Merge branch 'main' into feat/bal-cache

Co-authored-by: Amp <amp@ampcode.com>

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -1,45 +1,52 @@
 *                           @gakonst
-crates/blockchain-tree-api/ @rakita @mattsse @Rjected
-crates/blockchain-tree/     @rakita @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/chain-state/         @fgimenez @mattsse
 crates/chainspec/           @Rjected @joshieDo @mattsse
 crates/cli/                 @mattsse
+crates/config/              @shekhirin @mattsse @Rjected 
 crates/consensus/           @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/e2e-test-utils/      @mattsse @Rjected @klkvr @fgimenez
-crates/engine/              @mattsse @Rjected @fgimenez @mediocregopher @yongkangc
-crates/era/                 @mattsse @RomanHodulak
+crates/engine/              @mattsse @Rjected @mediocregopher @yongkangc
+crates/era/                 @mattsse
+crates/era-downloader/      @mattsse
+crates/era-utils/           @mattsse
 crates/errors/              @mattsse
-crates/ethereum-forks/      @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/ethereum/            @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/etl/                 @joshieDo @shekhirin
-crates/evm/                 @rakita @mattsse @Rjected
+crates/evm/                 @mattsse @Rjected @klkvr
 crates/exex/                @shekhirin
+crates/fs-util/             @mattsse
+crates/metrics/             @mattsse @Rjected 
 crates/net/                 @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/net/downloaders/     @Rjected
 crates/node/                @mattsse @Rjected @klkvr
-crates/optimism/            @mattsse @Rjected @fgimenez
+crates/optimism/            @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/payload/             @mattsse @Rjected
-crates/primitives-traits/   @Rjected @RomanHodulak @mattsse @klkvr
+crates/primitives-traits/   @Rjected @mattsse @klkvr
 crates/primitives/          @Rjected @mattsse @klkvr
 crates/prune/               @shekhirin @joshieDo
-crates/ress                 @shekhirin @Rjected
-crates/revm/                @mattsse @rakita
-crates/rpc/                 @mattsse @Rjected @RomanHodulak
+crates/ress/                @shekhirin @Rjected
+crates/revm/                @mattsse
+crates/rpc/                 @mattsse @Rjected
 crates/stages/              @shekhirin @mediocregopher
 crates/static-file/         @joshieDo @shekhirin
+crates/stateless/           @mattsse
 crates/storage/codecs/      @joshieDo
-crates/storage/db-api/      @joshieDo @rakita
+crates/storage/db-api/      @joshieDo
 crates/storage/db-common/   @Rjected
-crates/storage/db/          @joshieDo @rakita
-crates/storage/errors/      @rakita
-crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/  @rakita @shekhirin
+crates/storage/db/          @joshieDo
+crates/storage/errors/      @joshieDo
+crates/storage/libmdbx-rs/  @shekhirin
 crates/storage/nippy-jar/   @joshieDo @shekhirin
-crates/storage/provider/    @rakita @joshieDo @shekhirin
+crates/storage/provider/    @joshieDo @shekhirin @yongkangc
 crates/storage/storage-api/ @joshieDo
 crates/tasks/               @mattsse
-crates/tokio-util/          @fgimenez
+crates/tokio-util/          @mattsse 
+crates/tracing/             @mattsse @shekhirin
+crates/tracing-otlp/        @mattsse @Rjected 
 crates/transaction-pool/    @mattsse @yongkangc
-crates/trie/                @Rjected @shekhirin @mediocregopher
+crates/trie/                @Rjected @shekhirin @mediocregopher @yongkangc
+bin/reth/                   @mattsse @shekhirin @Rjected 
+bin/reth-bench/             @mattsse @Rjected @shekhirin @yongkangc 
 bin/reth-bench-compare/     @mediocregopher @shekhirin @yongkangc
 etc/                        @Rjected @shekhirin
 .github/                    @gakonst @DaniPopes

.github/assets/hive/build_simulators.sh

@@ -11,17 +11,14 @@ go build .
 
 # Run each hive command in the background for each simulator and wait
 echo "Building images"
-./hive -client reth --sim "ethereum/eels" \
-  --sim.buildarg fixtures=https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/bal@v2.0.0/fixtures_bal.tar.gz \
-  --sim.buildarg branch=eips/amsterdam/eip-7928 \
-  --sim.timelimit 1s || true &
+# TODO: test code has been moved from https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests to https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs  we need to pin eels branch with `--sim.buildarg branch=<release-branch-name>` once we have the fusaka release tagged on the new repo
+./hive -client reth --sim "ethereum/eels" --sim.buildarg fixtures=https://github.com/ethereum/execution-spec-tests/releases/download/v5.3.0/fixtures_develop.tar.gz -sim.timelimit 1s || true &
 ./hive -client reth --sim "ethereum/engine" -sim.timelimit 1s || true &
 ./hive -client reth --sim "devp2p" -sim.timelimit 1s || true &
 ./hive -client reth --sim "ethereum/rpc-compat" -sim.timelimit 1s || true &
 ./hive -client reth --sim "smoke/genesis" -sim.timelimit 1s || true &
 ./hive -client reth --sim "smoke/network" -sim.timelimit 1s || true &
 ./hive -client reth --sim "ethereum/sync" -sim.timelimit 1s || true &
-
 wait
 
 # Run docker save in parallel, wait and exit on error
@@ -40,7 +37,7 @@ for pid in "${saving_pids[@]}"; do
     wait "$pid" || exit
 done
 
-# Make sure we don't rebuild images on the CI  jobs
+# Make sure we don't rebuild images on the CI jobs
 git apply ../.github/assets/hive/no_sim_build.diff
 go build .
 mv ./hive ../hive_assets/

.github/assets/hive/load_images.sh

@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ done
 
 wait
 
-docker image ls -a
+docker image ls -a

.github/scripts/codspeed-build.sh

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -eo pipefail
-
-# TODO: Benchmarks run WAY too slow due to excessive amount of iterations.
-
-cmd=(cargo codspeed build --profile profiling)
-crates=(
-    -p reth-primitives
-    -p reth-trie
-    -p reth-trie-common
-    -p reth-trie-sparse
-)
-
-"${cmd[@]}" --features test-utils "${crates[@]}"

.github/workflows/bench.yml

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 on:
   pull_request:
   # TODO: Disabled temporarily for https://github.com/CodSpeedHQ/runner/issues/55
-  # merge_group :
+  # merge_group:
   push:
-    branches: ["**"]
+    branches: [main]
 
 env:
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
@@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ name: bench
 jobs:
   codspeed:
     runs-on: depot-ubuntu-latest
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        partition: [1, 2]
+        total_partitions: [2]
+        include:
+          - partition: 1
+            crates: "-p reth-primitives -p reth-trie-common -p reth-trie-sparse"
+          - partition: 2
+            crates: "-p reth-trie"
+    name: codspeed (${{ matrix.partition }}/${{ matrix.total_partitions }})
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
@@ -32,10 +42,10 @@ jobs:
         with:
           tool: cargo-codspeed
       - name: Build the benchmark target(s)
-        run: ./.github/scripts/codspeed-build.sh
+        run: cargo codspeed build --profile profiling --features test-utils ${{ matrix.crates }}
       - name: Run the benchmarks
         uses: CodSpeedHQ/action@v4
         with:
-          run: cargo codspeed run --workspace
+          run: cargo codspeed run ${{ matrix.crates }}
           mode: instrumentation
           token: ${{ secrets.CODSPEED_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/book.yml

@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
         id: deployment
-        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4

.github/workflows/check-alloy.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Checks reth compilation against alloy branches to detect breaking changes.
+# Run on-demand via workflow_dispatch.
+
+name: Check Alloy Breaking Changes
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      alloy_branch:
+        description: 'Branch/rev for alloy-rs/alloy (leave empty to skip)'
+        required: false
+        type: string
+      alloy_evm_branch:
+        description: 'Branch/rev for alloy-rs/evm (alloy-evm, alloy-op-evm) (leave empty to skip)'
+        required: false
+        type: string
+      op_alloy_branch:
+        description: 'Branch/rev for alloy-rs/op-alloy (leave empty to skip)'
+        required: false
+        type: string
+
+env:
+  CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
+
+jobs:
+  check:
+    name: Check compilation with patched alloy
+    runs-on: depot-ubuntu-latest-16
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+        with:
+          cache-on-failure: true
+
+      - name: Apply alloy patches
+        run: |
+          ARGS=""
+          if [ -n "${{ inputs.alloy_branch }}" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --alloy ${{ inputs.alloy_branch }}"
+          fi
+          if [ -n "${{ inputs.alloy_evm_branch }}" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --evm ${{ inputs.alloy_evm_branch }}"
+          fi
+          if [ -n "${{ inputs.op_alloy_branch }}" ]; then
+            ARGS="$ARGS --op ${{ inputs.op_alloy_branch }}"
+          fi
+          
+          if [ -z "$ARGS" ]; then
+            echo "No branches specified, nothing to patch"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          
+          ./scripts/patch-alloy.sh $ARGS
+          
+          echo "=== Final patch section ==="
+          tail -50 Cargo.toml
+
+      - name: Check workspace
+        run: cargo clippy --workspace --lib --examples --tests --benches --all-features --locked
+        env:
+          RUSTFLAGS: -D warnings

.github/workflows/compact.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
   merge_group:
   push:
-    branches: ["**"]
+    branches: [main]
 
 env:
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always

.github/workflows/dependencies.yml

@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@ permissions:
 
 jobs:
   update:
-    uses: ithacaxyz/ci/.github/workflows/cargo-update-pr.yml@main
+    uses: tempoxyz/ci/.github/workflows/cargo-update-pr.yml@main
     secrets:
       token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/e2e.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
   merge_group:
   push:
-    branches: ["**"]
+    branches: [main]
 
 env:
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always

.github/workflows/hive.yml

@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ on:
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
     - cron: "0 */6 * * *"
-  pull_request:
-    branches:
-      - main
+
 env:
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
 
@@ -44,7 +42,6 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           repository: ethereum/hive
-          ref: master
           path: hivetests
 
       - name: Get hive commit hash
@@ -130,29 +127,27 @@ jobs:
           # eth_ rpc methods
           - sim: ethereum/rpc-compat
             include:
-              # - eth_blockNumber
+              - eth_blockNumber
               - eth_call
-              # - eth_chainId
-              # - eth_createAccessList
-              # - eth_estimateGas
-              # - eth_feeHistory
-              # - eth_getBalance
-              # - eth_getBlockBy
-              # - eth_getBlockTransactionCountBy
-              # - eth_getCode
-              # - eth_getProof
-              # - eth_getStorage
-              # - eth_getTransactionBy
-              # - eth_getTransactionCount
-              # - eth_getTransactionReceipt
-              # - eth_sendRawTransaction
-              # - eth_syncing
-              # # debug_ rpc methods
-              # - debug_
+              - eth_chainId
+              - eth_createAccessList
+              - eth_estimateGas
+              - eth_feeHistory
+              - eth_getBalance
+              - eth_getBlockBy
+              - eth_getBlockTransactionCountBy
+              - eth_getCode
+              - eth_getProof
+              - eth_getStorage
+              - eth_getTransactionBy
+              - eth_getTransactionCount
+              - eth_getTransactionReceipt
+              - eth_sendRawTransaction
+              - eth_syncing
+              # debug_ rpc methods
+              - debug_
 
           # consume-engine
-          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
-            limit: .*tests/amsterdam.*
           - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
             limit: .*tests/osaka.*
           - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
@@ -169,10 +164,10 @@ jobs:
             limit: .*tests/homestead.*
           - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
             limit: .*tests/frontier.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-engine
+            limit: .*tests/paris.*
 
           # consume-rlp
-          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
-            limit: .*tests/amsterdam.*
           - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
             limit: .*tests/osaka.*
           - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
@@ -189,6 +184,8 @@ jobs:
             limit: .*tests/homestead.*
           - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
             limit: .*tests/frontier.*
+          - sim: ethereum/eels/consume-rlp
+            limit: .*tests/paris.*
     needs:
       - prepare-reth-stable
       - prepare-reth-edge

.github/workflows/integration.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
   merge_group:
   push:
-    branches: ["**"]
+    branches: [main]
   schedule:
     # Run once a day at 3:00 UTC
     - cron: "0 3 * * *"

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
   merge_group:
   push:
-    branches: ["**"]
+    branches: [main]
 
 env:
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: zepter run check
 
   deny:
-    uses: ithacaxyz/ci/.github/workflows/deny.yml@main
+    uses: tempoxyz/ci/.github/workflows/deny.yml@main
 
   lint-success:
     name: lint success

.github/workflows/stage.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
   merge_group:
   push:
-    branches: ["**"]
+    branches: [main]
 
 env:
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always

.github/workflows/unit.yml

@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ name: unit
 
 on:
   pull_request:
-    branches: ["**"]
   merge_group:
   push:
-    branches: ["**"]
+    branches: [main]
 
 env:
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always

.github/workflows/windows.yml

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ name: windows
 
 on:
   push:
-    branches: ["**"]
+    branches: [main]
   pull_request:
-    branches: ["**"]
+    branches: [main]
   merge_group:
 
 env:

CLAUDE.md

@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ Write comments that remain valuable after the PR is merged. Future readers won't
 unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for LimitedAllocator { ... }
 
 // Binary search requires sorted input. Panics on unsorted slices.
-fn find_index(items: &[Item], target: &Item) -> Option
+fn find_index(items: &[Item], target: &Item) -> Option<usize>
 
 // Timeout set to 5s to match EVM block processing limits
 const TRACER_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [workspace.package]
-version = "1.10.0"
+version = "1.10.2"
 edition = "2024"
 rust-version = "1.88"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
@@ -376,11 +376,11 @@ reth-era-utils = { path = "crates/era-utils" }
 reth-errors = { path = "crates/errors" }
 reth-eth-wire = { path = "crates/net/eth-wire" }
 reth-eth-wire-types = { path = "crates/net/eth-wire-types" }
+reth-ethereum-payload-builder = { path = "crates/ethereum/payload" }
 reth-ethereum-cli = { path = "crates/ethereum/cli", default-features = false }
 reth-ethereum-consensus = { path = "crates/ethereum/consensus", default-features = false }
 reth-ethereum-engine-primitives = { path = "crates/ethereum/engine-primitives", default-features = false }
 reth-ethereum-forks = { path = "crates/ethereum/hardforks", default-features = false }
-reth-ethereum-payload-builder = { path = "crates/ethereum/payload" }
 reth-ethereum-primitives = { path = "crates/ethereum/primitives", default-features = false }
 reth-ethereum = { path = "crates/ethereum/reth" }
 reth-etl = { path = "crates/etl" }
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ reth-zstd-compressors = { path = "crates/storage/zstd-compressors", default-feat
 reth-ress-protocol = { path = "crates/ress/protocol" }
 reth-ress-provider = { path = "crates/ress/provider" }
 
-# revm v103 (revm v34.0.0 with BAL EIP-7928 support)
+# revm
 revm = { version = "34.0.0", default-features = false }
 revm-bytecode = { version = "8.0.0", default-features = false }
 revm-database = { version = "10.0.0", default-features = false }
@@ -480,21 +480,16 @@ revm-state = { version = "9.0.0", default-features = false }
 revm-primitives = { version = "22.0.0", default-features = false }
 revm-interpreter = { version = "32.0.0", default-features = false }
 revm-database-interface = { version = "9.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-context = { version = "13.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-context-interface = { version = "14.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-inspector = { version = "15.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-handler = { version = "15.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-precompile = { version = "32.0.0", default-features = false }
 op-revm = { version = "15.0.0", default-features = false }
-revm-inspectors = "0.33.2"
+revm-inspectors = "0.34.0"
 
 # eth
-alloy-primitives = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = ["map-foldhash"] }
 alloy-chains = { version = "0.2.5", default-features = false }
-alloy-evm = { version = "0.25.2", default-features = false }
-alloy-dyn-abi = "1.4.1"
-alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-dyn-abi = "1.5.2"
 alloy-eip2124 = { version = "0.2.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-eip7928 = { version = "0.3.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-evm = { version = "0.27.0", default-features = false }
+alloy-primitives = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false, features = ["map-foldhash"] }
 alloy-rlp = { version = "0.3.10", default-features = false, features = ["core-net"] }
 alloy-sol-macro = "1.5.0"
 alloy-sol-types = { version = "1.5.0", default-features = false }
@@ -502,36 +497,36 @@ alloy-trie = { version = "0.9.1", default-features = false }
 
 alloy-hardforks = "0.4.5"
 
-alloy-consensus = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-contract = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-eips = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-genesis = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-json-rpc = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-network = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-network-primitives = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-provider = { version = "1.4.3", features = ["reqwest", "debug-api"], default-features = false }
-alloy-pubsub = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-client = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types = { version = "1.4.3", features = ["eth"], default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-admin = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-debug = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-eth = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-mev = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-trace = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-serde = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-signer = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-signer-local = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-transport = { version = "1.4.3" }
-alloy-transport-http = { version = "1.4.3", features = ["reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
-alloy-transport-ipc = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
-alloy-transport-ws = { version = "1.4.3", default-features = false }
+alloy-consensus = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-contract = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-eips = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-genesis = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-json-rpc = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-network = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-network-primitives = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-provider = { version = "1.5.2", features = ["reqwest", "debug-api"], default-features = false }
+alloy-pubsub = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-client = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types = { version = "1.5.2", features = ["eth"], default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-admin = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-debug = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-eth = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-mev = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-trace = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-serde = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-signer = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-signer-local = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-transport = { version = "1.5.2" }
+alloy-transport-http = { version = "1.5.2", features = ["reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
+alloy-transport-ipc = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-transport-ws = { version = "1.5.2", default-features = false }
 
 # op
-alloy-op-evm = { version = "0.25.2", default-features = false }
+alloy-op-evm = { version = "0.27.0", default-features = false }
 alloy-op-hardforks = "0.4.4"
 op-alloy-rpc-types = { version = "0.23.1", default-features = false }
 op-alloy-rpc-types-engine = { version = "0.23.1", default-features = false }
@@ -744,54 +739,50 @@ tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", default-features = false }
 tracing-tracy = "0.11"
 triehash = "0.8"
 typenum = "1.15.0"
-vergen = "9.0.4"
+vergen = "9.1.0"
 visibility = "0.1.1"
 walkdir = "2.3.3"
-vergen-git2 = "1.0.5"
+vergen-git2 = "9.1.0"
+
 # networking
 ipnet = "2.11"
 
 [patch.crates-io]
-alloy-consensus = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-contract = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-eips = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-genesis = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-json-rpc = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-network = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-network-primitives = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-provider = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-pubsub = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-client = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-types = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-types-admin = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-types-debug = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-types-engine = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-types-eth = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-types-mev = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-types-trace = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-serde = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-signer = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-signer-local = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-transport = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-transport-http = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-transport-ipc = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-alloy-transport-ws = { git = "https://github.com/Soubhik-10/alloy", branch = "bal-devnet-1" }
-# alloy-hardforks = { git = "https://github.com/Rimeeeeee/hardforks", branch = "amsterdam" }
+# alloy-consensus = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-contract = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-eips = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-genesis = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-json-rpc = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-network = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-network-primitives = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-provider = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-pubsub = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-client = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-types = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-types-admin = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-types-anvil = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-types-beacon = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-types-debug = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-types-engine = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-types-eth = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-types-mev = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-types-trace = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-rpc-types-txpool = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-serde = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-signer = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-signer-local = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-transport = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-transport-http = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-transport-ipc = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
+# alloy-transport-ws = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/alloy", rev = "3049f232fbb44d1909883e154eb38ec5962f53a3" }
 
-# alloy-op-hardforks = { git = "https://github.com/Rimeeeeee/hardforks", branch = "amsterdam" }
 # op-alloy-consensus = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/op-alloy", rev = "a79d6fc" }
 # op-alloy-network = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/op-alloy", rev = "a79d6fc" }
 # op-alloy-rpc-types = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/op-alloy", rev = "a79d6fc" }
 # op-alloy-rpc-types-engine = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/op-alloy", rev = "a79d6fc" }
 # op-alloy-rpc-jsonrpsee = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/op-alloy", rev = "a79d6fc" }
 #
-# alloy-evm with BAL support for revm v34/v103
-alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", branch = "staging-revm" }
-alloy-op-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", branch = "staging-revm" }
-revm-inspectors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors", branch = "staging-revm" }
+# revm-inspectors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors", rev = "1207e33" }
 #
 # jsonrpsee = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/jsonrpsee", branch = "matt/make-rpc-service-pub" }
 # jsonrpsee-core = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/jsonrpsee", branch = "matt/make-rpc-service-pub" }
@@ -799,5 +790,10 @@ revm-inspectors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors", bran
 # jsonrpsee-http-client = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/jsonrpsee", branch = "matt/make-rpc-service-pub" }
 # jsonrpsee-types = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/jsonrpsee", branch = "matt/make-rpc-service-pub" }
 
-# alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "a69f0b45a6b0286e16072cb8399e02ce6ceca353" }
-# alloy-op-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "a69f0b45a6b0286e16072cb8399e02ce6ceca353" }
+# alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "df124c0" }
+# alloy-op-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "df124c0" }
+
+# revm-inspectors = { git = "https://github.com/paradigmxyz/revm-inspectors", rev = "3020ea8" }
+
+# alloy-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "072c248" }
+# alloy-op-evm = { git = "https://github.com/alloy-rs/evm", rev = "072c248" }

bin/reth-bench-compare/src/node.rs

@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ impl NodeManager {
             "eth,reth".to_string(),
             "--disable-discovery".to_string(),
             "--trusted-only".to_string(),
+            "--disable-tx-gossip".to_string(),
         ]);
 
         // Add tracing arguments if OTLP endpoint is configured

bin/reth-bench/Cargo.toml

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ alloy-eips.workspace = true
 alloy-json-rpc.workspace = true
 alloy-consensus.workspace = true
 alloy-network.workspace = true
-alloy-primitives.workspace = true
+alloy-primitives = { workspace = true, features = ["rand"] }
 alloy-provider = { workspace = true, features = ["engine-api", "pubsub", "reqwest-rustls-tls"], default-features = false }
 alloy-pubsub.workspace = true
 alloy-rpc-client = { workspace = true, features = ["pubsub"] }

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/gas_limit_ramp.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use crate::{
     authenticated_transport::AuthenticatedTransportConnect,
     bench::{
-        helpers::{build_payload, prepare_payload_request, rpc_block_to_header},
+        helpers::{build_payload, parse_gas_limit, prepare_payload_request, rpc_block_to_header},
         output::GasRampPayloadFile,
     },
     valid_payload::{call_forkchoice_updated, call_new_payload, payload_to_new_payload},
@@ -25,9 +25,16 @@ use tracing::info;
 /// `reth benchmark gas-limit-ramp` command.
 #[derive(Debug, Parser)]
 pub struct Command {
-    /// Number of blocks to generate.
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "BLOCKS")]
-    blocks: u64,
+    /// Number of blocks to generate. Mutually exclusive with --target-gas-limit.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "BLOCKS", conflicts_with = "target_gas_limit")]
+    blocks: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Target gas limit to ramp up to. The benchmark will generate blocks until the gas limit
+    /// reaches or exceeds this value. Mutually exclusive with --blocks.
+    /// Accepts short notation: K for thousand, M for million, G for billion (e.g., 2G = 2
+    /// billion).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "TARGET_GAS_LIMIT", conflicts_with = "blocks", value_parser = parse_gas_limit)]
+    target_gas_limit: Option<u64>,
 
     /// The Engine API RPC URL.
     #[arg(long = "engine-rpc-url", value_name = "ENGINE_RPC_URL")]
@@ -42,12 +49,37 @@ pub struct Command {
     output: PathBuf,
 }
 
+/// Mode for determining when to stop ramping.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum RampMode {
+    /// Ramp for a fixed number of blocks.
+    Blocks(u64),
+    /// Ramp until reaching or exceeding target gas limit.
+    TargetGasLimit(u64),
+}
+
 impl Command {
     /// Execute `benchmark gas-limit-ramp` command.
     pub async fn execute(self, _ctx: CliContext) -> eyre::Result<()> {
-        if self.blocks == 0 {
-            return Err(eyre::eyre!("--blocks must be greater than 0"));
-        }
+        let mode = match (self.blocks, self.target_gas_limit) {
+            (Some(blocks), None) => {
+                if blocks == 0 {
+                    return Err(eyre::eyre!("--blocks must be greater than 0"));
+                }
+                RampMode::Blocks(blocks)
+            }
+            (None, Some(target)) => {
+                if target == 0 {
+                    return Err(eyre::eyre!("--target-gas-limit must be greater than 0"));
+                }
+                RampMode::TargetGasLimit(target)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                return Err(eyre::eyre!(
+                    "Exactly one of --blocks or --target-gas-limit must be specified"
+                ));
+            }
+        };
 
         // Ensure output directory exists
         if self.output.is_file() {
@@ -84,14 +116,31 @@ impl Command {
 
         let canonical_parent = parent_header.number;
         let start_block = canonical_parent + 1;
-        let end_block = start_block + self.blocks - 1;
 
-        info!(canonical_parent, start_block, end_block, "Starting gas limit ramp benchmark");
+        match mode {
+            RampMode::Blocks(blocks) => {
+                info!(
+                    canonical_parent,
+                    start_block,
+                    end_block = start_block + blocks - 1,
+                    "Starting gas limit ramp benchmark (block count mode)"
+                );
+            }
+            RampMode::TargetGasLimit(target) => {
+                info!(
+                    canonical_parent,
+                    start_block,
+                    current_gas_limit = parent_header.gas_limit,
+                    target_gas_limit = target,
+                    "Starting gas limit ramp benchmark (target gas limit mode)"
+                );
+            }
+        }
 
-        let mut next_block_number = start_block;
+        let mut blocks_processed = 0u64;
         let total_benchmark_duration = Instant::now();
 
-        while next_block_number <= end_block {
+        while !should_stop(mode, blocks_processed, parent_header.gas_limit) {
             let timestamp = parent_header.timestamp.saturating_add(1);
 
             let request = prepare_payload_request(&chain_spec, timestamp, parent_hash);
@@ -140,13 +189,13 @@ impl Command {
 
             parent_header = block.header;
             parent_hash = block_hash;
-            next_block_number += 1;
+            blocks_processed += 1;
         }
 
         let final_gas_limit = parent_header.gas_limit;
         info!(
             total_duration=?total_benchmark_duration.elapsed(),
-            blocks_processed = self.blocks,
+            blocks_processed,
             final_gas_limit,
             "Benchmark complete"
         );
@@ -158,3 +207,10 @@ impl Command {
 const fn max_gas_limit_increase(parent_gas_limit: u64) -> u64 {
     (parent_gas_limit / GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR).saturating_sub(1)
 }
+
+const fn should_stop(mode: RampMode, blocks_processed: u64, current_gas_limit: u64) -> bool {
+    match mode {
+        RampMode::Blocks(target_blocks) => blocks_processed >= target_blocks,
+        RampMode::TargetGasLimit(target) => current_gas_limit >= target,
+    }
+}

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/generate_big_block.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
 //! This command fetches transactions from existing blocks and packs them into a single
 //! large block using the `testing_buildBlockV1` RPC endpoint.
 
-use crate::authenticated_transport::AuthenticatedTransportConnect;
+use crate::{
+    authenticated_transport::AuthenticatedTransportConnect, bench::helpers::parse_gas_limit,
+};
 use alloy_eips::{BlockNumberOrTag, Typed2718};
 use alloy_primitives::{Bytes, B256};
 use alloy_provider::{ext::EngineApi, network::AnyNetwork, Provider, RootProvider};
@@ -202,7 +204,9 @@ pub struct Command {
     jwt_secret: std::path::PathBuf,
 
     /// Target gas to pack into the block.
-    #[arg(long, value_name = "TARGET_GAS", default_value = "30000000")]
+    /// Accepts short notation: K for thousand, M for million, G for billion (e.g., 1G = 1
+    /// billion).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "TARGET_GAS", default_value = "30000000", value_parser = parse_gas_limit)]
     target_gas: u64,
 
     /// Starting block number to fetch transactions from.
@@ -541,7 +545,6 @@ impl Command {
                 suggested_fee_recipient: alloy_primitives::Address::ZERO,
                 withdrawals: Some(vec![]),
                 parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::ZERO),
-                slot_number: None,
             },
             transactions: transactions.to_vec(),
             extra_data: None,

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/helpers.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,29 @@
 //! Common helpers for reth-bench commands.
 
 use crate::valid_payload::call_forkchoice_updated;
+
+/// Parses a gas limit value with optional suffix: K for thousand, M for million, G for billion.
+///
+/// Examples: "30000000", "30M", "1G", "2G"
+pub(crate) fn parse_gas_limit(s: &str) -> eyre::Result<u64> {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    if s.is_empty() {
+        return Err(eyre::eyre!("empty value"));
+    }
+
+    let (num_str, multiplier) = if let Some(prefix) = s.strip_suffix(['G', 'g']) {
+        (prefix, 1_000_000_000u64)
+    } else if let Some(prefix) = s.strip_suffix(['M', 'm']) {
+        (prefix, 1_000_000u64)
+    } else if let Some(prefix) = s.strip_suffix(['K', 'k']) {
+        (prefix, 1_000u64)
+    } else {
+        (s, 1u64)
+    };
+
+    let base: u64 = num_str.trim().parse()?;
+    base.checked_mul(multiplier).ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("value overflow"))
+}
 use alloy_consensus::Header;
 use alloy_eips::eip4844::kzg_to_versioned_hash;
 use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256};
@@ -69,7 +92,6 @@ pub(crate) fn prepare_payload_request(
             suggested_fee_recipient: Address::ZERO,
             withdrawals: shanghai_active.then(Vec::new),
             parent_beacon_block_root: cancun_active.then_some(B256::ZERO),
-            slot_number: None,
         },
         forkchoice_state: ForkchoiceState {
             head_block_hash: parent_hash,
@@ -195,3 +217,50 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_payload_with_sidecar(
         _ => panic!("This tool does not support getPayload versions past v5"),
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_plain_number() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("30000000").unwrap(), 30_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1").unwrap(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("0").unwrap(), 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_k_suffix() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1K").unwrap(), 1_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("30k").unwrap(), 30_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("100K").unwrap(), 100_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_m_suffix() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1M").unwrap(), 1_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("30m").unwrap(), 30_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("100M").unwrap(), 100_000_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_g_suffix() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("1G").unwrap(), 1_000_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("2g").unwrap(), 2_000_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("10G").unwrap(), 10_000_000_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_with_whitespace() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit(" 1G ").unwrap(), 1_000_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(parse_gas_limit("2 M").unwrap(), 2_000_000);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_gas_limit_errors() {
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("abc").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("G").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_gas_limit("-1G").is_err());
+    }
+}

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/mod.rs

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ mod new_payload_fcu;
 mod new_payload_only;
 mod output;
 mod replay_payloads;
+mod send_invalid_payload;
 mod send_payload;
 
 /// `reth bench` command
@@ -74,6 +75,18 @@ pub enum Subcommands {
     /// `reth-bench replay-payloads --payload-dir ./payloads --engine-rpc-url
     /// http://localhost:8551 --jwt-secret ~/.local/share/reth/mainnet/jwt.hex`
     ReplayPayloads(replay_payloads::Command),
+
+    /// Generate and send an invalid `engine_newPayload` request for testing.
+    ///
+    /// Takes a valid block and modifies fields to make it invalid, allowing you to test
+    /// Engine API rejection behavior. Block hash is recalculated after modifications
+    /// unless `--invalid-block-hash` or `--skip-hash-recalc` is used.
+    ///
+    /// Example:
+    ///
+    /// `cast block latest --full --json | reth-bench send-invalid-payload --rpc-url localhost:5000
+    /// --jwt-secret $(cat ~/.local/share/reth/mainnet/jwt.hex) --invalid-state-root`
+    SendInvalidPayload(Box<send_invalid_payload::Command>),
 }
 
 impl BenchmarkCommand {
@@ -89,6 +102,7 @@ impl BenchmarkCommand {
             Subcommands::SendPayload(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
             Subcommands::GenerateBigBlock(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
             Subcommands::ReplayPayloads(command) => command.execute(ctx).await,
+            Subcommands::SendInvalidPayload(command) => (*command).execute(ctx).await,
         }
     }
 

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/replay_payloads.rs

@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ impl Command {
             .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
             .filter(|e| {
                 e.path().extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("json") &&
-                    e.file_name().to_string_lossy().starts_with("payload_")
+                    e.file_name().to_string_lossy().starts_with("payload_block_")
             })
             .collect();
 
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ impl Command {
                 let name = e.file_name();
                 let name_str = name.to_string_lossy();
                 // Extract index from "payload_NNN.json"
-                let index_str = name_str.strip_prefix("payload_")?.strip_suffix(".json")?;
+                let index_str = name_str.strip_prefix("payload_block_")?.strip_suffix(".json")?;
                 let index: u64 = index_str.parse().ok()?;
                 Some((index, e.path()))
             })

