help_heading = "RocksDB")]
+pub struct RocksDbArgs {
+    /// Route all supported tables to `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+    ///
+    /// This enables `RocksDB` for `tx-hash`, `storages-history`, and `account-history` tables.
+    /// Cannot be combined with individual flags set to false.
+    #[arg(long = "rocksdb.all", action = ArgAction::SetTrue)]
+    pub all: bool,
+
+    /// Route tx hash -> number table to `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+    ///
+    /// This is a genesis-initialization-only flag: changing it after genesis requires a re-sync.
+    /// Defaults to `true` when the `edge` feature is enabled, `false` otherwise.
+    #[arg(long = "rocksdb.tx-hash", default_value_t = default_rocksdb_flag(), action = ArgAction::Set)]
+    pub tx_hash: bool,
+
+    /// Route storages history tables to `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+    ///
+    /// This is a genesis-initialization-only flag: changing it after genesis requires a re-sync.
+    /// Defaults to `true` when the `edge` feature is enabled, `false` otherwise.
+    #[arg(long = "rocksdb.storages-history", default_value_t = default_rocksdb_flag(), action = ArgAction::Set)]
+    pub storages_history: bool,
+
+    /// Route account history tables to `RocksDB` instead of MDBX.
+    ///
+    /// This is a genesis-initialization-only flag: changing it after genesis requires a re-sync.
+    /// Defaults to `true` when the `edge` feature is enabled, `false` otherwise.
+    #[arg(long = "rocksdb.account-history", default_value_t = default_rocksdb_flag(), action = ArgAction::Set)]
+    pub account_history: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for RocksDbArgs {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            all: false,
+            tx_hash: default_rocksdb_flag(),
+            storages_history: default_rocksdb_flag(),
+            account_history: default_rocksdb_flag(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RocksDbArgs {
+    /// Validates the `RocksDB` arguments.
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if `--rocksdb.all` is used with any individual flag set to `false`.
+    pub const fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), RocksDbArgsError> {
+        if self.all {
+            if !self.tx_hash {
+                return Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("tx-hash"));
+            }
+            if !self.storages_history {
+                return Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("storages-history"));
+            }
+            if !self.account_history {
+                return Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("account-history"));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error type for `RocksDB` argument validation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum RocksDbArgsError {
+    /// `--rocksdb.all` cannot be combined with an individual flag set to false.
+    #[error("--rocksdb.all cannot be combined with --rocksdb.{0}=false")]
+    ConflictingFlags(&'static str),
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use clap::Parser;
+
+    #[derive(Parser)]
+    struct CommandParser<T: Args> {
+        #[command(flatten)]
+        args: T,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default_rocksdb_args() {
+        let args = CommandParser::<RocksDbArgs>::parse_from(["reth"]).args;
+        assert_eq!(args, RocksDbArgs::default());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_all_flag() {
+        let args = CommandParser::<RocksDbArgs>::parse_from(["reth", "--rocksdb.all"]).args;
+        assert!(args.all);
+        assert_eq!(args.tx_hash, default_rocksdb_flag());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_individual_flags() {
+        let args = CommandParser::<RocksDbArgs>::parse_from([
+            "reth",
+            "--rocksdb.tx-hash=true",
+            "--rocksdb.storages-history=false",
+            "--rocksdb.account-history=true",
+        ])
+        .args;
+        assert!(!args.all);
+        assert!(args.tx_hash);
+        assert!(!args.storages_history);
+        assert!(args.account_history);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_all_with_true_ok() {
+        let args =
+            RocksDbArgs { all: true, tx_hash: true, storages_history: true, account_history: true };
+        assert!(args.validate().is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate_all_with_false_errors() {
+        let args = RocksDbArgs {
+            all: true,
+            tx_hash: false,
+            storages_history: true,
+            account_history: true,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(args.validate(), Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("tx-hash")));
+
+        let args = RocksDbArgs {
+            all: true,
+            tx_hash: true,
+            storages_history: false,
+            account_history: true,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(args.validate(), Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("storages-history")));
+
+        let args = RocksDbArgs {
+            all: true,
+            tx_hash: true,
+            storages_history: true,
+            account_history: false,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(args.validate(), Err(RocksDbArgsError::ConflictingFlags("account-history")));
+    }
+}

crates/node/core/src/args/rpc_server.rs

@@ -640,6 +640,13 @@ pub struct RpcServerArgs {
         value_parser = parse_duration_from_secs_or_ms,
     )]
     pub rpc_send_raw_transaction_sync_timeout: Duration,
+
+    /// Skip invalid transactions in `testing_buildBlockV1` instead of failing.
+    ///
+    /// When enabled, transactions that fail execution will be skipped, and all subsequent
+    /// transactions from the same sender will also be skipped.
+    #[arg(long = "testing.skip-invalid-transactions", default_value_t = false)]
+    pub testing_skip_invalid_transactions: bool,
 }
 
 impl RpcServerArgs {
@@ -852,6 +859,7 @@ impl Default for RpcServerArgs {
             rpc_state_cache,
             gas_price_oracle,
             rpc_send_raw_transaction_sync_timeout,
+            testing_skip_invalid_transactions: false,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1026,6 +1034,7 @@ mod tests {
                 default_suggested_fee: None,
             },
             rpc_send_raw_transaction_sync_timeout: std::time::Duration::from_secs(30),
+            testing_skip_invalid_transactions: true,
         };
 
         let parsed_args = CommandParser::<RpcServerArgs>::parse_from([
@@ -1114,6 +1123,7 @@ mod tests {
             "60",
             "--rpc.send-raw-transaction-sync-timeout",
             "30s",
+            "--testing.skip-invalid-transactions",
         ])
         .args;