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/send_invalid_payload/invalidation.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+use alloy_eips::eip4895::Withdrawal;
+use alloy_primitives::{Address, Bloom, Bytes, B256, U256};
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{ExecutionPayloadV1, ExecutionPayloadV2, ExecutionPayloadV3};
+
+/// Configuration for invalidating payload fields
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub(super) struct InvalidationConfig {
+    // Explicit value overrides (Option<T>)
+    pub(super) parent_hash: Option<B256>,
+    pub(super) fee_recipient: Option<Address>,
+    pub(super) state_root: Option<B256>,
+    pub(super) receipts_root: Option<B256>,
+    pub(super) logs_bloom: Option<Bloom>,
+    pub(super) prev_randao: Option<B256>,
+    pub(super) block_number: Option<u64>,
+    pub(super) gas_limit: Option<u64>,
+    pub(super) gas_used: Option<u64>,
+    pub(super) timestamp: Option<u64>,
+    pub(super) extra_data: Option<Bytes>,
+    pub(super) base_fee_per_gas: Option<u64>,
+    pub(super) block_hash: Option<B256>,
+    pub(super) blob_gas_used: Option<u64>,
+    pub(super) excess_blob_gas: Option<u64>,
+
+    // Auto-invalidation flags
+    pub(super) invalidate_parent_hash: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_state_root: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_receipts_root: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_gas_used: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_block_number: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_timestamp: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_base_fee: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_transactions: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_block_hash: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_withdrawals: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_blob_gas_used: bool,
+    pub(super) invalidate_excess_blob_gas: bool,
+}
+
+impl InvalidationConfig {
+    /// Returns true if `block_hash` is being explicitly set or auto-invalidated.
+    /// When true, the caller should skip recalculating the block hash since it will be overwritten.
+    pub(super) const fn should_skip_hash_recalc(&self) -> bool {
+        self.block_hash.is_some() || self.invalidate_block_hash
+    }
+
+    /// Applies invalidations to a V1 payload, returns list of what was changed.
+    pub(super) fn apply_to_payload_v1(&self, payload: &mut ExecutionPayloadV1) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut changes = Vec::new();
+
+        // Explicit value overrides
+        if let Some(parent_hash) = self.parent_hash {
+            payload.parent_hash = parent_hash;
+            changes.push(format!("parent_hash = {parent_hash}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(fee_recipient) = self.fee_recipient {
+            payload.fee_recipient = fee_recipient;
+            changes.push(format!("fee_recipient = {fee_recipient}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(state_root) = self.state_root {
+            payload.state_root = state_root;
+            changes.push(format!("state_root = {state_root}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(receipts_root) = self.receipts_root {
+            payload.receipts_root = receipts_root;
+            changes.push(format!("receipts_root = {receipts_root}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(logs_bloom) = self.logs_bloom {
+            payload.logs_bloom = logs_bloom;
+            changes.push("logs_bloom = <custom>".to_string());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(prev_randao) = self.prev_randao {
+            payload.prev_randao = prev_randao;
+            changes.push(format!("prev_randao = {prev_randao}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(block_number) = self.block_number {
+            payload.block_number = block_number;
+            changes.push(format!("block_number = {block_number}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(gas_limit) = self.gas_limit {
+            payload.gas_limit = gas_limit;
+            changes.push(format!("gas_limit = {gas_limit}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(gas_used) = self.gas_used {
+            payload.gas_used = gas_used;
+            changes.push(format!("gas_used = {gas_used}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(timestamp) = self.timestamp {
+            payload.timestamp = timestamp;
+            changes.push(format!("timestamp = {timestamp}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref extra_data) = self.extra_data {
+            payload.extra_data = extra_data.clone();
+            changes.push(format!("extra_data = {} bytes", extra_data.len()));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(base_fee_per_gas) = self.base_fee_per_gas {
+            payload.base_fee_per_gas = U256::from_limbs([base_fee_per_gas, 0, 0, 0]);
+            changes.push(format!("base_fee_per_gas = {base_fee_per_gas}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(block_hash) = self.block_hash {
+            payload.block_hash = block_hash;
+            changes.push(format!("block_hash = {block_hash}"));
+        }
+
+        // Auto-invalidation flags
+        if self.invalidate_parent_hash {
+            let random_hash = B256::random();
+            payload.parent_hash = random_hash;
+            changes.push(format!("parent_hash = {random_hash} (auto-invalidated: random)"));
+        }
+
+        if self.invalidate_state_root {
+            payload.state_root = B256::ZERO;
+            changes.push("state_root = ZERO (auto-invalidated: empty trie root)".to_string());
+        }
+
+        if self.invalidate_receipts_root {
+            payload.receipts_root = B256::ZERO;
+            changes.push("receipts_root = ZERO (auto-invalidated)".to_string());
+        }
+
+        if self.invalidate_gas_used {
+            let invalid_gas = payload.gas_limit + 1;
+            payload.gas_used = invalid_gas;
+            changes.push(format!("gas_used = {invalid_gas} (auto-invalidated: exceeds gas_limit)"));
+        }
+
+        if self.invalidate_block_number {
+            let invalid_number = payload.block_number + 999;
+            payload.block_number = invalid_number;
+            changes.push(format!("block_number = {invalid_number} (auto-invalidated: huge gap)"));
+        }
+
+        if self.invalidate_timestamp {
+            payload.timestamp = 0;
+            changes.push("timestamp = 0 (auto-invalidated: impossibly old)".to_string());
+        }
+
+        if self.invalidate_base_fee {
+            payload.base_fee_per_gas = U256::ZERO;
+            changes
+                .push("base_fee_per_gas = 0 (auto-invalidated: invalid post-London)".to_string());
+        }
+
+        if self.invalidate_transactions {
+            let invalid_tx = Bytes::from_static(&[0xff, 0xff, 0xff]);
+            payload.transactions.insert(0, invalid_tx);
+            changes.push("transactions = prepended invalid RLP (auto-invalidated)".to_string());
+        }
+
+        if self.invalidate_block_hash {
+            let random_hash = B256::random();
+            payload.block_hash = random_hash;
+            changes.push(format!("block_hash = {random_hash} (auto-invalidated: random)"));
+        }
+
+        changes
+    }
+
+    /// Applies invalidations to a V2 payload, returns list of what was changed.
+    pub(super) fn apply_to_payload_v2(&self, payload: &mut ExecutionPayloadV2) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut changes = self.apply_to_payload_v1(&mut payload.payload_inner);
+
+        // Handle withdrawals invalidation (V2+)
+        if self.invalidate_withdrawals {
+            let fake_withdrawal = Withdrawal {
+                index: u64::MAX,
+                validator_index: u64::MAX,
+                address: Address::ZERO,
+                amount: u64::MAX,
+            };
+            payload.withdrawals.push(fake_withdrawal);
+            changes.push("withdrawals = added fake withdrawal (auto-invalidated)".to_string());
+        }
+
+        changes
+    }
+
+    /// Applies invalidations to a V3 payload, returns list of what was changed.
+    pub(super) fn apply_to_payload_v3(&self, payload: &mut ExecutionPayloadV3) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut changes = self.apply_to_payload_v2(&mut payload.payload_inner);
+
+        // Explicit overrides for V3 fields
+        if let Some(blob_gas_used) = self.blob_gas_used {
+            payload.blob_gas_used = blob_gas_used;
+            changes.push(format!("blob_gas_used = {blob_gas_used}"));
+        }
+
+        if let Some(excess_blob_gas) = self.excess_blob_gas {
+            payload.excess_blob_gas = excess_blob_gas;
+            changes.push(format!("excess_blob_gas = {excess_blob_gas}"));
+        }
+
+        // Auto-invalidation for V3 fields
+        if self.invalidate_blob_gas_used {
+            payload.blob_gas_used = u64::MAX;
+            changes.push("blob_gas_used = MAX (auto-invalidated)".to_string());
+        }
+
+        if self.invalidate_excess_blob_gas {
+            payload.excess_blob_gas = u64::MAX;
+            changes.push("excess_blob_gas = MAX (auto-invalidated)".to_string());
+        }
+
+        changes
+    }
+}

bin/reth-bench/src/bench/send_invalid_payload/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+//! Command for sending invalid payloads to test Engine API rejection.
+
+mod invalidation;
+use invalidation::InvalidationConfig;
+
+use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256};
+use alloy_provider::network::AnyRpcBlock;
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::ExecutionPayload;
+use clap::Parser;
+use eyre::{OptionExt, Result};
+use op_alloy_consensus::OpTxEnvelope;
+use reth_cli_runner::CliContext;
+use std::io::{BufReader, Read, Write};
+
+/// Command for generating and sending an invalid `engine_newPayload` request.
+///
+/// Takes a valid block and modifies fields to make it invalid for testing
+/// Engine API rejection behavior. Block hash is recalculated after modifications
+/// unless `--invalidate-block-hash` or `--skip-hash-recalc` is used.
+#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
+pub struct Command {
+    // ==================== Input Options ====================
+    /// Path to the JSON file containing the block. If not specified, stdin will be used.
+    #[arg(short, long, help_heading = "Input Options")]
+    path: Option<String>,
+
+    /// The engine RPC URL to use.
+    #[arg(
+        short,
+        long,
+        help_heading = "Input Options",
+        required_if_eq_any([("mode", "execute"), ("mode", "cast")]),
+        required_unless_present("mode")
+    )]
+    rpc_url: Option<String>,
+
+    /// The JWT secret to use. Can be either a path to a file containing the secret or the secret
+    /// itself.
+    #[arg(short, long, help_heading = "Input Options")]
+    jwt_secret: Option<String>,
+
+    /// The newPayload version to use (3 or 4).
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 3, help_heading = "Input Options")]
+    new_payload_version: u8,
+
+    /// The output mode to use.
+    #[arg(long, value_enum, default_value = "execute", help_heading = "Input Options")]
+    mode: Mode,
+
+    // ==================== Explicit Value Overrides ====================
+    /// Override the parent hash with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "HASH", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    parent_hash: Option<B256>,
+
+    /// Override the fee recipient (coinbase) with a specific address.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "ADDR", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    fee_recipient: Option<Address>,
+
+    /// Override the state root with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "HASH", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    state_root: Option<B256>,
+
+    /// Override the receipts root with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "HASH", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    receipts_root: Option<B256>,
+
+    /// Override the block number with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "U64", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    block_number: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Override the gas limit with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "U64", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    gas_limit: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Override the gas used with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "U64", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    gas_used: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Override the timestamp with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "U64", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    timestamp: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Override the base fee per gas with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "U64", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    base_fee_per_gas: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Override the block hash with a specific value (skips hash recalculation).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "HASH", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    block_hash: Option<B256>,
+
+    /// Override the blob gas used with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "U64", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    blob_gas_used: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Override the excess blob gas with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "U64", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    excess_blob_gas: Option<u64>,
+
+    /// Override the parent beacon block root with a specific value.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "HASH", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    parent_beacon_block_root: Option<B256>,
+
+    /// Override the requests hash with a specific value (EIP-7685).
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "HASH", help_heading = "Explicit Value Overrides")]
+    requests_hash: Option<B256>,
+
+    // ==================== Auto-Invalidation Flags ====================
+    /// Invalidate the parent hash by setting it to a random value.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_parent_hash: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the state root by setting it to a random value.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_state_root: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the receipts root by setting it to a random value.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_receipts_root: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the gas used by setting it to an incorrect value.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_gas_used: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the block number by setting it to an incorrect value.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_block_number: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the timestamp by setting it to an incorrect value.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_timestamp: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the base fee by setting it to an incorrect value.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_base_fee: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the transactions by modifying them.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_transactions: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the block hash by not recalculating it after modifications.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_block_hash: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the withdrawals by modifying them.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_withdrawals: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the blob gas used by setting it to an incorrect value.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_blob_gas_used: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the excess blob gas by setting it to an incorrect value.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_excess_blob_gas: bool,
+
+    /// Invalidate the requests hash by setting it to a random value (EIP-7685).
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Auto-Invalidation Flags")]
+    invalidate_requests_hash: bool,
+
+    // ==================== Meta Flags ====================
+    /// Skip block hash recalculation after modifications.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Meta Flags")]
+    skip_hash_recalc: bool,
+
+    /// Print what would be done without actually sending the payload.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = false, help_heading = "Meta Flags")]
+    dry_run: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, clap::ValueEnum)]
+enum Mode {
+    /// Execute the `cast` command. This works with blocks of any size, because it pipes the
+    /// payload into the `cast` command.
+    Execute,
+    /// Print the `cast` command. Caution: this may not work with large blocks because of the
+    /// command length limit.
+    Cast,
+    /// Print the JSON payload. Can be piped into `cast` command if the block is small enough.
+    Json,
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Read input from either a file or stdin
+    fn read_input(&self) -> Result<String> {
+        Ok(match &self.path {
+            Some(path) => reth_fs_util::read_to_string(path)?,
+            None => String::from_utf8(
+                BufReader::new(std::io::stdin()).bytes().collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
+            )?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Load JWT secret from either a file or use the provided string directly
+    fn load_jwt_secret(&self) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+        match &self.jwt_secret {
+            Some(secret) => match std::fs::read_to_string(secret) {
+                Ok(contents) => Ok(Some(contents.trim().to_string())),
+                Err(_) => Ok(Some(secret.clone())),
+            },
+            None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Build `InvalidationConfig` from command flags
+    const fn build_invalidation_config(&self) -> InvalidationConfig {
+        InvalidationConfig {
+            parent_hash: self.parent_hash,
+            fee_recipient: self.fee_recipient,
+            state_root: self.state_root,
+            receipts_root: self.receipts_root,
+            logs_bloom: None,
+            prev_randao: None,
+            block_number: self.block_number,
+            gas_limit: self.gas_limit,
+            gas_used: self.gas_used,
+            timestamp: self.timestamp,
+            extra_data: None,
+            base_fee_per_gas: self.base_fee_per_gas,
+            block_hash: self.block_hash,
+            blob_gas_used: self.blob_gas_used,
+            excess_blob_gas: self.excess_blob_gas,
+            invalidate_parent_hash: self.invalidate_parent_hash,
+            invalidate_state_root: self.invalidate_state_root,
+            invalidate_receipts_root: self.invalidate_receipts_root,
+            invalidate_gas_used: self.invalidate_gas_used,
+            invalidate_block_number: self.invalidate_block_number,
+            invalidate_timestamp: self.invalidate_timestamp,
+            invalidate_base_fee: self.invalidate_base_fee,
+            invalidate_transactions: self.invalidate_transactions,
+            invalidate_block_hash: self.invalidate_block_hash,
+            invalidate_withdrawals: self.invalidate_withdrawals,
+            invalidate_blob_gas_used: self.invalidate_blob_gas_used,
+            invalidate_excess_blob_gas: self.invalidate_excess_blob_gas,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Execute the command
+    pub async fn execute(self, _ctx: CliContext) -> Result<()> {
+        let block_json = self.read_input()?;
+        let jwt_secret = self.load_jwt_secret()?;
+
+        let block = serde_json::from_str::<AnyRpcBlock>(&block_json)?
+            .into_inner()
+            .map_header(|header| header.map(|h| h.into_header_with_defaults()))
+            .try_map_transactions(|tx| tx.try_into_either::<OpTxEnvelope>())?
+            .into_consensus();
+
+        let config = self.build_invalidation_config();
+
+        let parent_beacon_block_root =
+            self.parent_beacon_block_root.or(block.header.parent_beacon_block_root);
+        let blob_versioned_hashes =
+            block.body.blob_versioned_hashes_iter().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let use_v4 = block.header.requests_hash.is_some();
+        let requests_hash = self.requests_hash.or(block.header.requests_hash);
+
+        let mut execution_payload = ExecutionPayload::from_block_slow(&block).0;
+
+        let changes = match &mut execution_payload {
+            ExecutionPayload::V1(p) => config.apply_to_payload_v1(p),
+            ExecutionPayload::V2(p) => config.apply_to_payload_v2(p),
+            ExecutionPayload::V3(p) => config.apply_to_payload_v3(p),
+        };
+
+        let skip_recalc = self.skip_hash_recalc || config.should_skip_hash_recalc();
+        if !skip_recalc {
+            let new_hash = match execution_payload.clone().into_block_raw() {
+                Ok(block) => block.header.hash_slow(),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    eprintln!(
+                        "Warning: Could not recalculate block hash: {e}. Using original hash."
+                    );
+                    match &execution_payload {
+                        ExecutionPayload::V1(p) => p.block_hash,
+                        ExecutionPayload::V2(p) => p.payload_inner.block_hash,
+                        ExecutionPayload::V3(p) => p.payload_inner.payload_inner.block_hash,
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            match &mut execution_payload {
+                ExecutionPayload::V1(p) => p.block_hash = new_hash,
+                ExecutionPayload::V2(p) => p.payload_inner.block_hash = new_hash,
+                ExecutionPayload::V3(p) => p.payload_inner.payload_inner.block_hash = new_hash,
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.dry_run {
+            println!("=== Dry Run ===");
+            println!("Changes that would be applied:");
+            for change in &changes {
+                println!("  - {}", change);
+            }
+            if changes.is_empty() {
+                println!("  (no changes)");
+            }
+            if skip_recalc {
+                println!("  - Block hash recalculation: SKIPPED");
+            } else {
+                println!("  - Block hash recalculation: PERFORMED");
+            }
+            println!("\nResulting payload JSON:");
+            let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&execution_payload)?;
+            println!("{}", json);
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let json_request = if use_v4 {
+            serde_json::to_string(&(
+                execution_payload,
+                blob_versioned_hashes,
+                parent_beacon_block_root,
+                requests_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
+            ))?
+        } else {
+            serde_json::to_string(&(
+                execution_payload,
+                blob_versioned_hashes,
+                parent_beacon_block_root,
+            ))?
+        };
+
+        match self.mode {
+            Mode::Execute => {
+                let mut command = std::process::Command::new("cast");
+                let method = if use_v4 { "engine_newPayloadV4" } else { "engine_newPayloadV3" };
+                command.arg("rpc").arg(method).arg("--raw");
+                if let Some(rpc_url) = self.rpc_url {
+                    command.arg("--rpc-url").arg(rpc_url);
+                }
+                if let Some(secret) = &jwt_secret {
+                    command.arg("--jwt-secret").arg(secret);
+                }
+
+                let mut process = command.stdin(std::process::Stdio::piped()).spawn()?;
+
+                process
+                    .stdin
+                    .take()
+                    .ok_or_eyre("stdin not available")?
+                    .write_all(json_request.as_bytes())?;
+
+                process.wait()?;
+            }
+            Mode::Cast => {
+                let mut cmd = format!(
+                    "cast rpc engine_newPayloadV{} --raw '{}'",
+                    self.new_payload_version, json_request
+                );
+
+                if let Some(rpc_url) = self.rpc_url {
+                    cmd += &format!(" --rpc-url {rpc_url}");
+                }
+                if let Some(secret) = &jwt_secret {
+                    cmd += &format!(" --jwt-secret {secret}");
+                }
+
+                println!("{cmd}");
+            }
+            Mode::Json => {
+                println!("{json_request}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

bin/reth-bench/src/valid_payload.rs

@@ -181,45 +181,6 @@ pub(crate) fn payload_to_new_payload(
     target_version: Option<EngineApiMessageVersion>,
 ) -> eyre::Result<(EngineApiMessageVersion, serde_json::Value)> {
     let (version, params) = match payload {
-        ExecutionPayload::V4(payload) => {
-            let cancun = sidecar.cancun().unwrap();
-
-            if let Some(prague) = sidecar.prague() {
-                if is_optimism {
-                    (
-                        EngineApiMessageVersion::V4,
-                        serde_json::to_value((
-                            OpExecutionPayloadV4 {
-                                payload_inner: payload.payload_inner,
-                                withdrawals_root: withdrawals_root.unwrap(),
-                            },
-                            cancun.versioned_hashes.clone(),
-                            cancun.parent_beacon_block_root,
-                            Requests::default(),
-                        ))?,
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    (
-                        EngineApiMessageVersion::V4,
-                        serde_json::to_value((
-                            payload,
-                            cancun.versioned_hashes.clone(),
-                            cancun.parent_beacon_block_root,
-                            prague.requests.requests_hash(),
-                        ))?,
-                    )
-                }
-            } else {
-                (
-                    EngineApiMessageVersion::V3,
-                    serde_json::to_value((
-                        payload,
-                        cancun.versioned_hashes.clone(),
-                        cancun.parent_beacon_block_root,
-                    ))?,
-                )
-            }
-        }
         ExecutionPayload::V3(payload) => {
             let cancun = sidecar.cancun().unwrap();
 
@@ -242,11 +203,7 @@ pub(crate) fn payload_to_new_payload(
                     )
                 } else {
                     // Extract actual Requests from RequestsOrHash
-                    let requests = prague
-                        .requests
-                        .requests()
-                        .cloned()
-                        .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Prague sidecar has hash, not requests"))?;
+                    let requests = prague.requests.requests_hash();
                     (
                         version,
                         serde_json::to_value((
@@ -328,10 +285,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn call_forkchoice_updated<N, P: EngineApiValidWaitExt<N>>(
 ) -> TransportResult<ForkchoiceUpdated> {
     // FCU V3 is used for both Cancun and Prague (there is no FCU V4)
     match message_version {
-        EngineApiMessageVersion::V3 |
-        EngineApiMessageVersion::V4 |
-        EngineApiMessageVersion::V5 |
-        EngineApiMessageVersion::V6 => {
+        EngineApiMessageVersion::V3 | EngineApiMessageVersion::V4 | EngineApiMessageVersion::V5 => {
             provider.fork_choice_updated_v3_wait(forkchoice_state, payload_attributes).await
         }
         EngineApiMessageVersion::V2 => {

bin/reth/src/lib.rs

@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@
 //! - `jemalloc-unprefixed`: Uses unprefixed jemalloc symbols.
 //! - `tracy-allocator`: Enables [Tracy](https://github.com/wolfpld/tracy) profiler allocator
 //!   integration for memory profiling.
-//! - `snmalloc`: Uses [snmalloc](https://github.com/snmalloc/snmalloc) as the global allocator. Use
-//!   `--no-default-features` when enabling this, as jemalloc takes precedence.
+//! - `snmalloc`: Uses [snmalloc](https://github.com/microsoft/snmalloc) as the global allocator.
+//!   Use `--no-default-features` when enabling this, as jemalloc takes precedence.
 //! - `snmalloc-native`: Uses snmalloc with native CPU optimizations. Use `--no-default-features`
 //!   when enabling this.
 //!

crates/chain-state/Cargo.toml

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ derive_more.workspace = true
 metrics.workspace = true
 parking_lot.workspace = true
 pin-project.workspace = true
+rayon = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
 # optional deps for test-utils
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ test-utils = [
     "reth-trie/test-utils",
     "reth-ethereum-primitives/test-utils",
 ]
+rayon = ["dep:rayon"]
 
 [[bench]]
 name = "canonical_hashes_range"

crates/chain-state/src/deferred_trie.rs

@@ -163,14 +163,29 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
         anchor_hash: B256,
         ancestors: &[Self],
     ) -> ComputedTrieData {
-        let sorted_hashed_state = match Arc::try_unwrap(hashed_state) {
-            Ok(state) => state.into_sorted(),
-            Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
-        };
-        let sorted_trie_updates = match Arc::try_unwrap(trie_updates) {
-            Ok(updates) => updates.into_sorted(),
-            Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
-        };
+        #[cfg(feature = "rayon")]
+        let (sorted_hashed_state, sorted_trie_updates) = rayon::join(
+            || match Arc::try_unwrap(hashed_state) {
+                Ok(state) => state.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+            || match Arc::try_unwrap(trie_updates) {
+                Ok(updates) => updates.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "rayon"))]
+        let (sorted_hashed_state, sorted_trie_updates) = (
+            match Arc::try_unwrap(hashed_state) {
+                Ok(state) => state.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+            match Arc::try_unwrap(trie_updates) {
+                Ok(updates) => updates.into_sorted(),
+                Err(arc) => arc.clone_into_sorted(),
+            },
+        );
 
         // Reuse parent's overlay if available and anchors match.
         // We can only reuse the parent's overlay if it was built on top of the same
@@ -192,10 +207,10 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
                     );
                     // Only trigger COW clone if there's actually data to add.
                     if !sorted_hashed_state.is_empty() {
-                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
+                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref_and_sort(&sorted_hashed_state);
                     }
                     if !sorted_trie_updates.is_empty() {
-                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.nodes).extend_ref(&sorted_trie_updates);
+                        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.nodes).extend_ref_and_sort(&sorted_trie_updates);
                     }
                     overlay
                 }
@@ -228,8 +243,53 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
     /// In normal operation, the parent always has a cached overlay and this
     /// function is never called.
     ///
-    /// Iterates ancestors oldest -> newest, then extends with current block's data,
-    /// so later state takes precedence.
+    /// When the `rayon` feature is enabled, uses parallel collection and merge:
+    /// 1. Collects ancestor data in parallel (each `wait_cloned()` may compute)
+    /// 2. Merges hashed state and trie updates in parallel with each other
+    /// 3. Uses tree reduction within each merge for O(log n) depth
+    #[cfg(feature = "rayon")]
+    fn merge_ancestors_into_overlay(
+        ancestors: &[Self],
+        sorted_hashed_state: &HashedPostStateSorted,
+        sorted_trie_updates: &TrieUpdatesSorted,
+    ) -> TrieInputSorted {
+        // Early exit: no ancestors means just wrap current block's data
+        if ancestors.is_empty() {
+            return TrieInputSorted::new(
+                Arc::new(sorted_trie_updates.clone()),
+                Arc::new(sorted_hashed_state.clone()),
+                Default::default(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        // Collect ancestor data, unzipping states and updates into Arc slices
+        let (states, updates): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = ancestors
+            .iter()
+            .map(|a| {
+                let data = a.wait_cloned();
+                (data.hashed_state, data.trie_updates)
+            })
+            .unzip();
+
+        // Merge state and nodes in parallel with each other using tree reduction
+        let (state, nodes) = rayon::join(
+            || {
+                let mut merged = HashedPostStateSorted::merge_parallel(&states);
+                merged.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_hashed_state);
+                merged
+            },
+            || {
+                let mut merged = TrieUpdatesSorted::merge_parallel(&updates);
+                merged.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_trie_updates);
+                merged
+            },
+        );
+
+        TrieInputSorted::new(Arc::new(nodes), Arc::new(state), Default::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Merge all ancestors and current block's data into a single overlay (sequential fallback).
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "rayon"))]
     fn merge_ancestors_into_overlay(
         ancestors: &[Self],
         sorted_hashed_state: &HashedPostStateSorted,
@@ -242,13 +302,13 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
 
         for ancestor in ancestors {
             let ancestor_data = ancestor.wait_cloned();
-            state_mut.extend_ref(ancestor_data.hashed_state.as_ref());
-            nodes_mut.extend_ref(ancestor_data.trie_updates.as_ref());
+            state_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(ancestor_data.hashed_state.as_ref());
+            nodes_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(ancestor_data.trie_updates.as_ref());
         }
 
         // Extend with current block's sorted data last (takes precedence)
-        state_mut.extend_ref(sorted_hashed_state);
-        nodes_mut.extend_ref(sorted_trie_updates);
+        state_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_hashed_state);
+        nodes_mut.extend_ref_and_sort(sorted_trie_updates);
 
         overlay
     }
@@ -287,6 +347,11 @@ impl DeferredTrieData {
                     &inputs.ancestors,
                 );
                 *state = DeferredState::Ready(computed.clone());
+
+                // Release lock before inputs (and its ancestors) drop to avoid holding it
+                // while their potential last Arc refs drop (which could trigger recursive locking)
+                drop(state);
+
                 computed
             }
         }
@@ -516,7 +581,7 @@ mod tests {
         let hashed_state = Arc::new(HashedPostStateSorted::new(accounts, B256Map::default()));
         let trie_updates = Arc::default();
         let mut overlay = TrieInputSorted::default();
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref(hashed_state.as_ref());
+        Arc::make_mut(&mut overlay.state).extend_ref_and_sort(hashed_state.as_ref());
 
         DeferredTrieData::ready(ComputedTrieData {
             hashed_state,

crates/chain-state/src/in_memory.rs

@@ -10,15 +10,15 @@ use alloy_primitives::{map::HashMap, BlockNumber, TxHash, B256};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use reth_chainspec::ChainInfo;
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives;
-use reth_execution_types::{Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
+use reth_execution_types::{BlockExecutionOutput, BlockExecutionResult, Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
 use reth_metrics::{metrics::Gauge, Metrics};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
     BlockBody as _, IndexedTx, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader,
     SignedTransaction,
 };
 use reth_storage_api::StateProviderBox;
-use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted, TrieInputSorted};
-use std::{collections::BTreeMap, ops::Deref, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted, LazyTrieData, TrieInputSorted};
+use std::{collections::BTreeMap, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
 use tokio::sync::{broadcast, watch};
 
 /// Size of the broadcast channel used to notify canonical state events.
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
     }
 
     /// Returns the `Receipts` of executed block that determines the state.
-    pub fn receipts(&self) -> &Vec<Vec<N::Receipt>> {
+    pub fn receipts(&self) -> &Vec<N::Receipt> {
         &self.block.execution_outcome().receipts
     }
 
@@ -659,15 +659,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
     ///
     /// This clones the vector of receipts. To avoid it, use [`Self::executed_block_receipts_ref`].
     pub fn executed_block_receipts(&self) -> Vec<N::Receipt> {
-        let receipts = self.receipts();
-
-        debug_assert!(
-            receipts.len() <= 1,
-            "Expected at most one block's worth of receipts, found {}",
-            receipts.len()
-        );
-
-        receipts.first().cloned().unwrap_or_default()
+        self.receipts().clone()
     }
 
     /// Returns a slice of `Receipt` of executed block that determines the state.
@@ -675,15 +667,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> BlockState<N> {
     /// has only one element corresponding to the executed block associated to
     /// the state.
     pub fn executed_block_receipts_ref(&self) -> &[N::Receipt] {
-        let receipts = self.receipts();
-
-        debug_assert!(
-            receipts.len() <= 1,
-            "Expected at most one block's worth of receipts, found {}",
-            receipts.len()
-        );
-
-        receipts.first().map(|receipts| receipts.deref()).unwrap_or_default()
+        self.receipts()
     }
 
     /// Returns an iterator over __parent__ `BlockStates`.
@@ -767,7 +751,7 @@ pub struct ExecutedBlock<N: NodePrimitives = EthPrimitives> {
     /// Recovered Block
     pub recovered_block: Arc<RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
     /// Block's execution outcome.
-    pub execution_output: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+    pub execution_output: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
     /// Deferred trie data produced by execution.
     ///
     /// This allows deferring the computation of the trie data which can be expensive.
@@ -779,7 +763,15 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> Default for ExecutedBlock<N> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             recovered_block: Default::default(),
-            execution_output: Default::default(),
+            execution_output: Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput {
+                result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                    receipts: Default::default(),
+                    requests: Default::default(),
+                    gas_used: 0,
+                    blob_gas_used: 0,
+                },
+                state: Default::default(),
+            }),
             trie_data: DeferredTrieData::ready(ComputedTrieData::default()),
         }
     }
@@ -800,7 +792,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> ExecutedBlock<N> {
     /// payload builders). This is the safe default path.
     pub fn new(
         recovered_block: Arc<RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
-        execution_output: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+        execution_output: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
         trie_data: ComputedTrieData,
     ) -> Self {
         Self { recovered_block, execution_output, trie_data: DeferredTrieData::ready(trie_data) }
@@ -822,7 +814,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> ExecutedBlock<N> {
     /// Use [`Self::new()`] instead when trie data is already computed and available immediately.
     pub const fn with_deferred_trie_data(
         recovered_block: Arc<RecoveredBlock<N::Block>>,
-        execution_output: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+        execution_output: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
         trie_data: DeferredTrieData,
     ) -> Self {
         Self { recovered_block, execution_output, trie_data }
@@ -842,7 +834,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> ExecutedBlock<N> {
 
     /// Returns a reference to the block's execution outcome
     #[inline]
-    pub fn execution_outcome(&self) -> &ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt> {
+    pub fn execution_outcome(&self) -> &BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt> {
         &self.execution_output
     }
 
@@ -942,37 +934,39 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives<SignedTx: SignedTransaction>> NewCanonicalChain<N> {
     pub fn to_chain_notification(&self) -> CanonStateNotification<N> {
         match self {
             Self::Commit { new } => {
-                let new = Arc::new(new.iter().fold(Chain::default(), |mut chain, exec| {
-                    chain.append_block(
-                        exec.recovered_block().clone(),
-                        exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
-                        exec.trie_updates(),
-                        exec.hashed_state(),
-                    );
-                    chain
-                }));
-                CanonStateNotification::Commit { new }
+                CanonStateNotification::Commit { new: Arc::new(Self::blocks_to_chain(new)) }
             }
-            Self::Reorg { new, old } => {
-                let new = Arc::new(new.iter().fold(Chain::default(), |mut chain, exec| {
+            Self::Reorg { new, old } => CanonStateNotification::Reorg {
+                new: Arc::new(Self::blocks_to_chain(new)),
+                old: Arc::new(Self::blocks_to_chain(old)),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts a slice of executed blocks into a [`Chain`].
+    fn blocks_to_chain(blocks: &[ExecutedBlock<N>]) -> Chain<N> {
+        match blocks {
+            [] => Chain::default(),
+            [first, rest @ ..] => {
+                let mut chain = Chain::from_block(
+                    first.recovered_block().clone(),
+                    ExecutionOutcome::from((
+                        first.execution_outcome().clone(),
+                        first.block_number(),
+                    )),
+                    LazyTrieData::ready(first.hashed_state(), first.trie_updates()),
+                );
+                for exec in rest {
                     chain.append_block(
                         exec.recovered_block().clone(),
-                        exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
-                        exec.trie_updates(),
-                        exec.hashed_state(),
+                        ExecutionOutcome::from((
+                            exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
+                            exec.block_number(),
+                        )),
+                        LazyTrieData::ready(exec.hashed_state(), exec.trie_updates()),
                     );
-                    chain
-                }));
-                let old = Arc::new(old.iter().fold(Chain::default(), |mut chain, exec| {
-                    chain.append_block(
-                        exec.recovered_block().clone(),
-                        exec.execution_outcome().clone(),
-                        exec.trie_updates(),
-                        exec.hashed_state(),
-                    );
-                    chain
-                }));
-                CanonStateNotification::Reorg { new, old }
+                }
+                chain
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1266,7 +1260,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let state = BlockState::new(block);
 
-        assert_eq!(state.receipts(), &receipts);
+        assert_eq!(state.receipts(), receipts.first().unwrap());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1543,33 +1537,31 @@ mod tests {
         let block2a =
             test_block_builder.get_executed_block_with_number(2, block1.recovered_block.hash());
 
-        let sample_execution_outcome = ExecutionOutcome {
-            receipts: vec![vec![], vec![]],
-            requests: vec![Requests::default(), Requests::default()],
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-
         // Test commit notification
         let chain_commit = NewCanonicalChain::Commit { new: vec![block0.clone(), block1.clone()] };
 
-        // Build expected trie updates map
-        let mut expected_trie_updates = BTreeMap::new();
-        expected_trie_updates.insert(0, block0.trie_updates());
-        expected_trie_updates.insert(1, block1.trie_updates());
+        // Build expected trie data map
+        let mut expected_trie_data = BTreeMap::new();
+        expected_trie_data
+            .insert(0, LazyTrieData::ready(block0.hashed_state(), block0.trie_updates()));
+        expected_trie_data
+            .insert(1, LazyTrieData::ready(block1.hashed_state(), block1.trie_updates()));
 
-        // Build expected hashed state map
-        let mut expected_hashed_state = BTreeMap::new();
-        expected_hashed_state.insert(0, block0.hashed_state());
-        expected_hashed_state.insert(1, block1.hashed_state());
+        // Build expected execution outcome (first_block matches first block number)
+        let commit_execution_outcome = ExecutionOutcome {
+            receipts: vec![vec![], vec![]],
+            requests: vec![Requests::default(), Requests::default()],
+            first_block: 0,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
 
         assert_eq!(
             chain_commit.to_chain_notification(),
             CanonStateNotification::Commit {
                 new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                     vec![block0.recovered_block().clone(), block1.recovered_block().clone()],
-                    sample_execution_outcome.clone(),
-                    expected_trie_updates,
-                    expected_hashed_state
+                    commit_execution_outcome,
+                    expected_trie_data,
                 ))
             }
         );
@@ -1580,40 +1572,39 @@ mod tests {
             old: vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
         };
 
-        // Build expected trie updates for old chain
-        let mut old_trie_updates = BTreeMap::new();
-        old_trie_updates.insert(1, block1.trie_updates());
-        old_trie_updates.insert(2, block2.trie_updates());
+        // Build expected trie data for old chain
+        let mut old_trie_data = BTreeMap::new();
+        old_trie_data.insert(1, LazyTrieData::ready(block1.hashed_state(), block1.trie_updates()));
+        old_trie_data.insert(2, LazyTrieData::ready(block2.hashed_state(), block2.trie_updates()));
 
-        // Build expected trie updates for new chain
-        let mut new_trie_updates = BTreeMap::new();
-        new_trie_updates.insert(1, block1a.trie_updates());
-        new_trie_updates.insert(2, block2a.trie_updates());
+        // Build expected trie data for new chain
+        let mut new_trie_data = BTreeMap::new();
+        new_trie_data
+            .insert(1, LazyTrieData::ready(block1a.hashed_state(), block1a.trie_updates()));
+        new_trie_data
+            .insert(2, LazyTrieData::ready(block2a.hashed_state(), block2a.trie_updates()));
 
-        // Build expected hashed state for old chain
-        let mut old_hashed_state = BTreeMap::new();
-        old_hashed_state.insert(1, block1.hashed_state());
-        old_hashed_state.insert(2, block2.hashed_state());
-
-        // Build expected hashed state for new chain
-        let mut new_hashed_state = BTreeMap::new();
-        new_hashed_state.insert(1, block1a.hashed_state());
-        new_hashed_state.insert(2, block2a.hashed_state());
+        // Build expected execution outcome for reorg chains (first_block matches first block
+        // number)
+        let reorg_execution_outcome = ExecutionOutcome {
+            receipts: vec![vec![], vec![]],
+            requests: vec![Requests::default(), Requests::default()],
+            first_block: 1,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
 
         assert_eq!(
             chain_reorg.to_chain_notification(),
             CanonStateNotification::Reorg {
                 old: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                     vec![block1.recovered_block().clone(), block2.recovered_block().clone()],
-                    sample_execution_outcome.clone(),
-                    old_trie_updates,
-                    old_hashed_state
+                    reorg_execution_outcome.clone(),
+                    old_trie_data,
                 )),
                 new: Arc::new(Chain::new(
                     vec![block1a.recovered_block().clone(), block2a.recovered_block().clone()],
-                    sample_execution_outcome,
-                    new_trie_updates,
-                    new_hashed_state
+                    reorg_execution_outcome,
+                    new_trie_data,
                 ))
             }
         );

crates/chain-state/src/lazy_overlay.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+//! Lazy overlay computation for trie input.
+//!
+//! This module provides [`LazyOverlay`], a type that computes the [`TrieInputSorted`]
+//! lazily on first access. This allows execution to start before the trie overlay
+//! is fully computed.
+
+use crate::DeferredTrieData;
+use alloy_primitives::B256;
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdatesSorted, HashedPostStateSorted, TrieInputSorted};
+use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
+use tracing::{debug, trace};
+
+/// Inputs captured for lazy overlay computation.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct LazyOverlayInputs {
+    /// The persisted ancestor hash (anchor) this overlay should be built on.
+    anchor_hash: B256,
+    /// Deferred trie data handles for all in-memory blocks (newest to oldest).
+    blocks: Vec<DeferredTrieData>,
+}
+
+/// Lazily computed trie overlay.
+///
+/// Captures the inputs needed to compute a [`TrieInputSorted`] and defers the actual
+/// computation until first access. This is conceptually similar to [`DeferredTrieData`]
+/// but for overlay computation.
+///
+/// # Fast Path vs Slow Path
+///
+/// - **Fast path**: If the tip block's cached `anchored_trie_input` is ready and its `anchor_hash`
+///   matches our expected anchor, we can reuse it directly (O(1)).
+/// - **Slow path**: Otherwise, we merge all ancestor blocks' trie data into a new overlay.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct LazyOverlay {
+    /// Computed result, cached after first access.
+    inner: Arc<OnceLock<TrieInputSorted>>,
+    /// Inputs for lazy computation.
+    inputs: LazyOverlayInputs,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for LazyOverlay {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("LazyOverlay")
+            .field("anchor_hash", &self.inputs.anchor_hash)
+            .field("num_blocks", &self.inputs.blocks.len())
+            .field("computed", &self.inner.get().is_some())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl LazyOverlay {
+    /// Create a new lazy overlay with the given anchor hash and block handles.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `anchor_hash` - The persisted ancestor hash this overlay is built on top of
+    /// * `blocks` - Deferred trie data handles for in-memory blocks (newest to oldest)
+    pub fn new(anchor_hash: B256, blocks: Vec<DeferredTrieData>) -> Self {
+        Self { inner: Arc::new(OnceLock::new()), inputs: LazyOverlayInputs { anchor_hash, blocks } }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the anchor hash this overlay is built on.
+    pub const fn anchor_hash(&self) -> B256 {
+        self.inputs.anchor_hash
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of in-memory blocks this overlay covers.
+    pub const fn num_blocks(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inputs.blocks.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the overlay has already been computed.
+    pub fn is_computed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.get().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the computed trie input, computing it if necessary.
+    ///
+    /// The first call triggers computation (which may block waiting for deferred data).
+    /// Subsequent calls return the cached result immediately.
+    pub fn get(&self) -> &TrieInputSorted {
+        self.inner.get_or_init(|| self.compute())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the overlay as (nodes, state) tuple for use with `OverlayStateProviderFactory`.
+    pub fn as_overlay(&self) -> (Arc<TrieUpdatesSorted>, Arc<HashedPostStateSorted>) {
+        let input = self.get();
+        (Arc::clone(&input.nodes), Arc::clone(&input.state))
+    }
+
+    /// Compute the trie input overlay.
+    fn compute(&self) -> TrieInputSorted {
+        let anchor_hash = self.inputs.anchor_hash;
+        let blocks = &self.inputs.blocks;
+
+        if blocks.is_empty() {
+            debug!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", "No in-memory blocks, returning empty overlay");
+            return TrieInputSorted::default();
+        }
+
+        // Fast path: Check if tip block's overlay is ready and anchor matches.
+        // The tip block (first in list) has the cumulative overlay from all ancestors.
+        if let Some(tip) = blocks.first() {
+            let data = tip.wait_cloned();
+            if let Some(anchored) = &data.anchored_trie_input {
+                if anchored.anchor_hash == anchor_hash {
+                    trace!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", %anchor_hash, "Reusing tip block's cached overlay (fast path)");
+                    return (*anchored.trie_input).clone();
+                }
+                debug!(
+                    target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay",
+                    computed_anchor = %anchored.anchor_hash,
+                    %anchor_hash,
+                    "Anchor mismatch, falling back to merge"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Slow path: Merge all blocks' trie data into a new overlay.
+        debug!(target: "chain_state::lazy_overlay", num_blocks = blocks.len(), "Merging blocks (slow path)");
+        Self::merge_blocks(blocks)
+    }
+
+    /// Merge all blocks' trie data into a single [`TrieInputSorted`].
+    ///
+    /// Blocks are ordered newest to oldest.
+    fn merge_blocks(blocks: &[DeferredTrieData]) -> TrieInputSorted {
+        if blocks.is_empty() {
+            return TrieInputSorted::default();
+        }
+
+        let state =
+            HashedPostStateSorted::merge_batch(blocks.iter().map(|b| b.wait_cloned().hashed_state));
+        let nodes =
+            TrieUpdatesSorted::merge_batch(blocks.iter().map(|b| b.wait_cloned().trie_updates));
+
+        TrieInputSorted { state, nodes, prefix_sets: Default::default() }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState};
+
+    fn empty_deferred(anchor: B256) -> DeferredTrieData {
+        DeferredTrieData::pending(
+            Arc::new(HashedPostState::default()),
+            Arc::new(TrieUpdates::default()),
+            anchor,
+            Vec::new(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_blocks_returns_default() {
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(B256::ZERO, vec![]);
+        let result = overlay.get();
+        assert!(result.state.is_empty());
+        assert!(result.nodes.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn single_block_uses_data_directly() {
+        let anchor = B256::random();
+        let deferred = empty_deferred(anchor);
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(anchor, vec![deferred]);
+
+        assert!(!overlay.is_computed());
+        let _ = overlay.get();
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cached_after_first_access() {
+        let overlay = LazyOverlay::new(B256::ZERO, vec![]);
+
+        // First access computes
+        let _ = overlay.get();
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+
+        // Second access uses cache
+        let _ = overlay.get();
+        assert!(overlay.is_computed());
+    }
+}

crates/chain-state/src/lib.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ pub use in_memory::*;
 mod deferred_trie;
 pub use deferred_trie::*;
 
+mod lazy_overlay;
+pub use lazy_overlay::*;
+
 mod noop;
 
 mod chain_info;

crates/chain-state/src/notifications.rs

@@ -280,7 +280,6 @@ mod tests {
             vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
             ExecutionOutcome::default(),
             BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
         ));
 
         // Create a commit notification
@@ -319,13 +318,11 @@ mod tests {
             vec![block1.clone()],
             ExecutionOutcome::default(),
             BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
         ));
         let new_chain = Arc::new(Chain::new(
             vec![block2.clone(), block3.clone()],
             ExecutionOutcome::default(),
             BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
         ));
 
         // Create a reorg notification
@@ -391,7 +388,6 @@ mod tests {
             vec![block1.clone(), block2.clone()],
             execution_outcome,
             BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
         ));
 
         // Create a commit notification containing the new chain segment.
@@ -449,12 +445,8 @@ mod tests {
             ExecutionOutcome { receipts: old_receipts, ..Default::default() };
 
         // Create an old chain segment to be reverted, containing `old_block1`.
-        let old_chain: Arc<Chain> = Arc::new(Chain::new(
-            vec![old_block1.clone()],
-            old_execution_outcome,
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        ));
+        let old_chain: Arc<Chain> =
+            Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![old_block1.clone()], old_execution_outcome, BTreeMap::new()));
 
         // Define block2 for the new chain segment, which will be committed.
         let mut body = BlockBody::<TransactionSigned>::default();
@@ -482,12 +474,8 @@ mod tests {
             ExecutionOutcome { receipts: new_receipts, ..Default::default() };
 
         // Create a new chain segment to be committed, containing `new_block1`.
-        let new_chain = Arc::new(Chain::new(
-            vec![new_block1.clone()],
-            new_execution_outcome,
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-            BTreeMap::new(),
-        ));
+        let new_chain =
+            Arc::new(Chain::new(vec![new_block1.clone()], new_execution_outcome, BTreeMap::new()));
 
         // Create a reorg notification with both reverted (old) and committed (new) chain segments.
         let notification = CanonStateNotification::Reorg { old: old_chain, new: new_chain };

crates/chain-state/src/test_utils.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,7 @@ use crate::{
     CanonStateSubscriptions, ComputedTrieData,
 };
 use alloy_consensus::{Header, SignableTransaction, TxEip1559, TxReceipt, EMPTY_ROOT_HASH};
-use alloy_eips::{
-    eip1559::{ETHEREUM_BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT_30M, INITIAL_BASE_FEE},
-    eip7685::Requests,
-};
+use alloy_eips::eip1559::{ETHEREUM_BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT_30M, INITIAL_BASE_FEE};
 use alloy_primitives::{Address, BlockNumber, B256, U256};
 use alloy_signer::SignerSync;
 use alloy_signer_local::PrivateKeySigner;
@@ -16,7 +13,7 @@ use reth_chainspec::{ChainSpec, EthereumHardfork, MIN_TRANSACTION_GAS};
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{
     Block, BlockBody, EthPrimitives, Receipt, Transaction, TransactionSigned,
 };
-use reth_execution_types::{Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
+use reth_execution_types::{BlockExecutionOutput, BlockExecutionResult, Chain, ExecutionOutcome};
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
     proofs::{calculate_receipt_root, calculate_transaction_root, calculate_withdrawals_root},
     Account, NodePrimitives, Recovered, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader,
@@ -173,7 +170,6 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TestBlockBuilder<N> {
                 transactions: transactions.into_iter().map(|tx| tx.into_inner()).collect(),
                 ommers: Vec::new(),
                 withdrawals: Some(vec![].into()),
-                block_access_list: None,
             },
         )
     }
@@ -202,7 +198,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TestBlockBuilder<N> {
     fn get_executed_block(
         &mut self,
         block_number: BlockNumber,
-        receipts: Vec<Vec<Receipt>>,
+        mut receipts: Vec<Vec<Receipt>>,
         parent_hash: B256,
     ) -> ExecutedBlock {
         let block = self.generate_random_block(block_number, parent_hash);
@@ -210,12 +206,15 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> TestBlockBuilder<N> {
         let trie_data = ComputedTrieData::default();
         ExecutedBlock::new(
             Arc::new(RecoveredBlock::new_sealed(block, senders)),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::new(
-                BundleState::default(),
-                receipts,
-                block_number,
-                vec![Requests::default()],
-            )),
+            Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput {
+                result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                    receipts: receipts.pop().unwrap_or_default(),
+                    requests: Default::default(),
+                    gas_used: 0,
+                    blob_gas_used: 0,
+                },
+                state: BundleState::default(),
+            }),
             trie_data,
         )
     }

crates/chainspec/src/spec.rs

@@ -45,10 +45,6 @@ use reth_network_peers::{
 };
 use reth_primitives_traits::{sync::LazyLock, BlockHeader, SealedHeader};
 
-/// The hash of an empty block access list.
-const EMPTY_BLOCK_ACCESS_LIST_HASH: B256 =
-    b256!("0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347");
-
 /// Helper method building a [`Header`] given [`Genesis`] and [`ChainHardforks`].
 pub fn make_genesis_header(genesis: &Genesis, hardforks: &ChainHardforks) -> Header {
     // If London is activated at genesis, we set the initial base fee as per EIP-1559.
@@ -83,12 +79,6 @@ pub fn make_genesis_header(genesis: &Genesis, hardforks: &ChainHardforks) -> Hea
         .active_at_timestamp(genesis.timestamp)
         .then_some(EMPTY_REQUESTS_HASH);
 
-    // If Amsterdam is activated at genesis we set block access list hash empty hash.
-    let block_access_list_hash = hardforks
-        .fork(EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam)
-        .active_at_timestamp(genesis.timestamp)
-        .then_some(EMPTY_BLOCK_ACCESS_LIST_HASH);
-
     Header {
         number: genesis.number.unwrap_or_default(),
         parent_hash: genesis.parent_hash.unwrap_or_default(),
@@ -106,7 +96,6 @@ pub fn make_genesis_header(genesis: &Genesis, hardforks: &ChainHardforks) -> Hea
         blob_gas_used,
         excess_blob_gas,
         requests_hash,
-        block_access_list_hash,
         ..Default::default()
     }
 }
@@ -289,6 +278,7 @@ pub fn create_chain_config(
     // Check if DAO fork is supported (it has an activation block)
     let dao_fork_support = hardforks.fork(EthereumHardfork::Dao) != ForkCondition::Never;
 
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_update)]
     ChainConfig {
         chain_id: chain.map(|c| c.id()).unwrap_or(0),
         homestead_block: block_num(EthereumHardfork::Homestead),
@@ -311,7 +301,6 @@ pub fn create_chain_config(
         cancun_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Cancun),
         prague_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Prague),
         osaka_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Osaka),
-        amsterdam_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam),
         bpo1_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Bpo1),
         bpo2_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Bpo2),
         bpo3_time: timestamp(EthereumHardfork::Bpo3),
@@ -325,6 +314,7 @@ pub fn create_chain_config(
         extra_fields: Default::default(),
         deposit_contract_address,
         blob_schedule,
+        ..Default::default()
     }
 }
 
@@ -913,7 +903,6 @@ impl From<Genesis> for ChainSpec {
             (EthereumHardfork::Bpo3.boxed(), genesis.config.bpo3_time),
             (EthereumHardfork::Bpo4.boxed(), genesis.config.bpo4_time),
             (EthereumHardfork::Bpo5.boxed(), genesis.config.bpo5_time),
-            (EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam.boxed(), genesis.config.amsterdam_time),
         ];
 
         let mut time_hardforks = time_hardfork_opts
@@ -1220,19 +1209,6 @@ impl ChainSpecBuilder {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Enable Amsterdam at genesis.
-    pub fn amsterdam_activated(mut self) -> Self {
-        self = self.osaka_activated();
-        self.hardforks.insert(EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam, ForkCondition::Timestamp(0));
-        self
-    }
-
-    /// Enable Amsterdam at the given timestamp.
-    pub fn with_amsterdam_at(mut self, timestamp: u64) -> Self {
-        self.hardforks.insert(EthereumHardfork::Amsterdam, ForkCondition::Timestamp(timestamp));
-        self
-    }
-
     /// Build the resulting [`ChainSpec`].
     ///
     /// # Panics

crates/cli/commands/Cargo.toml

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ reth-stages-types = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 reth-static-file-types = { workspace = true, features = ["clap"] }
 reth-static-file.workspace = true
 reth-tasks.workspace = true
+reth-storage-api.workspace = true
 reth-trie = { workspace = true, features = ["metrics"] }
 reth-trie-db = { workspace = true, features = ["metrics"] }
 reth-trie-common.workspace = true
@@ -131,4 +132,4 @@ arbitrary = [
     "reth-ethereum-primitives/arbitrary",
 ]
 
-edge = ["reth-db-common/edge", "reth-stages/rocksdb"]
+edge = ["reth-db-common/edge", "reth-stages/rocksdb", "reth-provider/rocksdb"]

crates/cli/commands/src/common.rs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use reth_node_builder::{
     Node, NodeComponents, NodeComponentsBuilder, NodeTypes, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter,
 };
 use reth_node_core::{
-    args::{DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs, StaticFilesArgs},
+    args::{DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs, RocksDbArgs, StaticFilesArgs},
     dirs::{ChainPath, DataDirPath},
 };
 use reth_provider::{
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use reth_provider::{
         BlockchainProvider, NodeTypesForProvider, RocksDBProvider, StaticFileProvider,
         StaticFileProviderBuilder,
     },
-    ProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory,
+    ProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory, StorageSettings,
 };
 use reth_stages::{sets::DefaultStages, Pipeline, PipelineTarget};
 use reth_static_file::StaticFileProducer;
@@ -66,9 +66,24 @@ pub struct EnvironmentArgs<C: ChainSpecParser> {
     /// All static files related arguments
     #[command(flatten)]
     pub static_files: StaticFilesArgs,
+
+    /// All `RocksDB` related arguments
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub rocksdb: RocksDbArgs,
 }
 
 impl<C: ChainSpecParser> EnvironmentArgs<C> {
+    /// Returns the effective storage settings derived from static-file and `RocksDB` CLI args.
+    pub fn storage_settings(&self) -> StorageSettings {
+        StorageSettings::base()
+            .with_receipts_in_static_files(self.static_files.receipts)
+            .with_transaction_senders_in_static_files(self.static_files.transaction_senders)
+            .with_account_changesets_in_static_files(self.static_files.account_changesets)
+            .with_transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.tx_hash)
+            .with_storages_history_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.storages_history)
+            .with_account_history_in_rocksdb(self.rocksdb.all || self.rocksdb.account_history)
+    }
+
     /// Initializes environment according to [`AccessRights`] and returns an instance of
     /// [`Environment`].
     pub fn init<N: CliNodeTypes>(&self, access: AccessRights) -> eyre::Result<Environment<N>>
@@ -121,17 +136,17 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> EnvironmentArgs<C> {
                 })
             }
         };
-        // TransactionDB only support read-write mode
         let rocksdb_provider = RocksDBProvider::builder(data_dir.rocksdb())
             .with_default_tables()
             .with_database_log_level(self.db.log_level)
+            .with_read_only(!access.is_read_write())
             .build()?;
 
         let provider_factory =
             self.create_provider_factory(&config, db, sfp, rocksdb_provider, access)?;
         if access.is_read_write() {
             debug!(target: "reth::cli", chain=%self.chain.chain(), genesis=?self.chain.genesis_hash(), "Initializing genesis");
-            init_genesis_with_settings(&provider_factory, self.static_files.to_settings())?;
+            init_genesis_with_settings(&provider_factory, self.storage_settings())?;
         }
 
         Ok(Environment { config, provider_factory, data_dir })

crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum.rs

@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-use crate::{
-    common::CliNodeTypes,
-    db::get::{maybe_json_value_parser, table_key},
-};
-use alloy_primitives::map::foldhash::fast::FixedState;
-use clap::Parser;
-use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
-use reth_db::DatabaseEnv;
-use reth_db_api::{
-    cursor::DbCursorRO, table::Table, transaction::DbTx, RawKey, RawTable, RawValue, TableViewer,
-    Tables,
-};
-use reth_db_common::DbTool;
-use reth_node_builder::{NodeTypesWithDB, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter};
-use reth_provider::{providers::ProviderNodeTypes, DBProvider};
-use std::{
-    hash::{BuildHasher, Hasher},
-    sync::Arc,
-    time::{Duration, Instant},
-};
-use tracing::{info, warn};
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-/// The arguments for the `reth db checksum` command
-pub struct Command {
-    /// The table name
-    table: Tables,
-
-    /// The start of the range to checksum.
-    #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
-    start_key: Option<String>,
-
-    /// The end of the range to checksum.
-    #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
-    end_key: Option<String>,
-
-    /// The maximum number of records that are queried and used to compute the
-    /// checksum.
-    #[arg(long)]
-    limit: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-impl Command {
-    /// Execute `db checksum` command
-    pub fn execute<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
-        self,
-        tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
-    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
-        warn!("This command should be run without the node running!");
-        self.table.view(&ChecksumViewer {
-            tool,
-            start_key: self.start_key,
-            end_key: self.end_key,
-            limit: self.limit,
-        })?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) struct ChecksumViewer<'a, N: NodeTypesWithDB> {
-    tool: &'a DbTool<N>,
-    start_key: Option<String>,
-    end_key: Option<String>,
-    limit: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-impl<N: NodeTypesWithDB> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
-    pub(crate) const fn new(tool: &'_ DbTool<N>) -> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
-        ChecksumViewer { tool, start_key: None, end_key: None, limit: None }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> TableViewer<(u64, Duration)> for ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
-    type Error = eyre::Report;
-
-    fn view<T: Table>(&self) -> Result<(u64, Duration), Self::Error> {
-        let provider =
-            self.tool.provider_factory.provider()?.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
-        let tx = provider.tx_ref();
-        info!(
-            "Start computing checksum, start={:?}, end={:?}, limit={:?}",
-            self.start_key, self.end_key, self.limit
-        );
-
-        let mut cursor = tx.cursor_read::<RawTable<T>>()?;
-        let walker = match (self.start_key.as_deref(), self.end_key.as_deref()) {
-            (Some(start), Some(end)) => {
-                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
-                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
-                cursor.walk_range(start_key..=end_key)?
-            }
-            (None, Some(end)) => {
-                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
-
-                cursor.walk_range(..=end_key)?
-            }
-            (Some(start), None) => {
-                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
-                cursor.walk_range(start_key..)?
-            }
-            (None, None) => cursor.walk_range(..)?,
-        };
-
-        let start_time = Instant::now();
-        let mut hasher = FixedState::with_seed(u64::from_be_bytes(*b"RETHRETH")).build_hasher();
-        let mut total = 0;
-
-        let limit = self.limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-        let mut enumerate_start_key = None;
-        let mut enumerate_end_key = None;
-        for (index, entry) in walker.enumerate() {
-            let (k, v): (RawKey<T::Key>, RawValue<T::Value>) = entry?;
-
-            if index.is_multiple_of(100_000) {
-                info!("Hashed {index} entries.");
-            }
-
-            hasher.write(k.raw_key());
-            hasher.write(v.raw_value());
-
-            if enumerate_start_key.is_none() {
-                enumerate_start_key = Some(k.clone());
-            }
-            enumerate_end_key = Some(k);
-
-            total = index + 1;
-            if total >= limit {
-                break
-            }
-        }
-
-        info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
-        if let (Some(s), Some(e)) = (enumerate_start_key, enumerate_end_key) {
-            info!("start-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&s.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
-            info!("end-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&e.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
-        }
-
-        let checksum = hasher.finish();
-        let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
-
-        info!("Checksum for table `{}`: {:#x} (elapsed: {:?})", T::NAME, checksum, elapsed);
-
-        Ok((checksum, elapsed))
-    }
-}

crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+use crate::{
+    common::CliNodeTypes,
+    db::get::{maybe_json_value_parser, table_key},
+};
+use alloy_primitives::map::foldhash::fast::FixedState;
+use clap::Parser;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
+use reth_db::{static_file::iter_static_files, DatabaseEnv};
+use reth_db_api::{
+    cursor::DbCursorRO, table::Table, transaction::DbTx, RawKey, RawTable, RawValue, TableViewer,
+    Tables,
+};
+use reth_db_common::DbTool;
+use reth_node_builder::{NodeTypesWithDB, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter};
+use reth_provider::{providers::ProviderNodeTypes, DBProvider, StaticFileProviderFactory};
+use reth_static_file_types::StaticFileSegment;
+use std::{
+    hash::{BuildHasher, Hasher},
+    sync::Arc,
+    time::{Duration, Instant},
+};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+#[cfg(all(unix, feature = "edge"))]
+mod rocksdb;
+
+/// Interval for logging progress during checksum computation.
+const PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL: usize = 100_000;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+/// The arguments for the `reth db checksum` command
+pub struct Command {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    subcommand: Subcommand,
+}
+
+#[derive(clap::Subcommand, Debug)]
+enum Subcommand {
+    /// Calculates the checksum of a database table
+    Mdbx {
+        /// The table name
+        table: Tables,
+
+        /// The start of the range to checksum.
+        #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
+        start_key: Option<String>,
+
+        /// The end of the range to checksum.
+        #[arg(long, value_parser = maybe_json_value_parser)]
+        end_key: Option<String>,
+
+        /// The maximum number of records that are queried and used to compute the
+        /// checksum.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        limit: Option<usize>,
+    },
+    /// Calculates the checksum of a static file segment
+    StaticFile {
+        /// The static file segment
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
+        segment: StaticFileSegment,
+
+        /// The block number to start from (inclusive).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        start_block: Option<u64>,
+
+        /// The block number to end at (inclusive).
+        #[arg(long)]
+        end_block: Option<u64>,
+
+        /// The maximum number of rows to checksum.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        limit: Option<usize>,
+    },
+    /// Calculates the checksum of a RocksDB table
+    #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "edge"))]
+    Rocksdb {
+        /// The RocksDB table
+        #[arg(value_enum)]
+        table: rocksdb::RocksDbTable,
+
+        /// The maximum number of records to checksum.
+        #[arg(long)]
+        limit: Option<usize>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute `db checksum` command
+    pub fn execute<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
+        self,
+        tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        warn!("This command should be run without the node running!");
+
+        match self.subcommand {
+            Subcommand::Mdbx { table, start_key, end_key, limit } => {
+                table.view(&ChecksumViewer { tool, start_key, end_key, limit })?;
+            }
+            Subcommand::StaticFile { segment, start_block, end_block, limit } => {
+                checksum_static_file(tool, segment, start_block, end_block, limit)?;
+            }
+            #[cfg(all(unix, feature = "edge"))]
+            Subcommand::Rocksdb { table, limit } => {
+                rocksdb::checksum_rocksdb(tool, table, limit)?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a new hasher with the standard seed used for checksum computation.
+fn checksum_hasher() -> impl Hasher {
+    FixedState::with_seed(u64::from_be_bytes(*b"RETHRETH")).build_hasher()
+}
+
+fn checksum_static_file<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
+    tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
+    segment: StaticFileSegment,
+    start_block: Option<u64>,
+    end_block: Option<u64>,
+    limit: Option<usize>,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    let static_file_provider = tool.provider_factory.static_file_provider();
+    if let Err(err) = static_file_provider.check_consistency(&tool.provider_factory.provider()?) {
+        warn!("Error checking consistency of static files: {err}");
+    }
+
+    let static_files = iter_static_files(static_file_provider.directory())?;
+
+    let ranges = static_files
+        .get(segment)
+        .ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("No static files found for segment: {}", segment))?;
+
+    let start_time = Instant::now();
+    let mut hasher = checksum_hasher();
+    let mut total = 0usize;
+    let limit = limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+
+    let start_block = start_block.unwrap_or(0);
+    let end_block = end_block.unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+
+    info!(
+        "Computing checksum for {} static files, start_block={}, end_block={}, limit={:?}",
+        segment,
+        start_block,
+        end_block,
+        if limit == usize::MAX { None } else { Some(limit) }
+    );
+
+    'outer: for (block_range, _header) in ranges.iter().sorted_by_key(|(range, _)| range.start()) {
+        if block_range.end() < start_block || block_range.start() > end_block {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let fixed_block_range = static_file_provider.find_fixed_range(segment, block_range.start());
+        let jar_provider = static_file_provider
+            .get_segment_provider_for_range(segment, || Some(fixed_block_range), None)?
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                eyre::eyre!(
+                    "Failed to get segment provider for segment {} at range {}",
+                    segment,
+                    block_range
+                )
+            })?;
+
+        let mut cursor = jar_provider.cursor()?;
+
+        while let Ok(Some(row)) = cursor.next_row() {
+            for col_data in row.iter() {
+                hasher.write(col_data);
+            }
+
+            total += 1;
+
+            if total.is_multiple_of(PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL) {
+                info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
+            }
+
+            if total >= limit {
+                break 'outer;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Explicitly drop provider before removing from cache to avoid deadlock
+        drop(jar_provider);
+        static_file_provider.remove_cached_provider(segment, fixed_block_range.end());
+    }
+
+    let checksum = hasher.finish();
+    let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+
+    info!(
+        "Checksum for static file segment `{}`: {:#x} ({} entries, elapsed: {:?})",
+        segment, checksum, total, elapsed
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct ChecksumViewer<'a, N: NodeTypesWithDB> {
+    tool: &'a DbTool<N>,
+    start_key: Option<String>,
+    end_key: Option<String>,
+    limit: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+impl<N: NodeTypesWithDB> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
+    pub(crate) const fn new(tool: &'_ DbTool<N>) -> ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
+        ChecksumViewer { tool, start_key: None, end_key: None, limit: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<N: ProviderNodeTypes> TableViewer<(u64, Duration)> for ChecksumViewer<'_, N> {
+    type Error = eyre::Report;
+
+    fn view<T: Table>(&self) -> Result<(u64, Duration), Self::Error> {
+        let provider =
+            self.tool.provider_factory.provider()?.disable_long_read_transaction_safety();
+        let tx = provider.tx_ref();
+        info!(
+            "Start computing checksum, start={:?}, end={:?}, limit={:?}",
+            self.start_key, self.end_key, self.limit
+        );
+
+        let mut cursor = tx.cursor_read::<RawTable<T>>()?;
+        let walker = match (self.start_key.as_deref(), self.end_key.as_deref()) {
+            (Some(start), Some(end)) => {
+                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
+                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
+                cursor.walk_range(start_key..=end_key)?
+            }
+            (None, Some(end)) => {
+                let end_key = table_key::<T>(end).map(RawKey::new)?;
+
+                cursor.walk_range(..=end_key)?
+            }
+            (Some(start), None) => {
+                let start_key = table_key::<T>(start).map(RawKey::new)?;
+                cursor.walk_range(start_key..)?
+            }
+            (None, None) => cursor.walk_range(..)?,
+        };
+
+        let start_time = Instant::now();
+        let mut hasher = checksum_hasher();
+        let mut total = 0;
+
+        let limit = self.limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+        let mut enumerate_start_key = None;
+        let mut enumerate_end_key = None;
+        for (index, entry) in walker.enumerate() {
+            let (k, v): (RawKey<T::Key>, RawValue<T::Value>) = entry?;
+
+            if index.is_multiple_of(PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL) {
+                info!("Hashed {index} entries.");
+            }
+
+            hasher.write(k.raw_key());
+            hasher.write(v.raw_value());
+
+            if enumerate_start_key.is_none() {
+                enumerate_start_key = Some(k.clone());
+            }
+            enumerate_end_key = Some(k);
+
+            total = index + 1;
+            if total >= limit {
+                break
+            }
+        }
+
+        info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
+        if let (Some(s), Some(e)) = (enumerate_start_key, enumerate_end_key) {
+            info!("start-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&s.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
+            info!("end-key: {}", serde_json::to_string(&e.key()?).unwrap_or_default());
+        }
+
+        let checksum = hasher.finish();
+        let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+
+        info!("Checksum for table `{}`: {:#x} (elapsed: {:?})", T::NAME, checksum, elapsed);
+
+        Ok((checksum, elapsed))
+    }
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/db/checksum/rocksdb.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+//! RocksDB checksum implementation.
+
+use super::{checksum_hasher, PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL};
+use crate::common::CliNodeTypes;
+use clap::ValueEnum;
+use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
+use reth_db::{tables, DatabaseEnv};
+use reth_db_api::table::Table;
+use reth_db_common::DbTool;
+use reth_node_builder::NodeTypesWithDBAdapter;
+use reth_provider::RocksDBProviderFactory;
+use std::{hash::Hasher, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use tracing::info;
+
+/// RocksDB tables that can be checksummed.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, ValueEnum)]
+pub enum RocksDbTable {
+    /// Transaction hash to transaction number mapping
+    TransactionHashNumbers,
+    /// Account history indices
+    AccountsHistory,
+    /// Storage history indices
+    StoragesHistory,
+}
+
+impl RocksDbTable {
+    /// Returns the table name as a string
+    const fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::TransactionHashNumbers => tables::TransactionHashNumbers::NAME,
+            Self::AccountsHistory => tables::AccountsHistory::NAME,
+            Self::StoragesHistory => tables::StoragesHistory::NAME,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Computes a checksum for a RocksDB table.
+pub fn checksum_rocksdb<N: CliNodeTypes<ChainSpec: EthereumHardforks>>(
+    tool: &DbTool<NodeTypesWithDBAdapter<N, Arc<DatabaseEnv>>>,
+    table: RocksDbTable,
+    limit: Option<usize>,
+) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+    let rocksdb = tool.provider_factory.rocksdb_provider();
+
+    let start_time = Instant::now();
+    let limit = limit.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+
+    info!(
+        "Computing checksum for RocksDB table `{}`, limit={:?}",
+        table.name(),
+        if limit == usize::MAX { None } else { Some(limit) }
+    );
+
+    let (checksum, total) = match table {
+        RocksDbTable::TransactionHashNumbers => {
+            checksum_rocksdb_table::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>(&rocksdb, limit)?
+        }
+        RocksDbTable::AccountsHistory => {
+            checksum_rocksdb_table::<tables::AccountsHistory>(&rocksdb, limit)?
+        }
+        RocksDbTable::StoragesHistory => {
+            checksum_rocksdb_table::<tables::StoragesHistory>(&rocksdb, limit)?
+        }
+    };
+
+    let elapsed = start_time.elapsed();
+
+    info!(
+        "Checksum for RocksDB table `{}`: {:#x} ({} entries, elapsed: {:?})",
+        table.name(),
+        checksum,
+        total,
+        elapsed
+    );
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Computes checksum for a specific RocksDB table by iterating over rows.
+fn checksum_rocksdb_table<T: Table>(
+    rocksdb: &reth_provider::providers::RocksDBProvider,
+    limit: usize,
+) -> eyre::Result<(u64, usize)> {
+    let iter = rocksdb.raw_iter::<T>()?;
+    let mut hasher = checksum_hasher();
+    let mut total = 0usize;
+
+    for entry in iter {
+        let (key_bytes, value_bytes) = entry?;
+
+        hasher.write(&key_bytes);
+        hasher.write(&value_bytes);
+
+        total += 1;
+
+        if total.is_multiple_of(PROGRESS_LOG_INTERVAL) {
+            info!("Hashed {total} entries.");
+        }
+
+        if total >= limit {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((hasher.finish(), total))
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/db/get.rs

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use reth_node_builder::NodeTypesWithDB;
 use reth_primitives_traits::ValueWithSubKey;
 use reth_provider::{providers::ProviderNodeTypes, ChangeSetReader, StaticFileProviderFactory};
 use reth_static_file_types::StaticFileSegment;
+use reth_storage_api::StorageChangeSetReader;
 use tracing::error;
 
 /// The arguments for the `reth db get` command
@@ -82,6 +83,33 @@ impl Command {
                 table.view(&GetValueViewer { tool, key, subkey, end_key, end_subkey, raw })?
             }
             Subcommand::StaticFile { segment, key, subkey, raw } => {
+                if let StaticFileSegment::StorageChangeSets = segment {
+                    let storage_key =
+                        table_subkey::<tables::StorageChangeSets>(subkey.as_deref()).ok();
+                    let key = table_key::<tables::StorageChangeSets>(&key)?;
+
+                    let provider = tool.provider_factory.static_file_provider();
+
+                    if let Some(storage_key) = storage_key {
+                        let entry = provider.get_storage_before_block(
+                            key.block_number(),
+                            key.address(),
+                            storage_key,
+                        )?;
+
+                        if let Some(entry) = entry {
+                            println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&entry)?);
+                        } else {
+                            error!(target: "reth::cli", "No content for the given table key.");
+                        }
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+
+                    let changesets = provider.storage_changeset(key.block_number())?;
+                    println!("{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&changesets)?);
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+
                 let (key, subkey, mask): (u64, _, _) = match segment {
                     StaticFileSegment::Headers => (
                         table_key::<tables::Headers>(&key)?,
@@ -112,6 +140,9 @@ impl Command {
                             AccountChangesetMask::MASK,
                         )
                     }
+                    StaticFileSegment::StorageChangeSets => {
+                        unreachable!("storage changesets handled above");
+                    }
                 };
 
                 // handle account changesets differently if a subkey is provided.
@@ -190,6 +221,9 @@ impl Command {
                                 StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets => {
                                     unreachable!("account changeset static files are special cased before this match")
                                 }
+                                StaticFileSegment::StorageChangeSets => {
+                                    unreachable!("storage changeset static files are special cased before this match")
+                                }
                             }
                         }
                     }

crates/cli/commands/src/db/list.rs

@@ -61,19 +61,21 @@ impl Command {
     }
 
     /// Generate [`ListFilter`] from command.
-    pub fn list_filter(&self) -> ListFilter {
-        let search = self
-            .search
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|search| {
+    pub fn list_filter(&self) -> eyre::Result<ListFilter> {
+        let search = match self.search.as_deref() {
+            Some(search) => {
                 if let Some(search) = search.strip_prefix("0x") {
-                    return hex::decode(search).unwrap()
+                    hex::decode(search).wrap_err(
+                        "Invalid hex content after 0x prefix in --search (expected valid hex like 0xdeadbeef).",
+                    )?
+                } else {
+                    search.as_bytes().to_vec()
                 }
-                search.as_bytes().to_vec()
-            })
-            .unwrap_or_default();
+            }
+            None => Vec::new(),
+        };
 
-        ListFilter {
+        Ok(ListFilter {
             skip: self.skip,
             len: self.len,
             search,
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ impl Command {
             min_value_size: self.min_value_size,
             reverse: self.reverse,
             only_count: self.count,
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ impl<N: NodeTypes> TableViewer<()> for ListTableViewer<'_, N> {
             }
 
 
-            let list_filter = self.args.list_filter();
+            let list_filter = self.args.list_filter()?;
 
             if self.args.json || self.args.count {
                 let (list, count) = self.tool.list::<T>(&list_filter)?;

crates/cli/commands/src/db/mod.rs

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub enum Subcommands {
     Stats(stats::Command),
     /// Lists the contents of a table
     List(list::Command),
-    /// Calculates the content checksum of a table
+    /// Calculates the content checksum of a table or static file segment
     Checksum(checksum::Command),
     /// Create a diff between two database tables or two entire databases.
     Diff(diff::Command),
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + EthereumHardforks>> Command<C>
                 let access_rights =
                     if command.dry_run { AccessRights::RO } else { AccessRights::RW };
                 db_exec!(self.env, tool, N, access_rights, {
-                    command.execute(&tool, ctx.task_executor.clone(), &data_dir)?;
+                    command.execute(&tool, ctx.task_executor, &data_dir)?;
                 });
             }
             Subcommands::StaticFileHeader(command) => {

crates/cli/commands/src/db/settings.rs

@@ -69,6 +69,11 @@ pub enum SetCommand {
         #[clap(action(ArgAction::Set))]
         value: bool,
     },
+    /// Store storage changesets in static files instead of the database
+    StorageChangesets {
+        #[clap(action(ArgAction::Set))]
+        value: bool,
+    },
 }
 
 impl Command {
@@ -115,6 +120,7 @@ impl Command {
             transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb: _,
             account_history_in_rocksdb: _,
             account_changesets_in_static_files: _,
+            storage_changesets_in_static_files: _,
         } = settings.unwrap_or_else(StorageSettings::legacy);
 
         // Update the setting based on the key
@@ -167,6 +173,14 @@ impl Command {
                 settings.account_history_in_rocksdb = value;
                 println!("Set account_history_in_rocksdb = {}", value);
             }
+            SetCommand::StorageChangesets { value } => {
+                if settings.storage_changesets_in_static_files == value {
+                    println!("storage_changesets_in_static_files is already set to {}", value);
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                settings.storage_changesets_in_static_files = value;
+                println!("Set storage_changesets_in_static_files = {}", value);
+            }
         }
 
         // Write updated settings

crates/cli/commands/src/db/stats.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ use reth_db_common::DbTool;
 use reth_fs_util as fs;
 use reth_node_builder::{NodePrimitives, NodeTypesWithDB, NodeTypesWithDBAdapter};
 use reth_node_core::dirs::{ChainPath, DataDirPath};
-use reth_provider::providers::{ProviderNodeTypes, StaticFileProvider};
+use reth_provider::{
+    providers::{ProviderNodeTypes, StaticFileProvider},
+    RocksDBProviderFactory,
+};
 use reth_static_file_types::SegmentRangeInclusive;
 use std::{sync::Arc, time::Duration};
 
@@ -61,6 +64,11 @@ impl Command {
         let db_stats_table = self.db_stats_table(tool)?;
         println!("{db_stats_table}");
 
+        println!("\n");
+
+        let rocksdb_stats_table = self.rocksdb_stats_table(tool);
+        println!("{rocksdb_stats_table}");
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -148,6 +156,60 @@ impl Command {
         Ok(table)
     }
 
+    fn rocksdb_stats_table<N: NodeTypesWithDB>(&self, tool: &DbTool<N>) -> ComfyTable {
+        let mut table = ComfyTable::new();
+        table.load_preset(comfy_table::presets::ASCII_MARKDOWN);
+        table.set_header([
+            "RocksDB Table Name",
+            "# Entries",
+            "SST Size",
+            "Memtable Size",
+            "Total Size",
+            "Pending Compaction",
+        ]);
+
+        let stats = tool.provider_factory.rocksdb_provider().table_stats();
+        let mut total_sst: u64 = 0;
+        let mut total_memtable: u64 = 0;
+        let mut total_size: u64 = 0;
+        let mut total_pending: u64 = 0;
+
+        for stat in &stats {
+            total_sst += stat.sst_size_bytes;
+            total_memtable += stat.memtable_size_bytes;
+            total_size += stat.estimated_size_bytes;
+            total_pending += stat.pending_compaction_bytes;
+            let mut row = Row::new();
+            row.add_cell(Cell::new(&stat.name))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(stat.estimated_num_keys))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.sst_size_bytes as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.memtable_size_bytes as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.estimated_size_bytes as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(stat.pending_compaction_bytes as f64)));
+            table.add_row(row);
+        }
+
+        if !stats.is_empty() {
+            let max_widths = table.column_max_content_widths();
+            let mut separator = Row::new();
+            for width in max_widths {
+                separator.add_cell(Cell::new("-".repeat(width as usize)));
+            }
+            table.add_row(separator);
+
+            let mut row = Row::new();
+            row.add_cell(Cell::new("RocksDB Total"))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(""))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_sst as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_memtable as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_size as f64)))
+                .add_cell(Cell::new(human_bytes(total_pending as f64)));
+            table.add_row(row);
+        }
+
+        table
+    }
+
     fn static_files_stats_table<N: NodePrimitives>(
         &self,
         data_dir: ChainPath<DataDirPath>,

crates/cli/commands/src/download.rs

@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@ use crate::common::EnvironmentArgs;
 use clap::Parser;
 use eyre::Result;
 use lz4::Decoder;
-use reqwest::Client;
+use reqwest::{blocking::Client as BlockingClient, header::RANGE, Client, StatusCode};
 use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
 use reth_cli::chainspec::ChainSpecParser;
 use reth_fs_util as fs;
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
-    io::{self, Read, Write},
-    path::Path,
+    fs::OpenOptions,
+    io::{self, BufWriter, Read, Write},
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
     sync::{Arc, OnceLock},
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
@@ -327,18 +328,158 @@ fn extract_from_file(path: &Path, format: CompressionFormat, target_dir: &Path)
     extract_archive(file, total_size, format, target_dir)
 }
 
-/// Fetches the snapshot from a remote URL, uncompressing it in a streaming fashion.
+const MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES: u32 = 10;
+const RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS: u64 = 5;
+
+/// Wrapper that tracks download progress while writing data.
+/// Used with [`io::copy`] to display progress during downloads.
+struct ProgressWriter<W> {
+    inner: W,
+    progress: DownloadProgress,
+}
+
+impl<W: Write> Write for ProgressWriter<W> {
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        let n = self.inner.write(buf)?;
+        let _ = self.progress.update(n as u64);
+        Ok(n)
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.inner.flush()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Downloads a file with resume support using HTTP Range requests.
+/// Automatically retries on failure, resuming from where it left off.
+/// Returns the path to the downloaded file and its total size.
+fn resumable_download(url: &str, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<(PathBuf, u64)> {
+    let file_name = Url::parse(url)
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|u| u.path_segments()?.next_back().map(|s| s.to_string()))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "snapshot.tar".to_string());
+
+    let final_path = target_dir.join(&file_name);
+    let part_path = target_dir.join(format!("{file_name}.part"));
+
+    let client = BlockingClient::builder().timeout(Duration::from_secs(30)).build()?;
+
+    let mut total_size: Option<u64> = None;
+    let mut last_error: Option<eyre::Error> = None;
+
+    for attempt in 1..=MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+        let existing_size = fs::metadata(&part_path).map(|m| m.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+
+        if let Some(total) = total_size &&
+            existing_size >= total
+        {
+            fs::rename(&part_path, &final_path)?;
+            info!(target: "reth::cli", "Download complete: {}", final_path.display());
+            return Ok((final_path, total));
+        }
+
+        if attempt > 1 {
+            info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                "Retry attempt {}/{} - resuming from {} bytes",
+                attempt, MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES, existing_size
+            );
+        }
+
+        let mut request = client.get(url);
+        if existing_size > 0 {
+            request = request.header(RANGE, format!("bytes={existing_size}-"));
+            if attempt == 1 {
+                info!(target: "reth::cli", "Resuming download from {} bytes", existing_size);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let response = match request.send().and_then(|r| r.error_for_status()) {
+            Ok(r) => r,
+            Err(e) => {
+                last_error = Some(e.into());
+                if attempt < MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                    info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                        "Download failed, retrying in {} seconds...", RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS
+                    );
+                    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS));
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let is_partial = response.status() == StatusCode::PARTIAL_CONTENT;
+
+        let size = if is_partial {
+            response
+                .headers()
+                .get("Content-Range")
+                .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+                .and_then(|v| v.split('/').next_back())
+                .and_then(|v| v.parse().ok())
+        } else {
+            response.content_length()
+        };
+
+        if total_size.is_none() {
+            total_size = size;
+        }
+
+        let current_total = total_size.ok_or_else(|| {
+            eyre::eyre!("Server did not provide Content-Length or Content-Range header")
+        })?;
+
+        let file = if is_partial && existing_size > 0 {
+            OpenOptions::new()
+                .append(true)
+                .open(&part_path)
+                .map_err(|e| fs::FsPathError::open(e, &part_path))?
+        } else {
+            fs::create_file(&part_path)?
+        };
+
+        let start_offset = if is_partial { existing_size } else { 0 };
+        let mut progress = DownloadProgress::new(current_total);
+        progress.downloaded = start_offset;
+
+        let mut writer = ProgressWriter { inner: BufWriter::new(file), progress };
+        let mut reader = response;
+
+        let copy_result = io::copy(&mut reader, &mut writer);
+        let flush_result = writer.inner.flush();
+        println!();
+
+        if let Err(e) = copy_result.and(flush_result) {
+            last_error = Some(e.into());
+            if attempt < MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES {
+                info!(target: "reth::cli",
+                    "Download interrupted, retrying in {} seconds...", RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS
+                );
+                std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(RETRY_BACKOFF_SECS));
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        fs::rename(&part_path, &final_path)?;
+        info!(target: "reth::cli", "Download complete: {}", final_path.display());
+        return Ok((final_path, current_total));
+    }
+
+    Err(last_error
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("Download failed after {} attempts", MAX_DOWNLOAD_RETRIES)))
+}
+
+/// Fetches the snapshot from a remote URL with resume support, then extracts it.
 fn download_and_extract(url: &str, format: CompressionFormat, target_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
-    let client = reqwest::blocking::Client::builder().build()?;
-    let response = client.get(url).send()?.error_for_status()?;
+    let (downloaded_path, total_size) = resumable_download(url, target_dir)?;
 
-    let total_size = response.content_length().ok_or_else(|| {
-        eyre::eyre!(
-            "Server did not provide Content-Length header. This is required for snapshot downloads"
-        )
-    })?;
+    info!(target: "reth::cli", "Extracting snapshot...");
+    let file = fs::open(&downloaded_path)?;
+    extract_archive(file, total_size, format, target_dir)?;
 
-    extract_archive(response, total_size, format, target_dir)
+    fs::remove_file(&downloaded_path)?;
+    info!(target: "reth::cli", "Removed downloaded archive");
+
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 /// Downloads and extracts a snapshot, blocking until finished.

crates/cli/commands/src/node.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ use reth_node_builder::NodeBuilder;
 use reth_node_core::{
     args::{
         DatabaseArgs, DatadirArgs, DebugArgs, DevArgs, EngineArgs, EraArgs, MetricArgs,
-        NetworkArgs, PayloadBuilderArgs, PruningArgs, RpcServerArgs, StaticFilesArgs, TxPoolArgs,
+        NetworkArgs, PayloadBuilderArgs, PruningArgs, RocksDbArgs, RpcServerArgs, StaticFilesArgs,
+        TxPoolArgs,
     },
     node_config::NodeConfig,
     version,
@@ -102,6 +103,10 @@ pub struct NodeCommand<C: ChainSpecParser, Ext: clap::Args + fmt::Debug = NoArgs
     #[command(flatten)]
     pub pruning: PruningArgs,
 
+    /// All `RocksDB` table routing arguments
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub rocksdb: RocksDbArgs,
+
     /// Engine cli arguments
     #[command(flatten, next_help_heading = "Engine")]
     pub engine: EngineArgs,
@@ -166,12 +171,16 @@ where
             db,
             dev,
             pruning,
+            rocksdb,
             engine,
             era,
             static_files,
             ext,
         } = self;
 
+        // Validate RocksDB arguments
+        rocksdb.validate()?;
+
         // set up node config
         let mut node_config = NodeConfig {
             datadir,
@@ -187,6 +196,7 @@ where
             db,
             dev,
             pruning,
+            rocksdb,
             engine,
             era,
             static_files,

crates/cli/commands/src/p2p/enode.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//! Enode identifier command
+
+use clap::Parser;
+use reth_cli_util::get_secret_key;
+use reth_network_peers::NodeRecord;
+use std::{
+    net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr},
+    path::PathBuf,
+};
+
+/// Print the enode identifier for a given secret key.
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+pub struct Command {
+    /// Path to the secret key file for discovery.
+    pub discovery_secret: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Optional IP address to include in the enode URL.
+    ///
+    /// If not provided, defaults to 0.0.0.0.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub ip: Option<IpAddr>,
+}
+
+impl Command {
+    /// Execute the enode command.
+    pub fn execute(self) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        let sk = get_secret_key(&self.discovery_secret)?;
+        let ip = self.ip.unwrap_or(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED));
+        let addr = SocketAddr::new(ip, 30303);
+        let enr = NodeRecord::from_secret_key(addr, &sk);
+        println!("{enr}");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

crates/cli/commands/src/p2p/mod.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use reth_node_core::{
 };
 
 pub mod bootnode;
+pub mod enode;
 pub mod rlpx;
 
 /// `reth p2p` command
@@ -85,6 +86,9 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
             Subcommands::Bootnode(command) => {
                 command.execute().await?;
             }
+            Subcommands::Enode(command) => {
+                command.execute()?;
+            }
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -99,6 +103,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> Command<C> {
             Subcommands::Body { args, .. } => Some(&args.chain),
             Subcommands::Rlpx(_) => None,
             Subcommands::Bootnode(_) => None,
+            Subcommands::Enode(_) => None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -126,6 +131,8 @@ pub enum Subcommands<C: ChainSpecParser> {
     Rlpx(rlpx::Command),
     /// Bootnode command
     Bootnode(bootnode::Command),
+    /// Print enode identifier
+    Enode(enode::Command),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Parser)]
@@ -225,4 +232,16 @@ mod tests {
         let _args: Command<EthereumChainSpecParser> =
             Command::parse_from(["reth", "body", "--chain", "mainnet", "1000"]);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_enode_cmd() {
+        let _args: Command<EthereumChainSpecParser> =
+            Command::parse_from(["reth", "enode", "/tmp/secret"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_enode_cmd_with_ip() {
+        let _args: Command<EthereumChainSpecParser> =
+            Command::parse_from(["reth", "enode", "/tmp/secret", "--ip", "192.168.1.1"]);
+    }
 }

crates/cli/commands/src/re_execute.rs

@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ pub struct Command<C: ChainSpecParser> {
     #[arg(long)]
     to: Option<u64>,
 
-    /// Number of tasks to run in parallel
-    #[arg(long, default_value = "10")]
-    num_tasks: u64,
+    /// Number of tasks to run in parallel. Defaults to the number of available CPUs.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    num_tasks: Option<u64>,
 
     /// Continues with execution when an invalid block is encountered and collects these blocks.
     #[arg(long)]
@@ -84,12 +84,16 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
             }
         };
 
+        let num_tasks = self.num_tasks.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            std::thread::available_parallelism().map(|n| n.get() as u64).unwrap_or(10)
+        });
+
         let total_blocks = max_block - min_block;
         let total_gas = calculate_gas_used_from_headers(
             &provider_factory.static_file_provider(),
             min_block..=max_block,
         )?;
-        let blocks_per_task = total_blocks / self.num_tasks;
+        let blocks_per_task = total_blocks / num_tasks;
 
         let db_at = {
             let provider_factory = provider_factory.clone();
@@ -107,10 +111,10 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
         let _guard = cancellation.drop_guard();
 
         let mut tasks = JoinSet::new();
-        for i in 0..self.num_tasks {
+        for i in 0..num_tasks {
             let start_block = min_block + i * blocks_per_task;
             let end_block =
-                if i == self.num_tasks - 1 { max_block } else { start_block + blocks_per_task };
+                if i == num_tasks - 1 { max_block } else { start_block + blocks_per_task };
 
             // Spawn thread executing blocks
             let provider_factory = provider_factory.clone();
@@ -148,7 +152,7 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser<ChainSpec: EthChainSpec + Hardforks + EthereumHardforks>
                     };
 
                     if let Err(err) = consensus
-                        .validate_block_post_execution(&block, &result)
+                        .validate_block_post_execution(&block, &result, None)
                         .wrap_err_with(|| {
                             format!("Failed to validate block {} {}", block.number(), block.hash())
                         })

crates/cli/commands/src/stage/drop.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ use reth_db_common::{
 use reth_node_api::{HeaderTy, ReceiptTy, TxTy};
 use reth_node_core::args::StageEnum;
 use reth_provider::{
-    DBProvider, DatabaseProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory, StaticFileWriter, TrieWriter,
+    DBProvider, RocksDBProviderFactory, StaticFileProviderFactory, StaticFileWriter,
+    StorageSettingsCache,
 };
 use reth_prune::PruneSegment;
 use reth_stages::StageId;
@@ -90,11 +91,14 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> Command<C> {
                     StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets => {
                         writer.prune_account_changesets(highest_block)?;
                     }
+                    StaticFileSegment::StorageChangeSets => {
+                        writer.prune_storage_changesets(highest_block)?;
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        let provider_rw = tool.provider_factory.database_provider_rw()?;
+        let provider_rw = tool.provider_factory.unwind_provider_rw()?;
         let tx = provider_rw.tx_ref();
 
         match self.stage {
@@ -113,7 +117,6 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> Command<C> {
                 tx.clear::<tables::TransactionBlocks>()?;
                 tx.clear::<tables::BlockOmmers<HeaderTy<N>>>()?;
                 tx.clear::<tables::BlockWithdrawals>()?;
-                tx.clear::<tables::BlockAccessLists>()?;
                 reset_stage_checkpoint(tx, StageId::Bodies)?;
 
                 insert_genesis_header(&provider_rw, &self.env.chain)?;
@@ -168,13 +171,21 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> Command<C> {
                     None,
                 )?;
             }
-            StageEnum::MerkleChangeSets => {
-                provider_rw.clear_trie_changesets()?;
-                reset_stage_checkpoint(tx, StageId::MerkleChangeSets)?;
-            }
             StageEnum::AccountHistory | StageEnum::StorageHistory => {
-                tx.clear::<tables::AccountsHistory>()?;
-                tx.clear::<tables::StoragesHistory>()?;
+                let settings = provider_rw.cached_storage_settings();
+                let rocksdb = tool.provider_factory.rocksdb_provider();
+
+                if settings.account_history_in_rocksdb {
+                    rocksdb.clear::<tables::AccountsHistory>()?;
+                } else {
+                    tx.clear::<tables::AccountsHistory>()?;
+                }
+
+                if settings.storages_history_in_rocksdb {
+                    rocksdb.clear::<tables::StoragesHistory>()?;
+                } else {
+                    tx.clear::<tables::StoragesHistory>()?;
+                }
 
                 reset_stage_checkpoint(tx, StageId::IndexAccountHistory)?;
                 reset_stage_checkpoint(tx, StageId::IndexStorageHistory)?;
@@ -182,7 +193,14 @@ impl<C: ChainSpecParser> Command<C> {
                 insert_genesis_history(&provider_rw, self.env.chain.genesis().alloc.iter())?;
             }
             StageEnum::TxLookup => {
-                tx.clear::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()?;
+                if provider_rw.cached_storage_settings().transaction_hash_numbers_in_rocksdb {
+                    tool.provider_factory
+                        .rocksdb_provider()
+                        .clear::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()?;
+                } else {
+                    tx.clear::<tables::TransactionHashNumbers>()?;
+                }
+
                 reset_prune_checkpoint(tx, PruneSegment::TransactionLookup)?;
 
                 reset_stage_checkpoint(tx, StageId::TransactionLookup)?;

crates/cli/util/src/sigsegv_handler.rs

@@ -121,7 +121,16 @@ pub fn install() {
     unsafe {
         let alt_stack_size: usize = min_sigstack_size() + 64 * 1024;
         let mut alt_stack: libc::stack_t = mem::zeroed();
-        alt_stack.ss_sp = alloc(Layout::from_size_align(alt_stack_size, 1).unwrap()).cast();
+        // Both SysV AMD64 ABI and aarch64 ABI require 16 bytes alignment. We are going to be
+        // generous here and just use a size of a page.
+        let raw_page_sz = libc::sysconf(libc::_SC_PAGESIZE);
+        let page_sz = if raw_page_sz == -1 {
+            // Fallback alignment in case sysconf fails.
+            4096_usize
+        } else {
+            raw_page_sz as usize
+        };
+        alt_stack.ss_sp = alloc(Layout::from_size_align(alt_stack_size, page_sz).unwrap()).cast();
         alt_stack.ss_size = alt_stack_size;
         libc::sigaltstack(&raw const alt_stack, ptr::null_mut());
 

crates/config/src/config.rs

@@ -438,6 +438,8 @@ pub struct BlocksPerFileConfig {
     pub transaction_senders: Option<u64>,
     /// Number of blocks per file for the account changesets segment.
     pub account_change_sets: Option<u64>,
+    /// Number of blocks per file for the storage changesets segment.
+    pub storage_change_sets: Option<u64>,
 }
 
 impl StaticFilesConfig {
@@ -451,6 +453,7 @@ impl StaticFilesConfig {
             receipts,
             transaction_senders,
             account_change_sets,
+            storage_change_sets,
         } = self.blocks_per_file;
         eyre::ensure!(headers != Some(0), "Headers segment blocks per file must be greater than 0");
         eyre::ensure!(
@@ -469,6 +472,10 @@ impl StaticFilesConfig {
             account_change_sets != Some(0),
             "Account changesets segment blocks per file must be greater than 0"
         );
+        eyre::ensure!(
+            storage_change_sets != Some(0),
+            "Storage changesets segment blocks per file must be greater than 0"
+        );
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -480,6 +487,7 @@ impl StaticFilesConfig {
             receipts,
             transaction_senders,
             account_change_sets,
+            storage_change_sets,
         } = self.blocks_per_file;
 
         let mut map = StaticFileMap::default();
@@ -492,6 +500,7 @@ impl StaticFilesConfig {
                 StaticFileSegment::Receipts => receipts,
                 StaticFileSegment::TransactionSenders => transaction_senders,
                 StaticFileSegment::AccountChangeSets => account_change_sets,
+                StaticFileSegment::StorageChangeSets => storage_change_sets,
             };
 
             if let Some(blocks_per_file) = blocks_per_file {
@@ -550,7 +559,6 @@ impl PruneConfig {
     /// - `Option<PruneMode>` fields: set from `other` only if `self` is `None`.
     /// - `block_interval`: set from `other` only if `self.block_interval ==
     ///   DEFAULT_BLOCK_INTERVAL`.
-    /// - `merkle_changesets`: always set from `other`.
     /// - `receipts_log_filter`: set from `other` only if `self` is empty and `other` is non-empty.
     pub fn merge(&mut self, other: Self) {
         let Self {
@@ -563,7 +571,6 @@ impl PruneConfig {
                     account_history,
                     storage_history,
                     bodies_history,
-                    merkle_changesets,
                     receipts_log_filter,
                 },
         } = other;
@@ -580,8 +587,6 @@ impl PruneConfig {
         self.segments.account_history = self.segments.account_history.or(account_history);
         self.segments.storage_history = self.segments.storage_history.or(storage_history);
         self.segments.bodies_history = self.segments.bodies_history.or(bodies_history);
-        // Merkle changesets is not optional; always take the value from `other`
-        self.segments.merkle_changesets = merkle_changesets;
 
         if self.segments.receipts_log_filter.0.is_empty() && !receipts_log_filter.0.is_empty() {
             self.segments.receipts_log_filter = receipts_log_filter;
@@ -1091,7 +1096,6 @@ receipts = { distance = 16384 }
                 account_history: None,
                 storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Before(5000)),
                 bodies_history: None,
-                merkle_changesets: PruneMode::Before(0),
                 receipts_log_filter: ReceiptsLogPruneConfig(BTreeMap::from([(
                     Address::random(),
                     PruneMode::Full,
@@ -1108,7 +1112,6 @@ receipts = { distance = 16384 }
                 account_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(2000)),
                 storage_history: Some(PruneMode::Distance(3000)),
                 bodies_history: None,
-                merkle_changesets: PruneMode::Distance(10000),
                 receipts_log_filter: ReceiptsLogPruneConfig(BTreeMap::from([
                     (Address::random(), PruneMode::Distance(1000)),
                     (Address::random(), PruneMode::Before(2000)),
@@ -1127,7 +1130,6 @@ receipts = { distance = 16384 }
         assert_eq!(config1.segments.receipts, Some(PruneMode::Distance(1000)));
         assert_eq!(config1.segments.account_history, Some(PruneMode::Distance(2000)));
         assert_eq!(config1.segments.storage_history, Some(PruneMode::Before(5000)));
-        assert_eq!(config1.segments.merkle_changesets, PruneMode::Distance(10000));
         assert_eq!(config1.segments.receipts_log_filter, original_filter);
     }
 

crates/consensus/common/Cargo.toml

@@ -14,14 +14,11 @@ workspace = true
 # reth
 reth-chainspec.workspace = true
 reth-consensus.workspace = true
-tracing.workspace = true
 
 # ethereum
 reth-primitives-traits.workspace = true
 alloy-consensus.workspace = true
-alloy-primitives.workspace = true
 alloy-eips.workspace = true
-alloy-rlp.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 alloy-primitives = { workspace = true, features = ["rand"] }
@@ -38,6 +35,4 @@ std = [
     "reth-primitives-traits/std",
     "reth-ethereum-primitives/std",
     "alloy-primitives/std",
-    "alloy-rlp/std",
-    "tracing/std",
 ]

crates/consensus/common/src/validation.rs

@@ -69,29 +69,6 @@ pub fn validate_shanghai_withdrawals<B: Block>(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Validate that block access lists are present in Amsterdam
-///
-/// [EIP-7928]: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7928
-#[inline]
-pub fn validate_amsterdam_block_access_lists<B: Block>(
-    block: &SealedBlock<B>,
-) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
-    let bal = block.body().block_access_list().ok_or(ConsensusError::BlockAccessListMissing)?;
-    let bal_hash = alloy_primitives::keccak256(alloy_rlp::encode(bal));
-    let header_bal_hash =
-        block.block_access_list_hash().ok_or(ConsensusError::BlockAccessListHashMissing)?;
-    if bal_hash != header_bal_hash {
-        tracing::error!(
-            target: "consensus",
-            ?header_bal_hash,
-            ?bal,
-            "Block access list hash mismatch in validation.rs in L81"
-        );
-        return Err(ConsensusError::InvalidBalHash);
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 /// Validate that blob gas is present in the block if Cancun is active.
 ///
 /// See [EIP-4844]: Shard Blob Transactions
@@ -154,21 +131,6 @@ where
         }
         _ => return Err(ConsensusError::WithdrawalsRootUnexpected),
     }
-    if let (Some(expected_hash), Some(body_bal)) =
-        (header.block_access_list_hash(), body.block_access_list())
-    {
-        let got_hash = alloy_primitives::keccak256(alloy_rlp::encode(body_bal));
-
-        if got_hash != expected_hash {
-            tracing::error!(
-                target: "consensus",
-                ?expected_hash,
-                ?body_bal,
-                "Block access list hash mismatch in validation.rs in L164"
-            );
-            return Err(ConsensusError::InvalidBalHash);
-        }
-    }
 
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -255,10 +217,6 @@ where
         })
     }
 
-    if chain_spec.is_amsterdam_active_at_timestamp(block.header().timestamp()) {
-        validate_amsterdam_block_access_lists(block)?;
-    }
-
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -534,7 +492,6 @@ mod tests {
             transactions: vec![transaction],
             ommers: vec![],
             withdrawals: Some(Withdrawals::default()),
-            block_access_list: None,
         };
 
         let block = SealedBlock::seal_slow(alloy_consensus::Block { header, body });

crates/consensus/consensus/src/lib.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ use alloc::{boxed::Box, fmt::Debug, string::String, sync::Arc, vec::Vec};
 use alloy_consensus::Header;
 use alloy_primitives::{BlockHash, BlockNumber, Bloom, B256};
 use core::error::Error;
+
+/// Pre-computed receipt root and logs bloom.
+///
+/// When provided to [`FullConsensus::validate_block_post_execution`], this allows skipping
+/// the receipt root computation and using the pre-computed values instead.
+pub type ReceiptRootBloom = (B256, Bloom);
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
     constants::{GAS_LIMIT_BOUND_DIVISOR, MAXIMUM_GAS_LIMIT_BLOCK, MINIMUM_GAS_LIMIT},
@@ -39,11 +45,15 @@ pub trait FullConsensus<N: NodePrimitives>: Consensus<N::Block> {
     ///
     /// See the Yellow Paper sections 4.3.2 "Holistic Validity".
     ///
+    /// If `receipt_root_bloom` is provided, the implementation should use the pre-computed
+    /// receipt root and logs bloom instead of computing them from the receipts.
+    ///
     /// Note: validating blocks does not include other validations of the Consensus
     fn validate_block_post_execution(
         &self,
         block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
         result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError>;
 }
 
@@ -402,41 +412,9 @@ pub enum ConsensusError {
         /// The maximum allowed RLP length.
         max_rlp_length: usize,
     },
-
-    /// Error when the hash of block access list is different from the expected hash.
-    #[error("Block header's BAL hash does not match the computed BAL hash.")]
-    InvalidBalHash,
-
-    /// Error when the block access list hash is missing.
-    #[error("block access list hash missing")]
-    BlockAccessListHashMissing,
-
-    /// Error when the block access list is different from the expected access list.
-    #[error("Block's access list is invalid.")]
-    InvalidBlockAccessList,
-
-    /// Error when the block access list is missing.
-    #[error("block access list missing")]
-    BlockAccessListMissing,
-
-    /// Error when the block access list hash is unexpected.
-    #[error("block access list hash unexpected")]
-    BlockAccessListHashUnexpected,
-
-    /// Error when the block access list contains an account change that is not present in the
-    /// computed access list.
-    #[error("Block BAL contains an account change that is not present in the computed BAL.")]
-    InvalidBalExtraAccount,
-
-    /// Error when the block access list is missing an account change that is present in the
-    /// computed access list.
-    #[error("Block BAL is missing an account change that is present in the computed BAL.")]
-    InvalidBalMissingAccount,
-
     /// EIP-7825: Transaction gas limit exceeds maximum allowed
     #[error(transparent)]
     TransactionGasLimitTooHigh(Box<TxGasLimitTooHighErr>),
-
     /// Other, likely an injected L2 error.
     #[error("{0}")]
     Other(String),

crates/consensus/consensus/src/noop.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 //!
 //! **Not for production use** - provides no security guarantees or consensus validation.
 
-use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator};
+use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use alloc::sync::Arc;
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> FullConsensus<N> for NoopConsensus {
         &self,
         _block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
         _result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        _receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
         Ok(())
     }

crates/consensus/consensus/src/test_utils.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator};
+use crate::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{Block, NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ impl<N: NodePrimitives> FullConsensus<N> for TestConsensus {
         &self,
         _block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
         _result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        _receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
         if self.fail_validation() {
             Err(ConsensusError::BaseFeeMissing)

crates/e2e-test-utils/src/test_rlp_utils.rs

@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ pub fn generate_test_blocks(chain_spec: &ChainSpec, count: u64) -> Vec<SealedBlo
             excess_blob_gas: None,
             parent_beacon_block_root: None,
             requests_hash: None,
-            block_access_list_hash: None,
         };
 
         // Set required fields based on chain spec
@@ -107,7 +106,6 @@ pub fn generate_test_blocks(chain_spec: &ChainSpec, count: u64) -> Vec<SealedBlo
             transactions: vec![],
             ommers: vec![],
             withdrawals: header.withdrawals_root.is_some().then(Withdrawals::default),
-            block_access_list: None,
         };
 
         // Create the block

crates/e2e-test-utils/src/testsuite/actions/produce_blocks.rs

@@ -227,7 +227,6 @@ where
                 suggested_fee_recipient: alloy_primitives::Address::random(),
                 withdrawals: Some(vec![]),
                 parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::ZERO),
-                slot_number: None,
             };
 
             env.active_node_state_mut()?
@@ -300,7 +299,6 @@ where
                     suggested_fee_recipient: alloy_primitives::Address::random(),
                     withdrawals: Some(vec![]),
                     parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::ZERO),
-                    slot_number: None,
                 };
 
                 let fresh_fcu_result = EngineApiClient::<Engine>::fork_choice_updated_v3(

crates/e2e-test-utils/src/testsuite/setup.rs

@@ -254,7 +254,6 @@ where
                 suggested_fee_recipient: alloy_primitives::Address::ZERO,
                 withdrawals: Some(vec![]),
                 parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::ZERO),
-                slot_number: None,
             };
             EthPayloadBuilderAttributes::new(B256::ZERO, attributes)
         };
@@ -285,7 +284,6 @@ where
                 suggested_fee_recipient: alloy_primitives::Address::ZERO,
                 withdrawals: Some(vec![]),
                 parent_beacon_block_root: Some(B256::ZERO),
-                slot_number: None,
             };
             <<N as NodeTypes>::Payload as PayloadTypes>::PayloadBuilderAttributes::from(
                 EthPayloadBuilderAttributes::new(B256::ZERO, attributes),

crates/e2e-test-utils/tests/e2e-testsuite/main.rs

@@ -161,7 +161,6 @@ async fn test_testsuite_assert_mine_block() -> Result<()> {
                 suggested_fee_recipient: Address::random(),
                 withdrawals: None,
                 parent_beacon_block_root: None,
-                slot_number: None,
             },
         ));
 

crates/engine/invalid-block-hooks/src/witness.rs

@@ -839,7 +839,6 @@ mod tests {
                 receipts: vec![],
                 requests: Requests::default(),
                 gas_used: 0,
-                block_access_list: Default::default(),
                 blob_gas_used: 0,
             },
         };

crates/engine/local/src/miner.rs

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ where
                 EngineApiMessageVersion::default(),
             )
             .await?;
-        tracing::debug!(target: "engine::local", "FCU result: {res:?}");
+
         if !res.is_valid() {
             eyre::bail!("Invalid payload status")
         }

crates/engine/local/src/payload.rs

@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ where
                 .chain_spec
                 .is_cancun_active_at_timestamp(timestamp)
                 .then(B256::random),
-            slot_number: None,
         }
     }
 }

crates/engine/primitives/src/config.rs

@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ fn default_account_worker_count() -> usize {
 /// The size of proof targets chunk to spawn in one multiproof calculation.
 pub const DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 60;
 
+/// The size of proof targets chunk to spawn in one multiproof calculation when V2 proofs are
+/// enabled. This is 4x the default chunk size to take advantage of more efficient V2 proof
+/// computation.
+pub const DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE_V2: usize = DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE * 4;
+
 /// Default number of reserved CPU cores for non-reth processes.
 ///
 /// This will be deducted from the thread count of main reth global threadpool.
@@ -137,6 +142,8 @@ pub struct TreeConfig {
     account_worker_count: usize,
     /// Whether to enable V2 storage proofs.
     enable_proof_v2: bool,
+    /// Whether to disable cache metrics recording (can be expensive with large cached state).
+    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for TreeConfig {
@@ -166,6 +173,7 @@ impl Default for TreeConfig {
             storage_worker_count: default_storage_worker_count(),
             account_worker_count: default_account_worker_count(),
             enable_proof_v2: false,
+            disable_cache_metrics: false,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -198,6 +206,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         storage_worker_count: usize,
         account_worker_count: usize,
         enable_proof_v2: bool,
+        disable_cache_metrics: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             persistence_threshold,
@@ -224,6 +233,7 @@ impl TreeConfig {
             storage_worker_count,
             account_worker_count,
             enable_proof_v2,
+            disable_cache_metrics,
         }
     }
 
@@ -262,6 +272,17 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         self.multiproof_chunk_size
     }
 
+    /// Return the multiproof task chunk size, using the V2 default if V2 proofs are enabled
+    /// and the chunk size is at the default value.
+    pub const fn effective_multiproof_chunk_size(&self) -> usize {
+        if self.enable_proof_v2 && self.multiproof_chunk_size == DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE
+        {
+            DEFAULT_MULTIPROOF_TASK_CHUNK_SIZE_V2
+        } else {
+            self.multiproof_chunk_size
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Return the number of reserved CPU cores for non-reth processes
     pub const fn reserved_cpu_cores(&self) -> usize {
         self.reserved_cpu_cores
@@ -516,4 +537,15 @@ impl TreeConfig {
         self.enable_proof_v2 = enable_proof_v2;
         self
     }
+
+    /// Returns whether cache metrics recording is disabled.
+    pub const fn disable_cache_metrics(&self) -> bool {
+        self.disable_cache_metrics
+    }
+
+    /// Setter for whether to disable cache metrics recording.
+    pub const fn without_cache_metrics(mut self, disable_cache_metrics: bool) -> Self {
+        self.disable_cache_metrics = disable_cache_metrics;
+        self
+    }
 }

crates/engine/service/Cargo.toml

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ reth-tasks.workspace = true
 reth-node-types.workspace = true
 reth-chainspec.workspace = true
 reth-engine-primitives.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db.workspace = true
 
 # async
 futures.workspace = true
@@ -40,6 +41,8 @@ reth-evm-ethereum.workspace = true
 reth-exex-types.workspace = true
 reth-primitives-traits.workspace = true
 reth-node-ethereum.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db.workspace = true
 
+alloy-eips.workspace = true
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync"] }
 tokio-stream.workspace = true

crates/engine/service/src/service.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use reth_provider::{
 use reth_prune::PrunerWithFactory;
 use reth_stages_api::{MetricEventsSender, Pipeline};
 use reth_tasks::TaskSpawner;
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use std::{
     pin::Pin,
     sync::Arc,
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ where
         tree_config: TreeConfig,
         sync_metrics_tx: MetricEventsSender,
         evm_config: C,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> Self
     where
         V: EngineValidator<N::Payload>,
@@ -109,6 +111,7 @@ where
             tree_config,
             engine_kind,
             evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
         );
 
         let engine_handler = EngineApiRequestHandler::new(to_tree_tx, from_tree);
@@ -156,6 +159,7 @@ mod tests {
     };
     use reth_prune::Pruner;
     use reth_tasks::TokioTaskExecutor;
+    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
     use std::sync::Arc;
     use tokio::sync::{mpsc::unbounded_channel, watch};
     use tokio_stream::wrappers::UnboundedReceiverStream;
@@ -188,6 +192,8 @@ mod tests {
         let pruner = Pruner::new_with_factory(provider_factory.clone(), vec![], 0, 0, None, rx);
         let evm_config = EthEvmConfig::new(chain_spec.clone());
 
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
+
         let engine_validator = BasicEngineValidator::new(
             blockchain_db.clone(),
             consensus.clone(),
@@ -195,6 +201,7 @@ mod tests {
             engine_payload_validator,
             TreeConfig::default(),
             Box::new(NoopInvalidBlockHook::default()),
+            changeset_cache.clone(),
         );
 
         let (sync_metrics_tx, _sync_metrics_rx) = unbounded_channel();
@@ -214,6 +221,7 @@ mod tests {
             TreeConfig::default(),
             sync_metrics_tx,
             evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
         );
     }
 }

crates/engine/tree/Cargo.toml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 # reth
-reth-chain-state.workspace = true
+reth-chain-state = { workspace = true, features = ["rayon"] }
 reth-chainspec = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 reth-consensus.workspace = true
 reth-db.workspace = true
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ reth-trie-parallel.workspace = true
 reth-trie-sparse = { workspace = true, features = ["std", "metrics"] }
 reth-trie-sparse-parallel = { workspace = true, features = ["std"] }
 reth-trie.workspace = true
+reth-trie-common.workspace = true
+reth-trie-db.workspace = true
 
 # alloy
 alloy-evm.workspace = true
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ reth-tracing.workspace = true
 reth-node-ethereum.workspace = true
 reth-e2e-test-utils.workspace = true
 
-# alloy
+# revm
 revm-state.workspace = true
 
 assert_matches.workspace = true
@@ -133,6 +135,8 @@ test-utils = [
     "reth-static-file",
     "reth-tracing",
     "reth-trie/test-utils",
+    "reth-trie-common/test-utils",
+    "reth-trie-db/test-utils",
     "reth-trie-sparse/test-utils",
     "reth-prune-types?/test-utils",
     "reth-trie-parallel/test-utils",

crates/engine/tree/benches/channel_perf.rs

@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ fn create_bench_state(num_accounts: usize) -> EvmState {
                 code: Default::default(),
                 account_id: None,
             },
+            original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
             storage,
             status: AccountStatus::empty(),
             transaction_id: 0,
-            ..Default::default()
         };
 
         let address = Address::with_last_byte(i as u8);

crates/engine/tree/benches/state_root_task.rs

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn create_bench_state_updates(params: &BenchParams) -> Vec<EvmState> {
                     storage: HashMap::default(),
                     status: AccountStatus::SelfDestructed,
                     transaction_id: 0,
-                    ..Default::default()
+                    original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
                 }
             } else {
                 RevmAccount {
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ fn create_bench_state_updates(params: &BenchParams) -> Vec<EvmState> {
                         })
                         .collect(),
                     status: AccountStatus::Touched,
+                    original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
                     transaction_id: 0,
-                    ..Default::default()
                 }
             };
 
@@ -242,7 +242,10 @@ fn bench_state_root(c: &mut Criterion) {
                                     std::convert::identity,
                                 ),
                                 StateProviderBuilder::new(provider.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
-                                OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider),
+                                OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(
+                                    provider,
+                                    reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache::new(),
+                                ),
                                 &TreeConfig::default(),
                                 None,
                             );

crates/engine/tree/src/persistence.rs

@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ where
 
         self.metrics.save_blocks_block_count.record(block_count as f64);
         self.metrics.save_blocks_duration_seconds.record(start_time.elapsed());
+
         Ok(last_block)
     }
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/cached_state.rs

@@ -606,12 +606,21 @@ pub(crate) struct SavedCache {
     /// A guard to track in-flight usage of this cache.
     /// The cache is considered available if the strong count is 1.
     usage_guard: Arc<()>,
+
+    /// Whether to skip cache metrics recording (can be expensive with large cached state).
+    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
 }
 
 impl SavedCache {
     /// Creates a new instance with the internals
     pub(super) fn new(hash: B256, caches: ExecutionCache, metrics: CachedStateMetrics) -> Self {
-        Self { hash, caches, metrics, usage_guard: Arc::new(()) }
+        Self { hash, caches, metrics, usage_guard: Arc::new(()), disable_cache_metrics: false }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets whether to disable cache metrics recording.
+    pub(super) const fn with_disable_cache_metrics(mut self, disable: bool) -> Self {
+        self.disable_cache_metrics = disable;
+        self
     }
 
     /// Returns the hash for this cache
@@ -619,9 +628,9 @@ impl SavedCache {
         self.hash
     }
 
-    /// Splits the cache into its caches and metrics, consuming it.
-    pub(crate) fn split(self) -> (ExecutionCache, CachedStateMetrics) {
-        (self.caches, self.metrics)
+    /// Splits the cache into its caches, metrics, and `disable_cache_metrics` flag, consuming it.
+    pub(crate) fn split(self) -> (ExecutionCache, CachedStateMetrics, bool) {
+        (self.caches, self.metrics, self.disable_cache_metrics)
     }
 
     /// Returns true if the cache is available for use (no other tasks are currently using it).
@@ -645,7 +654,13 @@ impl SavedCache {
     }
 
     /// Updates the metrics for the [`ExecutionCache`].
+    ///
+    /// Note: This can be expensive with large cached state as it iterates over
+    /// all storage entries. Use `with_disable_cache_metrics(true)` to skip.
     pub(crate) fn update_metrics(&self) {
+        if self.disable_cache_metrics {
+            return;
+        }
         self.metrics.storage_cache_size.set(self.caches.total_storage_slots() as f64);
         self.metrics.account_cache_size.set(self.caches.account_cache.entry_count() as f64);
         self.metrics.code_cache_size.set(self.caches.code_cache.entry_count() as f64);

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/metrics.rs

@@ -1,25 +1,15 @@
-use crate::tree::{error::InsertBlockFatalError, MeteredStateHook, TreeOutcome};
-use alloy_consensus::transaction::TxHashRef;
-use alloy_evm::{
-    block::{BlockExecutor, ExecutableTx},
-    Evm,
-};
+use crate::tree::{error::InsertBlockFatalError, TreeOutcome};
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{PayloadStatus, PayloadStatusEnum};
-use core::borrow::BorrowMut;
 use reth_engine_primitives::{ForkchoiceStatus, OnForkChoiceUpdated};
-use reth_errors::{BlockExecutionError, ProviderError};
-use reth_evm::{metrics::ExecutorMetrics, OnStateHook};
+use reth_errors::ProviderError;
+use reth_evm::metrics::ExecutorMetrics;
 use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionOutput;
 use reth_metrics::{
     metrics::{Counter, Gauge, Histogram},
     Metrics,
 };
-use reth_primitives_traits::SignedTransaction;
 use reth_trie::updates::TrieUpdates;
-use revm::database::{states::bundle_state::BundleRetention, State};
-use revm_primitives::Address;
-use std::time::Instant;
-use tracing::{debug_span, trace};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 /// Metrics for the `EngineApi`.
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
@@ -35,101 +25,24 @@ pub(crate) struct EngineApiMetrics {
 }
 
 impl EngineApiMetrics {
-    /// Helper function for metered execution
-    fn metered<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> R
-    where
-        F: FnOnce() -> (u64, R),
-    {
-        // Execute the block and record the elapsed time.
-        let execute_start = Instant::now();
-        let (gas_used, output) = f();
-        let execution_duration = execute_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
-
-        // Update gas metrics.
-        self.executor.gas_processed_total.increment(gas_used);
-        self.executor.gas_per_second.set(gas_used as f64 / execution_duration);
-        self.executor.gas_used_histogram.record(gas_used as f64);
-        self.executor.execution_histogram.record(execution_duration);
-        self.executor.execution_duration.set(execution_duration);
-
-        output
-    }
-
-    /// Execute the given block using the provided [`BlockExecutor`] and update metrics for the
-    /// execution.
+    /// Records metrics for block execution.
     ///
     /// This method updates metrics for execution time, gas usage, and the number
-    /// of accounts, storage slots and bytecodes loaded and updated.
-    pub(crate) fn execute_metered<E, DB>(
+    /// of accounts, storage slots and bytecodes updated.
+    pub(crate) fn record_block_execution<R>(
         &self,
-        executor: E,
-        mut transactions: impl Iterator<Item = Result<impl ExecutableTx<E>, BlockExecutionError>>,
-        transaction_count: usize,
-        state_hook: Box<dyn OnStateHook>,
-    ) -> Result<(BlockExecutionOutput<E::Receipt>, Vec<Address>), BlockExecutionError>
-    where
-        DB: alloy_evm::Database,
-        E: BlockExecutor<Evm: Evm<DB: BorrowMut<State<DB>>>, Transaction: SignedTransaction>,
-    {
-        // clone here is cheap, all the metrics are Option<Arc<_>>. additionally
-        // they are globally registered so that the data recorded in the hook will
-        // be accessible.
-        let wrapper = MeteredStateHook { metrics: self.executor.clone(), inner_hook: state_hook };
+        output: &BlockExecutionOutput<R>,
+        execution_duration: Duration,
+    ) {
+        let execution_secs = execution_duration.as_secs_f64();
+        let gas_used = output.result.gas_used;
 
-        let mut senders = Vec::with_capacity(transaction_count);
-        let mut executor = executor.with_state_hook(Some(Box::new(wrapper)));
-
-        let f = || {
-            let start = Instant::now();
-            debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "pre execution")
-                .entered()
-                .in_scope(|| executor.apply_pre_execution_changes())?;
-            self.executor.pre_execution_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-            let exec_span = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "execution").entered();
-            loop {
-                let start = Instant::now();
-                let Some(tx) = transactions.next() else { break };
-                self.executor.transaction_wait_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-                let tx = tx?;
-                senders.push(*tx.signer());
-
-                let span =
-                    debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "execute tx", tx_hash=?tx.tx().tx_hash());
-                let enter = span.entered();
-                trace!(target: "engine::tree", "Executing transaction");
-                let start = Instant::now();
-                let gas_used = executor.execute_transaction(tx)?;
-                self.executor.transaction_execution_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-                // record the tx gas used
-                enter.record("gas_used", gas_used);
-            }
-            drop(exec_span);
-
-            let start = Instant::now();
-            let result = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "finish")
-                .entered()
-                .in_scope(|| executor.finish())
-                .map(|(evm, result)| (evm.into_db(), result));
-            self.executor.post_execution_histogram.record(start.elapsed());
-
-            result
-        };
-
-        // Use metered to execute and track timing/gas metrics
-        let (mut db, result) = self.metered(|| {
-            let res = f();
-            let gas_used = res.as_ref().map(|r| r.1.gas_used).unwrap_or(0);
-            (gas_used, res)
-        })?;
-
-        // merge transitions into bundle state
-        debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "merge transitions")
-            .entered()
-            .in_scope(|| db.borrow_mut().merge_transitions(BundleRetention::Reverts));
-        let output = BlockExecutionOutput { result, state: db.borrow_mut().take_bundle() };
+        // Update gas metrics
+        self.executor.gas_processed_total.increment(gas_used);
+        self.executor.gas_per_second.set(gas_used as f64 / execution_secs);
+        self.executor.gas_used_histogram.record(gas_used as f64);
+        self.executor.execution_histogram.record(execution_secs);
+        self.executor.execution_duration.set(execution_secs);
 
         // Update the metrics for the number of accounts, storage slots and bytecodes updated
         let accounts = output.state.state.len();
@@ -140,8 +53,31 @@ impl EngineApiMetrics {
         self.executor.accounts_updated_histogram.record(accounts as f64);
         self.executor.storage_slots_updated_histogram.record(storage_slots as f64);
         self.executor.bytecodes_updated_histogram.record(bytecodes as f64);
+    }
 
-        Ok((output, senders))
+    /// Returns a reference to the executor metrics for use in state hooks.
+    pub(crate) const fn executor_metrics(&self) -> &ExecutorMetrics {
+        &self.executor
+    }
+
+    /// Records the duration of block pre-execution changes (e.g., beacon root update).
+    pub(crate) fn record_pre_execution(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.pre_execution_histogram.record(elapsed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records the duration of block post-execution changes (e.g., finalization).
+    pub(crate) fn record_post_execution(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.post_execution_histogram.record(elapsed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records the time spent waiting for the next transaction from the iterator.
+    pub(crate) fn record_transaction_wait(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.transaction_wait_histogram.record(elapsed);
+    }
+
+    /// Records the duration of a single transaction execution.
+    pub(crate) fn record_transaction_execution(&self, elapsed: Duration) {
+        self.executor.transaction_execution_histogram.record(elapsed);
     }
 }
 
@@ -197,6 +133,12 @@ pub(crate) struct EngineMetrics {
 #[derive(Metrics)]
 #[metrics(scope = "consensus.engine.beacon")]
 pub(crate) struct ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
+    /// Finish time of the latest forkchoice updated call.
+    #[metric(skip)]
+    pub(crate) latest_finish_at: Option<Instant>,
+    /// Start time of the latest forkchoice updated call.
+    #[metric(skip)]
+    pub(crate) latest_start_at: Option<Instant>,
     /// The total count of forkchoice updated messages received.
     pub(crate) forkchoice_updated_messages: Counter,
     /// The total count of forkchoice updated messages with payload received.
@@ -219,18 +161,35 @@ pub(crate) struct ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
     pub(crate) forkchoice_updated_last: Gauge,
     /// Time diff between new payload call response and the next forkchoice updated call request.
     pub(crate) new_payload_forkchoice_updated_time_diff: Histogram,
+    /// Time from previous forkchoice updated finish to current forkchoice updated start (idle
+    /// time).
+    pub(crate) time_between_forkchoice_updated: Histogram,
+    /// Time from previous forkchoice updated start to current forkchoice updated start (total
+    /// interval).
+    pub(crate) forkchoice_updated_interval: Histogram,
 }
 
 impl ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
     /// Increment the forkchoiceUpdated counter based on the given result
     pub(crate) fn update_response_metrics(
-        &self,
+        &mut self,
         start: Instant,
         latest_new_payload_at: &mut Option<Instant>,
         has_attrs: bool,
         result: &Result<TreeOutcome<OnForkChoiceUpdated>, ProviderError>,
     ) {
-        let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+        let finish = Instant::now();
+        let elapsed = finish - start;
+
+        if let Some(prev_finish) = self.latest_finish_at {
+            self.time_between_forkchoice_updated.record(start - prev_finish);
+        }
+        if let Some(prev_start) = self.latest_start_at {
+            self.forkchoice_updated_interval.record(start - prev_start);
+        }
+        self.latest_finish_at = Some(finish);
+        self.latest_start_at = Some(start);
+
         match result {
             Ok(outcome) => match outcome.outcome.forkchoice_status() {
                 ForkchoiceStatus::Valid => self.forkchoice_updated_valid.increment(1),
@@ -257,7 +216,10 @@ impl ForkchoiceUpdatedMetrics {
 pub(crate) struct NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
     /// Finish time of the latest new payload call.
     #[metric(skip)]
-    pub(crate) latest_at: Option<Instant>,
+    pub(crate) latest_finish_at: Option<Instant>,
+    /// Start time of the latest new payload call.
+    #[metric(skip)]
+    pub(crate) latest_start_at: Option<Instant>,
     /// The total count of new payload messages received.
     pub(crate) new_payload_messages: Counter,
     /// The total count of new payload messages that we responded to with
@@ -285,6 +247,10 @@ pub(crate) struct NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
     pub(crate) new_payload_latency: Histogram,
     /// Latency for the last new payload call.
     pub(crate) new_payload_last: Gauge,
+    /// Time from previous payload finish to current payload start (idle time).
+    pub(crate) time_between_new_payloads: Histogram,
+    /// Time from previous payload start to current payload start (total interval).
+    pub(crate) new_payload_interval: Histogram,
 }
 
 impl NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
@@ -298,7 +264,14 @@ impl NewPayloadStatusMetrics {
         let finish = Instant::now();
         let elapsed = finish - start;
 
-        self.latest_at = Some(finish);
+        if let Some(prev_finish) = self.latest_finish_at {
+            self.time_between_new_payloads.record(start - prev_finish);
+        }
+        if let Some(prev_start) = self.latest_start_at {
+            self.new_payload_interval.record(start - prev_start);
+        }
+        self.latest_finish_at = Some(finish);
+        self.latest_start_at = Some(start);
         match result {
             Ok(outcome) => match outcome.outcome.status {
                 PayloadStatusEnum::Valid => {
@@ -334,10 +307,6 @@ pub(crate) struct BlockValidationMetrics {
     pub(crate) state_root_histogram: Histogram,
     /// Histogram of deferred trie computation duration.
     pub(crate) deferred_trie_compute_duration: Histogram,
-    /// Histogram of time spent waiting for deferred trie data to become available.
-    pub(crate) deferred_trie_wait_duration: Histogram,
-    /// Trie input computation duration
-    pub(crate) trie_input_duration: Histogram,
     /// Payload conversion and validation latency
     pub(crate) payload_validation_duration: Gauge,
     /// Histogram of payload validation latency
@@ -387,134 +356,10 @@ pub(crate) struct BlockBufferMetrics {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use alloy_eips::eip7685::Requests;
-    use alloy_evm::block::StateChangeSource;
-    use alloy_primitives::{B256, U256};
     use metrics_util::debugging::{DebuggingRecorder, Snapshotter};
-    use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Receipt, TransactionSigned};
-    use reth_evm_ethereum::EthEvm;
+    use reth_ethereum_primitives::Receipt;
     use reth_execution_types::BlockExecutionResult;
-    use reth_primitives_traits::RecoveredBlock;
-    use revm::{
-        context::result::{ExecutionResult, Output, ResultAndState, SuccessReason},
-        database::State,
-        database_interface::EmptyDB,
-        inspector::NoOpInspector,
-        state::{Account, AccountInfo, AccountStatus, EvmState, EvmStorage, EvmStorageSlot},
-        Context, MainBuilder, MainContext,
-    };
-    use revm_primitives::Bytes;
-    use std::sync::mpsc;
-
-    /// A simple mock executor for testing that doesn't require complex EVM setup
-    struct MockExecutor {
-        state: EvmState,
-        hook: Option<Box<dyn OnStateHook>>,
-    }
-
-    impl MockExecutor {
-        fn new(state: EvmState) -> Self {
-            Self { state, hook: None }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Mock Evm type for testing
-    type MockEvm = EthEvm<State<EmptyDB>, NoOpInspector>;
-
-    impl BlockExecutor for MockExecutor {
-        type Transaction = TransactionSigned;
-        type Receipt = Receipt;
-        type Evm = MockEvm;
-
-        fn apply_pre_execution_changes(&mut self) -> Result<(), BlockExecutionError> {
-            Ok(())
-        }
-
-        fn execute_transaction_without_commit(
-            &mut self,
-            _tx: impl ExecutableTx<Self>,
-        ) -> Result<ResultAndState<<Self::Evm as Evm>::HaltReason>, BlockExecutionError> {
-            // Call hook with our mock state for each transaction
-            if let Some(hook) = self.hook.as_mut() {
-                hook.on_state(StateChangeSource::Transaction(0), &self.state);
-            }
-
-            Ok(ResultAndState::new(
-                ExecutionResult::Success {
-                    reason: SuccessReason::Return,
-                    gas_used: 1000, // Mock gas used
-                    gas_refunded: 0,
-                    logs: vec![],
-                    output: Output::Call(Bytes::from(vec![])),
-                },
-                Default::default(),
-            ))
-        }
-
-        fn commit_transaction(
-            &mut self,
-            _output: ResultAndState<<Self::Evm as Evm>::HaltReason>,
-            _tx: impl ExecutableTx<Self>,
-        ) -> Result<u64, BlockExecutionError> {
-            Ok(1000)
-        }
-
-        fn finish(
-            self,
-        ) -> Result<(Self::Evm, BlockExecutionResult<Self::Receipt>), BlockExecutionError> {
-            let Self { hook, state, .. } = self;
-
-            // Call hook with our mock state
-            if let Some(mut hook) = hook {
-                hook.on_state(StateChangeSource::Transaction(0), &state);
-            }
-
-            // Create a mock EVM
-            let db = State::builder()
-                .with_database(EmptyDB::default())
-                .with_bundle_update()
-                .without_state_clear()
-                .build();
-            let evm = EthEvm::new(
-                Context::mainnet().with_db(db).build_mainnet_with_inspector(NoOpInspector {}),
-                false,
-            );
-
-            // Return successful result like the original tests
-            Ok((
-                evm,
-                BlockExecutionResult {
-                    receipts: vec![],
-                    requests: Requests::default(),
-                    gas_used: 1000,
-                    block_access_list: None,
-                    blob_gas_used: 0,
-                },
-            ))
-        }
-
-        fn set_state_hook(&mut self, hook: Option<Box<dyn OnStateHook>>) {
-            self.hook = hook;
-        }
-
-        fn evm(&self) -> &Self::Evm {
-            panic!("Mock executor evm() not implemented")
-        }
-
-        fn evm_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Evm {
-            panic!("Mock executor evm_mut() not implemented")
-        }
-    }
-
-    struct ChannelStateHook {
-        output: i32,
-        sender: mpsc::Sender<i32>,
-    }
-
-    impl OnStateHook for ChannelStateHook {
-        fn on_state(&mut self, _source: StateChangeSource, _state: &EvmState) {
-            let _ = self.sender.send(self.output);
-        }
-    }
+    use reth_revm::db::BundleState;
 
     fn setup_test_recorder() -> Snapshotter {
         let recorder = DebuggingRecorder::new();
@@ -524,37 +369,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn test_executor_metrics_hook_called() {
-        let metrics = EngineApiMetrics::default();
-        let input = RecoveredBlock::<reth_ethereum_primitives::Block>::default();
-
-        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
-        let expected_output = 42;
-        let state_hook = Box::new(ChannelStateHook { sender: tx, output: expected_output });
-
-        let state = EvmState::default();
-        let executor = MockExecutor::new(state);
-
-        // This will fail to create the EVM but should still call the hook
-        let _result = metrics.execute_metered::<_, EmptyDB>(
-            executor,
-            input.clone_transactions_recovered().map(Ok::<_, BlockExecutionError>),
-            input.transaction_count(),
-            state_hook,
-        );
-
-        // Check if hook was called (it might not be if finish() fails early)
-        match rx.try_recv() {
-            Ok(actual_output) => assert_eq!(actual_output, expected_output),
-            Err(_) => {
-                // Hook wasn't called, which is expected if the mock fails early
-                // The test still validates that the code compiles and runs
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_executor_metrics_hook_metrics_recorded() {
+    fn test_record_block_execution_metrics() {
         let snapshotter = setup_test_recorder();
         let metrics = EngineApiMetrics::default();
 
@@ -563,44 +378,17 @@ mod tests {
         metrics.executor.gas_per_second.set(0.0);
         metrics.executor.gas_used_histogram.record(0.0);
 
-        let input = RecoveredBlock::<reth_ethereum_primitives::Block>::default();
-
-        let (tx, _rx) = mpsc::channel();
-        let state_hook = Box::new(ChannelStateHook { sender: tx, output: 42 });
-
-        // Create a state with some data
-        let state = {
-            let mut state = EvmState::default();
-            let storage =
-                EvmStorage::from_iter([(U256::from(1), EvmStorageSlot::new(U256::from(2), 0))]);
-            state.insert(
-                Default::default(),
-                Account {
-                    info: AccountInfo {
-                        balance: U256::from(100),
-                        nonce: 10,
-                        code_hash: B256::random(),
-                        code: Default::default(),
-                        account_id: None,
-                    },
-                    storage,
-                    status: AccountStatus::default(),
-                    transaction_id: 0,
-                    ..Default::default()
-                },
-            );
-            state
+        let output = BlockExecutionOutput::<Receipt> {
+            state: BundleState::default(),
+            result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                receipts: vec![],
+                requests: Requests::default(),
+                gas_used: 21000,
+                blob_gas_used: 0,
+            },
         };
 
-        let executor = MockExecutor::new(state);
-
-        // Execute (will fail but should still update some metrics)
-        let _result = metrics.execute_metered::<_, EmptyDB>(
-            executor,
-            input.clone_transactions_recovered().map(Ok::<_, BlockExecutionError>),
-            input.transaction_count(),
-            state_hook,
-        );
+        metrics.record_block_execution(&output, Duration::from_millis(100));
 
         let snapshot = snapshotter.snapshot().into_vec();
 

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/mod.rs

@@ -30,11 +30,14 @@ use reth_payload_primitives::{
 };
 use reth_primitives_traits::{NodePrimitives, RecoveredBlock, SealedBlock, SealedHeader};
 use reth_provider::{
-    BlockReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError, StateProviderBox,
-    StateProviderFactory, StateReader, TransactionVariant, TrieReader,
+    BlockExecutionOutput, BlockExecutionResult, BlockNumReader, BlockReader, ChangeSetReader,
+    DatabaseProviderFactory, HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError, StageCheckpointReader,
+    StateProviderBox, StateProviderFactory, StateReader, StorageChangeSetReader,
+    TransactionVariant,
 };
 use reth_revm::database::StateProviderDatabase;
 use reth_stages_api::ControlFlow;
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use revm::state::EvmState;
 use state::TreeState;
 use std::{fmt::Debug, ops, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
@@ -82,6 +85,12 @@ pub mod state;
 /// backfill this gap.
 pub(crate) const MIN_BLOCKS_FOR_PIPELINE_RUN: u64 = EPOCH_SLOTS;
 
+/// The minimum number of blocks to retain in the changeset cache after eviction.
+///
+/// This ensures that recent trie changesets are kept in memory for potential reorgs,
+/// even when the finalized block is not set (e.g., on L2s like Optimism).
+const CHANGESET_CACHE_RETENTION_BLOCKS: u64 = 64;
+
 /// A builder for creating state providers that can be used across threads.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct StateProviderBuilder<N: NodePrimitives, P> {
@@ -271,6 +280,8 @@ where
     engine_kind: EngineApiKind,
     /// The EVM configuration.
     evm_config: C,
+    /// Changeset cache for in-memory trie changesets
+    changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
 }
 
 impl<N, P: Debug, T: PayloadTypes + Debug, V: Debug, C> std::fmt::Debug
@@ -295,6 +306,7 @@ where
             .field("metrics", &self.metrics)
             .field("engine_kind", &self.engine_kind)
             .field("evm_config", &self.evm_config)
+            .field("changeset_cache", &self.changeset_cache)
             .finish()
     }
 }
@@ -307,11 +319,13 @@ where
         + StateProviderFactory
         + StateReader<Receipt = N::Receipt>
         + HashedPostStateProvider
-        + TrieReader
         + Clone
         + 'static,
-    <P as DatabaseProviderFactory>::Provider:
-        BlockReader<Block = N::Block, Header = N::BlockHeader>,
+    <P as DatabaseProviderFactory>::Provider: BlockReader<Block = N::Block, Header = N::BlockHeader>
+        + StageCheckpointReader
+        + ChangeSetReader
+        + StorageChangeSetReader
+        + BlockNumReader,
     C: ConfigureEvm<Primitives = N> + 'static,
     T: PayloadTypes<BuiltPayload: BuiltPayload<Primitives = N>>,
     V: EngineValidator<T>,
@@ -331,6 +345,7 @@ where
         config: TreeConfig,
         engine_kind: EngineApiKind,
         evm_config: C,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> Self {
         let (incoming_tx, incoming) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
 
@@ -351,6 +366,7 @@ where
             incoming_tx,
             engine_kind,
             evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
         }
     }
 
@@ -370,6 +386,7 @@ where
         config: TreeConfig,
         kind: EngineApiKind,
         evm_config: C,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> (Sender<FromEngine<EngineApiRequest<T, N>, N::Block>>, UnboundedReceiver<EngineApiEvent<N>>)
     {
         let best_block_number = provider.best_block_number().unwrap_or(0);
@@ -401,6 +418,7 @@ where
             config,
             kind,
             evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
         );
         let incoming = task.incoming_tx.clone();
         std::thread::Builder::new().name("Engine Task".to_string()).spawn(|| task.run()).unwrap();
@@ -582,7 +600,7 @@ where
         //      null}` if the expected and the actual arrays don't match.
         //
         // This validation **MUST** be instantly run in all cases even during active sync process.
-        tracing::debug!("Payload received {:?}", payload);
+
         let num_hash = payload.num_hash();
         let engine_event = ConsensusEngineEvent::BlockReceived(num_hash);
         self.emit_event(EngineApiEvent::BeaconConsensus(engine_event));
@@ -591,7 +609,6 @@ where
 
         // Check for invalid ancestors
         if let Some(invalid) = self.find_invalid_ancestor(&payload) {
-            tracing::debug!(target: "engine::tree", ?invalid, "found invalid ancestor for payload");
             let status = self.handle_invalid_ancestor_payload(payload, invalid)?;
             return Ok(TreeOutcome::new(status));
         }
@@ -600,7 +617,6 @@ where
         self.metrics.block_validation.record_payload_validation(start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
 
         let status = if self.backfill_sync_state.is_idle() {
-            tracing::debug!(target: "engine::tree", "inserting payload directly");
             self.try_insert_payload(payload)?
         } else {
             self.try_buffer_payload(payload)?
@@ -639,7 +655,7 @@ where
         let parent_hash = payload.parent_hash();
         let mut latest_valid_hash = None;
 
-        match self.insert_payload(payload.clone()) {
+        match self.insert_payload(payload) {
             Ok(status) => {
                 let status = match status {
                     InsertPayloadOk::Inserted(BlockStatus::Valid) => {
@@ -661,10 +677,7 @@ where
                 Ok(PayloadStatus::new(status, latest_valid_hash))
             }
             Err(error) => match error {
-                InsertPayloadError::Block(error) => {
-                    tracing::debug!("payload in new payload l 617 {:?}", payload);
-                    Ok(self.on_insert_block_error(error)?)
-                }
+                InsertPayloadError::Block(error) => Ok(self.on_insert_block_error(error)?),
                 InsertPayloadError::Payload(error) => {
                     Ok(self.on_new_payload_error(error, num_hash, parent_hash)?)
                 }
@@ -1370,6 +1383,29 @@ where
 
         debug!(target: "engine::tree", ?last_persisted_block_hash, ?last_persisted_block_number, elapsed=?start_time.elapsed(), "Finished persisting, calling finish");
         self.persistence_state.finish(last_persisted_block_hash, last_persisted_block_number);
+
+        // Evict trie changesets for blocks below the eviction threshold.
+        // Keep at least CHANGESET_CACHE_RETENTION_BLOCKS from the persisted tip, and also respect
+        // the finalized block if set.
+        let min_threshold =
+            last_persisted_block_number.saturating_sub(CHANGESET_CACHE_RETENTION_BLOCKS);
+        let eviction_threshold =
+            if let Some(finalized) = self.canonical_in_memory_state.get_finalized_num_hash() {
+                // Use the minimum of finalized block and retention threshold to be conservative
+                finalized.number.min(min_threshold)
+            } else {
+                // When finalized is not set (e.g., on L2s), use the retention threshold
+                min_threshold
+            };
+        debug!(
+            target: "engine::tree",
+            last_persisted = last_persisted_block_number,
+            finalized_number = ?self.canonical_in_memory_state.get_finalized_num_hash().map(|f| f.number),
+            eviction_threshold,
+            "Evicting changesets below threshold"
+        );
+        self.changeset_cache.evict(eviction_threshold);
+
         self.on_new_persisted_block()?;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1458,7 +1494,7 @@ where
 
                                 self.metrics.engine.forkchoice_updated.update_response_metrics(
                                     start,
-                                    &mut self.metrics.engine.new_payload.latest_at,
+                                    &mut self.metrics.engine.new_payload.latest_finish_at,
                                     has_attrs,
                                     &output,
                                 );
@@ -1656,6 +1692,18 @@ where
                 )));
                 return Ok(());
             }
+        } else {
+            // We don't have the head block or any of its ancestors buffered. Request
+            // a download for the head block which will then trigger further sync.
+            debug!(
+                target: "engine::tree",
+                head_hash = %sync_target_state.head_block_hash,
+                "Backfill complete but head block not buffered, requesting download"
+            );
+            self.emit_event(EngineApiEvent::Download(DownloadRequest::single_block(
+                sync_target_state.head_block_hash,
+            )));
+            return Ok(());
         }
 
         // try to close the gap by executing buffered blocks that are child blocks of the new head
@@ -1823,6 +1871,7 @@ where
     /// or the database. If the required historical data (such as trie change sets) has been
     /// pruned for a given block, this operation will return an error. On archive nodes, it
     /// can retrieve any block.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree", skip(self))]
     fn canonical_block_by_hash(&self, hash: B256) -> ProviderResult<Option<ExecutedBlock<N>>> {
         trace!(target: "engine::tree", ?hash, "Fetching executed block by hash");
         // check memory first
@@ -1835,12 +1884,23 @@ where
             .sealed_block_with_senders(hash.into(), TransactionVariant::WithHash)?
             .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::HeaderNotFound(hash.into()))?
             .split_sealed();
-        let execution_output = self
+        let mut execution_output = self
             .provider
             .get_state(block.header().number())?
             .ok_or_else(|| ProviderError::StateForNumberNotFound(block.header().number()))?;
         let hashed_state = self.provider.hashed_post_state(execution_output.state());
-        let trie_updates = self.provider.get_block_trie_updates(block.number())?;
+
+        debug!(
+            target: "engine::tree",
+            number = ?block.number(),
+            "computing block trie updates",
+        );
+        let db_provider = self.provider.database_provider_ro()?;
+        let trie_updates = reth_trie_db::compute_block_trie_updates(
+            &self.changeset_cache,
+            &db_provider,
+            block.number(),
+        )?;
 
         let sorted_hashed_state = Arc::new(hashed_state.into_sorted());
         let sorted_trie_updates = Arc::new(trie_updates);
@@ -1848,9 +1908,19 @@ where
         let trie_data =
             ComputedTrieData::without_trie_input(sorted_hashed_state, sorted_trie_updates);
 
+        let execution_output = Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput {
+            state: execution_output.bundle,
+            result: BlockExecutionResult {
+                receipts: execution_output.receipts.pop().unwrap_or_default(),
+                requests: execution_output.requests.pop().unwrap_or_default(),
+                gas_used: block.gas_used(),
+                blob_gas_used: block.blob_gas_used().unwrap_or_default(),
+            },
+        });
+
         Ok(Some(ExecutedBlock::new(
             Arc::new(RecoveredBlock::new_sealed(block, senders)),
-            Arc::new(execution_output),
+            execution_output,
             trie_data,
         )))
     }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/bal.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, Address, StorageKey, U256};
 use reth_primitives_traits::Account;
 use reth_provider::{AccountReader, ProviderError};
 use reth_trie::{HashedPostState, HashedStorage};
-use revm_primitives::B256;
 use std::ops::Range;
 
 /// Returns the total number of storage slots (both changed and read-only) across all accounts in
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ impl<'a> Iterator for BALSlotIter<'a> {
                     return None;
                 }
 
-                return Some((address, slot.into()));
+                return Some((address, StorageKey::from(slot)));
             }
 
             // Move to next account
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ where
             let mut storage_map = HashedStorage::new(false);
 
             for slot_changes in &account_changes.storage_changes {
-                let hashed_slot = keccak256(B256::from(slot_changes.slot));
+                let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot_changes.slot.to_be_bytes::<32>());
 
                 // Get the last change for this slot
                 if let Some(last_change) = slot_changes.changes.last() {
@@ -199,7 +198,7 @@ mod tests {
     use alloy_eip7928::{
         AccountChanges, BalanceChange, CodeChange, NonceChange, SlotChanges, StorageChange,
     };
-    use alloy_primitives::{Address, Bytes, B256};
+    use alloy_primitives::{Address, Bytes, StorageKey, B256};
     use reth_revm::test_utils::StateProviderTest;
 
     #[test]
@@ -257,7 +256,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(result.storages.contains_key(&hashed_address));
 
         let storage = result.storages.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
-        let hashed_slot = keccak256(B256::from(slot));
+        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot.to_be_bytes::<32>());
 
         let stored_value = storage.storage.get(&hashed_slot).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(*stored_value, value);
@@ -417,7 +416,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let hashed_address = keccak256(address);
         let storage = result.storages.get(&hashed_address).unwrap();
-        let hashed_slot = keccak256(B256::from(slot));
+        let hashed_slot = keccak256(slot.to_be_bytes::<32>());
 
         let stored_value = storage.storage.get(&hashed_slot).unwrap();
 

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/mod.rs

@@ -15,23 +15,26 @@ use crate::tree::{
 };
 use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use alloy_eips::eip1898::BlockWithParent;
-use alloy_evm::{block::StateChangeSource, ToTxEnv};
+use alloy_evm::block::StateChangeSource;
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
 use executor::WorkloadExecutor;
+use metrics::Counter;
 use multiproof::{SparseTrieUpdate, *};
 use parking_lot::RwLock;
 use prewarm::PrewarmMetrics;
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 use reth_evm::{
+    block::ExecutableTxParts,
     execute::{ExecutableTxFor, WithTxEnv},
     ConfigureEvm, EvmEnvFor, ExecutableTxIterator, ExecutableTxTuple, OnStateHook, SpecFor,
     TxEnvFor,
 };
-use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
+use reth_metrics::Metrics;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
 use reth_provider::{
-    BlockReader, DatabaseProviderROFactory, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
+    BlockExecutionOutput, BlockReader, DatabaseProviderROFactory, StateProvider,
+    StateProviderFactory, StateReader,
 };
 use reth_revm::{db::BundleState, state::EvmState};
 use reth_trie::{hashed_cursor::HashedCursorFactory, trie_cursor::TrieCursorFactory};
@@ -61,6 +64,7 @@ mod configured_sparse_trie;
 pub mod executor;
 pub mod multiproof;
 pub mod prewarm;
+pub mod receipt_root_task;
 pub mod sparse_trie;
 
 use configured_sparse_trie::ConfiguredSparseTrie;
@@ -98,7 +102,7 @@ pub const SPARSE_TRIE_MAX_VALUES_SHRINK_CAPACITY: usize = 1_000_000;
 
 /// Type alias for [`PayloadHandle`] returned by payload processor spawn methods.
 type IteratorPayloadHandle<Evm, I, N> = PayloadHandle<
-    WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, <I as ExecutableTxTuple>::Tx>,
+    WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, <I as ExecutableTxIterator<Evm>>::Recovered>,
     <I as ExecutableTxTuple>::Error,
     <N as NodePrimitives>::Receipt,
 >;
@@ -138,6 +142,8 @@ where
     disable_parallel_sparse_trie: bool,
     /// Maximum concurrency for prewarm task.
     prewarm_max_concurrency: usize,
+    /// Whether to disable cache metrics recording.
+    disable_cache_metrics: bool,
 }
 
 impl<N, Evm> PayloadProcessor<Evm>
@@ -170,6 +176,7 @@ where
             sparse_state_trie: Arc::default(),
             disable_parallel_sparse_trie: config.disable_parallel_sparse_trie(),
             prewarm_max_concurrency: config.prewarm_max_concurrency(),
+            disable_cache_metrics: config.disable_cache_metrics(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -241,6 +248,9 @@ where
         let (to_sparse_trie, sparse_trie_rx) = channel();
         let (to_multi_proof, from_multi_proof) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
 
+        // Extract V2 proofs flag early so we can pass it to prewarm
+        let v2_proofs_enabled = config.enable_proof_v2();
+
         // Handle BAL-based optimization if available
         let prewarm_handle = if let Some(bal) = bal {
             // When BAL is present, use BAL prewarming and send BAL to multiproof
@@ -257,6 +267,7 @@ where
                 provider_builder.clone(),
                 None, // Don't send proof targets when BAL is present
                 Some(bal),
+                v2_proofs_enabled,
             )
         } else {
             // Normal path: spawn with transaction prewarming
@@ -267,6 +278,7 @@ where
                 provider_builder.clone(),
                 Some(to_multi_proof.clone()),
                 None,
+                v2_proofs_enabled,
             )
         };
 
@@ -274,7 +286,6 @@ where
         let task_ctx = ProofTaskCtx::new(multiproof_provider_factory);
         let storage_worker_count = config.storage_worker_count();
         let account_worker_count = config.account_worker_count();
-        let v2_proofs_enabled = config.enable_proof_v2();
         let proof_handle = ProofWorkerHandle::new(
             self.executor.handle().clone(),
             task_ctx,
@@ -286,10 +297,13 @@ where
         let multi_proof_task = MultiProofTask::new(
             proof_handle.clone(),
             to_sparse_trie,
-            config.multiproof_chunking_enabled().then_some(config.multiproof_chunk_size()),
+            config
+                .multiproof_chunking_enabled()
+                .then_some(config.effective_multiproof_chunk_size()),
             to_multi_proof.clone(),
             from_multi_proof,
-        );
+        )
+        .with_v2_proofs_enabled(v2_proofs_enabled);
 
         // spawn multi-proof task
         let parent_span = span.clone();
@@ -299,7 +313,7 @@ where
             // Build a state provider for the multiproof task
             let provider = provider_builder.build().expect("failed to build provider");
             let provider = if let Some(saved_cache) = saved_cache {
-                let (cache, metrics) = saved_cache.split();
+                let (cache, metrics, _) = saved_cache.split();
                 Box::new(CachedStateProvider::new(provider, cache, metrics))
                     as Box<dyn StateProvider>
             } else {
@@ -338,8 +352,9 @@ where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
     {
         let (prewarm_rx, execution_rx, size_hint) = self.spawn_tx_iterator(transactions);
+        // This path doesn't use multiproof, so V2 proofs flag doesn't matter
         let prewarm_handle =
-            self.spawn_caching_with(env, prewarm_rx, size_hint, provider_builder, None, bal);
+            self.spawn_caching_with(env, prewarm_rx, size_hint, provider_builder, None, bal, false);
         PayloadHandle {
             to_multi_proof: None,
             prewarm_handle,
@@ -355,8 +370,8 @@ where
         &self,
         transactions: I,
     ) -> (
-        mpsc::Receiver<WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, I::Tx>>,
-        mpsc::Receiver<Result<WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, I::Tx>, I::Error>>,
+        mpsc::Receiver<WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, I::Recovered>>,
+        mpsc::Receiver<Result<WithTxEnv<TxEnvFor<Evm>, I::Recovered>, I::Error>>,
         usize,
     ) {
         let (transactions, convert) = transactions.into();
@@ -371,7 +386,10 @@ where
         self.executor.spawn_blocking(move || {
             transactions.enumerate().for_each_with(ooo_tx, |ooo_tx, (idx, tx)| {
                 let tx = convert(tx);
-                let tx = tx.map(|tx| WithTxEnv { tx_env: tx.to_tx_env(), tx: Arc::new(tx) });
+                let tx = tx.map(|tx| {
+                    let (tx_env, tx) = tx.into_parts();
+                    WithTxEnv { tx_env, tx: Arc::new(tx) }
+                });
                 // Only send Ok(_) variants to prewarming task.
                 if let Ok(tx) = &tx {
                     let _ = prewarm_tx.send(tx.clone());
@@ -406,6 +424,7 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Spawn prewarming optionally wired to the multiproof task for target updates.
+    #[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     fn spawn_caching_with<P>(
         &self,
         env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
@@ -414,6 +433,7 @@ where
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
         to_multi_proof: Option<CrossbeamSender<MultiProofMessage>>,
         bal: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
+        v2_proofs_enabled: bool,
     ) -> CacheTaskHandle<N::Receipt>
     where
         P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
@@ -436,6 +456,7 @@ where
             terminate_execution: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
             precompile_cache_disabled: self.precompile_cache_disabled,
             precompile_cache_map: self.precompile_cache_map.clone(),
+            v2_proofs_enabled,
         };
 
         let (prewarm_task, to_prewarm_task) = PrewarmCacheTask::new(
@@ -476,6 +497,7 @@ where
             debug!("creating new execution cache on cache miss");
             let cache = ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(self.cross_block_cache_size);
             SavedCache::new(parent_hash, cache, CachedStateMetrics::zeroed())
+                .with_disable_cache_metrics(self.disable_cache_metrics)
         }
     }
 
@@ -557,6 +579,7 @@ where
         block_with_parent: BlockWithParent,
         bundle_state: &BundleState,
     ) {
+        let disable_cache_metrics = self.disable_cache_metrics;
         self.execution_cache.update_with_guard(|cached| {
             if cached.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| c.executed_block_hash() != block_with_parent.parent) {
                 debug!(
@@ -570,7 +593,8 @@ where
             // Take existing cache (if any) or create fresh caches
             let (caches, cache_metrics) = match cached.take() {
                 Some(existing) => {
-                    existing.split()
+                    let (c, m, _) = existing.split();
+                    (c, m)
                 }
                 None => (
                     ExecutionCacheBuilder::default().build_caches(self.cross_block_cache_size),
@@ -579,7 +603,8 @@ where
             };
 
             // Insert the block's bundle state into cache
-            let new_cache = SavedCache::new(block_with_parent.block.hash, caches, cache_metrics);
+            let new_cache = SavedCache::new(block_with_parent.block.hash, caches, cache_metrics)
+                .with_disable_cache_metrics(disable_cache_metrics);
             if new_cache.cache().insert_state(bundle_state).is_err() {
                 *cached = None;
                 debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on update error");
@@ -665,13 +690,15 @@ impl<Tx, Err, R: Send + Sync + 'static> PayloadHandle<Tx, Err, R> {
 
     /// Terminates the entire caching task.
     ///
-    /// If the [`ExecutionOutcome`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
+    /// If the [`BlockExecutionOutput`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
     /// bundle state. Using `Arc<ExecutionOutcome>` allows sharing with the main execution
     /// path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a sender for the channel that should be notified on block validation success.
     pub(super) fn terminate_caching(
         &mut self,
-        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
-    ) {
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<R>>>,
+    ) -> Option<mpsc::Sender<()>> {
         self.prewarm_handle.terminate_caching(execution_outcome)
     }
 
@@ -707,15 +734,21 @@ impl<R: Send + Sync + 'static> CacheTaskHandle<R> {
 
     /// Terminates the entire pre-warming task.
     ///
-    /// If the [`ExecutionOutcome`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
+    /// If the [`BlockExecutionOutput`] is provided it will update the shared cache using its
     /// bundle state. Using `Arc<ExecutionOutcome>` avoids cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
+    #[must_use = "sender must be used and notified on block validation success"]
     pub(super) fn terminate_caching(
         &mut self,
-        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
-    ) {
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<R>>>,
+    ) -> Option<mpsc::Sender<()>> {
         if let Some(tx) = self.to_prewarm_task.take() {
-            let event = PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome };
+            let (valid_block_tx, valid_block_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+            let event = PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome, valid_block_rx };
             let _ = tx.send(event);
+
+            Some(valid_block_tx)
+        } else {
+            None
         }
     }
 }
@@ -724,7 +757,10 @@ impl<R> Drop for CacheTaskHandle<R> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         // Ensure we always terminate on drop - send None without needing Send + Sync bounds
         if let Some(tx) = self.to_prewarm_task.take() {
-            let _ = tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome: None });
+            let _ = tx.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate {
+                execution_outcome: None,
+                valid_block_rx: mpsc::channel().1,
+            });
         }
     }
 }
@@ -758,6 +794,8 @@ impl<R> Drop for CacheTaskHandle<R> {
 struct ExecutionCache {
     /// Guarded cloneable cache identified by a block hash.
     inner: Arc<RwLock<Option<SavedCache>>>,
+    /// Metrics for cache operations.
+    metrics: ExecutionCacheMetrics,
 }
 
 impl ExecutionCache {
@@ -799,6 +837,10 @@ impl ExecutionCache {
             if hash_matches && available {
                 return Some(c.clone());
             }
+
+            if hash_matches && !available {
+                self.metrics.execution_cache_in_use.increment(1);
+            }
         } else {
             debug!(target: "engine::caching", %parent_hash, "No cache found");
         }
@@ -834,6 +876,15 @@ impl ExecutionCache {
     }
 }
 
+/// Metrics for execution cache operations.
+#[derive(Metrics, Clone)]
+#[metrics(scope = "consensus.engine.beacon")]
+pub(crate) struct ExecutionCacheMetrics {
+    /// Counter for when the execution cache was unavailable because other threads
+    /// (e.g., prewarming) are still using it.
+    pub(crate) execution_cache_in_use: Counter,
+}
+
 /// EVM context required to execute a block.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ExecutionEnv<Evm: ConfigureEvm> {
@@ -886,6 +937,7 @@ mod tests {
     use reth_revm::db::BundleState;
     use reth_testing_utils::generators;
     use reth_trie::{test_utils::state_root, HashedPostState};
+    use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
     use revm_primitives::{Address, HashMap, B256, KECCAK_EMPTY, U256};
     use revm_state::{AccountInfo, AccountStatus, EvmState, EvmStorageSlot};
     use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -1060,10 +1112,10 @@ mod tests {
                         code: Some(Default::default()),
                         account_id: None,
                     },
+                    original_info: Box::new(AccountInfo::default()),
                     storage,
                     status: AccountStatus::Touched,
                     transaction_id: 0,
-                    ..Default::default()
                 };
 
                 state_update.insert(address, account);
@@ -1143,7 +1195,7 @@ mod tests {
                 std::convert::identity,
             ),
             StateProviderBuilder::new(provider_factory.clone(), genesis_hash, None),
-            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory),
+            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(provider_factory, ChangesetCache::new()),
             &TreeConfig::default(),
             None, // No BAL for test
         );

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/prewarm.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::tree::{
     payload_processor::{
         bal::{total_slots, BALSlotIter},
         executor::WorkloadExecutor,
-        multiproof::MultiProofMessage,
+        multiproof::{MultiProofMessage, VersionedMultiProofTargets},
         ExecutionCache as PayloadExecutionCache,
     },
     precompile_cache::{CachedPrecompile, PrecompileCacheMap},
@@ -29,11 +29,13 @@ use alloy_evm::Database;
 use alloy_primitives::{keccak256, map::B256Set, B256};
 use crossbeam_channel::Sender as CrossbeamSender;
 use metrics::{Counter, Gauge, Histogram};
-use reth_evm::{execute::ExecutableTxFor, ConfigureEvm, Evm, EvmFor, SpecFor};
-use reth_execution_types::ExecutionOutcome;
+use reth_evm::{execute::ExecutableTxFor, ConfigureEvm, Evm, EvmFor, RecoveredTx, SpecFor};
 use reth_metrics::Metrics;
 use reth_primitives_traits::NodePrimitives;
-use reth_provider::{AccountReader, BlockReader, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader};
+use reth_provider::{
+    AccountReader, BlockExecutionOutput, BlockReader, StateProvider, StateProviderFactory,
+    StateReader,
+};
 use reth_revm::{database::StateProviderDatabase, state::EvmState};
 use reth_trie::MultiProofTargets;
 use std::{
@@ -235,7 +237,7 @@ where
     }
 
     /// If configured and the tx returned proof targets, emit the targets the transaction produced
-    fn send_multi_proof_targets(&self, targets: Option<MultiProofTargets>) {
+    fn send_multi_proof_targets(&self, targets: Option<VersionedMultiProofTargets>) {
         if self.is_execution_terminated() {
             // if execution is already terminated then we dont need to send more proof fetch
             // messages
@@ -259,7 +261,11 @@ where
     ///
     /// This method is called from `run()` only after all execution tasks are complete.
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", skip_all)]
-    fn save_cache(self, execution_outcome: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>) {
+    fn save_cache(
+        self,
+        execution_outcome: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
+        valid_block_rx: mpsc::Receiver<()>,
+    ) {
         let start = Instant::now();
 
         let Self { execution_cache, ctx: PrewarmContext { env, metrics, saved_cache, .. }, .. } =
@@ -272,12 +278,13 @@ where
             execution_cache.update_with_guard(|cached| {
                 // consumes the `SavedCache` held by the prewarming task, which releases its usage
                 // guard
-                let (caches, cache_metrics) = saved_cache.split();
-                let new_cache = SavedCache::new(hash, caches, cache_metrics);
+                let (caches, cache_metrics, disable_cache_metrics) = saved_cache.split();
+                let new_cache = SavedCache::new(hash, caches, cache_metrics)
+                    .with_disable_cache_metrics(disable_cache_metrics);
 
                 // Insert state into cache while holding the lock
                 // Access the BundleState through the shared ExecutionOutcome
-                if new_cache.cache().insert_state(execution_outcome.state()).is_err() {
+                if new_cache.cache().insert_state(&execution_outcome.state).is_err() {
                     // Clear the cache on error to prevent having a polluted cache
                     *cached = None;
                     debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on update error");
@@ -286,9 +293,16 @@ where
 
                 new_cache.update_metrics();
 
-                // Replace the shared cache with the new one; the previous cache (if any) is
-                // dropped.
-                *cached = Some(new_cache);
+                if valid_block_rx.recv().is_ok() {
+                    // Replace the shared cache with the new one; the previous cache (if any) is
+                    // dropped.
+                    *cached = Some(new_cache);
+                } else {
+                    // Block was invalid; caches were already mutated by insert_state above,
+                    // so we must clear to prevent using polluted state
+                    *cached = None;
+                    debug!(target: "engine::caching", "cleared execution cache on invalid block");
+                }
             });
 
             let elapsed = start.elapsed();
@@ -419,9 +433,10 @@ where
                     // completed executing a set of transactions
                     self.send_multi_proof_targets(proof_targets);
                 }
-                PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome } => {
+                PrewarmTaskEvent::Terminate { execution_outcome, valid_block_rx } => {
                     trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "Received termination signal");
-                    final_execution_outcome = Some(execution_outcome);
+                    final_execution_outcome =
+                        Some(execution_outcome.map(|outcome| (outcome, valid_block_rx)));
 
                     if finished_execution {
                         // all tasks are done, we can exit, which will save caches and exit
@@ -446,8 +461,8 @@ where
         debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "Completed prewarm execution");
 
         // save caches and finish using the shared ExecutionOutcome
-        if let Some(Some(execution_outcome)) = final_execution_outcome {
-            self.save_cache(execution_outcome);
+        if let Some(Some((execution_outcome, valid_block_rx))) = final_execution_outcome {
+            self.save_cache(execution_outcome, valid_block_rx);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -469,6 +484,8 @@ where
     pub(super) terminate_execution: Arc<AtomicBool>,
     pub(super) precompile_cache_disabled: bool,
     pub(super) precompile_cache_map: PrecompileCacheMap<SpecFor<Evm>>,
+    /// Whether V2 proof calculation is enabled.
+    pub(super) v2_proofs_enabled: bool,
 }
 
 impl<N, P, Evm> PrewarmContext<N, P, Evm>
@@ -477,10 +494,12 @@ where
     P: BlockReader + StateProviderFactory + StateReader + Clone + 'static,
     Evm: ConfigureEvm<Primitives = N> + 'static,
 {
-    /// Splits this context into an evm, an evm config, metrics, and the atomic bool for terminating
-    /// execution.
+    /// Splits this context into an evm, an evm config, metrics, the atomic bool for terminating
+    /// execution, and whether V2 proofs are enabled.
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", skip_all)]
-    fn evm_for_ctx(self) -> Option<(EvmFor<Evm, impl Database>, PrewarmMetrics, Arc<AtomicBool>)> {
+    fn evm_for_ctx(
+        self,
+    ) -> Option<(EvmFor<Evm, impl Database>, PrewarmMetrics, Arc<AtomicBool>, bool)> {
         let Self {
             env,
             evm_config,
@@ -490,6 +509,7 @@ where
             terminate_execution,
             precompile_cache_disabled,
             precompile_cache_map,
+            v2_proofs_enabled,
         } = self;
 
         let mut state_provider = match provider.build() {
@@ -539,7 +559,7 @@ where
             });
         }
 
-        Some((evm, metrics, terminate_execution))
+        Some((evm, metrics, terminate_execution, v2_proofs_enabled))
     }
 
     /// Accepts an [`mpsc::Receiver`] of transactions and a handle to prewarm task. Executes
@@ -560,16 +580,24 @@ where
     ) where
         Tx: ExecutableTxFor<Evm>,
     {
-        let Some((mut evm, metrics, terminate_execution)) = self.evm_for_ctx() else { return };
+        let Some((mut evm, metrics, terminate_execution, v2_proofs_enabled)) = self.evm_for_ctx()
+        else {
+            return
+        };
 
         while let Ok(IndexedTransaction { index, tx }) = {
             let _enter = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "recv tx")
                 .entered();
             txs.recv()
         } {
-            let enter =
-                debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "prewarm tx", index, tx_hash=%tx.tx().tx_hash())
-                    .entered();
+            let enter = debug_span!(
+                target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm",
+                "prewarm tx",
+                index,
+                tx_hash = %tx.tx().tx_hash(),
+                is_success = tracing::field::Empty,
+            )
+            .entered();
 
             // create the tx env
             let start = Instant::now();
@@ -581,7 +609,8 @@ where
                 break
             }
 
-            let res = match evm.transact(&tx) {
+            let (tx_env, tx) = tx.into_parts();
+            let res = match evm.transact(tx_env) {
                 Ok(res) => res,
                 Err(err) => {
                     trace!(
@@ -618,7 +647,8 @@ where
                 let _enter =
                     debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_processor::prewarm", "prewarm outcome", index, tx_hash=%tx.tx().tx_hash())
                         .entered();
-                let (targets, storage_targets) = multiproof_targets_from_state(res.state);
+                let (targets, storage_targets) =
+                    multiproof_targets_from_state(res.state, v2_proofs_enabled);
                 metrics.prefetch_storage_targets.record(storage_targets as f64);
                 let _ = sender.send(PrewarmTaskEvent::Outcome { proof_targets: Some(targets) });
                 drop(_enter);
@@ -763,9 +793,22 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-/// Returns a set of [`MultiProofTargets`] and the total amount of storage targets, based on the
+/// Returns a set of [`VersionedMultiProofTargets`] and the total amount of storage targets, based
+/// on the given state.
+fn multiproof_targets_from_state(
+    state: EvmState,
+    v2_enabled: bool,
+) -> (VersionedMultiProofTargets, usize) {
+    if v2_enabled {
+        multiproof_targets_v2_from_state(state)
+    } else {
+        multiproof_targets_legacy_from_state(state)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns legacy [`MultiProofTargets`] and the total amount of storage targets, based on the
 /// given state.
-fn multiproof_targets_from_state(state: EvmState) -> (MultiProofTargets, usize) {
+fn multiproof_targets_legacy_from_state(state: EvmState) -> (VersionedMultiProofTargets, usize) {
     let mut targets = MultiProofTargets::with_capacity(state.len());
     let mut storage_targets = 0;
     for (addr, account) in state {
@@ -795,7 +838,50 @@ fn multiproof_targets_from_state(state: EvmState) -> (MultiProofTargets, usize)
         targets.insert(keccak256(addr), storage_set);
     }
 
-    (targets, storage_targets)
+    (VersionedMultiProofTargets::Legacy(targets), storage_targets)
+}
+
+/// Returns V2 [`reth_trie_parallel::targets_v2::MultiProofTargetsV2`] and the total amount of
+/// storage targets, based on the given state.
+fn multiproof_targets_v2_from_state(state: EvmState) -> (VersionedMultiProofTargets, usize) {
+    use reth_trie::proof_v2;
+    use reth_trie_parallel::targets_v2::MultiProofTargetsV2;
+
+    let mut targets = MultiProofTargetsV2::default();
+    let mut storage_target_count = 0;
+    for (addr, account) in state {
+        // if the account was not touched, or if the account was selfdestructed, do not
+        // fetch proofs for it
+        //
+        // Since selfdestruct can only happen in the same transaction, we can skip
+        // prefetching proofs for selfdestructed accounts
+        //
+        // See: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6780
+        if !account.is_touched() || account.is_selfdestructed() {
+            continue
+        }
+
+        let hashed_address = keccak256(addr);
+        targets.account_targets.push(hashed_address.into());
+
+        let mut storage_slots = Vec::with_capacity(account.storage.len());
+        for (key, slot) in account.storage {
+            // do nothing if unchanged
+            if !slot.is_changed() {
+                continue
+            }
+
+            let hashed_slot = keccak256(B256::new(key.to_be_bytes()));
+            storage_slots.push(proof_v2::Target::from(hashed_slot));
+        }
+
+        storage_target_count += storage_slots.len();
+        if !storage_slots.is_empty() {
+            targets.storage_targets.insert(hashed_address, storage_slots);
+        }
+    }
+
+    (VersionedMultiProofTargets::V2(targets), storage_target_count)
 }
 
 /// The events the pre-warm task can handle.
@@ -810,12 +896,17 @@ pub(super) enum PrewarmTaskEvent<R> {
     Terminate {
         /// The final execution outcome. Using `Arc` allows sharing with the main execution
         /// path without cloning the expensive `BundleState`.
-        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<ExecutionOutcome<R>>>,
+        execution_outcome: Option<Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<R>>>,
+        /// Receiver for the block validation result.
+        ///
+        /// Cache saving is racing the state root validation. We optimistically construct the
+        /// updated cache but only save it once we know the block is valid.
+        valid_block_rx: mpsc::Receiver<()>,
     },
     /// The outcome of a pre-warm task
     Outcome {
         /// The prepared proof targets based on the evm state outcome
-        proof_targets: Option<MultiProofTargets>,
+        proof_targets: Option<VersionedMultiProofTargets>,
     },
     /// Finished executing all transactions
     FinishedTxExecution {

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/receipt_root_task.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+//! Receipt root computation in a background task.
+//!
+//! This module provides a streaming receipt root builder that computes the receipt trie root
+//! in a background thread. Receipts are sent via a channel with their index, and for each
+//! receipt received, the builder incrementally flushes leaves to the underlying
+//! [`OrderedTrieRootEncodedBuilder`] when possible. When the channel closes, the task returns the
+//! computed root.
+
+use alloy_eips::Encodable2718;
+use alloy_primitives::{Bloom, B256};
+use crossbeam_channel::Receiver;
+use reth_primitives_traits::Receipt;
+use reth_trie_common::ordered_root::OrderedTrieRootEncodedBuilder;
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+
+/// Receipt with index, ready to be sent to the background task for encoding and trie building.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct IndexedReceipt<R> {
+    /// The transaction index within the block.
+    pub index: usize,
+    /// The receipt.
+    pub receipt: R,
+}
+
+impl<R> IndexedReceipt<R> {
+    /// Creates a new indexed receipt.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new(index: usize, receipt: R) -> Self {
+        Self { index, receipt }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handle for running the receipt root computation in a background task.
+///
+/// This struct holds the channels needed to receive receipts and send the result.
+/// Use [`Self::run`] to execute the computation (typically in a spawned blocking task).
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ReceiptRootTaskHandle<R> {
+    /// Receiver for indexed receipts.
+    receipt_rx: Receiver<IndexedReceipt<R>>,
+    /// Sender for the computed result.
+    result_tx: oneshot::Sender<(B256, Bloom)>,
+}
+
+impl<R: Receipt> ReceiptRootTaskHandle<R> {
+    /// Creates a new handle from the receipt receiver and result sender channels.
+    pub const fn new(
+        receipt_rx: Receiver<IndexedReceipt<R>>,
+        result_tx: oneshot::Sender<(B256, Bloom)>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { receipt_rx, result_tx }
+    }
+
+    /// Runs the receipt root computation, consuming the handle.
+    ///
+    /// This method receives indexed receipts from the channel, encodes them,
+    /// and builds the trie incrementally. When all receipts have been received
+    /// (channel closed), it sends the result through the oneshot channel.
+    ///
+    /// This is designed to be called inside a blocking task (e.g., via
+    /// `executor.spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len))`).
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `receipts_len` - The total number of receipts expected. This is needed to correctly order
+    ///   the trie keys according to RLP encoding rules.
+    pub fn run(self, receipts_len: usize) {
+        let mut builder = OrderedTrieRootEncodedBuilder::new(receipts_len);
+        let mut aggregated_bloom = Bloom::ZERO;
+        let mut encode_buf = Vec::new();
+        let mut received_count = 0usize;
+
+        for indexed_receipt in self.receipt_rx {
+            let receipt_with_bloom = indexed_receipt.receipt.with_bloom_ref();
+
+            encode_buf.clear();
+            receipt_with_bloom.encode_2718(&mut encode_buf);
+
+            aggregated_bloom |= *receipt_with_bloom.bloom_ref();
+            builder.push_unchecked(indexed_receipt.index, &encode_buf);
+            received_count += 1;
+        }
+
+        let Ok(root) = builder.finalize() else {
+            // Finalize fails if we didn't receive exactly `receipts_len` receipts. This can
+            // happen if execution was aborted early (e.g., invalid transaction encountered).
+            // We return without sending a result, allowing the caller to handle the abort.
+            tracing::error!(
+                target: "engine::tree::payload_processor",
+                expected = receipts_len,
+                received = received_count,
+                "Receipt root task received incomplete receipts, execution likely aborted"
+            );
+            return;
+        };
+        let _ = self.result_tx.send((root, aggregated_bloom));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use alloy_consensus::{proofs::calculate_receipt_root, TxReceipt};
+    use alloy_primitives::{b256, hex, Address, Bytes, Log};
+    use crossbeam_channel::bounded;
+    use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Receipt, TxType};
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_empty() {
+        let (_tx, rx) = bounded::<IndexedReceipt<Receipt>>(1);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        drop(_tx);
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(0)).await.unwrap();
+
+        let (root, bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        // Empty trie root
+        assert_eq!(root, reth_trie_common::EMPTY_ROOT_HASH);
+        assert_eq!(bloom, Bloom::ZERO);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_single_receipt() {
+        let receipts: Vec<Receipt> = vec![Receipt::default()];
+
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(1);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.clone().into_iter().enumerate() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (root, _bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        // Verify against the standard calculation
+        let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> = receipts.iter().map(|r| r.with_bloom_ref()).collect();
+        let expected_root = calculate_receipt_root(&receipts_with_bloom);
+
+        assert_eq!(root, expected_root);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_multiple_receipts() {
+        let receipts: Vec<Receipt> = vec![Receipt::default(); 5];
+
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(4);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (root, bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        // Verify against expected values from existing test
+        assert_eq!(
+            root,
+            b256!("0x61353b4fb714dc1fccacbf7eafc4273e62f3d1eed716fe41b2a0cd2e12c63ebc")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            bloom,
+            Bloom::from(hex!("00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_matches_standard_calculation() {
+        // Create some receipts with actual data
+        let receipts = vec![
+            Receipt {
+                tx_type: TxType::Legacy,
+                cumulative_gas_used: 21000,
+                success: true,
+                logs: vec![],
+            },
+            Receipt {
+                tx_type: TxType::Eip1559,
+                cumulative_gas_used: 42000,
+                success: true,
+                logs: vec![Log {
+                    address: Address::ZERO,
+                    data: alloy_primitives::LogData::new_unchecked(vec![B256::ZERO], Bytes::new()),
+                }],
+            },
+            Receipt {
+                tx_type: TxType::Eip2930,
+                cumulative_gas_used: 63000,
+                success: false,
+                logs: vec![],
+            },
+        ];
+
+        // Calculate expected values first (before we move receipts)
+        let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> = receipts.iter().map(|r| r.with_bloom_ref()).collect();
+        let expected_root = calculate_receipt_root(&receipts_with_bloom);
+        let expected_bloom =
+            receipts_with_bloom.iter().fold(Bloom::ZERO, |bloom, r| bloom | r.bloom_ref());
+
+        // Calculate using the task
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(4);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (task_root, task_bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(task_root, expected_root);
+        assert_eq!(task_bloom, expected_bloom);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_receipt_root_task_out_of_order() {
+        let receipts: Vec<Receipt> = vec![Receipt::default(); 5];
+
+        // Calculate expected values first (before we move receipts)
+        let receipts_with_bloom: Vec<_> = receipts.iter().map(|r| r.with_bloom_ref()).collect();
+        let expected_root = calculate_receipt_root(&receipts_with_bloom);
+
+        let (tx, rx) = bounded(4);
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let receipts_len = receipts.len();
+
+        let handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(rx, result_tx);
+        let join_handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        // Send in reverse order to test out-of-order handling
+        for (i, receipt) in receipts.into_iter().enumerate().rev() {
+            tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(i, receipt)).unwrap();
+        }
+        drop(tx);
+
+        join_handle.await.unwrap();
+        let (root, _bloom) = result_rx.await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(root, expected_root);
+    }
+}

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_processor/sparse_trie.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::tree::payload_processor::multiproof::{MultiProofTaskMetrics, SparseTr
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
 use rayon::iter::{ParallelBridge, ParallelIterator};
 use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, Nibbles};
-use reth_trie_parallel::root::ParallelStateRootError;
+use reth_trie_parallel::{proof_task::ProofResult, root::ParallelStateRootError};
 use reth_trie_sparse::{
     errors::{SparseStateTrieResult, SparseTrieErrorKind},
     provider::{TrieNodeProvider, TrieNodeProviderFactory},
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ where
             debug!(
                 target: "engine::root",
                 num_updates,
-                account_proofs = update.multiproof.account_subtree.len(),
-                storage_proofs = update.multiproof.storages.len(),
+                account_proofs = update.multiproof.account_proofs_len(),
+                storage_proofs = update.multiproof.storage_proofs_len(),
                 "Updating sparse trie"
             );
 
@@ -157,7 +157,14 @@ where
     let started_at = Instant::now();
 
     // Reveal new accounts and storage slots.
-    trie.reveal_decoded_multiproof(multiproof)?;
+    match multiproof {
+        ProofResult::Legacy(decoded, _) => {
+            trie.reveal_decoded_multiproof(decoded)?;
+        }
+        ProofResult::V2(decoded_v2) => {
+            trie.reveal_decoded_multiproof_v2(decoded_v2)?;
+        }
+    }
     let reveal_multiproof_elapsed = started_at.elapsed();
     trace!(
         target: "engine::root::sparse",

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/payload_validator.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 //! Types and traits for validating blocks and payloads.
 
-/// Threshold for switching from `extend_ref` loop to `merge_batch` in `merge_overlay_trie_input`.
-///
-/// Benchmarked crossover: `extend_ref` wins up to ~64 blocks, `merge_batch` wins beyond.
-/// Using 64 as threshold since they're roughly equal there.
-const MERGE_BATCH_THRESHOLD: usize = 64;
-
 use crate::tree::{
     cached_state::CachedStateProvider,
     error::{InsertBlockError, InsertBlockErrorKind, InsertPayloadError},
@@ -13,17 +7,19 @@ use crate::tree::{
     payload_processor::{executor::WorkloadExecutor, PayloadProcessor},
     precompile_cache::{CachedPrecompile, CachedPrecompileMetrics, PrecompileCacheMap},
     sparse_trie::StateRootComputeOutcome,
-    EngineApiMetrics, EngineApiTreeState, ExecutionEnv, PayloadHandle, StateProviderBuilder,
-    StateProviderDatabase, TreeConfig,
+    EngineApiMetrics, EngineApiTreeState, ExecutionEnv, MeteredStateHook, PayloadHandle,
+    StateProviderBuilder, StateProviderDatabase, TreeConfig,
 };
-use alloy_consensus::transaction::Either;
+use alloy_consensus::transaction::{Either, TxHashRef};
 use alloy_eip7928::BlockAccessList;
 use alloy_eips::{eip1898::BlockWithParent, NumHash};
 use alloy_evm::Evm;
 use alloy_primitives::B256;
+
+use crate::tree::payload_processor::receipt_root_task::{IndexedReceipt, ReceiptRootTaskHandle};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
-use reth_chain_state::{CanonicalInMemoryState, DeferredTrieData, ExecutedBlock};
-use reth_consensus::{ConsensusError, FullConsensus};
+use reth_chain_state::{CanonicalInMemoryState, DeferredTrieData, ExecutedBlock, LazyOverlay};
+use reth_consensus::{ConsensusError, FullConsensus, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use reth_engine_primitives::{
     ConfigureEngineEvm, ExecutableTxIterator, ExecutionPayload, InvalidBlockHook, PayloadValidator,
 };
@@ -41,15 +37,13 @@ use reth_primitives_traits::{
 };
 use reth_provider::{
     providers::OverlayStateProviderFactory, BlockExecutionOutput, BlockNumReader, BlockReader,
-    ChangeSetReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, DatabaseProviderROFactory, ExecutionOutcome,
-    HashedPostStateProvider, ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader,
-    StateProvider, StateProviderFactory, StateReader, TrieReader,
-};
-use reth_revm::db::State;
-use reth_trie::{
-    updates::{TrieUpdates, TrieUpdatesSorted},
-    HashedPostState, HashedPostStateSorted, StateRoot, TrieInputSorted,
+    ChangeSetReader, DatabaseProviderFactory, DatabaseProviderROFactory, HashedPostStateProvider,
+    ProviderError, PruneCheckpointReader, StageCheckpointReader, StateProvider,
+    StateProviderFactory, StateReader, StorageChangeSetReader,
 };
+use reth_revm::db::{states::bundle_state::BundleRetention, State};
+use reth_trie::{updates::TrieUpdates, HashedPostState, StateRoot};
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 use reth_trie_parallel::root::{ParallelStateRoot, ParallelStateRootError};
 use revm_primitives::Address;
 use std::{
@@ -138,6 +132,8 @@ where
     metrics: EngineApiMetrics,
     /// Validator for the payload.
     validator: V,
+    /// Changeset cache for in-memory trie changesets
+    changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
 }
 
 impl<N, P, Evm, V> BasicEngineValidator<P, Evm, V>
@@ -145,10 +141,10 @@ where
     N: NodePrimitives,
     P: DatabaseProviderFactory<
             Provider: BlockReader
-                          + TrieReader
                           + StageCheckpointReader
                           + PruneCheckpointReader
                           + ChangeSetReader
+                          + StorageChangeSetReader
                           + BlockNumReader,
         > + BlockReader<Header = N::BlockHeader>
         + ChangeSetReader
@@ -169,6 +165,7 @@ where
         validator: V,
         config: TreeConfig,
         invalid_block_hook: Box<dyn InvalidBlockHook<N>>,
+        changeset_cache: ChangesetCache,
     ) -> Self {
         let precompile_cache_map = PrecompileCacheMap::default();
         let payload_processor = PayloadProcessor::new(
@@ -188,6 +185,7 @@ where
             invalid_block_hook,
             metrics: EngineApiMetrics::default(),
             validator,
+            changeset_cache,
         }
     }
 
@@ -372,7 +370,6 @@ where
         }
 
         let parent_hash = input.parent_hash();
-        let block_num_hash = input.num_hash();
 
         trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Fetching block state provider");
         let _enter =
@@ -427,13 +424,23 @@ where
             .map_err(Box::<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>::from))
         .map(Arc::new);
 
+        // Create lazy overlay from ancestors - this doesn't block, allowing execution to start
+        // before the trie data is ready. The overlay will be computed on first access.
+        let (lazy_overlay, anchor_hash) = Self::get_parent_lazy_overlay(parent_hash, ctx.state());
+
+        // Create overlay factory for payload processor (StateRootTask path needs it for
+        // multiproofs)
+        let overlay_factory =
+            OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone(), self.changeset_cache.clone())
+                .with_block_hash(Some(anchor_hash))
+                .with_lazy_overlay(lazy_overlay);
+
         // Spawn the appropriate processor based on strategy
         let mut handle = ensure_ok!(self.spawn_payload_processor(
             env.clone(),
             txs,
             provider_builder,
-            parent_hash,
-            ctx.state(),
+            overlay_factory.clone(),
             strategy,
             block_access_list,
         ));
@@ -449,19 +456,48 @@ where
             state_provider = Box::new(InstrumentedStateProvider::new(state_provider, "engine"));
         }
 
-        // Execute the block and handle any execution errors
-        let (output, senders) = match self.execute_block(state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle) {
-            Ok(output) => output,
-            Err(err) => return self.handle_execution_error(input, err, &parent_block),
-        };
+        // Execute the block and handle any execution errors.
+        // The receipt root task is spawned before execution and receives receipts incrementally
+        // as transactions complete, allowing parallel computation during execution.
+        let (output, senders, receipt_root_rx) =
+            match self.execute_block(state_provider, env, &input, &mut handle) {
+                Ok(output) => output,
+                Err(err) => return self.handle_execution_error(input, err, &parent_block),
+            };
 
         // After executing the block we can stop prewarming transactions
         handle.stop_prewarming_execution();
 
+        // Create ExecutionOutcome early so we can terminate caching before validation and state
+        // root computation. Using Arc allows sharing with both the caching task and the deferred
+        // trie task without cloning the expensive BundleState.
+        let output = Arc::new(output);
+
+        // Terminate caching task early since execution is complete and caching is no longer
+        // needed. This frees up resources while state root computation continues.
+        let valid_block_tx = handle.terminate_caching(Some(output.clone()));
+
         let block = self.convert_to_block(input)?.with_senders(senders);
 
+        // Wait for the receipt root computation to complete.
+        let receipt_root_bloom = receipt_root_rx
+            .blocking_recv()
+            .inspect_err(|_| {
+                tracing::error!(
+                    target: "engine::tree::payload_validator",
+                    "Receipt root task dropped sender without result, receipt root calculation likely aborted"
+                );
+            })
+            .ok();
+
         let hashed_state = ensure_ok_post_block!(
-            self.validate_post_execution(&block, &parent_block, &output, &mut ctx),
+            self.validate_post_execution(
+                &block,
+                &parent_block,
+                &output,
+                &mut ctx,
+                receipt_root_bloom
+            ),
             block
         );
 
@@ -494,11 +530,7 @@ where
             }
             StateRootStrategy::Parallel => {
                 debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Using parallel state root algorithm");
-                match self.compute_state_root_parallel(
-                    block.parent_hash(),
-                    &hashed_state,
-                    ctx.state(),
-                ) {
+                match self.compute_state_root_parallel(overlay_factory.clone(), &hashed_state) {
                     Ok(result) => {
                         let elapsed = root_time.elapsed();
                         info!(
@@ -534,7 +566,7 @@ where
             }
 
             let (root, updates) = ensure_ok_post_block!(
-                self.compute_state_root_serial(block.parent_hash(), &hashed_state, ctx.state()),
+                self.compute_state_root_serial(overlay_factory.clone(), &hashed_state),
                 block
             );
             (root, updates, root_time.elapsed())
@@ -564,14 +596,18 @@ where
             .into())
         }
 
-        // Create ExecutionOutcome and wrap in Arc for sharing with both the caching task
-        // and the deferred trie task. This avoids cloning the expensive BundleState.
-        let execution_outcome = Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::from((output, block_num_hash.number)));
+        if let Some(valid_block_tx) = valid_block_tx {
+            let _ = valid_block_tx.send(());
+        }
 
-        // Terminate prewarming task with the shared execution outcome
-        handle.terminate_caching(Some(Arc::clone(&execution_outcome)));
-
-        Ok(self.spawn_deferred_trie_task(block, execution_outcome, &ctx, hashed_state, trie_output))
+        Ok(self.spawn_deferred_trie_task(
+            block,
+            output,
+            &ctx,
+            hashed_state,
+            trie_output,
+            overlay_factory,
+        ))
     }
 
     /// Return sealed block header from database or in-memory state by hash.
@@ -607,15 +643,29 @@ where
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Executes a block with the given state provider
+    /// Executes a block with the given state provider.
+    ///
+    /// This method orchestrates block execution:
+    /// 1. Sets up the EVM with state database and precompile caching
+    /// 2. Spawns a background task for incremental receipt root computation
+    /// 3. Executes transactions with metrics collection via state hooks
+    /// 4. Merges state transitions and records execution metrics
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
+    #[expect(clippy::type_complexity)]
     fn execute_block<S, Err, T>(
         &mut self,
         state_provider: S,
         env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
         input: &BlockOrPayload<T>,
         handle: &mut PayloadHandle<impl ExecutableTxFor<Evm>, Err, N::Receipt>,
-    ) -> Result<(BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>, Vec<Address>), InsertBlockErrorKind>
+    ) -> Result<
+        (
+            BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>,
+            Vec<Address>,
+            tokio::sync::oneshot::Receiver<(B256, alloy_primitives::Bloom)>,
+        ),
+        InsertBlockErrorKind,
+    >
     where
         S: StateProvider + Send,
         Err: core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
@@ -624,14 +674,12 @@ where
         Evm: ConfigureEngineEvm<T::ExecutionData, Primitives = N>,
     {
         debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Executing block");
+
         let mut db = State::builder()
             .with_database(StateProviderDatabase::new(state_provider))
             .with_bundle_update()
-            .with_bal_builder() //TODO
             .without_state_clear()
             .build();
-        db.bal_state.bal_index = 0;
-        db.bal_state.bal_builder = Some(revm::state::bal::Bal::new());
 
         let spec_id = *env.evm_env.spec_id();
         let evm = self.evm_config.evm_with_env(&mut db, env.evm_env);
@@ -656,22 +704,131 @@ where
             });
         }
 
+        // Spawn background task to compute receipt root and logs bloom incrementally.
+        // Unbounded channel is used since tx count bounds capacity anyway (max ~30k txs per block).
+        let receipts_len = input.transaction_count();
+        let (receipt_tx, receipt_rx) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
+        let (result_tx, result_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+        let task_handle = ReceiptRootTaskHandle::new(receipt_rx, result_tx);
+        self.payload_processor.executor().spawn_blocking(move || task_handle.run(receipts_len));
+
+        // Wrap the state hook with metrics collection
+        let inner_hook = Box::new(handle.state_hook());
+        let state_hook =
+            MeteredStateHook { metrics: self.metrics.executor_metrics().clone(), inner_hook };
+
+        let transaction_count = input.transaction_count();
+        let executor = executor.with_state_hook(Some(Box::new(state_hook)));
+
         let execution_start = Instant::now();
-        let state_hook = Box::new(handle.state_hook());
-        let (output, senders) = self.metrics.execute_metered(
+
+        // Execute all transactions and finalize
+        let (executor, senders) = self.execute_transactions(
             executor,
-            handle.iter_transactions().map(|res| res.map_err(BlockExecutionError::other)),
-            input.transaction_count(),
-            state_hook,
+            transaction_count,
+            handle.iter_transactions(),
+            &receipt_tx,
         )?;
-        let execution_finish = Instant::now();
-        let execution_time = execution_finish.duration_since(execution_start);
-        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", elapsed = ?execution_time, "Executed block");
-        Ok((output, senders))
+        drop(receipt_tx);
+
+        // Finish execution and get the result
+        let post_exec_start = Instant::now();
+        let (_evm, result) = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "finish")
+            .in_scope(|| executor.finish())
+            .map(|(evm, result)| (evm.into_db(), result))?;
+        self.metrics.record_post_execution(post_exec_start.elapsed());
+
+        // Merge transitions into bundle state
+        debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "merge transitions")
+            .in_scope(|| db.merge_transitions(BundleRetention::Reverts));
+
+        let output = BlockExecutionOutput { result, state: db.take_bundle() };
+
+        let execution_duration = execution_start.elapsed();
+        self.metrics.record_block_execution(&output, execution_duration);
+
+        debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", elapsed = ?execution_duration, "Executed block");
+        Ok((output, senders, result_rx))
+    }
+
+    /// Executes transactions and collects senders, streaming receipts to a background task.
+    ///
+    /// This method handles:
+    /// - Applying pre-execution changes (e.g., beacon root updates)
+    /// - Executing each transaction with timing metrics
+    /// - Streaming receipts to the receipt root computation task
+    /// - Collecting transaction senders for later use
+    ///
+    /// Returns the executor (for finalization) and the collected senders.
+    fn execute_transactions<E, Tx, InnerTx, Err>(
+        &self,
+        mut executor: E,
+        transaction_count: usize,
+        transactions: impl Iterator<Item = Result<Tx, Err>>,
+        receipt_tx: &crossbeam_channel::Sender<IndexedReceipt<N::Receipt>>,
+    ) -> Result<(E, Vec<Address>), BlockExecutionError>
+    where
+        E: BlockExecutor<Receipt = N::Receipt>,
+        Tx: alloy_evm::block::ExecutableTx<E> + alloy_evm::RecoveredTx<InnerTx>,
+        InnerTx: TxHashRef,
+        Err: core::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let mut senders = Vec::with_capacity(transaction_count);
+
+        // Apply pre-execution changes (e.g., beacon root update)
+        let pre_exec_start = Instant::now();
+        debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "pre execution")
+            .in_scope(|| executor.apply_pre_execution_changes())?;
+        self.metrics.record_pre_execution(pre_exec_start.elapsed());
+
+        // Execute transactions
+        let exec_span = debug_span!(target: "engine::tree", "execution").entered();
+        let mut transactions = transactions.into_iter();
+        loop {
+            // Measure time spent waiting for next transaction from iterator
+            // (e.g., parallel signature recovery)
+            let wait_start = Instant::now();
+            let Some(tx_result) = transactions.next() else { break };
+            self.metrics.record_transaction_wait(wait_start.elapsed());
+
+            let tx = tx_result.map_err(BlockExecutionError::other)?;
+            let tx_signer = *<Tx as alloy_evm::RecoveredTx<InnerTx>>::signer(&tx);
+            let tx_hash = <Tx as alloy_evm::RecoveredTx<InnerTx>>::tx(&tx).tx_hash();
+
+            senders.push(tx_signer);
+
+            let span = debug_span!(
+                target: "engine::tree",
+                "execute tx",
+                ?tx_hash,
+                gas_used = tracing::field::Empty,
+            );
+            let enter = span.entered();
+            trace!(target: "engine::tree", "Executing transaction");
+
+            let tx_start = Instant::now();
+            let gas_used = executor.execute_transaction(tx)?;
+            self.metrics.record_transaction_execution(tx_start.elapsed());
+
+            // Send the latest receipt to the background task for incremental root computation
+            if let Some(receipt) = executor.receipts().last() {
+                let tx_index = executor.receipts().len() - 1;
+                let _ = receipt_tx.send(IndexedReceipt::new(tx_index, receipt.clone()));
+            }
+
+            enter.record("gas_used", gas_used);
+        }
+        drop(exec_span);
+
+        Ok((executor, senders))
     }
 
     /// Compute state root for the given hashed post state in parallel.
     ///
+    /// Uses an overlay factory which provides the state of the parent block, along with the
+    /// [`HashedPostState`] containing the changes of this block, to compute the state root and
+    /// trie updates for this block.
+    ///
     /// # Returns
     ///
     /// Returns `Ok(_)` if computed successfully.
@@ -679,58 +836,39 @@ where
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
     fn compute_state_root_parallel(
         &self,
-        parent_hash: B256,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
         hashed_state: &HashedPostState,
-        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
     ) -> Result<(B256, TrieUpdates), ParallelStateRootError> {
-        let (mut input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
-
-        // Extend state overlay with current block's sorted state.
-        input.prefix_sets.extend(hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets());
-        let sorted_hashed_state = hashed_state.clone_into_sorted();
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut input.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
-
-        let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, prefix_sets: prefix_sets_mut } = input;
-
-        let factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
-            .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
-            .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
-            .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
-
-        // The `hashed_state` argument is already taken into account as part of the overlay, but we
+        // The `hashed_state` argument will be taken into account as part of the overlay, but we
         // need to use the prefix sets which were generated from it to indicate to the
         // ParallelStateRoot which parts of the trie need to be recomputed.
-        let prefix_sets = prefix_sets_mut.freeze();
-
-        ParallelStateRoot::new(factory, prefix_sets).incremental_root_with_updates()
+        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets().freeze();
+        let overlay_factory =
+            overlay_factory.with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(hashed_state.clone_into_sorted());
+        ParallelStateRoot::new(overlay_factory, prefix_sets).incremental_root_with_updates()
     }
 
     /// Compute state root for the given hashed post state in serial.
+    ///
+    /// Uses an overlay factory which provides the state of the parent block, along with the
+    /// [`HashedPostState`] containing the changes of this block, to compute the state root and
+    /// trie updates for this block.
     fn compute_state_root_serial(
         &self,
-        parent_hash: B256,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
         hashed_state: &HashedPostState,
-        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
     ) -> ProviderResult<(B256, TrieUpdates)> {
-        let (mut input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
+        // The `hashed_state` argument will be taken into account as part of the overlay, but we
+        // need to use the prefix sets which were generated from it to indicate to the
+        // StateRoot which parts of the trie need to be recomputed.
+        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets().freeze();
+        let overlay_factory =
+            overlay_factory.with_extended_hashed_state_overlay(hashed_state.clone_into_sorted());
 
-        // Extend state overlay with current block's sorted state.
-        input.prefix_sets.extend(hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets());
-        let sorted_hashed_state = hashed_state.clone_into_sorted();
-        Arc::make_mut(&mut input.state).extend_ref(&sorted_hashed_state);
-
-        let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, .. } = input;
-        let prefix_sets = hashed_state.construct_prefix_sets();
-
-        let factory = OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
-            .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
-            .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
-            .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
-
-        let provider = factory.database_provider_ro()?;
+        let provider = overlay_factory.database_provider_ro()?;
 
         Ok(StateRoot::new(&provider, &provider)
-            .with_prefix_sets(prefix_sets.freeze())
+            .with_prefix_sets(prefix_sets)
             .root_with_updates()?)
     }
 
@@ -740,6 +878,9 @@ where
     /// - parent header validation
     /// - post-execution consensus validation
     /// - state-root based post-execution validation
+    ///
+    /// If `receipt_root_bloom` is provided, it will be used instead of computing the receipt root
+    /// and logs bloom from the receipts.
     #[instrument(level = "debug", target = "engine::tree::payload_validator", skip_all)]
     fn validate_post_execution<T: PayloadTypes<BuiltPayload: BuiltPayload<Primitives = N>>>(
         &self,
@@ -747,6 +888,7 @@ where
         parent_block: &SealedHeader<N::BlockHeader>,
         output: &BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>,
         ctx: &mut TreeCtx<'_, N>,
+        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<HashedPostState, InsertBlockErrorKind>
     where
         V: PayloadValidator<T, Block = N::Block>,
@@ -773,7 +915,9 @@ where
         let _enter =
             debug_span!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "validate_block_post_execution")
                 .entered();
-        if let Err(err) = self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(block, output) {
+        if let Err(err) =
+            self.consensus.validate_block_post_execution(block, output, receipt_root_bloom)
+        {
             // call post-block hook
             self.on_invalid_block(parent_block, block, output, None, ctx.state_mut());
             return Err(err.into())
@@ -813,6 +957,11 @@ where
     ///
     /// The method handles strategy fallbacks if the preferred approach fails, ensuring
     /// block execution always completes with a valid state root.
+    ///
+    /// # Arguments
+    ///
+    /// * `overlay_factory` - Pre-computed overlay factory for multiproof generation
+    ///   (`StateRootTask`)
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     #[instrument(
         level = "debug",
@@ -825,8 +974,7 @@ where
         env: ExecutionEnv<Evm>,
         txs: T,
         provider_builder: StateProviderBuilder<N, P>,
-        parent_hash: B256,
-        state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
         strategy: StateRootStrategy,
         block_access_list: Option<Arc<BlockAccessList>>,
     ) -> Result<
@@ -839,32 +987,14 @@ where
     > {
         match strategy {
             StateRootStrategy::StateRootTask => {
-                // Compute trie input
-                let trie_input_start = Instant::now();
-                let (trie_input, block_hash) = self.compute_trie_input(parent_hash, state)?;
-
-                // Create OverlayStateProviderFactory with sorted trie data for multiproofs
-                let TrieInputSorted { nodes, state, .. } = trie_input;
-
-                let multiproof_provider_factory =
-                    OverlayStateProviderFactory::new(self.provider.clone())
-                        .with_block_hash(Some(block_hash))
-                        .with_trie_overlay(Some(nodes))
-                        .with_hashed_state_overlay(Some(state));
-
-                // Record trie input duration including OverlayStateProviderFactory setup
-                self.metrics
-                    .block_validation
-                    .trie_input_duration
-                    .record(trie_input_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
-
                 let spawn_start = Instant::now();
 
+                // Use the pre-computed overlay factory for multiproofs
                 let handle = self.payload_processor.spawn(
                     env,
                     txs,
                     provider_builder,
-                    multiproof_provider_factory,
+                    overlay_factory,
                     &self.config,
                     block_access_list,
                 );
@@ -958,128 +1088,36 @@ where
         self.invalid_block_hook.on_invalid_block(parent_header, block, output, trie_updates);
     }
 
-    /// Computes [`TrieInputSorted`] for the provided parent hash by combining database state
-    /// with in-memory overlays.
+    /// Creates a [`LazyOverlay`] for the parent block without blocking.
     ///
-    /// The goal of this function is to take in-memory blocks and generate a [`TrieInputSorted`]
-    /// that extends from the highest persisted ancestor up through the parent. This enables state
-    /// root computation and proof generation without requiring all blocks to be persisted
-    /// first.
+    /// Returns a lazy overlay that will compute the trie input on first access, and the anchor
+    /// block hash (the highest persisted ancestor). This allows execution to start immediately
+    /// while the trie input computation is deferred until the overlay is actually needed.
     ///
-    /// It works as follows:
-    /// 1. Collect in-memory overlay blocks using [`crate::tree::TreeState::blocks_by_hash`]. This
-    ///    returns the highest persisted ancestor hash (`block_hash`) and the list of in-memory
-    ///    blocks building on top of it.
-    /// 2. Fast path: If the tip in-memory block's trie input is already anchored to `block_hash`
-    ///    (its `anchor_hash` matches `block_hash`), reuse it directly.
-    /// 3. Slow path: Build a new [`TrieInputSorted`] by aggregating the overlay blocks (from oldest
-    ///    to newest) on top of the database state at `block_hash`.
-    #[instrument(
-        level = "debug",
-        target = "engine::tree::payload_validator",
-        skip_all,
-        fields(parent_hash)
-    )]
-    fn compute_trie_input(
-        &self,
+    /// If parent is on disk (no in-memory blocks), returns `None` for the lazy overlay.
+    fn get_parent_lazy_overlay(
         parent_hash: B256,
         state: &EngineApiTreeState<N>,
-    ) -> ProviderResult<(TrieInputSorted, B256)> {
-        let wait_start = Instant::now();
-        let (block_hash, blocks) =
+    ) -> (Option<LazyOverlay>, B256) {
+        let (anchor_hash, blocks) =
             state.tree_state.blocks_by_hash(parent_hash).unwrap_or_else(|| (parent_hash, vec![]));
 
-        // Fast path: if the tip block's anchor matches the persisted ancestor hash, reuse its
-        // TrieInput. This means the TrieInputSorted already aggregates all in-memory overlays
-        // from that ancestor, so we can avoid re-aggregation.
-        if let Some(tip_block) = blocks.first() {
-            let data = tip_block.trie_data();
-            if let (Some(anchor_hash), Some(trie_input)) =
-                (data.anchor_hash(), data.trie_input().cloned()) &&
-                anchor_hash == block_hash
-            {
-                trace!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", %block_hash,"Reusing trie input with matching anchor hash");
-                self.metrics
-                    .block_validation
-                    .deferred_trie_wait_duration
-                    .record(wait_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
-                return Ok(((*trie_input).clone(), block_hash));
-            }
-        }
-
         if blocks.is_empty() {
-            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Parent found on disk");
-        } else {
-            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", historical = ?block_hash, blocks = blocks.len(), "Parent found in memory");
+            debug!(target: "engine::tree::payload_validator", "Parent found on disk, no lazy overlay needed");
+            return (None, anchor_hash);
         }
 
-        // Extend with contents of parent in-memory blocks directly in sorted form.
-        let input = Self::merge_overlay_trie_input(&blocks);
+        debug!(
+            target: "engine::tree::payload_validator",
+            %anchor_hash,
+            num_blocks = blocks.len(),
+            "Creating lazy overlay for in-memory blocks"
+        );
 
-        self.metrics
-            .block_validation
-            .deferred_trie_wait_duration
-            .record(wait_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
-        Ok((input, block_hash))
-    }
+        // Extract deferred trie data handles (non-blocking)
+        let handles: Vec<DeferredTrieData> = blocks.iter().map(|b| b.trie_data_handle()).collect();
 
-    /// Aggregates in-memory blocks into a single [`TrieInputSorted`] by combining their
-    /// state changes.
-    ///
-    /// The input `blocks` vector is ordered newest -> oldest (see `TreeState::blocks_by_hash`).
-    ///
-    /// Uses `extend_ref` loop for small k, k-way `merge_batch` for large k.
-    /// See [`MERGE_BATCH_THRESHOLD`] for crossover point.
-    fn merge_overlay_trie_input(blocks: &[ExecutedBlock<N>]) -> TrieInputSorted {
-        if blocks.is_empty() {
-            return TrieInputSorted::default();
-        }
-
-        // Single block: return Arc directly without cloning
-        if blocks.len() == 1 {
-            let data = blocks[0].trie_data();
-            return TrieInputSorted {
-                state: Arc::clone(&data.hashed_state),
-                nodes: Arc::clone(&data.trie_updates),
-                prefix_sets: Default::default(),
-            };
-        }
-
-        if blocks.len() < MERGE_BATCH_THRESHOLD {
-            // Small k: extend_ref loop is faster
-            // Iterate oldest->newest so newer values override older ones
-            let mut blocks_iter = blocks.iter().rev();
-            let first = blocks_iter.next().expect("blocks is non-empty");
-            let data = first.trie_data();
-
-            let mut state = Arc::clone(&data.hashed_state);
-            let mut nodes = Arc::clone(&data.trie_updates);
-            let state_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut state);
-            let nodes_mut = Arc::make_mut(&mut nodes);
-
-            for block in blocks_iter {
-                let data = block.trie_data();
-                state_mut.extend_ref(data.hashed_state.as_ref());
-                nodes_mut.extend_ref(data.trie_updates.as_ref());
-            }
-
-            TrieInputSorted { state, nodes, prefix_sets: Default::default() }
-        } else {
-            // Large k: merge_batch is faster (O(n log k) via k-way merge)
-            let trie_data: Vec<_> = blocks.iter().map(|b| b.trie_data()).collect();
-
-            let merged_state = HashedPostStateSorted::merge_batch(
-                trie_data.iter().map(|d| d.hashed_state.as_ref()),
-            );
-            let merged_nodes =
-                TrieUpdatesSorted::merge_batch(trie_data.iter().map(|d| d.trie_updates.as_ref()));
-
-            TrieInputSorted {
-                state: Arc::new(merged_state),
-                nodes: Arc::new(merged_nodes),
-                prefix_sets: Default::default(),
-            }
-        }
+        (Some(LazyOverlay::new(anchor_hash, handles)), anchor_hash)
     }
 
     /// Spawns a background task to compute and sort trie data for the executed block.
@@ -1101,10 +1139,11 @@ where
     fn spawn_deferred_trie_task(
         &self,
         block: RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
-        execution_outcome: Arc<ExecutionOutcome<N::Receipt>>,
+        execution_outcome: Arc<BlockExecutionOutput<N::Receipt>>,
         ctx: &TreeCtx<'_, N>,
         hashed_state: HashedPostState,
         trie_output: TrieUpdates,
+        overlay_factory: OverlayStateProviderFactory<P>,
     ) -> ExecutedBlock<N> {
         // Capture parent hash and ancestor overlays for deferred trie input construction.
         let (anchor_hash, overlay_blocks) = ctx
@@ -1128,9 +1167,21 @@ where
         let deferred_handle_task = deferred_trie_data.clone();
         let block_validation_metrics = self.metrics.block_validation.clone();
 
+        // Capture block info and cache handle for changeset computation
+        let block_hash = block.hash();
+        let block_number = block.number();
+        let changeset_cache = self.changeset_cache.clone();
+
         // Spawn background task to compute trie data. Calling `wait_cloned` will compute from
         // the stored inputs and cache the result, so subsequent calls return immediately.
         let compute_trie_input_task = move || {
+            let _span = debug_span!(
+                target: "engine::tree::payload_validator",
+                "compute_trie_input_task",
+                block_number
+            )
+            .entered();
+
             let result = panic::catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
                 let compute_start = Instant::now();
                 let computed = deferred_handle_task.wait_cloned();
@@ -1153,6 +1204,40 @@ where
                         .anchored_overlay_hashed_state_size
                         .record(anchored.trie_input.state.total_len() as f64);
                 }
+
+                // Compute and cache changesets using the computed trie_updates
+                let changeset_start = Instant::now();
+
+                // Get a provider from the overlay factory for trie cursor access
+                let changeset_result =
+                    overlay_factory.database_provider_ro().and_then(|provider| {
+                        reth_trie::changesets::compute_trie_changesets(
+                            &provider,
+                            &computed.trie_updates,
+                        )
+                        .map_err(ProviderError::Database)
+                    });
+
+                match changeset_result {
+                    Ok(changesets) => {
+                        debug!(
+                            target: "engine::tree::changeset",
+                            ?block_number,
+                            elapsed = ?changeset_start.elapsed(),
+                            "Computed and caching changesets"
+                        );
+
+                        changeset_cache.insert(block_hash, block_number, Arc::new(changesets));
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        warn!(
+                            target: "engine::tree::changeset",
+                            ?block_number,
+                            ?e,
+                            "Failed to compute changesets in deferred trie task"
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
             }));
 
             if result.is_err() {
@@ -1249,10 +1334,10 @@ impl<N, Types, P, Evm, V> EngineValidator<Types> for BasicEngineValidator<P, Evm
 where
     P: DatabaseProviderFactory<
             Provider: BlockReader
-                          + TrieReader
                           + StageCheckpointReader
                           + PruneCheckpointReader
                           + ChangeSetReader
+                          + StorageChangeSetReader
                           + BlockNumReader,
         > + BlockReader<Header = N::BlockHeader>
         + StateProviderFactory
@@ -1302,7 +1387,7 @@ where
     fn on_inserted_executed_block(&self, block: ExecutedBlock<N>) {
         self.payload_processor.on_inserted_executed_block(
             block.recovered_block.block_with_parent(),
-            block.execution_output.state(),
+            &block.execution_output.state,
         );
     }
 }

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/precompile_cache.rs

@@ -233,9 +233,9 @@ mod tests {
         let dyn_precompile: DynPrecompile = (|_input: PrecompileInput<'_>| -> PrecompileResult {
             Ok(PrecompileOutput {
                 gas_used: 0,
+                gas_refunded: 0,
                 bytes: Bytes::default(),
                 reverted: false,
-                gas_refunded: 0,
             })
         })
         .into();
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ mod tests {
 
         let output = PrecompileOutput {
             gas_used: 50,
+            gas_refunded: 0,
             bytes: alloy_primitives::Bytes::copy_from_slice(b"cached_result"),
             reverted: false,
-            gas_refunded: 0,
         };
 
         let input = b"test_input";
@@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ mod tests {
 
                 Ok(PrecompileOutput {
                     gas_used: 5000,
+                    gas_refunded: 0,
                     bytes: alloy_primitives::Bytes::copy_from_slice(b"output_from_precompile_1"),
                     reverted: false,
-                    gas_refunded: 0,
                 })
             }
         })
@@ -292,9 +292,9 @@ mod tests {
 
                 Ok(PrecompileOutput {
                     gas_used: 7000,
+                    gas_refunded: 0,
                     bytes: alloy_primitives::Bytes::copy_from_slice(b"output_from_precompile_2"),
                     reverted: false,
-                    gas_refunded: 0,
                 })
             }
         })

crates/engine/tree/src/tree/tests.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
         PersistTarget, TreeConfig,
     },
 };
+use reth_trie_db::ChangesetCache;
 
 use alloy_eips::eip1898::BlockWithParent;
 use alloy_primitives::{
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ use reth_ethereum_engine_primitives::EthEngineTypes;
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Block, EthPrimitives};
 use reth_evm_ethereum::MockEvmConfig;
 use reth_primitives_traits::Block as _;
-use reth_provider::{test_utils::MockEthProvider, ExecutionOutcome};
+use reth_provider::test_utils::MockEthProvider;
 use std::{
     collections::BTreeMap,
     str::FromStr,
@@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
         let payload_builder = PayloadBuilderHandle::new(to_payload_service);
 
         let evm_config = MockEvmConfig::default();
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
         let engine_validator = BasicEngineValidator::new(
             provider.clone(),
             consensus.clone(),
@@ -199,6 +201,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
             payload_validator,
             TreeConfig::default(),
             Box::new(NoopInvalidBlockHook::default()),
+            changeset_cache.clone(),
         );
 
         let tree = EngineApiTreeHandler::new(
@@ -215,6 +218,7 @@ impl TestHarness {
             TreeConfig::default().with_legacy_state_root(false).with_has_enough_parallelism(true),
             EngineApiKind::Ethereum,
             evm_config,
+            changeset_cache,
         );
 
         let block_builder = TestBlockBuilder::default().with_chain_spec((*chain_spec).clone());
@@ -388,6 +392,7 @@ impl ValidatorTestHarness {
         let provider = harness.provider.clone();
         let payload_validator = MockEngineValidator;
         let evm_config = MockEvmConfig::default();
+        let changeset_cache = ChangesetCache::new();
 
         let validator = BasicEngineValidator::new(
             provider,
@@ -396,6 +401,7 @@ impl ValidatorTestHarness {
             payload_validator,
             TreeConfig::default(),
             Box::new(NoopInvalidBlockHook::default()),
+            changeset_cache,
         );
 
         Self { harness, validator, metrics: TestMetrics::default() }
@@ -832,7 +838,7 @@ fn test_tree_state_on_new_head_deep_fork() {
     for block in &chain_a {
         test_harness.tree.state.tree_state.insert_executed(ExecutedBlock::new(
             Arc::new(block.clone()),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::default()),
+            Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput::default()),
             empty_trie_data(),
         ));
     }
@@ -841,7 +847,7 @@ fn test_tree_state_on_new_head_deep_fork() {
     for block in &chain_b {
         test_harness.tree.state.tree_state.insert_executed(ExecutedBlock::new(
             Arc::new(block.clone()),
-            Arc::new(ExecutionOutcome::default()),
+            Arc::new(BlockExecutionOutput::default()),
             empty_trie_data(),
         ));
     }
@@ -1002,6 +1008,15 @@ async fn test_engine_tree_live_sync_transition_required_blocks_requested() {
         _ => panic!("Unexpected event: {event:#?}"),
     }
 
+    // After backfill completes with head not buffered, we also request head download
+    let event = test_harness.from_tree_rx.recv().await.unwrap();
+    match event {
+        EngineApiEvent::Download(DownloadRequest::BlockSet(hash_set)) => {
+            assert_eq!(hash_set, HashSet::from_iter([main_chain_last_hash]));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("Unexpected event: {event:#?}"),
+    }
+
     let _ = test_harness
         .tree
         .on_engine_message(FromEngine::DownloadedBlocks(vec![main_chain

crates/engine/util/Cargo.toml

@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ reth-payload-primitives.workspace = true
 alloy-rpc-types-engine.workspace = true
 alloy-consensus.workspace = true
 
-# revm
-revm.workspace = true
-
 # async
 tokio = { workspace = true, default-features = false }
 tokio-util.workspace = true

crates/engine/util/src/reorg.rs

@@ -283,12 +283,8 @@ where
     let mut state = State::builder()
         .with_database_ref(StateProviderDatabase::new(&state_provider))
         .with_bundle_update()
-        .with_bal_builder()
         .build();
 
-    state.bal_state.bal_index = 0;
-    state.bal_state.bal_builder = Some(revm::state::bal::Bal::new());
-
     let ctx = evm_config.context_for_block(&reorg_target).map_err(RethError::other)?;
     let evm = evm_config.evm_for_block(&mut state, &reorg_target).map_err(RethError::other)?;
     let mut builder = evm_config.create_block_builder(evm, &reorg_target_parent, ctx);

crates/era/src/era1/types/execution.rs

@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@
 //!     transactions: vec![Bytes::from(vec![1, 2, 3])],
 //!     ommers: vec![],
 //!     withdrawals: None,
-//!     block_access_list: None,
 //! };
 //! // Compress the body: rlp encoding and snappy compression
 //! let compressed_body = CompressedBody::from_body(&body)?;
@@ -582,12 +581,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_block_body_conversion() {
-        let block_body: BlockBody<Bytes> = BlockBody {
-            transactions: vec![],
-            ommers: vec![],
-            withdrawals: None,
-            block_access_list: None,
-        };
+        let block_body: BlockBody<Bytes> =
+            BlockBody { transactions: vec![], ommers: vec![], withdrawals: None };
 
         let compressed_body = CompressedBody::from_body(&block_body).unwrap();
 
@@ -642,8 +637,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let withdrawals = Some(Withdrawals(vec![]));
 
-        let block_body =
-            BlockBody { transactions, ommers: vec![], withdrawals, block_access_list: None };
+        let block_body = BlockBody { transactions, ommers: vec![], withdrawals };
 
         let block = Block::new(header, block_body);
 

crates/era/src/test_utils.rs

@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ pub(crate) fn create_header() -> Header {
         excess_blob_gas: None,
         parent_beacon_block_root: None,
         requests_hash: None,
-        block_access_list_hash: None,
     }
 }
 
@@ -139,7 +138,6 @@ pub(crate) fn create_test_block_with_compressed_data(number: BlockNumber) -> Blo
         excess_blob_gas: None,
         parent_beacon_block_root: None,
         requests_hash: None,
-        block_access_list_hash: None,
     };
 
     // Create test body
@@ -147,7 +145,6 @@ pub(crate) fn create_test_block_with_compressed_data(number: BlockNumber) -> Blo
         transactions: vec![Bytes::from(vec![(number % 256) as u8; 10])],
         ommers: vec![],
         withdrawals: Some(Withdrawals(vec![])),
-        block_access_list: None,
     };
 
     // Create test receipt list with bloom

crates/ethereum/consensus/Cargo.toml

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ reth-consensus.workspace = true
 alloy-eips.workspace = true
 alloy-primitives.workspace = true
 alloy-consensus.workspace = true
-alloy-rlp.workspace = true
 
 tracing.workspace = true
 
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@ std = [
     "reth-execution-types/std",
     "reth-primitives-traits/std",
     "tracing/std",
-    "alloy-rlp/std",
 ]
 
 [dev-dependencies]

crates/ethereum/consensus/src/lib.rs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use alloc::{fmt::Debug, sync::Arc};
 use alloy_consensus::{constants::MAXIMUM_EXTRA_DATA_SIZE, EMPTY_OMMER_ROOT_HASH};
 use alloy_eips::eip7840::BlobParams;
 use reth_chainspec::{EthChainSpec, EthereumHardforks};
-use reth_consensus::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator};
+use reth_consensus::{Consensus, ConsensusError, FullConsensus, HeaderValidator, ReceiptRootBloom};
 use reth_consensus_common::validation::{
     validate_4844_header_standalone, validate_against_parent_4844,
     validate_against_parent_eip1559_base_fee, validate_against_parent_gas_limit,
@@ -74,13 +74,14 @@ where
         &self,
         block: &RecoveredBlock<N::Block>,
         result: &BlockExecutionResult<N::Receipt>,
+        receipt_root_bloom: Option<ReceiptRootBloom>,
     ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
         validate_block_post_execution(
             block,
             &self.chain_spec,
             &result.receipts,
             &result.requests,
-            &result.block_access_list,
+            receipt_root_bloom,
         )
     }
 }
@@ -180,15 +181,6 @@ where
         } else if header.requests_hash().is_some() {
             return Err(ConsensusError::RequestsHashUnexpected)
         }
-        // if self.chain_spec.is_amsterdam_active_at_timestamp(header.timestamp()) &&
-        //     header.block_access_list_hash().is_none()
-        // {
-        //     return Err(ConsensusError::BlockAccessListHashMissing)
-        // } else if !self.chain_spec.is_amsterdam_active_at_timestamp(header.timestamp()) &&
-        //     header.block_access_list_hash().is_some()
-        // {
-        //     return Err(ConsensusError::BlockAccessListHashUnexpected)
-        // }
 
         Ok(())
     }

crates/ethereum/consensus/src/validation.rs

@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
 use alloc::vec::Vec;
 use alloy_consensus::{proofs::calculate_receipt_root, BlockHeader, TxReceipt};
-use alloy_eips::{eip7685::Requests, eip7928::BlockAccessList, Encodable2718};
+use alloy_eips::{eip7685::Requests, Encodable2718};
 use alloy_primitives::{Bloom, Bytes, B256};
 use reth_chainspec::EthereumHardforks;
 use reth_consensus::ConsensusError;
 use reth_primitives_traits::{
-    receipt::gas_spent_by_transactions, Block, BlockBody, GotExpected, Receipt, RecoveredBlock,
+    receipt::gas_spent_by_transactions, Block, GotExpected, Receipt, RecoveredBlock,
 };
 
 /// Validate a block with regard to execution results:
 ///
 /// - Compares the receipts root in the block header to the block body
 /// - Compares the gas used in the block header to the actual gas usage after execution
+///
+/// If `receipt_root_bloom` is provided, the pre-computed receipt root and logs bloom are used
+/// instead of computing them from the receipts.
 pub fn validate_block_post_execution<B, R, ChainSpec>(
     block: &RecoveredBlock<B>,
     chain_spec: &ChainSpec,
     receipts: &[R],
     requests: &Requests,
-    block_access_list: &Option<BlockAccessList>,
+    receipt_root_bloom: Option<(B256, Bloom)>,
 ) -> Result<(), ConsensusError>
 where
     B: Block,
@@ -38,19 +41,26 @@ where
     // operation as hashing that is required for state root got calculated in every
     // transaction This was replaced with is_success flag.
     // See more about EIP here: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-658
-    if chain_spec.is_byzantium_active_at_block(block.header().number()) &&
-        let Err(error) = verify_receipts(
-            block.header().receipts_root(),
-            block.header().logs_bloom(),
-            receipts,
-        )
-    {
-        let receipts = receipts
-            .iter()
-            .map(|r| Bytes::from(r.with_bloom_ref().encoded_2718()))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        tracing::debug!(%error, ?receipts, "receipts verification failed");
-        return Err(error)
+    if chain_spec.is_byzantium_active_at_block(block.header().number()) {
+        let result = if let Some((receipts_root, logs_bloom)) = receipt_root_bloom {
+            compare_receipts_root_and_logs_bloom(
+                receipts_root,
+                logs_bloom,
+                block.header().receipts_root(),
+                block.header().logs_bloom(),
+            )
+        } else {
+            verify_receipts(block.header().receipts_root(), block.header().logs_bloom(), receipts)
+        };
+
+        if let Err(error) = result {
+            let receipts = receipts
+                .iter()
+                .map(|r| Bytes::from(r.with_bloom_ref().encoded_2718()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            tracing::debug!(%error, ?receipts, "receipts verification failed");
+            return Err(error)
+        }
     }
 
     // Validate that the header requests hash matches the calculated requests hash
@@ -66,33 +76,6 @@ where
         }
     }
 
-    // Validate bal hash matches the calculated hash
-    if chain_spec.is_amsterdam_active_at_timestamp(block.header().timestamp()) {
-        let Some(header_block_access_list_hash) = block.header().block_access_list_hash() else {
-            return Err(ConsensusError::BlockAccessListHashMissing)
-        };
-        if let Some(bal) = block_access_list {
-            let bal_hash = alloy_primitives::keccak256(alloy_rlp::encode(bal));
-            let block_bal = block.body().block_access_list();
-            tracing::debug!("Block Bal :{:?}", block_bal);
-            if let Some(body_bal) = block_bal {
-                if body_bal.is_empty() {
-                    tracing::debug!("Hit Empty BAL : Block is {:?}", block);
-                }
-                verify_bal(body_bal, bal)?;
-            }
-
-            if bal_hash != header_block_access_list_hash {
-                tracing::debug!(
-                    ?bal_hash,
-                    ?header_block_access_list_hash,
-                    "block access list hash mismatch"
-                );
-                return Err(ConsensusError::InvalidBalHash);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -141,47 +124,6 @@ fn compare_receipts_root_and_logs_bloom(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Validates that the block access list in the body matches the expected block access list.
-fn verify_bal(
-    body_bal: &BlockAccessList,
-    expected_bal: &BlockAccessList,
-) -> Result<(), ConsensusError> {
-    if body_bal == expected_bal {
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-
-    // Extract addresses
-    let body_addrs: Vec<_> = body_bal.iter().map(|a| a.address).collect();
-    let expected_addrs: Vec<_> = expected_bal.iter().map(|a| a.address).collect();
-
-    // Missing accounts (expected but not found in body)
-    for addr in &expected_addrs {
-        if !body_addrs.contains(addr) {
-            tracing::debug!("Missing acc : computed bal {:?},body bal{:?}", expected_bal, body_bal);
-            tracing::debug!("Missing Address: {:?}", addr);
-            return Err(ConsensusError::InvalidBalMissingAccount);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Extra accounts (body has accounts not in expected)
-    for addr in &body_addrs {
-        if !expected_addrs.contains(addr) {
-            tracing::debug!("Extra acc : computed bal {:?},body bal{:?}", expected_bal, body_bal);
-            tracing::debug!("Extra Address: {:?}", addr);
-            return Err(ConsensusError::InvalidBalExtraAccount);
-        }
-    }
-
-    tracing::debug!(
-        ?expected_bal,
-        ?body_bal,
-        "block access list in body does not match the provided block access list"
-    );
-
-    // Fallback: mismatched access lists
-    Err(ConsensusError::InvalidBlockAccessList)
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;

crates/ethereum/engine-primitives/src/lib.rs

@@ -17,12 +17,11 @@ pub use payload::{payload_id, BlobSidecars, EthBuiltPayload, EthPayloadBuilderAt
 mod error;
 pub use error::*;
 
-use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
-    ExecutionData, ExecutionPayload, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV5, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6,
-};
+use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{ExecutionData, ExecutionPayload};
 pub use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
     ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV2, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV3, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4,
-    ExecutionPayloadV1, PayloadAttributes as EthPayloadAttributes,
+    ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV5, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6, ExecutionPayloadV1,
+    PayloadAttributes as EthPayloadAttributes,
 };
 use reth_engine_primitives::EngineTypes;
 use reth_payload_primitives::{BuiltPayload, PayloadTypes};

crates/ethereum/engine-primitives/src/payload.rs

@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ use alloy_rlp::Encodable;
 use alloy_rpc_types_engine::{
     BlobsBundleV1, BlobsBundleV2, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV2, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV3,
     ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV4, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV5, ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6,
-    ExecutionPayloadFieldV2, ExecutionPayloadV1, ExecutionPayloadV3, ExecutionPayloadV4,
-    PayloadAttributes, PayloadId,
+    ExecutionPayloadFieldV2, ExecutionPayloadV1, ExecutionPayloadV3, PayloadAttributes, PayloadId,
 };
 use core::convert::Infallible;
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::EthPrimitives;
@@ -163,35 +162,10 @@ impl EthBuiltPayload {
     }
 
     /// Try converting built payload into [`ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6`].
+    ///
+    /// Note: Amsterdam fork is not yet implemented, so this conversion is not yet supported.
     pub fn try_into_v6(self) -> Result<ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6, BuiltPayloadConversionError> {
-        let Self { block, fees, sidecars, requests, .. } = self;
-
-        let blobs_bundle = match sidecars {
-            BlobSidecars::Empty => BlobsBundleV2::empty(),
-            BlobSidecars::Eip7594(sidecars) => BlobsBundleV2::from(sidecars),
-            BlobSidecars::Eip4844(_) => {
-                return Err(BuiltPayloadConversionError::UnexpectedEip4844Sidecars)
-            }
-        };
-
-        Ok(ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6 {
-            execution_payload: ExecutionPayloadV4::from_block_unchecked(
-                block.hash(),
-                &Arc::unwrap_or_clone(block).into_block(),
-            ),
-            block_value: fees,
-            // From the engine API spec:
-            //
-            // > Client software **MAY** use any heuristics to decide whether to set
-            // `shouldOverrideBuilder` flag or not. If client software does not implement any
-            // heuristic this flag **SHOULD** be set to `false`.
-            //
-            // Spec:
-            // <https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/blob/fe8e13c288c592ec154ce25c534e26cb7ce0530d/src/engine/cancun.md#specification-2>
-            should_override_builder: false,
-            blobs_bundle,
-            execution_requests: requests.unwrap_or_default(),
-        })
+        unimplemented!("ExecutionPayloadEnvelopeV6 not yet supported")
     }
 }
 
@@ -503,7 +477,6 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap(),
             withdrawals: None,
             parent_beacon_block_root: None,
-            slot_number: None,
         };
 
         // Verify that the generated payload ID matches the expected value
@@ -541,7 +514,6 @@ mod tests {
                 },
             ]),
             parent_beacon_block_root: None,
-            slot_number: None,
         };
 
         // Verify that the generated payload ID matches the expected value
@@ -574,7 +546,6 @@ mod tests {
                 )
                 .unwrap(),
             ),
-            slot_number: None,
         };
 
         // Verify that the generated payload ID matches the expected value

crates/ethereum/evm/Cargo.toml

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ alloy-eips.workspace = true
 alloy-evm.workspace = true
 alloy-consensus.workspace = true
 alloy-rpc-types-engine.workspace = true
-alloy-rlp.workspace = true
 
 # Misc
 parking_lot = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -58,7 +57,6 @@ std = [
     "derive_more?/std",
     "alloy-rpc-types-engine/std",
     "reth-storage-errors/std",
-    "alloy-rlp/std",
 ]
 test-utils = [
     "dep:parking_lot",

crates/ethereum/evm/src/build.rs

@@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ where
             execution_ctx: ctx,
             parent,
             transactions,
-            output:
-                BlockExecutionResult { receipts, requests, gas_used, blob_gas_used, block_access_list },
+            output: BlockExecutionResult { receipts, requests, gas_used, blob_gas_used },
             state_root,
             ..
         } = input;
@@ -91,18 +90,6 @@ where
             };
         }
 
-        let (built_block_access_list, block_access_list_hash) =
-            if self.chain_spec.is_amsterdam_active_at_timestamp(timestamp) {
-                if let Some(bal) = block_access_list {
-                    let hash = alloy_primitives::keccak256(alloy_rlp::encode(bal));
-                    (Some(bal), Some(hash))
-                } else {
-                    (None, None)
-                }
-            } else {
-                (None, None)
-            };
-
         let header = Header {
             parent_hash: ctx.parent_hash,
             ommers_hash: EMPTY_OMMER_ROOT_HASH,
@@ -125,17 +112,11 @@ where
             blob_gas_used: block_blob_gas_used,
             excess_blob_gas,
             requests_hash,
-            block_access_list_hash,
         };
 
         Ok(Block {
             header,
-            body: BlockBody {
-                transactions,
-                ommers: Default::default(),
-                withdrawals,
-                block_access_list: built_block_access_list.cloned(),
-            },
+            body: BlockBody { transactions, ommers: Default::default(), withdrawals },
         })
     }
 }

crates/ethereum/evm/src/lib.rs

@@ -188,6 +188,7 @@ where
         block: &'a SealedBlock<Block>,
     ) -> Result<EthBlockExecutionCtx<'a>, Self::Error> {
         Ok(EthBlockExecutionCtx {
+            tx_count_hint: Some(block.transaction_count()),
             parent_hash: block.header().parent_hash,
             parent_beacon_block_root: block.header().parent_beacon_block_root,
             ommers: &block.body().ommers,
@@ -202,6 +203,7 @@ where
         attributes: Self::NextBlockEnvCtx,
     ) -> Result<EthBlockExecutionCtx<'_>, Self::Error> {
         Ok(EthBlockExecutionCtx {
+            tx_count_hint: None,
             parent_hash: parent.hash(),
             parent_beacon_block_root: attributes.parent_beacon_block_root,
             ommers: &[],
@@ -281,6 +283,7 @@ where
         payload: &'a ExecutionData,
     ) -> Result<ExecutionCtxFor<'a, Self>, Self::Error> {
         Ok(EthBlockExecutionCtx {
+            tx_count_hint: Some(payload.payload.transactions().len()),
             parent_hash: payload.parent_hash(),
             parent_beacon_block_root: payload.sidecar.parent_beacon_block_root(),
             ommers: &[],

crates/ethereum/evm/src/receipt.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use alloy_consensus::TxType;
 use alloy_evm::eth::receipt_builder::{ReceiptBuilder, ReceiptBuilderCtx};
 use reth_ethereum_primitives::{Receipt, TransactionSigned};
 use reth_evm::Evm;
@@ -12,13 +13,10 @@ impl ReceiptBuilder for RethReceiptBuilder {
     type Transaction = TransactionSigned;
     type Receipt = Receipt;
 
-    fn build_receipt<E: Evm>(
-        &self,
-        ctx: ReceiptBuilderCtx<'_, Self::Transaction, E>,
-    ) -> Self::Receipt {
-        let ReceiptBuilderCtx { tx, result, cumulative_gas_used, .. } = ctx;
+    fn build_receipt<E: Evm>(&self, ctx: ReceiptBuilderCtx<'_, TxType, E>) -> Self::Receipt {
+        let ReceiptBuilderCtx { tx_type, result, cumulative_gas_used, .. } = ctx;
         Receipt {
-            tx_type: tx.tx_type(),
+            tx_type,
             // Success flag was added in `EIP-658: Embedding transaction status code in
             // receipts`.
             success: result.is_success(),